Journal articles: 'Square use'

1

Kawahira, Kosaburo. "Use of Chi Square." Chest 89, no. 6 (June 1986): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.89.6.901-a.

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2

Goats, Geoffrey C. "Appropriate Use of the Inverse Square Law." Physiotherapy 74, no. 1 (January 1988): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63626-7.

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3

wang, Whedy, and Anand M. Kshirsagar. "Use of lattice square designs in bioassays." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543409608835132.

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4

Zhang, Qi, and Ge Min. "Square dancing." Chinese Language and Discourse 10, no. 1 (July 12, 2019): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.18011.zha.

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Abstract Square dancing, guangchangwu in Chinese, is a kind of physical activity practiced in flat public spaces for fitness and entertainment. Despite its popularity all over China, there have been news reports on conflicts caused by it, such as noise pollution or use of a public square. This study collects 150 news articles published between May 2016 and May 2018 containing the keyword guangchangwu from the People’s Daily, one of the most influential official newspapers owned by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The purpose of the study is to investigate the government’s attitudes towards square dancing through an analysis of the official media discourse, using word frequency of occurrence and multimodal discourse analysis. Both the word count and the co-deployment of visual and linguistic resources indicate that square dancing is perceived as an integral part of promoting the national fitness agenda. While the discourse demonstrates awareness of square dancing in the context of an aging society and a shortage of public space, general approval for it is still quite evident in the frequent positive descriptions in the text and presentations in the images. The use of the word dama ‘big mama’ in the official media discourse reveals gender inequality in contemporary China.

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Redinbo, G. "Optimum mean-square error use of convolutional codes." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 31, no. 1 (January 1985): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.1985.1057005.

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Natsume, Noriyuki, Keiichi Nakamoto, and Yoshimi Takeuchi. "3282 Efficient Tool Path Generation for Five-Axis Controlled Machining by Use of Square End Mill." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2011.6 (2011): _3282–1_—_3282–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2011.6._3282-1_.

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Sherrill, James M. "Magic Squares and Magic Triangles." Arithmetic Teacher 35, no. 2 (October 1987): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.35.2.0044.

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For drill, many teacher use magic square, n × narrays of numbers in which the sums of the numbers in each row. each column, and each diagonal are the same. The only difficult y with magic squares is creating them. Once a specific magic square ha been used, it isn't much fun to use it again.

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8

Ottenbacher, Kenneth J. "The chi-square test: Its use in rehabilitation research." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76, no. 7 (July 1995): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(95)80639-3.

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9

Munsch, Marc, and Tim Trudgian. "Square-full primitive roots." International Journal of Number Theory 14, no. 04 (May 2018): 1013–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042118500604.

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We use character sum estimates to give some bounds on the least square-full primitive root modulo a prime. In particular, we show that there is a square-full primitive root mod [Formula: see text] less than [Formula: see text].

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10

Kossovsky, Alex Ely. "On the Mistaken Use of the Chi-Square Test in Benford’s Law." Stats 4, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 419–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats4020027.

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Benford’s Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is distributed between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently than high digits in the first place. Typically researchers, data analysts, and statisticians, rush to apply the chi-square test in order to verify compliance or deviation from this statistical law. In almost all cases of real-life data this approach is mistaken and without mathematical-statistics basis, yet it had become a dogma or rather an impulsive ritual in the field of Benford’s Law to apply the chi-square test for whatever data set the researcher is considering, regardless of its true applicability. The mistaken use of the chi-square test has led to much confusion and many errors, and has done a lot in general to undermine trust and confidence in the whole discipline of Benford’s Law. This article is an attempt to correct course and bring rationality and order to a field which had demonstrated harmony and consistency in all of its results, manifestations, and explanations. The first research question of this article demonstrates that real-life data sets typically do not arise from random and independent selections of data points from some larger universe of parental data as the chi-square approach supposes, and this conclusion is arrived at by examining how several real-life data sets are formed and obtained. The second research question demonstrates that the chi-square approach is actually all about the reasonableness of the random selection process and the Benford status of that parental universe of data and not solely about the Benford status of the data set under consideration, since the focus of the chi-square test is exclusively on whether the entire process of data selection was probable or too rare. In addition, a comparison of the chi-square statistic with the Sum of Squared Deviations (SSD) measure of distance from Benford is explored in this article, pitting one measure against the other, and concluding with a strong preference for the SSD measure.

