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1
Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed Mohammed Youssef Mohammed, and Koichi Maekawa. "Performance Comparison of High Strength Reinforced Concrete Circular and Square Columns Subjected to Flexural Controlled Cyclic Loading." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (2021): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091639.
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In existing design practices selection of circular or square column shape mostly depends upon architectural needs rather than structural behavior. The behavior of equivalent area (circular and square), high strength reinforced concrete columns is reported to be same under monotonic loading conditions but their behavior under fatigue loading is not well-established. This paper presents the comparison of high strength reinforced concrete circular and square equivalent area columns’ performance (load-deflection behavior) under fatigue loading. Columns were casted in four configurations: square and circular shapes and with and without shear stirrups. Experimental results showed that in case of columns without shear stirrups, the square column resisted 38% more loading cycles as compared to circular column while the maximum deflection was 78% more than the circular column. Similarly, in case of columns with shear stirrups, square shaped column resisted 55% more loading cycles with only 5% more maximum deflections as compared to circular column. The results show that the square columns might be considered more ductile as compared to circular columns under the application of cyclic loading conditions like wind forces or seismic forces. Therefore, it might be concluded that square columns should be recommended for highly seismic regions as compared to circular columns with equivalent area. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091639 Full Text: PDF
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Dewi, Ratna, I. Wayan Artana, and I. Putu Laintarawan. "PERBANDINGAN KINERJA STRUKTUR KOLOM BULAT DAN KOLOM PERSEGI BETON BERTULANG TERHADAP BEBAN GEMPA DENGAN ANALISIS PUSHOVER." Widya Teknik 20, no. 1 (2024): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/widyateknik.v20i1.6782.
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Column is a vertical structural element that functions to absorb axial loads and transfer them to the foundation. The structure of this column consists of reinforcement and concrete which is a combination of tensile and compression resistant materials. The column carries a combination of axial loads and ultimate moments simultaneously. The column must have strength where the strength of the column must exceed the working load. The purpose of this study was to obtain differences in the performance of reinforced concrete building structures using circular and square columns due to earthquake loads. The research method used is a quantitative method with the help of SAP2000 software with nonlinear Pushover analysis. There are two models in this study, namely Model M1 is a square column model and model M2 is a circular column model. The results of the analysis show that the behavior of the structure for lateral deformation in the X direction of the square column is stiffer than the round column, while the lateral deformation in the Y direction of the circular column is stiffer than the square column. This is influenced by the inertia of the cross-section and the number of columns in each direction is different. The forces in the square column are 1% greater, the shear force is 62% smaller and the axial force is 24% greater than the circular column. The square column model with IO performance level has the ability to accept lateral loads and deformations on a larger capacity curve compared to circular columns for X and Y direction earthquakes.
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Niu, Jiangang, Wenming Xu, Jingjun Li, and Jian Liang. "Influence of Cross-Sectional Shape on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Canvas and CFRP-Reinforced Columns." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (May 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541587.
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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapping has become an attractive strengthening technique for concrete columns. However, the ingress of corrosion into the concrete through the gap of CFRP fiber greatly reduces the durability of concrete and the bearing capacity of specimens. Concrete canvas, a kind of corrosion-resistant and refractory material, is a promising method to enhance durability and carrying capacity. In this study, the concrete canvas (CC) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) were used to jointly reinforce columns with square cross section, octagonal cross section, circular cross section, and elliptical cross section. The influence of section shape on the strengthening effect of the axial compression column was investigated by the axial compression test. The results showed that the section shape had a significant influence on the reinforcement effect of the axial compression column. The carrying load capacity and ductility coefficient of different columns follow this order: square column < oval-shaped columns < octagonal columns < circle columns. The increased amplitude of bearing capacity for the different columns with the increase of CC layers follows this order: square columns < oval-shaped columns < circle column < octagonal columns. Compared with the unconstraint columns, the bearing capacity of adopting two-layer CC columns increased by 129%, 155%, 150%, and 139% for the square, octagonal, circular, and elliptical columns, respectively. The octagonal column has the largest increase range. Compared with the unconstraint columns, the bearing capacity of adopting two-layer CC columns increased by 348%, 318%, 310%, and 296% for the square, octagonal, elliptical, and circular columns, respectively. The square column has the largest increase range. The stress concentration phenomenon of all section shapes was weakened after the CC was used. The application of the CC on CFRP-reinforced columns improves column ductility significantly, with some degree of increase in bearing capacity.
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Liu, Yi, Yue Ting Yang, Jing Zeng, and Ling Chen. "Experimental Study of AFRP-Confined Square and Circular Concrete Columns Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." Materials Science Forum 982 (March 2020): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.982.175.
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An experimental investigation on square and circular high-strength concrete short columns confined with aramid fiber-reinforced polymer (AFRP) sheets was conducted in this study. Fiber Bragg grating sensors have been applied successfully in monitoring of the strains of the AFRP-confined square and circular concrete columns. The experimental results demonstrate that two types of axial force-strain curves were observed depending on the form of the column. Results show fiber Bragg grating sensors have good repeatability and the ultimate load of the circular concrete column is larger than that of the square concrete column. The interlaminar strains of AFRP and high-strength concrete have also been attained. It helps to analyze the constraint effect of the concrete column and compute the ultimate load of the square and circular concrete column.
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Chan, Iathong, and Yuji Koetaka. "Required Column Overdesign Factor of 3D Steel Moment Frames with Square Tube Columns." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.235.
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Steel moment frames are designed to ensure sufficient energy absorption capacity by achieving an entire beam-hinging collapse mechanism against severe earthquakes. Therefore, the column overdesign factor is stipulated in seismic design codes in some countries. For example in Japanese seismic design code, the specified column overdesign factor is 1.5 or more for steel moment frames with square tube columns. And this paper describes seismic response by 3D analysis of steel moment frames, and presents seismic demand for the column overdesign factor to keep the damage of square tube columns below the specified limit of plastic deformation. The major parameters are column overdesign factor, horizontal load bearing capacity, shape of frames and input direction of ground motion. In order to investigate 3D behavior of frames and correlation between plastic deformation of columns and column over design factor, apparent column overdesign factor, which is defined as the ratio of full plastic moment of the column (s) to the full plastic moment of the beam (s) projected in the input direction of the ground motion, is introduced. From the earthquake response analysis, it is clarified that the profile of maximum value of cumulative plastic deformation of columns to apparent column overdesign factor, with the similar horizontal load bearing capacity, are nearly identical regardless of number of stories, floor plan, and input direction of ground motion. As a result, the required column overdesign factor to keep the damage of columns below the limit of plastic deformation is proposed under the reliability index of 2.
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O'ROURKE, JOSEPH. "COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY COLUMN 47." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 16, no. 04 (2006): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195906002087.
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Manguki', Indra Dody Kurniawan, Jonie Tanijaya, and Olan Jujun Sanggaria. "Analisis Kekuatan Kolom Beton Bertulang Berdasarkan Diagram Interaksi Kolom." Paulus Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 2 (2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52722/pcej.v3i2.245.
