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1
Jain, Shubham, and Anil Mulewa. "Experimental Analysis of Surface Roughness Optimization of EN19 Alloy Steel Milling by the Cuckoo Search Algorithm." International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 38 (April 30, 2024): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v38.009.
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In the present paper, end milling has been performed on EN19 alloy steel by selecting cutting speed, feed rate, & depth of cut as input parameters and surface roughness (SR) as a response. EN19 alloy steel milling is widely used in various sectors, such as the automotive, defence, construction, aerospace, and nuclear sectors. A parametric study of EN19 alloy steel is needed for better machining. The central composite design was used for designing the experiments & modeling the surface roughness as a response. A cuckoo search algorithm was applied to minimize the surface roughness. It was found that feed rate is the most important factor affecting surface roughness (SR). The Cuckoo Search Algorithm also reveals that a minimum SR 1.8576 micrometer has been achieved at a higher speed of 765 RPM, a lower feed rate of 55.9516 mm/min., & a lower depth of cut of 0.4846 mm. The experiment concludes that it is so that the optimum SR is exhibited at both lower feed rates & high speeds. This, in turn, indicates that our implementation of CCD-based SR, followed by the real cuckoo search algorithm optimization, provides similar results and a good model to the practical results we would expect.
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Trinh, Van-Long. "A Review of the Surface Roughness Prediction Methods in Finishing Machining." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 4 (2024): 15297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7710.
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The desired Surface Roughness (SR) can be achieved via general machining methods by using a cutting tool to remove a material layer on the workpiece surface. Cutting Parameters (CP), cutting tool properties, and workpiece properties must be considered. The finishing machining methods that can be applied to produce the desired SR are turning, milling, grinding, boring, and polishing. The technological parameters must be tightly combined in the Machining Process (MP). The CP selection presents some issues regarding time, cost, and practical skill when considering different cutting methods, cutting tools, and workpiece materials. SR predicting methods of machined parts have the advantages of shortening the time of CP selection, reducing machining cost, and bringing the desired SR. This paper reviews the recent methods followed in predicting the SR of the MPs. The SR prediction methods will bring many benefits for MP, such as improved SR, reduced cost, improved cutting conditions, and enhanced quality.
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Pramanik, Debal, Bikash Panja, and Sudip Banerjee. "Parametric study of WEDM on titanium grade 12 using response surface methodology and desirability approach." Emerging Materials Research 12, no. 4 (2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.22.00192.
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Present experimental study aims to scrutinize the effect of different process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) of titanium grade 12 alloy during wire electro discharge machining (WEDM) using response surface methodology (RSM). Four parameters (pulse on time, pulse off time, wire feed, and gap voltage) and three levels of each selected variables are considered to conduct the experimental work. Depending on experimental results, mathematical model is generated for both MRR and SR. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) study is performed to find significant process parameters. ANOVA results yield that developed models for both MRR and SR are significant and pulse-on time is found to be the most significant parameter. Additionally, help of desirability approach is also taken to scrutinize single-objective and multi-objective criterion of response variables. Desirability function for all the cases are found to be 1. Maximum material removal rate is observed as 12.4845 mm3/sec while minimum value of surface roughness is found as 1.4911 μm. For multi-objective optimization, maximum value of MRR and minimum value of surface roughness are obtained as 12.0942 mm3/min and 1.7167 μm respectively. Finally, surface morphology of machined surfaces is examined using SEM micrographs.
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Kumar, A., A. Kumar, N. Dutt, V. Pratap Singh, C. S. Meena, and A. Prasad. "Experimental Study of Process Parameter for Surface Roughness in WEDM." Journal of Mechanical Engineering: Prakash 01, no. 01 (2022): 07–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56697/jmep.2022.1109.
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Wire cut Electrical-Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a machining process which utilizes a thin wire (around 0.18mm) for material removal. In modern machining of complex object, it plays an important role. Process parameters have great in-fluence on WEDM. MRR, SR and WT are varying process parameters. In this article surface roughness (SR) in WEDM process was analysed using Taguchi method. To validate the results analytical and experimental results were investigated. In experiments it was observed, when peak current value was increased, SR value also increases and in resultant a rough surface was produced. Peak current was observed as most influential parameter with contribution of 82.12%.
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Da Silva, Wander José, Letícia Machado Gonçalves, Flávia Carvalho Viu, Cristiane Maria Brasil Leal, Célia Marisa Rizatti Barbosa, and Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury. "Surface roughness influences Candida albicans biofilm formation on denture materials." Revista Odonto Ciência 31, no. 2 (2016): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-6523.2016.2.15324.