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11

Schwartzman, Steven. "Multiplicative Squares: Magic and Special." Mathematics Teacher 80, no. 1 (January 1987): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.80.1.0051.

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Much has been written about magic squares. A magic square is a square array of distinct numbers with the property that the sum of the numbers in each row, column, and diagonal is the same. (I will use the generic term line to stand for row, column, or diagonal.) Figure 1 shows a 3 × 3 magic square whose magic sum is 6. (The references cited at the end of this article provide a good introduction to traditional magic squares and some of the uses to which they have been put in the classroom.)

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Paterno, James X. "The Odd-numbered Magic Square." Mathematics Teacher 82, no. 2 (February 1989): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.82.2.0139.

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Acommon exercise in elementary school arithmetic is the completion of magic squares, in which the pupil is to enter certain numerals so that the sum of any row, column, or diagonal is constant. The simplest form involves the use of numerals one through n2, where n2 represents the total number of boxes in a square configuration n boxes by n boxes. This article reviews a familar procedure for generating magic squares and points out a surprising pattern.

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13

Wang, Hai Tao, Zhen Wen Xu, Bin Wang, and Heng Li. "Application of Coupling Model of Projection Pursuit Partial Least-Square Regression Based on Real Coded Accelerating Genetic Algorithm in Land Use Change Forecasting." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1774.

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In study of Land Use Change forecasting, lots of methods have been developed ,such as Markov model、BP algorithm、Canonical correlation analysis, least-squares regression analysis ,but these methods have deficiency in decision and often inadequate in sample size. In response to these deficiencies，projection pursuit Partial Least-Square Regression based on real coded accelerating genetic algorithm model is developed to analyze and predict land use change in Yanji City. The computation results show that the relative error of Coupling Model of Partial Least-Square Regression Based on Projection Pursuit is smaller than traditional Partial Least-Square Regression model’s, and it has improved the prediction precision evidently.

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14

Phatarfod, R. M., and Aidan Sudbury. "The use of a square array scheme in blood testing." Statistics in Medicine 13, no. 22 (November 30, 1994): 2337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780132205.

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15

Chen, Yuan Yuan, Run Jie Liu, Jin Yuan Shen, and Dan Dan He. "The Use of Adaptive Algorithms on Smart Antenna Device." Advanced Materials Research 548 (July 2012): 730–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.548.730.

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Adaptive beamforming is one of the core technology of the smart antenna system. Two different adaptive algorithms which adopt the minimum mean square algorithm (LMS) and recursive least squares algorithm (RLS) are employed to realize the beamforming in smart antenna system. The smart antenna system based on LMS and RLS is simulated and realized by the MATLAB software in which a uniform linear adaptive antenna array is used. The results show that the smart antenna systems based on RLS and LMS algorithms can significantly reduce the bit error rate especially with the low SNR.

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16

Baltas, E. "The combined use of weather radar and geographic information system techniques for flood forecasting." Advances in Geosciences 10 (April 26, 2007): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-10-117-2007.

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Abstract. A distributed rainfall-runoff model capable for real time flood forecasting utilizing highly spatial and time resolution data was developed. The study region is located under the WSR-74 S-band 100 km radar umbrella and is equipped with a number of rain gauge recording stations, a permanent installation for flow measurement and a stage recorder. The entire basin was digitized to 2×2 km2 grid squares by implying GIS techniques. A series of rainfall events recorded producing floods were analyzed and processed. The linear channel parameter assigned to each grid-square is based on its location measured by the centroid of the grid square along the channel network. The estimation of the hill-slope and the stream velocity are calculated based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) procedures.

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17

Lowther, Martha H. "The Square-Patio Problem." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 1 (January 1996): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.1.0004.

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The problem discussed in this article was presented at the Delaware Teacher Enhancement Partnership Workshop in July 1994. The problem incorporates manipulatives; pattern building; graphing calculators, such as the TI-82; and matrix applications and functions and can be adapted to any level from middle school through high school. It covers the topics of geometry, algebra, discrete mathematics, and technology and can be explored with cooperative learning. The matrix application is emphasized in this presentation, but other features of the problem, including polynomials and the use of lists on the TI-82, are also worthy of attention. A worksheet containing the problem is included for students.

