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Journal articles on the topic 'Squamate Reptiles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Pie, Marcio R., Leonardo L. F. Campos, Andreas L. S. Meyer, and Andressa Duran. "The evolution of climatic niches in squamate reptiles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1858 (July 5, 2017): 20170268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0268.

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Despite the remarkable diversity found in squamate reptiles, most of their species tend to be found in warm/dry environments, suggesting that climatic requirements played a crucial role in their diversification, yet little is known about the evolution of their climatic niches. In this study, we integrate climatic information associated with the geographical distribution of 1882 squamate species and their phylogenetic relationships to investigate the tempo and mode of climatic niche evolution in squamates, both over time and among lineages. We found that changes in climatic niche dynamics were pronounced over their recent squamate evolutionary history, and we identified extensive evidence for rate heterogeneity in squamate climatic niche evolution. Most rate shifts involved accelerations, particularly over the past 50 Myr. Most squamates occupy similar regions of the climatic niche space, with only a few lineages diversifying into colder and humid climatic conditions. The changes from arid to mesic conditions in some regions of the globe may have provided opportunities for climatic niche evolution, although most lineages tended to remain near their ancestral niche. Variation in rates of climatic niche evolution seems common, particularly in response to the availability of new climatic conditions over evolutionary time.

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2

Frýdlová, Petra, Jana Mrzílková, Martin Šeremeta, Jan Křemen, Jan Dudák, Jan Žemlička, Bernd Minnich, et al. "Determinate growth is predominant and likely ancestral in squamate reptiles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1941 (December 23, 2020): 20202737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2737.

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Body growth is typically thought to be indeterminate in ectothermic vertebrates. Indeed, until recently, this growth pattern was considered to be ubiquitous in ectotherms. Our recent observations of a complete growth plate cartilage (GPC) resorption, a reliable indicator of arrested skeletal growth, in many species of lizards clearly reject the ubiquity of indeterminate growth in reptiles and raise the question about the ancestral state of the growth pattern. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT), here we examined GPCs of long bones in three basally branching clades of squamate reptiles, namely in Gekkota, Scincoidea and Lacertoidea. A complete loss of GPC, indicating skeletal growth arrest, was the predominant finding. Using a dataset of 164 species representing all major clades of lizards and the tuataras, we traced the evolution of determinate growth on the phylogenetic tree of Lepidosauria. The reconstruction of character states suggests that determinate growth is ancestral for the squamate reptiles (Squamata) and remains common in the majority of lizard lineages, while extended (potentially indeterminate) adult growth evolved several times within squamates. Although traditionally associated with endotherms, determinate growth is coupled with ectothermy in this lineage. These findings combined with existing literature suggest that determinate growth predominates in both extant and extinct amniotes.

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3

Adams, Richard H., Heath Blackmon, Jacobo Reyes-Velasco, Drew R. Schield, Daren C. Card, Audra L. Andrew, Nyimah Waynewood, and Todd A. Castoe. "Microsatellite landscape evolutionary dynamics across 450 million years of vertebrate genome evolution." Genome 59, no. 5 (May 2016): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0124.

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The evolutionary dynamics of simple sequence repeats (SSRs or microsatellites) across the vertebrate tree of life remain largely undocumented and poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed patterns of genomic microsatellite abundance and evolution across 71 vertebrate genomes. The highest abundances of microsatellites exist in the genomes of ray-finned fishes, squamate reptiles, and mammals, while crocodilian, turtle, and avian genomes exhibit reduced microsatellite landscapes. We used comparative methods to infer evolutionary rates of change in microsatellite abundance across vertebrates and to highlight particular lineages that have experienced unusually high or low rates of change in genomic microsatellite abundance. Overall, most variation in microsatellite content, abundance, and evolutionary rate is observed among major lineages of reptiles, yet we found that several deeply divergent clades (i.e., squamate reptiles and mammals) contained relatively similar genomic microsatellite compositions. Archosauromorph reptiles (turtles, crocodilians, and birds) exhibit reduced genomic microsatellite content and the slowest rates of microsatellite evolution, in contrast to squamate reptile genomes that have among the highest rates of microsatellite evolution. Substantial branch-specific shifts in SSR content in primates, monotremes, rodents, snakes, and fish are also evident. Collectively, our results support multiple major shifts in microsatellite genomic landscapes among vertebrates.