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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the influences of surface roughness (SR) of denture base and liner materials on Candida albicans biofilm formation.Methods: Discs were fabricated using poly (methyl methacrylate) acrylic resin and poly(ethyl methacrylate) denture liner, according to manufacturers’ instructions. Both acrylic resin and relined discs were finished or finished + polished and the SR was measured. Discs were saliva-coated, and C. albicans biofilms were developed on such surfaces for 48 hours. Biofilms were evaluated for cell counts, metabolic activity, and structural characteristics. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests using a significance level of 5%.Results: Finished acrylic resin and denture liner discs had higher SR compared to finished + polished discs (P<0.001). Finished + polished acrylic resin discs contained fewer cells compared to only finished discs (P<0.001). No metabolic activity differences were seen between biofilms formed on both groups (P>0.05). Bulky, thick and less rough biofilms were formed on only finished denture materials (P<0.05). Confocal images reveal increased presence of black spaces for biofilms developed on finished + polished discs. Conclusion: Reduced SR resulted in decreased C. albicans biofilm accumulation on both denture materials.
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Patel Gowdru Chandrashekarappa, Manjunath, Sandeep Kumar, Jagadish Jagadish, Danil Yurievich Pimenov, and Khaled Giasin. "Experimental Analysis and Optimization of EDM Parameters on HcHcr Steel in Context with Different Electrodes and Dielectric Fluids Using Hybrid Taguchi-Based PCA-Utility and CRITIC-Utility Approaches." Metals 11, no. 3 (2021): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030419.
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Industries demand stringent requirements towards economical machining without hindering the surface quality while cutting high carbon high chromium (HcHcr) steel. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) of HcHcr steel aims at reducing machining cost (i.e., maximize material removal rate (MRR) and minimize tool wear rate (TWR)) with good surface quality (i.e., minimize surface roughness (SR)). A comparative study was carried out on EDM of HcHcr D2 steel (DIN EN ISO 4957) by applying Taguchi L18 experimental design considering different electrode materials (copper, graphite, and brass), dielectric fluids (distilled water and kerosene), peak current, and pulse-on-time. The process performances were analyzed with respect to material removal rate, surface roughness, and tool wear rate. Pareto analysis of variance was employed to estimate the significance of the process variables and their optimal levels for achieving lower SR and TWR and higher MRR. Hybrid Taguchi-CRITIC-Utility and Taguchi-PCA-Utility methods were implemented to determine the optimal EDM parameters. Higher MRR of 0.0632 g/min and lower SR of 1.68 µm and TWR of 0.012 g/min was attained by graphite electrode in presence of distilled water as dielectric fluid compared to the brass and copper. Additionally, a metallographic analysis was carried out to study the surface integrity on the machined surfaces. Micrographic analysis of the optimal conditions showed lower surface roughness and fewer imperfections (lesser impression, waviness surface, and micro-cracks) compared to worst conditions.
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P., Bharathi, Srinivasara G., and Gopalakrishnaiah P. "Optimization of Parameters in WEDM Using CCF Design." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.41 (2018): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.41.24297.
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The research work is to investigate the influence of WEDM process parameters such as pulse on time(Ton),pulse off time(Toff), peak current (IP), servo voltage (SV), and wire feed (WF) on response parameters as Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface roughness(SR). Experimentation work carried out on Titanium 5 Grade work material with tool electrode as annealed brass wire. Every process parameter was set at three levels and the output variables were Surface roughness (SR) and Material removal rate (MRR). Central Composite Face centered (CCF) design was used to conduct the experiments. According to the experimental results the model equations for SR and MRR were developed using multiple linear regression. Modeling and optimization of process parameters had been performed with the help of model equations, level means and response graphs. From the analysis it was identified that the effect of servo voltage on surface roughness  and pulse on time for  MRR is more significant. Â
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Pandey, Gaurav Kumar, Praveen Bhai Patel, Abhishek Kumar, Ramendra Singh Niranjan, Vikas Katiyar, and A. K. Chandra. "Effect of different wire materials on WEDM performance of Bio-compatible material." Production Engineering Archives 28, no. 1 (2022): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.06.
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Abstract The present experimental investigation aims to analyse the effect of various machining parameters, such as pulse peak current (Ion), pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff) and spark voltage (SV) on the surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate(MRR) by using continuous traveling of both wire electrode (i.e. brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire). The present work also analyses the effect of types of wires, such as brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire used during machining of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) on Surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR). This work studies the correlation between various response parameter such SR and MRR by using same machining parameter by for both wires.
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Buyuksari, Umit, Turgay Akbulut, Cengiz Guler, and Nusret As. "Wettability and surface roughness of natural and plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) wood." BioResources 6, no. 4 (2011): 4721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.4721-4730.