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Turgut, Duygu Turgut. "CASE STUDY ON HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CITY AND SQUARE." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 44, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2020.11331.

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While the squares have been in the network of relations with the political, social and religious structure of the society since the early days of history, today, they have been associated with the cars, speed and technology in the process formed with the modernization movement. In some squares, there are tramways, public transportation routes and stops, and there are also motor vehicles. The squares have turned into places where there is a continuous flow with fast traffic except for waiting at the bus stops and railway station. With this change, our needs also changed, and with the introduction of motor vehicles in our lives, the squares remained as neglected urban spaces in an effort to create a transportation network. The use of the squares belongs to the period in which people have habit of being together, but now squares use belongs to a period in which we are not together even if we are side by side. Within the scope of this study, nowadays, approaches and practices for the squares that is an urban space in the world have been investigated. According to the results of sections, the criteria for evaluating the completeness of the city-square relationship in today’s conditions are set out in a table. The selected from the Trafalgar Square, Bryant Park and Taksim Square samples consecutively examined in the context of these criteria.

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19

Gal, Ofer, and Raz Chen-Morris. "The Archaeology of the Inverse Square Law: (2) The Use and Non-Use of Mathematics." History of Science 44, no. 1 (March 2006): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/007327530604400103.

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20

Lušin, Tomaž, and Dušan Agrež. "Estimation of the Amplitude Square Using the Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform." Metrology and Measurement Systems 18, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 583–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-011-0056-6.

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Estimation of the Amplitude Square Using the Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform To improve the estimation of active power, the possibility of estimating the amplitude square of a signal component using the interpolation of the squared amplitude discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients is presented. As with an energy-based approach, the amplitude square can be estimated with the squared amplitude DFT coefficients around the component peak and a suitable interpolation algorithm. The use of the Hann window, for which the frequency spectrum is well known, and the three largest local amplitude DFT coefficients gives lower systematic errors in squared interpolated approach or in better interpolated squared approach than the energy-based approach, although the frequency has to be estimated in the first step. All investigated algorithms have almost the same noise propagation and the standard deviations are about two times larger than the Cramér-Rao lower bound.

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21

Pender, Stephen. "The Open Use of Living: Prudence, Decorum, and the ‘‘Square Man’’." Rhetorica 23, no. 4 (2005): 363–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.4.363.

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Abstract In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that a happy man is ““foursquare beyond reproach”” (ττεεττρράάγγωωννοοσσ άάννεευυ ψψόόγγοουυ or, in a common Latin translation, quadratus sine probro). To be foursquare, the happy man must bear the chances of life nobly and decorously as well as possess the qualities of the phronimos or good deliberator. That Aristotle moors felicity to prudence and decorum spurs classical, medieval, and early modern commentators, moral philosophers, and poets; by tracing the reception and use of the square man, I explore change and continuity in the relationship between prudence and decorum in some classical, late medieval, and early modern texts in order to suggest that prudent and practical persuasion emerges as a flexible responsive mode of perceiving ethical and political practice in the early modern period.

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22

Shepherd, P. R. "Analysis of Square-Spiral Inductors for Use in MMIC's (Short Paper)." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 34, no. 4 (April 1986): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.1986.1133372.

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23

Richardson, John T. E. "The use of Latin-square designs in educational and psychological research." Educational Research Review 24 (June 2018): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2018.03.003.

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24

Refinetti, Roberto. "Use of chi square periodogram in the analysis of estrous rhythmicity." International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing 27, no. 2 (February 1991): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7101(91)90091-r.

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25

White, Wes. "Connecting Independence and the Chi-Square Statistic." Mathematics Teacher 94, no. 2 (February 2001): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.94.2.0134.

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The chi-square statistic is used to test goodness of fit, homogeneity of proportions, and independence. Although the first two uses were at least somewhat new to my students, the concept of independence was not. This article begins by reviewing the use of the chi-square statistic for goodness of fit and then looks at how I have helped my students relate their earlier work with independence to the use of the chi-square statistic.

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Dudek, Adrian W., and David J. Platt. "On the sum of the square of a prime and a square-free number." LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics 19, no. 1 (2016): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s1461157015000297.