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4

Stobo-Wilson, Alyson M., Brett P. Murphy, Sarah M. Legge, David G. Chapple, Heather M. Crawford, Stuart J. Dawson, Chris R. Dickman, et al. "Reptiles as food: predation of Australian reptiles by introduced red foxes compounds and complements predation by cats." Wildlife Research 48, no. 5 (2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20194.

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ContextInvasive species are a major cause of biodiversity loss across much of the world, and a key threat to Australia’s diverse reptile fauna. There has been no previous comprehensive analysis of the potential impact of the introduced European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, on Australian reptiles. AimsWe seek to provide an inventory of all Australian reptile species known to be consumed by the fox, and identify characteristics of squamate species associated with such predation. We also compare these tallies and characteristics with reptile species known to be consumed by the domestic cat, Felis catus, to examine whether predation by these two introduced species is compounded (i.e. affecting much the same set of species) or complementary (affecting different groups of species). Methods We collated records of Australian reptiles consumed by foxes in Australia, with most records deriving from fox dietary studies (tallying >35000 samples). We modelled presence or absence of fox predation records against a set of biological and other traits, and population trends, for squamate species. Key resultsIn total, 108 reptile species (~11% of Australia’s terrestrial reptile fauna) have been recorded as consumed by foxes, fewer than that reported for cats (263 species). Eighty-six species have been reported to be eaten by both predators. More Australian turtle species have been reported as consumed by foxes than by cats, including many that suffer high levels of predation on egg clutches. Twenty threatened reptile species have been reported as consumed by foxes, and 15 by cats. Squamate species consumed by foxes are more likely to be undergoing population decline than those not known to be consumed by foxes. The likelihood of predation by foxes increased with squamate species’ adult body mass, in contrast to the relationship for predation by cats, which peaked at ~217g. Foxes, but not cats, were also less likely to consume venomous snakes. ConclusionsThe two introduced, and now widespread, predators have both compounding and complementary impacts on the Australian reptile fauna. ImplicationsEnhanced and integrated management of the two introduced predators is likely to provide substantial conservation benefits to much of the Australian reptile fauna.

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5

LaDage, L. D., T. C. Roth, A. M. Cerjanic, B. Sinervo, and V. V. Pravosudov. "Spatial memory: are lizards really deficient?" Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 29, 2012): 939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0527.

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In many animals, behaviours such as territoriality, mate guarding, navigation and food acquisition rely heavily on spatial memory abilities; this has been demonstrated in diverse taxa, from invertebrates to mammals. However, spatial memory ability in squamate reptiles has been seen as possible, at best, or non-existent, at worst. Of the few previous studies testing for spatial memory in squamates, some have found no evidence of spatial memory while two studies have found evidence of spatial memory in snakes, but have been criticized based on methodological issues. We used the Barnes maze, a common paradigm to test spatial memory abilities in mammals, to test for spatial memory abilities in the side-blotched lizard ( Uta stansburiana ). We found the existence of spatial memory in this species using this spatial task. Thus, our study supports the existence of spatial memory in this squamate reptile species and seeks to parsimoniously align this species with the diverse taxa that demonstrate spatial memory ability.

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6

Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. "A Reevaluation of the Unusual Abdominal Musculature of Squamate Reptiles (Reptilia: Squamata)." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 292, no. 8 (August 2009): 1154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20955.

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7

Salles, Rodrigo De Oliveira Lula, Luiz Norberto Weber, and Thiago Silva-Soares. "Reptiles, Squamata, Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, municipality of Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil." Check List 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.2.280.

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Herein we report a list of the reptiles from Parque Natural Municipal da Taquara, municipality of Duque de Caxias, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, an area situated in the Atlantic Rainforest Domain. The study was carried out from September 2006 to October 2008. We recorded 31 species of Squamate reptiles: one species of the family Amphisbaenidae; eight species of lizards of the families Anguidae (n = 1), Gekkonidae (1), Phyllodactylidae (1), Polychrotidae (1), Scincidae (1), Teiidae (2), and Tropiduridae (1); and 22 species of snakes of the families Boidae (2), Colubridae (6), Dipsadidae (11), Elapidae (1), and Viperidae (2). Our study indicates that the PNMT is an important area for the conservation of the Squamate reptile assemblages that inhabit lowlands of Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil.

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8

Booth, Warren, Charles F. Smith, Pamela H. Eskridge, Shannon K. Hoss, Joseph R. Mendelson, and Gordon W. Schuett. "Facultative parthenogenesis discovered in wild vertebrates." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (September 12, 2012): 983–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0666.