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Plantation-grown wood species are becoming more important. Their anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties are different and generally more variable than wood grown in natural stands. The objective of this study was to investigate the wettability and surface roughness (SR) of natural and plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) wood. The logs were cut from a natural stand versus three different spacings of plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash wood stands. Plantation spacings were 3 x 2 m, 3 x 2.5 m, and 4 x 4 m. The wetting behavior of the wood samples was characterized by the contact angle (CA) method (goniometer technique). A stylus type profilometer was used for the SR measurement according to the DIN 4768 (1990) standard. The SR and CA measurements were done on both the radial and tangential surfaces of the samples. Individual values of both SR and CA of ash wood showed statistically significant differences. Based on the findings, it appears that the natural-grown ash wood have higher (less favorable) SR and lower (more favorable) CA values compared to all the plantation-grown ash wood on both radial and tangential surfaces. Tangential surfaces had lower SR values and higher CA values than the radial surfaces for all groups. In conclusion, plantation-grown narrow-leaved ash wood can be utilized for bonded wood products such as plywood, laminated veneer lumber, and glulam.
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Bhuvenesh, R., M. S. Abdul Manan, and M. H. Norizaman. "The Study of Surface Roughness and MRR of Mild Steel Using Manual Plasma Arc Cutting Machining." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.3.
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Manufacturing companies define the qualities of thermal removing process based on the dimension and physical appearance of the cutting material surface. Therefore, the roughness of the surface area of the cutting material and the rate of the material being removed during the manual plasma arc cutting process was importantly considered. Plasma arc cutter Selco Genesis 90 was used to cut the specimens made from Standard AISI 1017 Steel manually based on the selected parameters setting. Two different thicknesses of specimens with 3mm and 6mm were used. The material removal rate (MRR) was measured by determining the weight of the specimens before and after the cutting process. The surface roughness (SR) analysis was conducted to determine the average roughness (Ra) value. Taguchi method was utilized as an experimental layout to obtain MRR and Ra values. The results reveal that for the case of manual plasma arc cutting machining, the SR values are inversely proportional to the MRR values. The quality of the surface roughness depends on the dross peak that occurred during the cutting process.
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Urtekin, Levent, Faik Yılan, İbrahim Baki Şahin, and Kadir Gök. "Analysis of surface roughness and machining performance of AZ91 magnesium alloy cut by WEDM." Acta Polytechnica 65, no. 3 (2025): 361–70. https://doi.org/10.14311/ap.2025.65.0361.
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AZ91 magnesium alloys have poor machinability when conventional chip removal processes are used due to their low thermal stability and high susceptibility to softening and oxidation at elevated temperatures, which lead to excessive tool wear, poor surface quality, and deformation-induced machining challenges. This study investigated the impact of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) parameters on material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) using magnesium. For this purpose, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) were performed to find the optimal settings. Findings indicate that pulse-on time (Ton) significantly affects both MRR and SR: higher Ton increases MRR but worsens SR, while shorter Ton improves SR but reduces MRR. Pulse-off time (Toff) and wire feed rate (WF) have secondary effects. Longer Toff improves surface quality but slightly reduces MRR, and lower WF improves cutting efficiency and MRR. The optimal settings identified by the Taguchi method were observed to be 123 μs Ton, 55 μs Toff, and 6 mmin−1 WF for high MRR; and 123 μs Ton, 58 μs Toff, and 4 mmin−1 WF for reduced SR. In summary, understanding how WEDM parameters affect MRR and SR allows manufacturers to achieve efficient material removal and desired surface quality.
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Venkata Surya Subrahmanyam, Rallabhandi, Koona Ramji, and Pujari Srinivasa Rao. "EDMed Inconel 718 using powder metallurgy (P/M) sintered electrode made with nano and micron sized powders." Engineering review 40, no. 3 (2020): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.40.3.06.
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This work presents experimental data carried out for surface modification of Inconel 718 using WC/Cu composite powder metallurgy (P/M) electrodes made of nano and micron sized particles. Both machine and tool parameters were selected for study and experiments were planned as per Taguchi’s L18 mixed orthogonal array in order to find the influence of parameters on surface roughness (SR) and micro-hardness (MH). Peak current, particle size and pulse on time were found to be most significant on both SR and MH. High reactive surface area of nano particles made surface alloying greater than the other tool electrodes and has shown its influence positively on both SR and MH. The EDX analysis reveals the migration of WC and Cu elements and deposition of carbon and oxygen particles on the surface. The XRD spectrum confirms presence of carbides (WC, W2C, Fe5C2, Cr7C3, Fe7C3 and Fe3C), oxides (Fe3O4, WO3 and Cr3O) and other intermetallics at different machining conditions indicating the influence of Pulse on time (TON) and Peak current (IP) on discharge energies and in turn on the properties of machined surface. The carbides generated on the machined surface increased the hardness to 845HV without much sacrifice of the roughness of the machined surface. The range of roughness values obtained in the present investigation is 2.443 to 4.098µm.