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The column interaction diagram is a boundary area graph showing the various combinations of axial loads and moments that the column can safely hold. The benefit of a column interaction diagram provides an overview of the strength of the column in question. This study aims to analyze rectangular and circular columns using column interaction diagrams and then compare the strength of the columns in withstanding a combination of axial loads and bending moments with the same area. In this study, square and circular columns have the same number of reinforcement, diameter of reinforcement, steel strength, concrete quality, and cross-sectional area. The column is reviewed based on five conditions, namely pure axial load conditions, pure bending moment, and three failure conditions. Based on the five conditions that occurred, a column interaction diagram was created by using Microsoft Excel. Results of the analysis show that in the same area, the square column is stronger in withstanding the bending moment (Mu) of the circular column by 0.015 - 0.61%, while the circular column is stronger in resisting the axial force (Pu) of the square column by 1,9 - 4.4%.
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Wu, Bo, Zhou Hong, Gui-He Tang, and Chao Wang. "Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Square Cross Section." Advances in Structural Engineering 10, no. 4 (2007): 353–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/136943307783239336.
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Calculation of the fire resistance of 480 square cross section normal strength concrete (NSC) columns and 480 high strength concrete (HSC) columns, made with siliceous aggregate, is presented in this paper. The variables considered in the study include concrete strength (NSC and HSC), dimension of column cross section, axial load ratio, load eccentricity ratio (i.e., ratio of load eccentricity to dimension of column cross section), and steel ratio (i.e., ratio of longitudinal reinforcement to cross-sectional area of column). Explosive spalling of HSC exposed to fire is also considered approximately. Simulation results show that: (1) increasing the dimension of column cross section, reducing the axial load ratio, and reducing the load eccentricity ratio are all effective measures for improving the fire resistance of both NSC and HSC columns subjected to concentric axial load or eccentric axial load; (2) increasing the steel ratio has no significant influence on the fire resistance of concentrically loaded NSC and HSC columns, but has some positive effect on the fire resistance of eccentrically loaded NSC and HSC columns; (3) explosive spalling of HSC has a significant detrimental influence on the fire resistance of HSC columns. Based on simulation results, a simplified formula is empirically developed to enable determination of the fire resistance of both NSC and HSC columns, and is shown to be applicable to concrete columns with square cross section.
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Sahib, Ghazala, Sajjad Ahmad, and Sundus Hussain. "Construction And Analysis Of Hyper Block Graeco Latin Sudoku Square Design." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 31, no. 4 (2025): 1093–109. https://doi.org/10.63278/mme.v31i4.1729.
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A novel experimental design called Hyper Block Graeco Latin Sudoku Square Design (Hyper Block GLaSS Design) has been released. It applies the row blocking and column blocking features of Subramani and Pormuswamy Sudoku Square Designs. The Error Sum of Square is decreased by implementing the Block Sum of Square for both rows and columns. Hyper Block GLaSS Design aims to investigate eight parameters and test three sets of treatments concurrently in a single experiment. For Hyper Block GLaSS Design a numerical example is used to analyze the fixed effect model's construction, compare it to the Hyper Graeco Latin Sudoku Square Design, and determine how efficient it is. By adding row and column blocking, the suggested new design outperforms the Hyper Graeco Latin Sudoku Square Design in terms of lowest mean squares error.
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Sutama, Adji, Verinazul Septriansyah, and Dina Dwi Angraini. "STUDI KOMPARATIF PERILAKU STRUKTUR GEDUNG BETON BERTULANG DENGAN VARIASI GEOMETRI KOLOM PERSEGI DAN KOLOM BULAT." Bearing : Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Teknik Sipil 9, no. 2 (2024): 64. https://doi.org/10.32502/jbearing.v9i2.9026.
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This research aims to analyze the comparative structural behavior of reinforced concrete buildings using variations in square and circular column geometries. The research object is a 6-story educational building with dimensions of 35.1 x 23.4 meters and a total height of 24.2 meters. The analysis was conducted using ETABS v18 software by varying square column dimensions (55/55 cm, 50/50 cm, 45/45 cm) and circular columns (diameters of 62 cm, 56 cm, 50 cm). The parameters examined include internal forces, section capacity, and structural drift. Research results indicate that the difference in internal forces between the two column types is relatively small (1-2%). Circular columns demonstrate higher capacity in resisting axial loads (5098.01-7609.09 kN) and moments (295-520 kNm) compared to square columns. Although circular columns show slightly larger drift values, both column types meet the established drift limit requirements with safe margins. This research concludes that both column geometries demonstrate good structural performance and can be used interchangeably in structural design, with circular columns having advantages in section capacity but accompanied by slightly larger drift values.
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Al-Mashaykhi, Mustafa, Belal Alsubari, Mazin Abdulrahman, and Aayat Hussein. "Punching Strength of Reactive Powder Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs." TJES: Vol. 28, No.3 28, no. 3 (2021): 35–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.28.3.03.
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This research is devoted to investigating experimentally the punching shear strength of reactive powder concrete slabs under monotonic loading. All slabs have the same flexural reinforcement and same dimensions (1000mm length,600mm width,50mm thickness). The experimental program includes casting and testing of sixteen slabs tested under monotonic loading. The major parameters adopted in the current research include the shape of column (circle, square), column size (twocolumn sizes), number of columns (one, two), and the distance between two columns (3d,5d,7d). Results showed that, the slabs with circular column sections have slightly higher ultimate load than those with square column sections. An increasing column area increases the load of punching shear failure. It was found that the ultimate failure load for slabs with two columns is greater than the slabs with one column. Related to the effect of distance between the two columns for monotonic, it was found that the slabs maximum load reaches the maximum value at distance between the two columns equal to(7d) for a circular section with a diameter of 85mm and 113mm and square section with dimensions of (100*100)mm. While the maximum failure load reaches the maximum value when the distance between two columns (d) for a square section with the dimension of (75*75)mm. Related to the crack patterns, it was noticed that for slabs with larger columns sections with the distance between columns equal to 7d, the failure zone extended (in a large direction) to the slab sides.
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Liu, Jing Bo, and Xue Li. "Realization of Strong Column-Weak Beam Failure Mode for Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Frame Structure." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.424.
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Strong column-weak beam failure mode is considered to be a preferable mode for its large capability to absorb earthquake energy and prevent collapse. However, for composite frames composed of steel-concrete composite beams and concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, strong column-weak beam design methods are not given in Chinese codes. The column-to-beam strength ratio is one of the most important factors that influence the failure mode of frame structures. Moreover, large axial compression ratio of columns may cut down the actual bending capacity of columns, and thus has an adverse effect upon the realization of strong column-weak beam failure mode. In order to investigate the influence of column-to-beam strength ratio and axial compression ratio on the failure mode of concrete-filled square steel tubular frame structures, pushover analysis of a five-story three-bay composite frames with various column-to-beam strength ratios and axial compression ratios are carried out. Based on the analysis results, suggestions about the reasonable value of column-to-beam strength ratio with different axial compression ratios of columns are given to ensure the realization of strong column-weak beam failure mode for concrete-filled square steel tubular frame structures.
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Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K., and George A. Gravvanis. "Hybrid multilevel solution of sparse least-squares linear systems." Engineering Computations 34, no. 8 (2017): 2752–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2016-0353.