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Facultative parthenogenesis (FP)—asexual reproduction by bisexual species—has been documented in a variety of multi-cellular organisms but only recently in snakes, varanid lizards, birds and sharks. Unlike the approximately 80 taxa of unisexual reptiles, amphibians and fishes that exist in nature, FP has yet to be documented in the wild. Based on captive documentation, it appears that FP is widespread in squamate reptiles (snakes, lizards and amphisbaenians), and its occurrence in nature seems inevitable, yet the task of detecting FP in wild individuals has been deemed formidable. Here we show, using microsatellite DNA genotyping and litter characteristics, the first cases of FP in wild-collected pregnant females and their offspring of two closely related species of North American pitviper snakes—the copperhead ( Agkistrodon contortrix ) and cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorus ). Our findings support the view that non-hybrid origins of parthenogenesis, such as FP, are more common in squamates than previously thought. With this confirmation, FP can no longer be viewed as a rare curiosity outside the mainstream of vertebrate evolution. Future research on FP in squamate reptiles related to proximate control of induction, reproductive competence of parthenogens and population genetics modelling is warranted.

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9

Wiens, John J., Carl R. Hutter, Daniel G. Mulcahy, Brice P. Noonan, Ted M. Townsend, Jack W. Sites, and Tod W. Reeder. "Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (September 19, 2012): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703.

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Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are one of the most diverse groups of terrestrial vertebrates. Recent molecular analyses have suggested a very different squamate phylogeny relative to morphological hypotheses, but many aspects remain uncertain from molecular data. Here, we analyse higher-level squamate phylogeny with a molecular dataset of unprecedented size, including 161 squamate species for up to 44 nuclear genes each (33 717 base pairs), using both concatenated and species-tree methods for the first time. Our results strongly resolve most squamate relationships and reveal some surprising results. In contrast to most other recent studies, we find that dibamids and gekkotans are together the sister group to all other squamates. Remarkably, we find that the distinctive scolecophidians (blind snakes) are paraphyletic with respect to other snakes, suggesting that snakes were primitively burrowers and subsequently re-invaded surface habitats. Finally, we find that some clades remain poorly supported, despite our extensive data. Our analyses show that weakly supported clades are associated with relatively short branches for which individual genes often show conflicting relationships. These latter results have important implications for all studies that attempt to resolve phylogenies with large-scale phylogenomic datasets.

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10

Ananjeva, N. B. "Current State of the Problems in the Phylogeny of Squamate Reptiles (Squamata, Reptilia)." Biology Bulletin Reviews 9, no. 2 (March 2019): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079086419020026.

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11

Friesen, Christopher R., Ariel F. Kahrl, and Mats Olsson. "Sperm competition in squamate reptiles." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0079.

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Multiple paternity is ubiquitous within the polyphyletic group called ‘reptiles', especially within the lizards and snakes. Therefore, the probability of sperm competition occurring, and being intense, is high. Squamates exhibit a diversity of tactics to ensure fertilization success in the face of sperm competition. The duration of female sperm storage, which can be many months and even years in some species, remains an enigma. Here, we emphasize some mechanisms that might affect patterns of paternity, the source and function of ejaculates and features of the female reproductive tract that may aid in long-term sperm storage. In doing so, we present a new analysis of the relationship between sperm size, the strength of sperm competition and the duration of female sperm storage. Lizards and snakes are a diverse group that has provided many excellent models for the study of an array of life-history strategies. However, when it comes to postcopulatory sexual selection, there is much left to discover. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition'.

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12

Streicher, Jeffrey W., and John J. Wiens. "Phylogenomic analyses of more than 4000 nuclear loci resolve the origin of snakes among lizard families." Biology Letters 13, no. 9 (September 2017): 20170393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0393.

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Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are the most diverse group of terrestrial vertebrates, with more than 10 000 species. Despite considerable effort to resolve relationships among major squamates clades, some branches have remained difficult. Among the most vexing has been the placement of snakes among lizard families, with most studies yielding only weak support for the position of snakes. Furthermore, the placement of iguanian lizards has remained controversial. Here we used targeted sequence capture to obtain data from 4178 nuclear loci from ultraconserved elements from 32 squamate taxa (and five outgroups) including representatives of all major squamate groups. Using both concatenated and species-tree methods, we recover strong support for a sister relationship between iguanian and anguimorph lizards, with snakes strongly supported as the sister group of these two clades. These analyses strongly resolve the difficult placement of snakes within squamates and show overwhelming support for the contentious position of iguanians. More generally, we provide a strongly supported hypothesis of higher-level relationships in the most species-rich tetrapod clade using coalescent-based species-tree methods and approximately 100 times more loci than previous estimates.