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China, Ana L. P., Nayara M. Souza, Yasmin do S. B. de L. Gomes, Larissa D. Alexandrino, and Cecy M. Silva. "Effect of Fluoride Gels on Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Bleached Enamel." Open Dentistry Journal 8, no. 1 (2014): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601408010188.
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The effect of bleaching treatments containing added calcium and combined with neutral or acidic fluoride gels on tooth enamel was investigated in vitro through Knoop microhardness (KHN) and surface roughness (SR) measurements. A total of 60 bovine incisors were tested, including 30 for SR measurements and 30 for KHN measurements. The specimens were divided into 12 groups and subjected to a bleaching agent with hydrogen peroxide 35% (Whiteness HP 35% Maxx, FGM) or hydrogen peroxide 35% with calcium (Whiteness HP 35% Blue Calcium, FGM) and a fluoride treatment flugel acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or flugel neutral fluoride (NF). Control specimens were submitted to bleaching treatments without fluoride. Microhardness tests were performed using a Knoop indentor. Roughness measurements were obtained using a roughness analyzer. Measurements were obtained before and after treatment. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C between treatments. The results were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Treatments using APF combined with 35% HP caused a decrease in microhardness, while NF combined with HP 35% Ca increased the enamel hardness. Fluoride gels did not alter the SR of the bleached enamel.
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Kumar Rahul, Amit, Manoj Kumar Singh, Om Namah Sivaya, Saurabh Chandra Maury, Ravi Tiwari, and Rohahn Biswas. "LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF PIVOTED CURVED SLIDER BEARINGS SUBJECT TO SURFACE ROUGHNESS PATTERN AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW BEHAVIOR." Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational Mechanics 18, no. 1 (2024): 110–23. https://doi.org/10.24874/jsscm.2024.18.01.08.
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The present paper analyzes the Rabinowitsch fluid (RF) behavior on a pivoted curved slider with surface roughness (SR) with the aid of the perturbation technique. In order to account for the random roughness of the bearing surfaces, a stochastic random variable with a nonzero mean, variance, and skewness was taken into consideration. The averaged Reynolds equation (RE) was developed using a stochastic random variable. The load carrying capacity (LCC) and centre of pressure (COP) were obtained by solving the relevant stochastically averaged RE with appropriate boundary conditions. Bearing performance was observed to suffer as a result of transverse SR; nevertheless, the bearing system's efficiency can be increased in the case of negatively-skewed SR. It was demonstrated that, unlike a traditional lubricant, the bearing can withstand a LCC even in the absence of flow. The outcomes of the current paper can be helpful in various modern mathematical physics engineering applications.
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R. Mundane, Harshalkumar, Dr A. V. Kale, and Dr J. P. Giri. "Findings of performance evaluation of EDM for different materials of electrodes and work pieces- a review." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (2018): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.21153.
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EDM (Spark erosion) is non-conventional machining process which uses as removing unwanted material by electrical spark erosion. EDM Machining parameters affecting to the performance and the industries goal is to produce high quality of product with less time consuming and cost. To achieve these goals, optimizing the machining parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, cutting speed, depth of cut, duty cycle, arc gap, voltage etc. The performance measure of EDM is calculated on the basis of Material Remove Rate(MRR), Tool Wear Rate(TWR), and Surface Roughness(SR).The main objective of present work is to investigate of the influence of input EDM (Electro Discharge Machining) parameters on machining characteristics like surface roughness and the effects of various EDM process parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, servo voltage, peak current, dielectric flow rate, on different process response parameters such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), Kerf (width of Cut), tool wear ratio(TWR)and surface integrity factors. In this paper few selected research paper related to Die-sinker EDM with effect of MRR, TWR, surface roughness (SR) and work piece material have been discussed.
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Singh, Vikram, and Sharad Kumar Pradhan. "Optimization of WEDM Process Parameters ." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.831.