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Purpose Large sparse least-squares problems arise in different scientific disciplines such as optimization, data analysis, machine learning and simulation. This paper aims to propose a two-level hybrid direct-iterative scheme, based on novel block independent column reordering, for efficiently solving large sparse least-squares linear systems. Design/methodology/approach Herewith, a novel block column independent set reordering scheme is used to separate the columns in two groups: columns that are block independent and columns that are coupled. The permutation scheme leads to a two-level hierarchy. Using this two-level hierarchy, the solution of the least-squares linear system results in the solution of a reduced size Schur complement-type square linear system, using the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) method as well as backward substitution using the upper triangular factor, computed through sparse Q-less QR factorization of the columns that are block independent. To improve the convergence behavior of the PCG method, the upper triangular factor, computed through sparse Q-less QR factorization of the coupled columns, is used as a preconditioner. Moreover, to further reduce the fill-in, then the column approximate minimum degree (COLAMD) algorithm is used to permute the block consisting of the coupled columns. Findings The memory requirements for solving large sparse least-squares linear systems are significantly reduced compared to Q-less QR decomposition of the original as well as the permuted problem with COLAMD. The memory requirements are reduced further by choosing to form larger blocks of independent columns. The convergence behavior of the iterative scheme is improved due to the chosen preconditioning scheme. The proposed scheme is inherently parallel due to the introduction of block independent column reordering. Originality/value The proposed scheme is a hybrid direct-iterative approach for solving sparse least squares linear systems based on the implicit computation of a two-level approximate pseudo-inverse matrix. Numerical results indicating the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed scheme are given.
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Dong, Chun Min, and Ke Dong Guo. "Experiment Research on Square Columns Reinforced by High Strength Wire Mesh Mortar." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.409.
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To investigate the influence of wire mesh type, wrapped way and stress of column on the behavior of RC square columns, the experiment including an unreinforced column and 7 strengthened columns with the high strength wire mesh mortar were tested. The results were shown that the strength and axial deformation of columns reinforced by high strength wire mesh mortar were enhanced. Finally, the calculation formula for ultimate bearing capacity of the reinforced columns was given based on the test results, which agreed with the tested results well.
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Wang, Gaoxiong, Yanhong Bao, Li Yang, and Yang Yu. "Analysis of Fire Resistance of Square-Cased Square Steel Tube Reinforced Concrete (ST-RC) Columns." Materials 14, no. 19 (2021): 5541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195541.
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Based on the finite element (FE) analysis software Abaqus, an FE model of square-cased square steel tube reinforced concrete (ST-RC) columns under the hybridized action of high-temperature and load is established. The accuracy of the FE model is verified using experimental data from existing studies. This model is used to analyze the temperature change, internal force distribution, and failure characteristics of the square-cased square ST-RC columns under the action of fire, as well as the factors affecting the fire resistance limit of the column. The results of FE analysis show that under the action of fire, the maximum internal temperature of the square-cased square ST-RC columns occurs in the corner of the section. Moreover, the stress and strain reach their maximum values at the concrete corner outside the tube. During the heating process, an internal force redistribution occurs in the square-cased square ST-RC column. At the same time, the proportion of the axial force and the bending moment of the reinforced concrete outside the pipe decreases gradually, while the proportion of the internal force of the core concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) increases gradually. In essence, it is a process of load transfer from the high-temperature to the low-temperature zone. In addition, the section size, load ratio, slenderness ratio, cross-sectional core area ratio, steel content, and external concrete strength are the main parameters affecting the fire resistance limit of the square-cased square ST-RC columns. Among them, the cross-sectional core area ratio, section size, steel ratio, and external concrete strength are positively correlated with the fire resistance limit of the composite column. On the contrary, with the increase in the load ratio and the slenderness ratio, the fire resistance limit of the square-cased square ST-RC columns decreases. On this basis, a simplified formula to calculate the fire resistance limit of square-cased square ST-RC columns is proposed. The research results can be used as a theoretical reference for the fire protection design of this kind of structure in practical engineering.
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Hao, Chang Zheng, Mohd Reza Azmi, Mohd Yazmil Md. Yatim, and Ong Tze Sean. "The Effects of Plate Stiffeners on the Ultimate Load of Square Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular (CFDST) Short Column." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 36, no. 5 (2024): 1795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2024-36(5)-01.
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This paper studies the effects of plate stiffeners on the ultimate load of square concrete-filled double-skin tubular (CFDST) short columns under axial compression. The study determines and compares the load-bearing capacity of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) short column, CFDST short column and CFDST short columns with plate stiffeners. To achieve these objectives, the researchers performed experimental tests on six composite column specimens: one CFST short column, one CFDST short column and four CFDST short columns with plate stiffeners. The stiffeners are welded to the inner surface of the external tube through pre-drilled holes systematically spaced at four spacings of 10t, 20t, 30t, and 40t, with t represents the external tube thickness. The test results show that the internal steel tubes increased the ultimate strength of the CFDST short columns by approximately 11% compared with the CFST short columns. The CFDST short column with plate stiffeners showed a significant strength improvement of 33% - 42% relative to the CFDST short column. The ultimate strength of CFDST short columns with plate stiffeners increased with smaller intermittent weld spacing of plate stiffeners. Finally, this study proposes a design model that can accurately predict the ultimate strength of CFDST short columns with plate stiffeners with a predicted to experimental strength ratio of 1.02.
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Meng, Wang, and Tao Yi. "Study on Seismic Behavior of Concrete-filled square steel tube column with core column-Steel Beam Joints." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128301028.
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This paper has carried out the quasi-static tests of five specimens of FRP-UHPC column-steel beam joints with core columns, and the extensive parameter analysis of the joints by numerical simulation. The results show that the Concrete-filled square steel tube column with core column -Steel Beam Joints have strong bearing capacity. It has excellent deformability, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity, and works well under the condition of high axial compression ratio. The bearing capacity of the replacement beam specimen does not deteriorate significantly, which indicates that the Concrete-filled square steel tube column with core column -Steel Beam Joints is replaceable.
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Razzaq, Zia, and Solomon Tecleab. "Notched Hollow Square Section Steel Column Buckling." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 1 (2019): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.1.1059.
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Presented in this paper is an outcome of a study to assess the effect of section loss in the form of longitudinal notches on the buckling load of hollow square section steel columns. The theoretical study includes buckling load estimates based on both an iterative equilibrium as well as a non-iterative energy approach. Buckling loads based on sample laboratory experiments are also presented. The study shows that the presence of a notch can significantly reduce the axial load-carrying capacity of a steel column.
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Razzaq, Zia, and Solomon Tecleab. "Notched Hollow Square Section Steel Column Buckling." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 1 (2019): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.1.1059.
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Presented in this paper is an outcome of a study to assess the effect of section loss in the form of longitudinal notches on the buckling load of hollow square section steel columns. The theoretical study includes buckling load estimates based on both an iterative equilibrium as well as a non-iterative energy approach. Buckling loads based on sample laboratory experiments are also presented. The study shows that the presence of a notch can significantly reduce the axial load-carrying capacity of a steel column.
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Wang, Yaohong, Zeping Zhang, Qing Han, Qi Chu, and Xiaoyan Ma. "Seismic Damage Behavior of Aeolian Sand Concrete Columns with an Inner Square Steel Tube." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (November 28, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1306194.