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13

Welbourne, Dustin J., Christopher MacGregor, David Paull, and David B. Lindenmayer. "The effectiveness and cost of camera traps for surveying small reptiles and critical weight range mammals: a comparison with labour-intensive complementary methods." Wildlife Research 42, no. 5 (2015): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15054.

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Context Biodiversity studies often require wildlife researchers to survey multiple species across taxonomic classes. To detect terrestrial squamate and mammal species, often multiple labour-intensive survey techniques are required. Camera traps appear to be more effective and cost-efficient than labour-intensive methods for detecting some mammal species. Recent developments have seen camera traps used for detecting terrestrial squamates. However, the performance of camera traps to survey terrestrial squamate and mammal species simultaneously has not been evaluated. Aim We compared the effectiveness and financial cost of a camera trapping method capable of detecting small squamates and mammals with a set of labour-intensive complementary methods, which have been used in a long-term monitoring program. Methods We compared two survey protocols: one employed labour-intensive complementary methods consisting of cage traps, Elliott traps and artificial refuges; the second utilised camera traps. Comparisons were made of the total number of species detected, species detectability, and cost of executing each type of survey. Key results Camera traps detected significantly more target species per transect than the complementary methods used. Although camera traps detected more species of reptile per transect, the difference was not significant. For the initial survey, camera traps were more expensive than the complementary methods employed, but for realistic cost scenarios camera traps were less expensive in the long term. Conclusions Camera traps are more effective and less expensive than the complementary methods used for acquiring incidence data on terrestrial squamate and mammal species. Implications The camera trapping method presented does not require customised equipment; thus, wildlife managers can use existing camera trapping equipment to detect cryptic mammal and squamate species simultaneously.

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Hofmann, Sylvia, Chitra Bahadur Baniya, Matthias Stöck, and Lars Podsiadlowski. "De novo Assembly, Annotation, and Analysis of Transcriptome Data of the Ladakh Ground Skink Provide Genetic Information on High-Altitude Adaptation." Genes 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091423.

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The Himalayan Arc is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. Among its numerous cryptic and undiscovered organisms, this composite high-mountain ecosystem harbors many taxa with adaptations to life in high elevations. However, evolutionary patterns and genomic features have been relatively rarely studied in Himalayan vertebrates. Here, we provide the first well-annotated transcriptome of a Greater Himalayan reptile species, the Ladakh Ground skink Asymblepharus ladacensis (Squamata: Scincidae). Based on tissues from the brain, an embryonic disc, and pooled organ material, using pair-end Illumina NextSeq 500 RNAseq, we assembled ~77,000 transcripts, which were annotated using seven functional databases. We tested ~1600 genes, known to be under positive selection in anurans and reptiles adapted to high elevations, and potentially detected positive selection for 114 of these genes in Asymblepharus. Even though the strength of these results is limited due to the single-animal approach, our transcriptome resource may be valuable data for further studies on squamate reptile evolution in the Himalayas as a hotspot of biodiversity.

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Stewart, James R., and Daniel G. Blackburn. "A developmental synapomorphy of squamate reptiles." Evolution & Development 21, no. 6 (September 23, 2019): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ede.12317.

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16

Viets, Brian E., Michael A. Ewert, Larry G. Talent, and Craig E. Nelson. "Sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles." Journal of Experimental Zoology 270, no. 1 (September 15, 1994): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402700106.

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17

Silva, Fernanda Magalhães da, Alessandro Costa Menks, Ana Lúcia Costa Prudente, João Carlos Lopes Costa, Alessandra Elisa Melo Travassos, and Ulisses Galatti. "Squamate Reptiles from municipality of Barcarena and surroundings, state of Pará, north of Brazil." Check List 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.3.220.

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We present the first species list of squamate reptiles of the municipality of Barcarena and surroundings, in state of Pará, north of Brazil. The study area is dominated by secondary florest at different successional stages. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and inventories of the herpetofauna conducted in the Barcarena region. This list comprises 17 families (Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae; Sauria: Gekkonidae, Gymnophthalmidae, Iguanidae, Phyllodactylidae, Polychrotidae, Scincidae, Sphaerodactylidae, Teiidae, Tropiduridae; Serpentes: Aniliidae, Boidae, Colubridae, Dipsadidae, Elapidae, Typhlopidae and Viperidae), 44 genera and 59 species of squamate reptiles.