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We prove that every integer$n\geqslant 10$such that$n\not \equiv 1\text{ mod }4$can be written as the sum of the square of a prime and a square-free number. This makes explicit a theorem of Erdős that every sufficiently large integer of this type may be written in such a way. Our proof requires us to construct new explicit results for primes in arithmetic progressions. As such, we use the second author’s numerical computation regarding the generalised Riemann hypothesis to extend the explicit bounds of Ramaré–Rumely.

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Rivir, Richard B., Mingking K. Chyu, and Paul K. Maciejewski. "Turbulence and Scale Measurements in a Square Channel with Transverse Square Ribs." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2, no. 3 (1996): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x96000085.

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Hot-wire measurements of the mean flow, turbulence characteristics, and integral scale in a square channel roughened with transverse ribs mounted on two opposing sidewalls are presented for three rib configurations: single rib, in-line multiple ribs, and staggered multiple ribs. Test conditions for multiple ribs use p/H = 10, H/D 0.17, andRe⁡D23,000. Measured results highlight the spatial distribution and evolution of turbulence intensity and integral scale from the flow entrance of the first period to the developed regime near the exit of the third period. The highly turbulent, shear layer initiated near the trailing upper-edge of a rib elevates the turbulence level in the mainstream of the channel. The magnitude of turbulence intensity in the channel core rises from 0.7% in the approaching flow to about 20–25% near the exit of the third period. The integral scale dominating the mainstream flow increases from approximately one-half the rib-height, 0.5H, in the approaching flow to 1.5-2.5H behind the first rib and further downstream.

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Ali-Pacha, Hana, Naima Hadj-Said, Adda Ali-Pacha, Mohamad Afendee Mohamed, and Mustafa Mamat. "Cryptographic adaptation of the middle square generator." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 5615. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp5615-5627.

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<span lang="EN-US">Currently, cryptography plays a major role in various computer and technological applications. With the high number of internet users, the use of cryptography to provide information security has become a priority. Several applications such as e-mails, electronic banking, medical databases and e-commerce require the exchange of private information. While, if the connection is not secure, this sensitive information can be attacked. The best-known cryptographic systems rely on the generation of random numbers, which are fundamental in various cryptographic applications such as key generation and data encryption. In what follows, we want to use pseudo-random sequences generated by the middle square generator. In this work, it must be possible to estimate that the data produced has random characteristics, knowing that the algorithm used is deterministic. Overall, this paper focuses on the testing of pseudo-random sequences generated by the middle square generator and its use in data encryption.</span>

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29

Suliga, Maciej, Sebastian Mróz, and Piotr Szota. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Drawing of Square Wire and Square Twisted Wire." Solid State Phenomena 165 (June 2010): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.165.377.

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Numerical analysis of drawing square and square twisted wires is presented. The thermomechanical simulation of the drawing process of square wire was carried out using the visco-plastic body model for a three-dimensional strain state with the use of Forge2007 software, while the properties of the material being deformed were described with the Norton-Hoff law. In this paper the distribution of effective strains and longitudinal stresses during changes of the cross- section and twisting of the wires has been demonstrated. It was determined that square twisted wires are characterized by significant inhomogeneity of strain. For verification of obtained numerical results experimental investigation was performed for square and square twisted wire drawing in laboratory conditions. The analysis of drawing stresses in square twisted wires used for modeling and experimental investigation indicated high material effort, which was much higher than in the case of drawing of square and round wires.

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30

Dolan, Stan. "Thoughts on a conjecture of Erdős." Mathematical Gazette 101, no. 552 (October 16, 2017): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2017.126.

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If two squares with no interior point in common are drawn inside a unit square then prove that the sum of their side-lengths is at most 1.This problem was posed in the 1930s by Paul Erdős [1]. It is the simplest case of a still unsolved conjecture.If k2 + 1 squares with no interior point in common are drawn inside a unit square then the maximum possible sum of their side-lengths is k [2].We shall use the notation S(n) to denote the maximum possible sum of the side-lengths for n squares drawn with no interior point in common inside a unit square. The main aim of this article will be to develop an approach to the study of the function S which will give surprisingly simple proofs of a number of known results. This approach will then be used to prove a new result about the asymptotic behaviour of S.