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In order to promote the application of aeolian sand in steel-concrete composite structures, the aeolian sand concrete columns with an inner square steel tube is proposed in this paper. This kind of column is composed of aeolian sand concrete, reinforcing steel, and an inner square steel tube. The seismic damage behavior of the column was studied through cyclic loading test and damage analysis on seven specimens with different structural forms. The seismic damage indices of the specimens in this study include the failure mode, bearing capacity, ductility, stiffness, hysteresis behavior, and energy dissipation. Then, a damage model of this kind of column is proposed. The study results show that installing an inner square steel tube can significantly improve the seismic damage behavior of aeolian sand concrete columns. This mode of construction can be used to enhance the replacement percentage of aeolian sand. In addition, the damage model proposed in this paper agrees well with the experimental results and can be used to evaluate the damage degree of the aeolian sand concrete columns with an inner square steel tube.
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EDMONDSON, R. N. "Trojan square and incomplete Trojan square designs for crop research." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 2 (1998): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185969800567x.
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Latin square and near-Latin square designs are valuable row-and-column designs for crop research but the practical size range of such designs is severely limited. Semi-Latin square designs extend this range but not all semi-Latin squares are suitable for experimental designs. Trojan square designs are a special class of optimal semi-Latin squares that generalizes the class of Latin square designs. The construction of Trojan squares both for unstructured and for factorial treatment sets is discussed and the utility of Trojan square designs for practical crop research is demonstrated. The corpus of available designs is further extended by a discussion of incomplete Trojan square designs obtained by omitting one main row or one main column from a complete Trojan square design. Some advantages of Trojan square and incomplete Trojan square designs for crop research are discussed and some suggestions for further design research are made.
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Jayaganesh, S., J. Raja Murugadoss, G. Ganesh Prabhu, and J. Jegan. "Effects of Concentrical Partial (Local) Compression on the Structural Behavior of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Column." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/491038.
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The objective of this present paper is to investigate the structural behavior of square and circular Concrete Filled Steel Tubular (CFST) stub columns subjected to axial partial/local compression. The experimental parameters were local compression area and section type. Among the twelve specimens, six specimens were tested under full compression and the remaining six specimens were tested under local compression. The experimental observation indicated that the failure pattern of the CFST column with partial compression is fairly different from the CFST column subjected to full compression. The confinement provided by the circular section is quite different than the confinement provided by the square section, when the CFST column is subjected to axially local compression. It was found that the elastic modulus (stiffness) and the ultimate bearing capacity of the CFST column decreased with the increase in local compression ratio. The circular and square CFST columns subjected to partial/local compression achieved an ultimate strength of 4.45% and 14.15%, respectively, less than that of the columns subjected to full compression. From the above observation, it can be inferred that the structural performance of the CFST column is significantly influenced by the local area compression ratio and this effect should be taken into account in design models.
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Alhaj Ali, S., S. M. Razak, M. Z. A. Mohd Zahid, N. L. Rahim, and Mohd Badrul Hisyam Bin Ab Manaf. "The Impact of Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Columns: an Investigating of Column Size and Load-Bearing Capacity." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1467, no. 1 (2025): 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1467/1/012012.
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Abstract This study presents an investigation on the column square size effect in concrete structures. It has been observed that most jacketing material fails to fully restore the original load of square columns due to the presence of poorly confined concrete regions within their cross sections. This study investigates the influence of varying square cross-sectional dimensions on the performance of Ultra High-Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) as a strengthening material. A total of 18 reinforced concrete column specimens, with dimensions of 100 x 100, 125 x 125, and 150 x 150 mm, were fabricated and subjected to axial compression tests to evaluate their load-bearing capacities and failure modes. The results indicated a direct correlation between the load-bearing capacity and the cross-sectional area of the columns. The application of UHPFRC jacketing resulted in significant enhancements in load-bearing capacity, with increases of 63%, 39%, and 34% for the respective column sizes. However, the degree of improvement showed a diminishing trend with larger column sizes, emphasizing the necessity of optimizing the ratio of column size to jacketing thickness. This study concludes that UHPFRC substantially enhances the structural performance of reinforced concrete columns, particularly in smaller sizes. The findings highlight the critical importance of customized strengthening strategies that account for the geometric characteristics of columns to maximize the benefits of UHPFRC in structural rehabilitation projects.
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Zhang, Xiaoyong, Chang Xia, and Yu Chen. "Research on nano-concrete-filled steel tubular columns with end plates after lateral impact." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 60, no. 1 (2021): 553–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-0044.
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Abstract This paper presents thirteen square columns to study the behavior of nano-concrete-filled steel tubular columns with end plates after lateral impact. The failure modes of the square columns subjected to lateral impact damage or not subjected to lateral impact damage were compared. The lateral impact loading height, steel tubular thickness, and column height were set as the test parameters in these tests. The effects of test parameters on the ultimate capacity, initial stiffness, and ductility of columns are discussed in this paper. The bearing capacity of square columns is decreased because of the lateral impact loading which can also be concluded from the test results. And with the steel tube thickness increasing, the bearing capacity and initial stiffness of columns are increased and ductility has no obvious change. However, with the column height increasing, the bearing capacity and stiffness of columns are decreased and ductility is increased. Furthermore, the strain development of the columns under axial compressive loading is also discussed in the paper. The results indicated that the corner of the square column is more easily damaged under compressive loading. According to the test results, the calculated formula is proposed to predict the ultimate capacity of nano-concrete-filled steel tubular columns with end plates after lateral impact. The calculated results have a good agreement with the test results.
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Yang, Can Tian, Ai Qun Li, Yue Chen, and Lin Lin Xie. "Full-Scale Experimental Investigations on Seismic Performance of Square RC Frame Columns with Hollow Sections." Key Engineering Materials 828 (December 2019): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.828.40.
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A new type of square reinforced concrete frame column with a hollow section and spiral stirrups at the section corners is proposed. To investigate its seismic performance, three full-scale columns of this type and one full-scale conventional solid column were designed and tested under a quasi-static load. The failure mode, load-bearing, deformation, and energy-dissipation capacities of the proposed column were evaluated and compared with those of the solid column. The effects of the cavity ratio and axial load on the seismic performance were investigated.
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Manoj, Aiswarya, and Dhanya Sathyan. "Strengthening of concrete square column using FRP composites." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (2021): 012206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012206.
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Abstract Strength and energy absorption capacity are the important parameter for axially loaded column. This paper investigates the strength of unconfined square concrete column and externally confined square column with fiber-reinforced (FRP) composites with synthetic carbon fiber and natural banana fiber. This type of strengthening of column is widely accepted in practice. Axial strength test is performed on confined square column with different parameters such as number of layers of FRP materials, wrapping patters like full wrapping, center wrapping and hybrid pattern. Both natural and synthetic fibers are used for FRP-confined square concrete column. It was found that external confinement using FRP material improved the axial-load carrying capacity, load-deformation and ductility of the square column compared to the unconfined square column.
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Zhu, Tao, Hongjun Liang, Yiyan Lu, Weijie Li, and Hong Zhang. "Axial behaviour of slender concrete-filled steel tube square columns strengthened with square concrete-filled steel tube jackets." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 6 (2019): 1074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219888726.