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18

Sites Jr., Jack W., and Robert W. Murphy. "Isozyme evidence for independently derived, duplicate G3PDH loci among squamate reptiles." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-335.

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We report evidence for several independent gene duplications for the locus encoding the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) in squamate reptiles. Evidence for the duplication comes from population genetic studies demonstrating "fixed" heterozygosity in all members of some lizard species, the documentation of independent allelic heterozygosity at each of the two G3PDH loci in these same species, and tissue-specific gene expression surveys in a taxonomically diverse array of groups. The duplicated condition is present at both low and high taxonomic levels (selected populations of the phrynosomatid lizard Sceloporus grammicus, and almost all snakes, respectively), and appears to represent the derived condition in most of these groups. One notable exception is the colubrid snake genus Masticophis, which appears to be characterized by an apomorphic secondary silencing event. Evolutionary implications of the duplication and silencing events within squamates are discussed, and we suggest that the overall phylogenetic utility of this marker is low in this radiation as a result of extensive homoplasy.

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Alves de Souza Filho, Gilberto, and Fernanda Stender de Oliveira. "Squamate reptiles from Mauá Hydroelectric Power Plant, state of Paraná, southern Brazil." Check List 11, no. 6 (November 28, 2015): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.6.1800.

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The reptile fauna of some localities in Paraná is still poorly known. Most surveys were conducted in the central-north, central-south, and eastern regions of the state. Herein, we present a list of squamate reptiles from the Mauá Hydroelectric Power Plant along the Tibagi River, in the central-east region of Paraná. Samplings occurred from March 2010 to April 2015. We recorded 34 species: 24 snakes, eight lizards, and two amphisbaenians. Our work adds new knowledge about the reptilian fauna of the central-east region of Paraná.

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RICKLEFS, R. E., J. B. LOSOS, and T. M. TOWNSEND. "Evolutionary diversification of clades of squamate reptiles." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, no. 5 (July 23, 2007): 1751–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01388.x.

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21

Stewart, James R. "Placental specializations in lecithotrophic viviparous squamate reptiles." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324, no. 6 (June 7, 2015): 549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22632.

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22

Apps, Peter J., Paul J. Weldon, and Matthew Kramer. "Chemical signals in terrestrial vertebrates: search for design features." Natural Product Reports 32, no. 7 (2015): 1131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5np00029g.

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We review current information on intraspecific chemical signals and search for patterns in signal chemistry among modern terrestrial vertebrates (Amniota), including tortoises, squamate reptiles (amphisbaenians, lizards, and snakes), birds, and mammals.

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23

Van Dyke, James U., Matthew C. Brandley, and Michael B. Thompson. "The evolution of viviparity: molecular and genomic data from squamate reptiles advance understanding of live birth in amniotes." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 1 (January 2014): R15—R26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0309.

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Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) are an ideal model system for testing hypotheses regarding the evolution of viviparity (live birth) in amniote vertebrates. Viviparity has evolved over 100 times in squamates, resulting in major changes in reproductive physiology. At a minimum, all viviparous squamates exhibit placentae formed by the appositions of maternal and embryonic tissues, which are homologous in origin with the tissues that form the placenta in therian mammals. These placentae facilitate adhesion of the conceptus to the uterus as well as exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, sodium, and calcium. However, most viviparous squamates continue to rely on yolk for nearly all of their organic nutrition. In contrast, some species, which rely on the placenta for at least a portion of organic nutrition, exhibit complex placental specializations associated with the transport of amino acids and fatty acids. Some viviparous squamates also exhibit reduced immunocompetence during pregnancy, which could be the result of immunosuppression to protect developing embryos. Recent molecular studies using both candidate-gene and next-generation sequencing approaches have suggested that at least some of the genes and gene families underlying these phenomena play similar roles in the uterus and placenta of viviparous mammals and squamates. Therefore, studies of the evolution of viviparity in squamates should inform hypotheses of the evolution of viviparity in all amniotes, including mammals.

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Kosushkin, S. A., O. R. Borodulina, E. N. Solovyeva, and V. V. Grechko. "A family of short retroposons (Squam1) from squamate reptiles (Reptilia: Squamata): Structure, evolution, and correlation with phylogeny." Molecular Biology 42, no. 6 (December 2008): 870–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002689330806006x.