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31

Belkayali, Nur, and Elif Ayan Çeven. "Does Immigration Affect Space Identity? Kastamonu Cumhuriyet Square Sample." SAGE Open 9, no. 4 (July 2019): 215824401989427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019894274.

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Humans change places voluntarily or involuntarily because of many factors, such as life struggle, wars, and diseases. The most intense city environments in which these translocations are observed are cities where many native and foreign individuals1 settle with the purposes of job, education, sheltering, and protection. Today, as in many cities of Turkey, it can be observed that the population of neighboring countries’ citizens in Kastamonu is increasing, mostly for educational purposes. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cultural differences that especially take place due to migration on the use of public open space. Since squares are the vital points of cities, can be accessed easily by everyone, appeal to everyone, provide opportunity to socializing and they are the democratic environments that symbolize the culture of the city, they were considered to be the public open space which can define the effect of cultural differences in the use of public space the best and in this context Cumhuriyet Square was chosen as the study area which has an important place in the history of the city. In accordance with the aim of the study, the intended use of the square by foreign individuals from different cultures was determined, and therefore, it was aimed to reveal in what way the square was affected by this movement of migration. In the scope of the study, observations were made with area studies, and also 170 questionnaire studies were conducted with the users of the area. As a result of the study, a statistically significant difference was determined between the intended use of the Cumhuriyet Square, which has an important value for the identity of the city, by the local people and foreign individuals. It is required for foreign individuals to socialize with the local people in relation to adopting the space by improving their sense of belonging to prevent the identity of the space to be affected negatively and to create a common value on the emergence of a common culture, and it is considered that the most appropriate place for these values to emerge is squares which are one of the public open spaces.

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Vinogradova, Natalya. "Quick Reads: Let's Cut a Square." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 16, no. 6 (February 2011): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.16.6.0322.

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Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Many important mathematical ideas and theorems are rooted in geometry and can be visualized using geometric interpretations. Students learn about shapes, their properties, and the methods of calculating perimeters and areas of basic shapes early in their school years. Geometry can and should be used to help students visualize and better understand a broad range of mathematical concepts. In the following activity, students use the concepts of area and length to help them understand an important algebraic idea.

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MUTO, Kenji, Hideo SHIBAYAMA, and Kazuo SHIMADA. "Estimation of Modification Value of Fuzzy Rule by Use of Square-Error." Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Systems 6, no. 2 (1994): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3156/jfuzzy.6.2_363.

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Llamas-Garro, I., M. J. Lancaster, and P. S. Hall. "Air-filled square coaxial transmission line and its use in microwave filters." IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 152, no. 3 (2005): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:20041159.

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Beierholm, Thomas, Albert H. Nuttall, and Lars K. Hansen. "Use and Subtleties of Saddlepoint Approximation for Minimum Mean-Square Error Estimation." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 54, no. 12 (December 2008): 5778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2008.2006375.

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AOKI, Koichi, Kazunobu MAEDA, Koichi TOKUDA, Hiroaki MATSUDA, and Kiyoshi HASEBE. "Analysis through use of peak areas of fast scan square-wave voltammograms." Bunseki kagaku 36, no. 7 (1987): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.36.7_420.

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Wright, Bryan E. "Use of chi-square tests to analyze scat-derived diet composition data." Marine Mammal Science 26, no. 2 (April 2010): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00308.x.

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Mitchell, H. B. "Very fast accurate square-root algorithm for use with gradient edge operators." Electronics Letters 28, no. 10 (May 7, 1992): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19920584.

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Jelinski, Dennis E. "On the use of chi-square analyses in studies of resource utilization." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-009.

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Chi-square (χ2) tests are analytic procedures that are often used to test the hypothesis that animals use a particular food item or habitat in proportion to its availability. Unfortunately, several sources of error are common to the use of χ2 analysis in studies of resource utilization. Both the goodness-of-fit and homogeneity tests have been incorrectly used interchangeably when resource availabilities are estimated or known apriori. An empirical comparison of the two methods demonstrates that the χ2 test of homogeneity may generate results contrary to the χ2 goodness-of-fit test. Failure to recognize the conservative nature of the χ2 homogeneity test, when "expected" values are known apriori, may lead to erroneous conclusions owing to the increased possibility of committing a type II error. Conversely, proper use of the goodness-of-fit method is predicated on the availability of accurate maps of resource abundance, or on estimates of resource availability based on very large sample sizes. Where resource availabilities have been estimated from small sample sizes, the use of the χ2 goodness-of-fit test may lead to type I errors beyond the nominal level of α. Both tests require adherence to specific critical assumptions that often have been violated, and accordingly, these assumptions are reviewed here. Alternatives to the Pearson χ2 statistic are also discussed.