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This article investigates the behaviour of slender concrete-filled steel tube square columns strengthened by concrete-filled steel tube jacketing. The columns were realised by placing a square outer steel tube around the original slender concrete-filled steel tube column and pouring strengthening concrete into the gap between the inner and outer steel tubes. Three concrete-filled steel tube square columns and seven retrofitted columns ranging from 1200 to 2000 mm were tested to failure under axial compression. The experimental parameters included three length-to-width ( L/ B1) ratios, three width-to-thickness ( B1/ t1) ratios and three strengths of concrete jacket (C50-grade, C60-grade and C70-grade). Experimentally, the retrofitted columns failed in a similar manner to traditional slender concrete-filled steel tube columns. After strengthening, the retrofitted columns benefitted greatly from the component materials, with their load-bearing capacity and ductility notably enhanced. These enhancements were mainly brought about by sectional enlargement and good confinement of concrete. A finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to better understand the axial behaviour of the retrofitted specimens. A parametric study was conducted, with parameters including the length of the column, thickness of the outer steel tube, strength of the concrete jacket, yield strength of the outer steel tube, thickness of the inner steel tube and strength of the inner concrete. Furthermore, the finite element model was adopted to study the behaviour of rust-damaged and post-fire slender concrete-filled steel tube square columns strengthened by square concrete-filled steel tube jacketing. A modified formula was proposed to predict the load-bearing capacity of retrofitted specimens, and the numerical results agreed well with the experiments and the finite element results of undamaged, rust-damaged and post-fire specimens. It could be used as a reference for practical application.
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Diamanta, Ivana Madeline, Richard Frans, and Hendry Tanoto Kalangi. "PERANCANGAN APLIKASI PERHITUNGAN KUAT NOMINAL KOLOM BETON BERTULANG BERBASIS APLIKASI ANDROID." Racic : Rab Construction Research 9, no. 1 (2024): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/racic.v9i1.3865.
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Nowadays, the use of applications which is to analyze or to design in civil engineering are necessary. Besides being able to solve the analysis and design problem, the use of applications is an effective for computational time problems compared to manual calculations. Column is one of the most crucial elements in a building construction where the role of the column is to support and distribute the loads on the building structure. In general, in designing a column, column interaction diagram with a certain cross section is made and compare the capacity of the column sections (Pn and Mn) from the column interaction diagram with the required strength values (Pu and Mu). Android is an operating system on smartphones and is popular nowadays. The aim of this research is to develop an Android-based application using Android Studio with Java programming language to create a column interaction diagram of several types of columns, i.e. square column with 4 (four) side reinforcement, square column with reinforcement on 2 (two) sides, and circular columns. The results obtained from the developed application are compared with manual calculations (reference). The difference of result obtained is less than 1% which means that there is no significant comparison between the designed application and manual calculations (reference). Therefore, the developed application can be practically used as an alternative in designing columns.
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Patel, Arth J. Patel, and Sharadkumar Purohit. "The Axial behaviour of Concrete Filled Double Skinned Steel Tubular (CFDST) column with concrete imperfections." Fracture and Structural Integrity 19, no. 72 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.72.01.
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Concrete Filled Double Skinned Steel Tubular (CFDST) composite column is preferred over Concrete Filled Steel Tube composite column (CFST) owing to enhanced strength. However, they may possess concrete imperfection due to shrinkage and creep of concrete and the construction practices adopted. Concrete imperfection may lead to overestimation of strength, reduction in ductility, and composite action of CFDST column. This paper discusses axial compression tests conducted on outer circular and square and inner square-shaped CFDST columns with and without concrete imperfections. Parameters considered in the study include i) shape of the outer steel tube, ii) circumferential gap ratio (1.1% and 2.2%), and iii) spherical or rectangular gap ratio (4.4% and 8.8%). Results of the test in terms of strength, ductility, confinement effect, strain profile along the length, and failure modes are studied in depth. It is observed that the circumferential gap ratio has a significant impact on the peak axial load-carrying capacity of CFDST columns. Ductility of CFDST column reduces with an increase in the concrete imperfection gap ratio. While CFDST columns with circular steel tube yield global buckling failure modes, square outer steel tube exhibit local buckling failure modes. New strength reduction factors are proposed to account impact of circumferential and spherical or rectangular concrete imperfections on load carrying capacity estimation of CFDST column.
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Zhang, Yufen, Junhai Zhao, and Weifeng Yuan. "STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE BEARING CAPACITY OF CONCRETE-FILLED SQUARE STEEL TUBE COLUMN REINFORCED BY CIRCULAR STEEL TUBE INSIDE." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, no. 6 (2013): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.799088.
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This paper concentrates on the compressive bearing capacity of one composite column of a Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tube (CFSST) reinforced by a circular steel tube inside. Some tests were conducted to consider the compression behaviour of the stub columns under axial compressive loading. Through an elastoplastic limit analysis based on Unified Strength Theory (UST), the ultimate load capacity of the CFSST columns reinforced by inner circular steel tube under axial compression has been derived, which has a good agreement with the experimental results in comparison with other empirical models. So this model is extended to predict the optimal design of the inner tube, namely, Di/ti and Di/B. In addition, another simple model is also proposed to testify the optimal section of this composite column. With the optimal circular steel tubes inside the CFSST column, the composite column can result in significant savings in column size, which ultimately can lead to significant economic savings and higher bearing capacity. The results show that it has a theoretical significance and application value to adopt circular steel tube to strengthen CFSST column.
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Mhuder, Wathiq Jassim, and Samir M. Chassib. "Experimental Study of Strengthening of RC Columns with Steel Fiber Concrete." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.551.
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This study introduces an experimental program to investigate the performance of concrete wrapping jackets reinforced by steel fibers used for retrofitting of the square and circular RC columns under axial loads. Ten columns divided into two groups; the first group included seven square columns while the second group involved three circular columns. The experimental study included testing the columns with varied parameters such as cross-section shape, type and aspect ratio of steel fibres, jacket thickness, and using several techniques for retrofitting the column such as strengthening by plain and reinforced concrete jackets. The selected parameters affected the compressive behavior of confined columns high strength concrete jackets. The obtained results revealed that all strengthened columns with square cross-section appeared maximum strength greater than a circular one. Using several types of concrete jacketing promotes the load-capacity of the column with a clear improvement in the ductility. Increasing thickness appeared increasing in the load-carrying capacity in comparison with the reference column. Using the straight fibres showed better enhancement in the load capacity than the hooked ones. The main result was the failure mode was different from unstrengthen columns which showed more crushing in the concrete core with an increase in thickness.
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Rizalman, Ahmad Nurfaidhi, Ng Seong Yap Mahmood Md Tahir, and Shahrin Mohammad. "Parametric Study of Fire Performance of Concrete Filled Hollow Steel Section Columns with Circular and Square Cross-Section." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401011.
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Concrete filled hollow steel section column have been widely accepted by structural engineers and designers for high rise construction due to the benefits of combining steel and concrete. The advantages of concrete filled hollow steel section column include higher strength, ductility, energy absorption capacity, and good structural fire resistance. In this paper, comparison on the fire performance between circular and square concrete filled hollow steel section column is established. A three-dimensional finite element package, ABAQUS, was used to develop the numerical model to study the temperature development, critical temperature, and fire resistance time of the selected composite columns. Based on the analysis and comparison of typical parameters, the effect of equal cross-sectional size for both steel and concrete, concrete types, and thickness of external protection on temperature distribution and structural fire behaviour of the columns are discussed. The result showed that concrete filled hollow steel section column with circular cross-section generally has higher fire resistance than the square section.
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Chaitanya, N., V. Ranga Rao, and M. Achyutha Kumar Reddy. "Performance of composite reinforced short column under axial loading." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (2018): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13680.