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25

Freitas, Marco Antonio de, Diogo Veríssimo, and Vivian Uhlig. "Squamate Reptiles of the central Chapada Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia, Brazil." Check List 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.1.016.

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We present the first species list of squamate reptiles for the central region of the Chapada Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia Brazil. The data provided were mostly collected in the Caraíbas estate, during vegetation clearing operations for agriculture. The remnant records were collected from roadkills encountered in Mucugê and neighboring municipalities. We found 64 species of squamate reptiles including 35 species of snakes, 25 of lizards and four of amphisbaenians. These records have already yielded three species descriptions with others likely to follow. This is evidence of the poorly documented herpetological diversity of the Chapada Diamantina. The present work highlights the need for further research and the potential of less traditional data sources such as roadkills to improve the knowledge of the herpetofauna of extensive and megadiverse countries like Brazil.

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Yi, Hongyu, and Mark Norell. "The bony labyrinth of Platecarpus (Squamata: Mosasauria) and aquatic adaptations in squamate reptiles." Palaeoworld 28, no. 4 (December 2019): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2018.12.001.

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27

Font, Enrique, and James M. Schwartz. "Ketamine as an Anesthetic for Some Squamate Reptiles." Copeia 1989, no. 2 (May 23, 1989): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445448.

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Andrews, Robin M., Matthew C. Brandley, and Virginia W. Greene. "Developmental sequences of squamate reptiles are taxon specific." Evolution & Development 15, no. 5 (September 2013): 326–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ede.12042.

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29

Wapstra, E., and D. A. Warner. "Sex Allocation and Sex Determination in Squamate Reptiles." Sexual Development 4, no. 1-2 (2010): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000272459.

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Vitt, Laurie J., Eric R. Pianka, William E. Cooper, Jr., and Kurt Schwenk. "History and the Global Ecology of Squamate Reptiles." American Naturalist 162, no. 1 (July 2003): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/375172.

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31

Blackburn, Daniel G. "Evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: Reversibility reconsidered." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 324, no. 6 (May 13, 2015): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22625.

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32

Streicher, Jeffrey W., and Jesse M. Meik. "Integrative taxonomy of squamate reptiles: a special issue." Journal of Natural History 52, no. 13-16 (March 30, 2018): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1440786.

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Andrews, Robin M., and F. Harvey Pough. "Metabolism of Squamate Reptiles: Allometric and Ecological Relationships." Physiological Zoology 58, no. 2 (March 1985): 214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.58.2.30158569.

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Kosushkin, S. A., O. R. Borodulina, V. V. Grechko, and D. A. Kramerov. "New family of interspersed repeats from squamate reptiles." Molecular Biology 40, no. 2 (March 2006): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026893306020221.

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Bergmann, Philip J., and Duncan J. Irschick. "VERTEBRAL EVOLUTION AND THE DIVERSIFICATION OF SQUAMATE REPTILES." Evolution 66, no. 4 (November 6, 2011): 1044–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01491.x.

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Abdel-Aal, Hisham A. "Surface structure and tribology of legless squamate reptiles." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 79 (March 2018): 354–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.008.

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Senior, Anna F., Monika Böhm, Christopher P. Johnstone, Matthew D. McGee, Shai Meiri, David G. Chapple, Reid Tingley, and Margaret Byrne. "Correlates of extinction risk in Australian squamate reptiles." Journal of Biogeography 48, no. 9 (June 20, 2021): 2144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14140.

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Kverková, Kristina, Alexandra Polonyiová, Lukáš Kubička, and Pavel Němec. "Individual and age-related variation of cellular brain composition in a squamate reptile." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0280.

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Within-species variation in the number of neurons, other brain cells and their allocation to different brain parts is poorly studied. Here, we assess these numbers in a squamate reptile, the Madagascar ground gecko ( Paroedura picta ). We examined adults from two captive populations and three age groups within one population. Even though reptiles exhibit extensive adult neurogenesis, intrapopulation variation in the number of neurons is similar to that in mice. However, the two populations differed significantly in most measures, highlighting the fact that using only one population can underestimate within-species variation. There is a substantial increase in the number of neurons and decrease in neuronal density in adult geckos relative to hatchlings and an increase in the number of neurons in the telencephalon in fully grown adults relative to sexually mature young adults. This finding implies that adult neurogenesis does not only replace worn out but also adds new telencephalic neurons in reptiles during adulthood. This markedly contrasts with the situation in mammals, where the number of cortical neurons declines with age.