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Jibbe, M. K., and R. I. Egbert. "Signal stabilization of relay control systems by use of square-wave dither." Proceedings of the IEEE 74, no. 4 (1986): 616–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13515.

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Ortega, Megan A. Connelly, Louise A. Zimmermann, and Stormy G. Zyzyk. "The Four Square Step Test and its Use Clinically in Different Populations." Current Geriatrics Reports 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13670-020-00348-0.

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Broadhurst, Matt K., and Russell B. Millar. "Square-mesh codend circumference and selectivity." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 3 (February 3, 2009): 566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp001.

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Abstract Broadhurst, M. K., and Millar, R. B. 2009. Square-mesh codend circumference and selectivity. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 566–572. Despite the wide-scale assessment and the use of square-mesh codends in demersal trawls, relatively few studies have tested the effects of configurations other than mesh size on their selectivity. We investigated the consequences of increasing the circumference of square-mesh codends used in an Australian penaeid fishery from the expected optimal configuration of ∼33% of maximum diamond-mesh extension to ∼56 and 75%. Three square-mesh designs comprised 27-mm polyamide mesh throughout and had the same length (100 bars, B), but different circumferences (90, 150, and 200 B, respectively). Paired simultaneous comparisons (using twin trawls) of each treatment codend against a small-meshed control revealed significant effects of circumference on the efficiency of the trawl for a small teleost (pink-breasted siphonfish, Siphamia roseigaster) and commercial size classes of school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi). Compared with the 90 codend, pink-breasted siphonfish catches and prawn count (numbers per 500 g) were both significantly greater in the codends of larger circumference, and these effects are attributed to concomitant (i) convoluted or reduced lateral openings of meshes and (ii) lesser probabilities of organisms encountering meshes in the posterior section. These differences would not preclude the use of codends of larger circumference in the fishery, but they do highlight the need to select appropriate configurations in future studies to reduce the potential for including the confounding effects of different geometries.

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Bukharov, A. R., and A. F. Bukharova. "Heterosis breeding in pepper with use of lines originated by distant crossing." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 1 (March 30, 2009): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2009-1-22-24.

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Hybrids were originated by diallelic crossing of seven lines created by introgression selection. The features of inheritance of quantity locus traits were studied. The promising hybrids were distinguished from standard ones by a higher yield at early-term harvesting 0.1-0.5 kg. on square meter as well as for total harvesting 1.1 1.9 kg. on square meter.

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Mead, Nancy R. "Benefits and Challenges in the Use of Case Studies for Security Requirements Engineering Methods." International Journal of Secure Software Engineering 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsse.2010102005.

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The premise of this article is that pilot case studies in security requirements engineering provide both benefits and challenges to the underlying research, education, and technology transition effort. Over the past four years we have worked with seven development groups in five organizations in the process of refining and transitioning the Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE) and SQUARE-Lite methods into practice. These experiences have provided the opportunity to step back and assess the use of pilots in conjunction with student projects to support method refinement and technology transition. Although SQUARE and SQUARE-Lite are concerned with security requirements, the benefits and challenges that have been observed would apply to many security research and technology transition efforts. We itemize and justify these benefits and challenges and discuss their practical relevance and application to ensuring adequate information assurance protection.

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MacKay, David J. C. "Solar energy in the context of energy use, energy transportation and energy storage." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1996 (August 13, 2013): 20110431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0431.