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The purpose of this paper is to compare the behaviour of composite reinforced concrete square short columns and conventional square short column. Experiments are conducted on four axially loaded column specimens till failure. Among four specimens, two are conventional and remaining two columns are having equal angles as main reinforcement. Short columns are designed using IS 456 2000. The obtained details of main reinforcement are replaced in area wise by equal angle (ISA 2525). The tie reinforcement used to withhold the main reinforcement in position are retained with the same deformed bars. Performance of columns are measured in terms of load carrying capacity, longitudinal strain, stress, crushing modes, strains in each face using strain gauges. Outcome of the experiments are compared and plotted in the form of stress vs strain of the column. A finite element model was developed using Abaqus to simulate the results.
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Schwartzman, Steven. "Multiplicative Squares: Magic and Special." Mathematics Teacher 80, no. 1 (1987): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.80.1.0051.
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Much has been written about magic squares. A magic square is a square array of distinct numbers with the property that the sum of the numbers in each row, column, and diagonal is the same. (I will use the generic term line to stand for row, column, or diagonal.) Figure 1 shows a 3 × 3 magic square whose magic sum is 6. (The references cited at the end of this article provide a good introduction to traditional magic squares and some of the uses to which they have been put in the classroom.)
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Shima, Hiroyuki, Nao Furukawa, Yuhei Kameyama, Akio Inoue, and Motohiro Sato. "Cross-Sectional Performance of Hollow Square Prisms with Rounded Edges." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (2020): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060996.
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Hollow-section columns are one of the mechanically superior structures with high buckling resistance and high bending stiffness. The mechanical properties of the column are strongly influenced by the cross-sectional shape. Therefore, when evaluating the stability of a column against external forces, it is necessary to reproduce the cross-sectional shape accurately. In this study, we propose a mathematical method to describe a polygonal section with rounded edges and vertices. This mathematical model would be quite useful for analyzing the mechanical properties of plants and designing plant-mimicking functional structures, since the cross-sections of the actual plant culms and stems often show rounded polygons.
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Lu, Jiancheng, Yujun Qi, Yifei Li, and Xuxu Wang. "Axial Compressive Performance of a Composite Concrete-Filled GFRP Tube Square Column." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (2021): 6757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156757.
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A composite concrete-filled glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube square column is a new type of composite column, where GFRP is externally wrapped over several GFRP square tubes to form a multicavity GFRP tube, and then concrete is poured inside. External GFRP wrapping methods can be divided into two types: entirely wrapped and strip-type wrapped methods. The former is superior to the latter in terms of performance under stress. However, difficulties are introduced in the construction process of the former, and substantial materials are required to wrap the entire structure. To examine the axial compressive performance for this new type of composite column and the impact of the wrapping method, we designed and fabricated one type of entirely wrapped composite column and two types of strip-type wrapped composite columns with clear spacings of 85 mm and 40 mm, respectively, and performed static axial compression tests. Through tests and numerical simulations, we obtained the failure mode, load–displacement curve, and load–strain curve of the specimen, and analyzed the impact of the externally wrapped GFRP on the mechanical behavior of the composite column. The results show that the composite column reached the peak load before the fracture of the GFRP tube fiber occurred, and the bearing capacity declined sharply to approximately 75% of the peak load after the fiber fractured, then entered a platform section, thereby displaying ductile failure. As the wrapped layers of GFRP strips increased, the load capacity of the specimen exhibited a linear growth tendency. Compared with the performance of the entirely wrapped method, the load capacity of the specimens in the W5040 group declined 9.8% on average, and the peak efficiency of the GFRP strips increased by 50%, thereby indicating that the use of appropriate GFRP layers and strip distance intervals can ensure the appropriate bearing capacity of composite columns and full utilization of GFRP material properties.
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Belakhdar, Ahmed Rafik, Mohamed Salah Dimia, and Mohamed Baghdadi. "Post-fire behavior of RC columns repaired with square hollow section steel tube and RC concrete jackets." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 9, no. 6 (2023): 161456–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl9iss6pp161456-01e.
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This paper investigates numerically fire-exposed reinforced concrete (RC) columns. As a first step, the study examined the effects of exposing the columns to fire for 60 minutes according to the ISO 834 fire standard on the column's residual load-bearing capacity by considering some decisive geometrical parameters such as the column height and its cross-sectional area. The second step consisted of investigating the effectiveness of the strengthening technique utilized by incorporating composite jackets, considering different strengths of concrete, in order to improve the post-fire behavior of these columns. The results showed that the longer the column is exposed to fire, the lower its bearing capacity. However, it was also found that increasing the column cross-sectional area can reduce the percentage of load-bearing capacity. Finally, it was revealed that the strengthening method used herein allowed restoring the capacity of the columns exposed to fire for a period of one hour by up to 180%.
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Abdulrahman, Ahmed R., Bahman O. Taha, and Muhsin K. Khdir. "Ductility and Strength Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Confined by Glass and Carbon FRP Sheets." Open Civil Engineering Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149502014010056.
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Background: Fiber reinforced composite materials are becoming popular in civil engineering construction practices. One of the most practical applications of these materials is concerned with the strengthening and retrofitting of reinforced concrete compression members by means of external confinement with the GFRP sheets. The role of FRP for strengthening of existing or new reinforced concrete structures is growing at an extremely rapid pace owing mainly to the ease and speed of construction, and the possibility of the application without disturbing the existing functionality of the structure. Objective: The ductility and strength behavior of reinforced concrete columns (Square & Circle) confined by glass and carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets were experimentally investigated Methods: In the library, we tested and cast a total of fourteen column specimens. The tested specimens in this study were square and circle columns, the square specimens tested in this experimental study had dimensions of 135x135 mm cross-section while the circle specimens had 150 mm diameter. The columns were loaded at their supports and made prepared to avoid local failure at supports due to steel plates. Two types of fiber reinforcements sheets were used for strengthening the columns (Carbon and Glass fiber polymer sheets). To prevent the highly stressed slender longitudinal bars from buckling outward, adequate amounts of steel ties were utilized in the height of the columns. During the test of the columns, the central deflection and central fiber strains were measured using dia1 gauges and strain gauges Discussion: The CFRP strains progressed very slowly before the yielding of longitudinal reinforcement bars but quickly, eventually, due to the concrete expansion in the plastic hinge. The wrapped CFRP sheets contribute to both the shear strength and the confinement of concrete in column specimens. The results signify that the percentages of increase in the carrying load capacity due to strengthen, using carbon and glass FRP sheets, were greater in the circular columns compared with the square columns for all the types of confinements used in this study. The ductility factor increased by the strengthen column ranged between 1.35-2.78, while the greatest ductility factor obtained when the circular columns strengthen with glass FRP sheets fully wrapped. Conclusion: -The maximum ratio of increase in the carrying load capacity obtained when the column strengthens fully wrapped. - The columns (circular and square) strengthen with carbon FRP sheets, the greater carrying load capacity obtained when compared the columns strengthen with glass FRP sheets. -The percentages of increase in the carrying load capacity due to strengthen, using carbon and glass FRP sheets were greater in the circular columns compared with the square columns for all the types of confinements. - The stains developed in the confined circular columns are greater than stains in the confined square columns. -The ductility factor increased by the strengthen column, while the greatest ductility factor obtained when the circular columns strengthen with glass FRP sheets fully wrapped.