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Schmid, Michael, Claus Steinlein, Alina M. Reiter, Michail Rovatsos, Marie Altmanová, Sofia Mazzoleni, Martina Johnson Pokorná, and Lukáš Kratochvíl. "5-Methylcytosine-Rich Heterochromatin in Reptiles." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 157, no. 1-2 (2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495893.

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An experimental approach using monoclonal anti-5-methylcytosine antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence was elaborated for detecting 5-methylcytosine-rich chromosome regions in reptilian chromosomes. This technique was applied to conventionally prepared mitotic metaphases of 2 turtle species and 12 squamate species from 8 families. The hypermethylation patterns were compared with C-banding patterns obtained by conventional banding techniques. The hypermethylated DNA sequences are species-specific and are located in constitutive heterochromatin. They are highly reproducible and often found in centromeric, pericentromeric, and interstitial positions of the chromosomes. Heterochromatic regions in differentiated sex chromosomes are particularly hypermethylated.

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Gordeev, D. A., N. B. Ananjeva, and D. V. Korost. "Autotomy and Regeneration in Squamate Reptiles (Squamata, Reptilia): Defensive Behavior Strategies and Morphological Characteristics (Using Computer Microtomography Methods)." Biology Bulletin 47, no. 4 (July 2020): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359020040068.

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Hacking, Jessica, Devi Stuart-Fox, and Michael Gardner. "Very low rate of multiple paternity detected in clutches of a wild agamid lizard." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 5 (2017): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18006.

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Genetic mating systems described for squamate reptiles range from primarily monogamous to completely polygynandrous. The presence of female multiple mating is almost ubiquitous among squamates and even occurs, albeit at a low rate, in socially monogamous species. Here we examine the genetic mating system of the territorial tawny dragon lizard (Ctenophorus decresii). Paternity was assigned to captive-born hatchlings using eight microsatellite loci, revealing a 4% rate of multiple paternity. One-quarter of males sired more than one clutch, although multiple mating by males is likely underestimated. The rate of multiple paternity in C. decresii represents one of the lowest among squamates and may be a result of successful male territoriality. However, the observed low rate of multiple paternity does not eliminate the possibility of widespread female multiple mating due to the potential for sperm storage and sperm competition. We conclude that the tawny dragon lizard employs a predominantly polygynous genetic mating system.

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Hu, Yang, Tim S. Doherty, and Tim S. Jessop. "How influential are squamate reptile traits in explaining population responses to environmental disturbances?" Wildlife Research 47, no. 3 (2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19064.

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Abstract Context Understanding how organismal attributes influence sensitivity to environmental perturbations is a central theme in ecology and conservation. Certain traits, such as body size, habitat use, dietary preference and reproductive output are considered important determinants of animal species’ responses to the impacts of ecological disturbances. However, the general relationships between functional traits and post-disturbance responses by animals are not fully understood. AimsOur primary aim was to use a meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of species traits on variation in population abundances of squamate reptiles (i.e. lizards and snakes). MethodsWe extracted data from 107 original published studies, from which 1027 mean effect sizes of post-disturbance responses by 298 species were estimated. We examined short-term responses only (i.e. within 3 years since the most recent disturbance). A comprehensive range of disturbances was examined, such as habitat destruction, fragmentation, fire, and exotic-species invasions. We used Bayesian linear mixed-effect modelling (BLMM), utilising the Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm (MCMC) for the meta-regression. Specifically, we tested the influence of eight species traits (body size, diet, temporal activity pattern, sociality, reproductive mode, clutch size, habitat selection, and mean body temperature), along with disturbance type, in explaining variation in species-specific abundance responses of squamate reptiles post-disturbance. Key resultsPost-disturbance abundance responses of squamate species were significantly influenced by two parameters, namely, mean body temperature and clutch size. In general, significant positive responses post-disturbance were observed for species with higher mean body temperatures and a greater clutch size. The type of disturbance had no detectable influence on squamate abundances. The influence of random effects (heterogeneity among studies and species, and broad taxonomic identity) accounted for more of the model variation than did the fixed effects (species traits and disturbance type). ConclusionsCertain species traits exerted some influence on the sensitivities of lizards and snakes to ecological disturbances, although the influence of random effects was very strong. Our findings are likely to be a result of the complexity and idiosyncratic nature of natural abundance patterns among animal species, in addition to the potential confounding effect of methodological differences among studies. ImplicationsThe present study is the first major quantitative synthesis of how species traits influence population-level responses of squamate reptiles to ecological disturbances. The findings can be used to guide conservation efforts and ecological management, such as by prioritising the efforts of mitigation on species that reproduce more slowly, and those with lower body temperatures.