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Taking the UK as a case study, this paper describes current energy use and a range of sustainable energy options for the future, including solar power and other renewables. I focus on the area involved in collecting, converting and delivering sustainable energy, looking in particular detail at the potential role of solar power. Britain consumes energy at a rate of about 5000 watts per person, and its population density is about 250 people per square kilometre. If we multiply the per capita energy consumption by the population density, then we obtain the average primary energy consumption per unit area, which for the UK is 1.25 watts per square metre. This areal power density is uncomfortably similar to the average power density that could be supplied by many renewables: the gravitational potential energy of rainfall in the Scottish highlands has a raw power per unit area of roughly 0.24 watts per square metre; energy crops in Europe deliver about 0.5 watts per square metre; wind farms deliver roughly 2.5 watts per square metre; solar photovoltaic farms in Bavaria, Germany, and Vermont, USA, deliver 4 watts per square metre; in sunnier locations, solar photovoltaic farms can deliver 10 watts per square metre; concentrating solar power stations in deserts might deliver 20 watts per square metre. In a decarbonized world that is renewable-powered, the land area required to maintain today's British energy consumption would have to be similar to the area of Britain. Several other high-density, high-consuming countries are in the same boat as Britain, and many other countries are rushing to join us. Decarbonizing such countries will only be possible through some combination of the following options: the embracing of country-sized renewable power-generation facilities; large-scale energy imports from country-sized renewable facilities in other countries; population reduction; radical efficiency improvements and lifestyle changes; and the growth of non-renewable low-carbon sources, namely ‘clean’ coal, ‘clean’ gas and nuclear power. If solar is to play a large role in the future energy system, then we need new methods for energy storage; very-large-scale solar either would need to be combined with electricity stores or it would need to serve a large flexible demand for energy that effectively stores useful energy in the form of chemicals, heat, or cold.

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Will, Elizabeth, and James E. Faust. "Comparison of Container Placement Patterns for Maximizing Greenhouse Space Use." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 479E—480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.479e.

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A model was developed that will calculate the maximum number of containers that can be placed in a specified area. There are basically three patterns of container placement. First, “square” placement involves placing pots in parallel rows in both directions so that any four pots form a square. The other two methods involve staggered patterns in which any three containers form a triangle. In the “long staggered” pattern, the long rows are parallel to the long dimension of the bench or floor space, while in the “short staggered” pattern, long rows are parallel to the short dimension of the bench. Comparisons of spacing patterns were made using a range of greenhouse/bench dimensions and container sizes. In most cases, a staggered arrangement allowed a significant increase in the number of containers fitting on a bench as compared to square placement. For example, when 6-inch pots are placed pot-to-pot in an 8 × 50-foot greenhouse section or bench, “short staggered” or “long staggered” arrangement of containers permitted 10.4% to 11.9% more containers over that allowed by a square pattern. In general, the larger the bench or greenhouse section, the greater the benefit of staggered spacing. The difference between short and long staggered was usually less than 3%, and depended on the specific space dimensions. This model can be easily entered into a spreadsheet for growers to perform their own calculations.

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Butar-butar, Juli Loisiana, and Ferdinand Sinuhaji. "Faktorisasi Polinomial Square-Free dan bukan Square-Free atas Lapangan Hingga Zp." JTAM | Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Matematika 3, no. 2 (October 17, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jtam.v3i2.1079.

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Abstrak: Faktorisasi polinomial merupakan suatu proses penguraian suatu polinomial berderajat n menjadi polinomial-polinomial lain yang berderajat lebih kecil dari n. Faktorisasi polinomial atas lapangan hingga merupakan suatu proses pengerjaan yang relative tidak mudah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu metode yang berupa algoritma untuk memproses faktorisasi polinomial. Algoritma Faktorisasi Berlekamp merupakan salah satu metode terbaik dalam memfaktorisasi polinomial atas lapangan hingga . Polinomial atas lapangan terbagi dua kategori berdasarkan faktorisasinya, yaitu polinomial square-free dan bukan square-free. Polinomial square-free adalah polinomial dimana setiap faktorisasi tak tereduksi tunggal. Sedangkan bukan square-free adalah sebaliknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat suatu algoritma untuk menfaktorkan polinomial square-free dan bukan square-free atas lapangan hingga. Adapun (Divasὀn, Joosten, Thiemann, & Yamada, 2017) yang menjadi referensi utama dalam penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan. Namun, dibatasi hanya untuk polinomial square-free saja. Untuk itulah dengan menggunakan konsep polinomial faktorisasi ganda. Pada bagian akhir penelitian akan mengimplementasikan algoritma baru yang telah disusun. Abstract: Polynomial factorization is a decomposition of a polynomial of degree n into other polynomials whose degree is less than n. Polynomial factorization over finite field is a relatively easy in process. Therefore, it’s needed a method in the form of an algorithm to process polynomial factorization. Algorithm Factorization Berlekamp is one of the best methods in factoring polynomials over a finite field . Polynomials over field are divided into two category based on its factorization, namely square-free and not square-free polynomials. Square-free polynomials are polynomials in which each irreducible factorization is single. When non square-free is the opposite. This research aims to set an algorithm for factoring square-free polynomials and non square-free polynomials over a finite field . The main reference in this research is based on (Divasὀn, Joosten, Thiemann, & Yamada, 2017) (Saropah, 2012). However, it is restricted only to square-free polynomials. For this reason, this research will use the concept of repeated factorization polynomials. At the end of the research will implement a new algorithm that has been set.