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Pan, Jianrong, Peng Wang, Yanjun Zheng, Zhan Wang, and Deming Liu. "An Analytical Study of Square CFT Columns in Bracing Connection Subjected to Axial Loading." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (November 25, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8618937.
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This paper presents the behavior of square concrete-filled tubular (CFT) columns with different penetrating gusset plates under axial load. Load transfer mechanism in the CFT columns including load distribution between gusset plate and core concrete and composite action of the gusset plate and steel tube was investigated. Experimental results showed that the axial load can be transferred from the bottom edge, ribs, and the hole of the gusset plate to core concrete through the bearing mechanism. Adding ribs or a hole on the gusset plate can efficiently facilitate load transmission and improve the composite action. Numerical models were established to determine the distribution of axial forces among members in the square CFT column. Then, revised coefficients of elastic modulus for the square CFT column with the gusset plate were proposed.
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AlJallad, Sadjad Amir, and Haitham Al-Thairy. "EFFECT OF WEB OPENING ON THE AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY OF STEEL COLUMNS WITH COLD FORMED THIN WALLED SECTION (CFS)." Kufa Journal of Engineering 7, no. 3 (2016): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/731200.
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In this paper, an experimental study has been presented to investigate the effects of web opening on the behavior and failure of steel columns with cold formed thin walled sections (CFS) subjected to axial compressive load. Twenty small scale steel columns with cold formed box and channel sections and a total length of 500 mm have been considered in the experimental tests. Ten of the tested steel columns specimens have a box section with dimensions of (100×100×2) mm (height × width× thickness), and the other ten columns specimens have a channel sections with dimensions of (100×50×2) mm (height × width× thickness). To investigate the effect of the number and the shape of web opening on the axial compressive strength of steel columns, each ten columns with same cross section shape was divided into three groups of three columns in addition to the reference column which has no web openings. All groups of columns have same opening area which is located at the web of the section, but each group has a different opening shape (square, rectangular, and circular shapes), and each steel column within each group has different numbers of opening distributed along column length (one, two, and three openings). Each steel column specimens was subjected to an increasing static load up to column failure which indicated by the reloading of the test machine. The study has shown that for most of the tested columns, increasing the numbers of web openings results in decreasing the column axial strength compared to the reference steel column. The maximum percentage of the reduction in the columns axial compressive strength caused by the presence of web opening was found to be about 30% and 45% of the reference columns strength for columns with box and channel shape sections, respectively. It has also been found that the reduction in the axial compressive strength of the column specimens caused by the presence of web openings is lower for the circular shape openings compared to that for rectangular and/or square shape web openings.
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Chen, Xin, Xiaoyao Zheng, Xintang Wang, and Zhanliang Wang. "Experimental Study of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Axial Compression of L-type Steel Column." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2468, no. 1 (2023): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2468/1/012076.
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Abstract The L-type steel column studied here is a special-shaped column composed of a square steel pipe and two of T-shaped steel, which are connected by weld. Because the columns have better properties than ordinary steel columns, it may be wildly used in residential steel structures. Therefore, it is quite valuable to study the bearing capacity and stability of the new steel columns. Three of specimens of the column are tested, and behaviour of deformation, distribution of displacements and stresses, and bearing capacity are presented. Effect of related factors on property of the steel column are discussed. It is concluded that the local buckling happened before finally failure of the column, which is sensitive to geometric defects.
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Masia, Mark J., and Nigel G. Shrive. "Carbon fibre reinforced polymer wrapping for the rehabilitation of masonry columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 4 (2003): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-015.
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The use of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrapping to strengthen existing cracked masonry columns was investigated experimentally. The study was aimed at quantifying the increase in strength that can be achieved and assessing the effect of column size on the strength increase. Eighteen columns were tested, with three different square cross-sectional sizes (290 mm × 290 mm, 390 mm × 390 mm, 490 mm × 490 mm) and two different types of clay masonry unit. Six columns were constructed in each size, two columns using unit type 1 and four columns using unit type 2. Strengthening was achieved by wrapping the square section columns directly with a single-layer CFRP laminate or by wrapping the columns after first casting a circular concrete jacket around the column. The latter treatment was applied to two of the small-sized columns and two of the intermediate-sized columns. All other square section columns were wrapped directly. Significant strength increases were achieved, particularly when the columns were provided with the cylindrical concrete jacket. These preliminary tests indicate that the use of CFRP wrapping is an effective technique for rehabilitating damaged masonry columns. Decisive conclusions could not be made regarding the effect of column size (cross-sectional area) on the strength increase achieved. Further tests together with nonlinear finite element modelling aimed at duplicating the experimental observations would greatly enhance the information provided by the current tests.Key words: masonry, columns, rehabilitation, strengthening, fibre reinforced polymer, experimental.
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Berestianskaya, S., E. Galagurya, M. Kovalov, L. Kravtsiv, and O. Opanasenko. "EFFICIENCY OF USING FIBER CONCRETE AS CORE FOR STEEL CONCRETE COLUMNS OF SQUARE CROSS SECTION." Scientific Bulletin of Building, no. 110 (June 27, 2024): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2311-7257.2024.110.1.6.
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The article examines the effectiveness of using fiber concrete as a core for reinforced concrete columns with a square cross-section. For this, at the first stage, the calculation of a steel-concrete column with dimensions of 100×100×3 mm, length of 500 mm was carried out using as a core a cross-section of concrete grade C20/25. At the next stage of the research, based on the conditions of the same bearing capacity of the columns, cross-sections were selected using fiber concrete with steel and basalt fibers at different values of the thickness of the steel shell. Steel fiber "Chilyabinka" was used, which was introduced at the rate of 32,536 kg/m3 of concrete. Basalt fiber was used with a length of 12 mm, and was added in the amount of 0.2% of the mass of cement. The dependence of the area of the concrete core and the area of the steel shell on the thickness of the steel shell is plotted. A comparison of the cost and characteristics of reinforced concrete columns with the use of ordinary concrete and fiber concrete with two types of fibers as a core cross-section was also carried out: steel and basalt. Based on research, the following conclusions can be drawn that the use of fiber concrete as the core of a steel concrete column of rectangular cross-section significantly improves a number of characteristics. Thus, with the same bearing capacity and thickness of the shell, the cost of a column with a core made of steel fiber concrete is reduced by 15%, weight by 26%, cross-sectional size by 13% compared to concrete without fiber. The cost of a column with a core made of basalt fiber concrete is reduced by 12%, weight by 21%, cross-sectional size by 9% compared to concrete without fiber. By changing the thickness of the steel shell, you can also influence the characteristics of the column, in particular, reduce the cross-sectional dimensions and weight. But at the same time, the cost of the column increases. Keywords: fiber concrete, steel concrete, column, bearing capacity
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Niwas, Ram, and B. D. Mehta. "Latin Square Type Row-Column Designs." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 47, no. 1-2 (1997): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319970108.
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A class of Row-Column Designs (RC-designs) in t + tl-1 (t = t1t2) treatments has been constructed by supplementing a latin square type RC-design in t-1 treatments arranged in t x t array with principal diagonal (left to right) blank and having each treatment once in each row and once in each column. The blank diagonal positions are supplemented by t1 new treatments each replicated t2 times. These designs are simple partially efficiency balanced Row-Column designs (SPEB-RC-designs) having two sets of treatments with different number of replications. These designs are very useful in agricultural experiments particularly in plant development programme where limited seed material is available for new strains or varieties (t1) as compared to standard or check varieties (t-1), already in existence.