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Rabosky, Daniel L., Rudolf von May, Michael C. Grundler, and Alison R. Davis Rabosky. "The Western Amazonian Richness Gradient for Squamate Reptiles: Are There Really Fewer Snakes and Lizards in Southwestern Amazonian Lowlands?" Diversity 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11100199.

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The lowland rainforests of the Amazon basin harbor some of the most species-rich reptile communities on Earth. However, there is considerable heterogeneity among climatically-similar sites across the Amazon basin, and faunal surveys for southwestern Amazonia in particular have revealed lower species diversity relative to sites in the northwestern and central Amazon. Here, we report a herpetofaunal inventory for Los Amigos Biological Station (LABS), a lowland site located in the Madre de Dios watershed of southern Peru. By combining active search and passive trapping methods with prior records for the site, we provide a comprehensive species list for squamate reptiles from LABS. We also estimate an “expected” list for LABS by tabulating additional taxa known from the regional species pool that we consider to have a high probability of detection with further sampling. The LABS total of 60 snake and 26 lizard taxa is perhaps the highest for any single site in the southern Amazon. Our estimate of the regional species pool for LABS suggests that the southwestern Amazonian lowlands harbor at least 25% fewer species of snakes relative to the western equatorial Amazon, a diversity reduction that is consistent with patterns observed in several other taxonomic groups. We discuss potential causes of this western Amazonian richness gradient and comment on the relationship between spatial diversity patterns in squamates and other taxa in the Amazon basin.

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Valdujo, Paula Hanna, Cristiano De Campos Nogueira, Leandro Baumgarten, Flavio Henrique Guimarães Rodrigues, Reuber Albuquerque Brandão, André Eterovic, Mário Barroso Ramos-Neto, and Otavio A. V. Marques. "Squamate reptiles from Parque Nacional das Emas and surroundings, Cerrado of Central Brazil." Check List 5, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/5.3.405.

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We present a list of squamate reptiles from Parque Nacional da Emas (PNE), ten neighbor private properties and Parque Estadual Nascentes do Rio Taquari, states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul. The study area encompasses the headwaters of Araguaia and Taquari river basins and part of Paranaíba River Basin, resulting in significant habitat heterogeneity. Inside PNE, we recorded 74 squamate species: 47 snakes, 21 lizards and six amphisbaenians. If we consider also the neighboring areas, richness value raises to 87 species: 54 snakes, 27 lizards and six amphisbaenians. From these, 52 % of the lizards, 19 % of the snakes and 33 % of the amphisbaenians are Cerrado endemics. Forest-specialist species are more common outside than inside PNE. Additional species are expected to occur in the PNE region, in view of their known geographical ranges.

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Pregill, Gregory. "Squamate Reptiles from Prehistoric Sites in the Mariana Islands." Copeia 1998, no. 1 (February 3, 1998): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1447702.

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Hopkins, W. A., J. H. Roe, J. W. Snodgrass, B. P. Jackson, D. E. Kling, C. L. Rowe, and J. D. Congdon. "Nondestructive indices of trace element exposure in squamate reptiles." Environmental Pollution 115, no. 1 (November 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00098-7.

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Gilbert, C., S. S. Hernandez, J. Flores-Benabib, E. N. Smith, and C. Feschotte. "Rampant Horizontal Transfer of SPIN Transposons in Squamate Reptiles." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, no. 2 (July 18, 2011): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr181.

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Anan’eva, N. B., and N. L. Orlov. "Egg teeth of squamate reptiles and their phylogenetic significance." Biology Bulletin 40, no. 7 (November 7, 2013): 600–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359013070029.

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Allen, Ethan E., and David Crews. "2-Deoxyglucose Uptake following Visual Stimulation in Squamate Reptiles." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 34, no. 5 (1989): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000116514.

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Foureaux, Giselle, Mizue Imoto Egami, Carlos Jared, Marta Maria Antoniazzi, Robson Campos Gutierre, and Ricardo Luiz Smith. "Rudimentary Eyes of Squamate Fossorial Reptiles (Amphisbaenia and Serpentes)." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 293, no. 2 (November 6, 2009): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21021.

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