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Kang, Wooseok, Narang Park, and Wookjae Heo. "Improvements in Evaluating Grids for Basic Living Infrastructure: The Case of Gwangjin District in Seoul, South Korea." Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010026.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status and needs of infrastructure for basic life in Gwangjin district in Seoul, South Korea. In this study, we examined whether the national minimum standard was satisfied in terms of the infrastructure for basic life in the district. Specifically, we employed and compared the empirical utilities of two types of geographic datasets, 100-square-meter grids and 500-square-meter grids. The study compares the prediction accuracy between two types of geographic datasets by employing multivariate linear estimation using influential factors. The evaluation methods for prediction accuracy were to compare the root mean of squared error (RMSE) and mean of absolute error (MAE) from each dataset. The results were as follows: (a) the dataset with 100-square-meter grids showed more significant associations among influential factors and the infrastructure than the dataset with 500-square-meter grids; (b) the 100-square-meter grids showed better prediction accuracy compared with the 500-square-meter grids; and (c) in terms of basic level local government, it was more powerful to use the datasets with 100-square-meter grids for finding blind sides of infrastructure than the datasets with 500-square-meter grids. The results imply that it is necessary to adjust urban policy by using appropriate datasets, such as 100-square-meter grids.

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Lawson, Catherine T., José Holguín-Veras, Iván Sánchez-Díaz, Miguel Jaller, Shama Campbell, and Erica Levine Powers. "Estimated Generation of Freight Trips Based on Land Use." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2269, no. 1 (January 2012): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2269-08.

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The effects of land use and business size (quantified as number of employees) on freight trip generation were analyzed. Standard trip generation rates, ordinary least squares, and multiple classification analysis were applied to a New York City data set. Three land use classification codes—the City of New York zoning resolution (NYCZR), the Land-Based Classification Standards (LBCS), and the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) manual—were used. The authors developed models for NYCZR and function and activity of LBCS and used the ITE manual's trip rates. Root mean square error analysis was used to compare the performance of these models. It was found that models for NYCZR and LBCS land use classification codes provide better alternatives to ITE trip rates because they give more accurate estimates of freight trip attraction, cover a wider range of land use classifications, and are exclusively for freight trip attraction.

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Zamhuri Fuadi, Azam, Irsyad Nashirul Haq, and Edi Leksono. "Support Vector Machine to Predict Electricity Consumption in the Energy Management Laboratory." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 5, no. 3 (June 19, 2021): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v5i3.2947.

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Predicted electricity consumption is needed to perform energy management. Electricity consumption prediction is also very important in the development of intelligent power grids and advanced electrification network information. we implement a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict electrical loads and results compared to measurable electrical loads. Laboratory electrical loads have their own characteristics when compared to residential, commercial, or industrial, we use electrical load data in energy management laboratories to be used to be predicted. C and Gamma as searchable parameters use GridSearchCV to get optimal SVM input parameters. Our prediction data is compared to measurement data and is searched for accuracy based on RMSE (Root Square Mean Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and MSE (Mean Squared Error) values. Based on this we get the optimal parameter values C 1e6 and Gamma 2.97e-07, with the result RSME (Root Square Mean Error) ; 0.37, MAE (meaning absolute error); 0.21 and MSE (Mean Squared Error); 0.14.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Square use'

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