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Nasution, Amrun, and Mukhlis Islam. "ANALISIS KOLOM BETON BERTULANG PADA PENAMPANG PERSEGI BERLUBANG." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 11, no. 1 (2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.11.1.19-26.
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Installation of the pipe in the column (conduit) such as electrical and sanitary plumbing installations are found in the structure of reinforced concrete columns. This causes it to be a hollow column. The existence of holes cause a reduction in cross sectional area of the column and can result in reduced strength of a column. The purpose of this study was to know the power difference hollow concrete columns with concrete columns are not hollow and produce an analysis of the interaction in the form graphics axial force (Pn) and nominal torque (Mn). The analytical method developed by using square column spread sheet applications and use the stress-strain relationship hognestad. Analysis of the hollow square column in this study as many as 720 samples. This study used 300x300-600x600 mm dimensions with an increase of 100 mm. Quality concrete (f'c) used was 25-30 MPa to 2.5 MPa rise. Quality reinforcement (fy) used was 400 MPa and the ratio of the reinforcement taken from 1% -8% with an increase of 2% of the cross sectional area of the column, with the amount of reinforcement as much as 12-20 pieces of reinforcement to rise 4 pieces. Widely used hole that is 3% -7%, with an increase of 1%. The analysis showed a decrease in Pn-Mn hollow column to column was not perforated. The decrease Pn maximum of 7.20% in the area of hole 7% by eccentricity to d amounting to 8.01% and the maximum Mn decrease of 10.91% in the area of hole 7% by eccentricity to d amounting to 20.51%.
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Al-Khafaji, Zainab. "Study The Behavior of Square Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened with CFRP." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 23, no. 4 (2023): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.23487.
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There is a scarcity of research regarding the efficacy of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) confinement on low strength materials. This paper presents the findings of an experimental study that focuses on the behavior of concentrically loaded short concrete columns with low concrete strength, which are confined using CFRP wraps. A set of nine (9) square concrete columns of short length were subjected to testing. The experimental setup consisted of a single unconfined column, referred to as the control column, and eight additional columns that were confined utilizing externally bonded CFRP wraps. These confining schemes were determined based on the findings of a previous study conducted by the authors, which focused on short square columns with smaller cross sections. The study focused on examining the impact of various confinement schemes on the load carrying capacities of columns through the application of concentric uniaxial compression. The implementation of various confinement schemes led to an increase in the load carrying capacities of confined concrete columns, demonstrating the effectiveness of externally bonded CFRP wraps in enhancing the performance of short rectangular concentrically loaded concrete columns. The primary objective of this investigation is to examine the behavior of concrete columns with reinforcement that have been reinforced using carbon fiber composites. The findings demonstrated the efficacy of carbon fibers in the restoration of impaired columns, as evidenced by a notable enhancement in the load-bearing capacity of the columns, ranging from 35% to 90%.
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Wang, Chengquan, Zou Yun, Jinxin Kang, Yuan Zhou, Ming Chen, and Yichao Wu. "Behavior of an Innovative Square Composite Column Made of Four Steel Tubes at the Corners and Corrugated Steel Batten Plates on all Sides." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (May 28, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2971962.
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Steel-concrete composite (SCC) columns have widely been applied in modern construction industry owing to the composite action between the concrete and the steel. The benefits of SCC columns can be further achieved if the confinement effect of concrete is applied. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative square steel-concrete composite (ISSCC) column made of four steel tubes at the corners and corrugated steel batten plates on all sides. Through the experimental and finite element (FE) numerical simulation calculations, the axial compression performance and seismic performance of the ISSCC column were discussed, and the FE model was verified through experimental results. The seismic performance of the ISSCC column was compared and analyzed with reinforced concrete column under different axial compression ratios. The research showed that FE models can accurately simulate the deformation, stress, and failure states of the ISSCC column under axial pressure and horizontal low cyclic load. Furthermore, the ISSCC column performed good ductility and energy dissipation capacity, and the seismic performance index was better than the reinforced concrete column and had better seismic performance. The results of this study can provide reference for the design and development of the new composite column.
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Marzon, Marzon, Mukhlis Islam, and Elhusna Elhusna. "ANALISIS PENAMPANG KOLOM BETON BERTULANG PERSEGI PANJANG BERLUBANG." Inersia, Jurnal Teknik Sipil 10, no. 2 (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.10.2.1-12.
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Installation of pipes (conduit) in the building columns often found in reinforced concrete structures. The installation of pipes inside the columns is utilized as sanitary and mechanical electrical pipes. The case research in this study is to analyze the rectangular column with the applied research type (applied/pratical research). This research aims to analyze the impact of the holes on square rectangular columns. This calculation consists of 675 samples with differentconcrete compression strength (f'c), reinforcement area, holes area, and the dimensions of the column. Analysis of the calculation of hollow rectangular columns using the stress-strain relationship equation developed by Hognestaad. The results of the analysis on hollow rectangular columns resulted in a decrease column capacity. The largest decrease of the rectangular column capacity occurred on holes area of 7%, with concrete compression strength 30 MPa, and dimensions of the column 450 x 1800 mm which is 16.97%.
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Wang, Xian Tie, You Su Fu Ma, and Gu Qiu Luo. "Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis on Seismic Behavior of Concrete Filled Square Steel Tube Planar Frames." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2394.
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This paper presents a nonlinear numerical analysis on the seismic behavior of concrete filled square steel tube (CFST) columns and steel beam planar frame with through bolt-endplate beam-column connection, by using the finite element analysis modeling with ABAQUS. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the influence of axial load ratio and beam-to-column linear stiffness ratio on the seismic behavior of composite frames. The analysis results were in good agreement with the experiment results. The analysis results showed that CFST frame with through bolt-endplate beam-column connection had good seismic behavior. The increase of axial load ratio will degrade the horizontal load bearing capacity and increase the energy dissipation capability. The increase of beam-to-column linear stiffness ratio will increase the horizontal load bearing capacity and degrade the energy dissipation capability.
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Fonseca, Elza M. M. "Steel Columns under Compression with Different Sizes of Square Hollow Cross-Sections, Lengths, and End Constraints." Applied Sciences 14, no. 19 (2024): 8668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14198668.
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This work presents several results of the stability in steel columns subject to pure compression. A square hollow cross-section with different sizes was considered. This study presents all the analytical equations that need to be used to verify the stability of each column with different lengths and boundary conditions. A finite element program was also chosen to achieve the most critical loads (Euler and buckling resistance loads) in the calculation for each element under study, using linear and nonlinear geometric and material modeling. Steel material was used for the columns, where damage due to plasticity was included, through plastic behavior with isotropic hardening. Comparing the results allows us to conclude that the use of the finite element method is an alternative methodology to be used in other types or configurations of columns, where parameterized tests can be easily implemented and to contribute to the development of a wide-ranging database. The finite element method led to an accurate solution when compared with the analytical results with a maximum deviation of 14.7%. By increasing the column length and reducing the cross-section size, the design buckling resistance of the studied columns also decreases. These studies demonstrate that the length and size of the column cross-section can meaningfully increase the structural behavior of the columns.