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The objective of the present work is to investigate the effects of various WEDM process parameters like pulse on time, pulse off time, corner servo, flushing pressure, wire feed rate, wire tension, spark gap voltage and servo feed on the material removal rate (MRR) & Surface Roughness (SR) and to obtain the optimal settings of machining parameters at which the material removal rate (MRR) is maximum and the Surface Roughness (SR) is minimum in a range. In the present investigation, Inconel 825 specimen is machined by using brass wire as electrode and the response surface methodology (RSM) is for modeling a second-order response surface to estimate the optimum machining condition to produce the best possible response within the experimental constraints.
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Sunil, Kumar*. "GRA OF SAE 8620 FOR OPTIMIZING SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 4 (2018): 621–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1228661.
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Low carbon Alloy steel has widespread applications in industries. In present work machining parameters for SAE 8620 have been optimized using Grey relational analysis (GRA) in view ofsurface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR) as responses.Machining experiments were conducted on CNC lathe machine.L27 orthogonal array design has been used to develop relationships for predicting SR and MRR. MS EXCEL software has been used for analysis grey relational grade of each level of parameters. The optimum parameter values have been achieved for turning performance with respect toSR and MRR. Feed rate (FR)has shown significant role on turning performance with 95% confidence interval.Low carbon Alloy steel has widespread applications in industries. In present work machining parameters for SAE 8620 have been optimized using Grey relational analysis (GRA) in view ofsurface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR) as responses.Machining experiments were conducted on CNC lathe machine.L27 orthogonal array design has been used to develop relationships for predicting SR and MRR. MS EXCEL software has been used for analysis grey relational grade of each level of parameters. The optimum parameter values have been achieved for turning performance with respect toSR and MRR. Feed rate (FR)has shown significant role on turning performance with 95% confidence interval.
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Ielewi, Nada Hussien, and Faiza M. Abdul-Ameer. "The Effect of Adding Bioactive Glass Infused with Strontium on the Surface Hardness and Surface Roughness Properties of a Heat-Cured Acrylic-Based Soft Liner." Prosthesis 7, no. 4 (2025): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7040069.
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Background: Soft liners offer a cushioning effect that aids in the healing of inflamed mucosa and allocates the relevant load in the support area of prostheses, enhancing their fit and stability. This study looks at how strontium-infused phosphate bioactive glass affects a heat-cured acrylic-based soft liner, focusing on the surface hardness and the surface roughness of the material. Methods: One hundred soft liner specimens were produced, with fifty specimens being designated for surface hardness testing and fifty specimens for surface roughness testing. PBG*Sr was incorporated into the soft liner at the concentrations of 1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 7 wt.%. Surface hardness and surface roughness were evaluated with a digital durometer for Shore A hardness and a profilometer, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed. Results: The Shapiro–Wilk test demonstrated that the data adhered to a normal distribution, as the p-values were not statistically significant. Subsequently, for statistical analyses following the one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s T3 post hoc test was employed for surface hardness, while Tukey’s post hoc test was used for surface roughness. The lowest hardness value was documented in the 7 wt.% subgroup (29.040 ± 0.070), followed by the 5 wt.% subgroup (30.97 ± 0.231), and the control (40.880 ± 0.473) had the highest hardness mean value. The 7 wt.% subgroup displayed the lowest value of Ra recorded, 0.489 ± 0.077 μm, while the control subgroup showed the highest, 1.994 ± 0.168 μm. FTIR analysis suggested that the domination of physical interactions according to the analyses with the FESEM led to improved surface morphology for the 7 wt.% PBG*Sr specimens. Conclusions: The 7 wt.% PBG*Sr specimens exhibited the lowest surface hardness, suitable for soft lining material, and improved the surface morphology of acrylic soft liners compared with the control and other concentrations.
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Ahmad, Ahsana Aqilah, Jaharah A. Ghani, and Che Hassan Che Haron. "The Influence of Cutting Parameter under Sustainable Machining Approaches on Surface Roughness of AISI 4340." Journal of Mechanical Engineering SI 12, no. 1 (2023): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v12i1.24638.
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This study presents the result of surface roughness (SR) during milling AISI 4340 under sustainable machining techniques of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic using liquid nitrogen (LN2). Along with MQL, Treated Recycled Cooking Oil (TRCO) using waste Palm Oil is used to promote a greener cutting condition. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array and ANOVA are used to investigate the effect of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and width of cut) on the measured output value. Statically, in both conditions results show that cutting speed and feed rate are the parameters that affect the surface roughness. ANOVA analysis for MQL cutting found that feed rate contributed 87.39% of the output value. While in the cryogenic condition, cutting speed is the main factor that affects the SR value, representing 54.83%. At a lower cutting speed, the SR yield during MQL is lower compared to cryogenic conditions. At a higher cutting speed, the SR value in the cryogenic condition is better than that in MQL condition. However, when the feed rate increases, the SR value is almost similar in both conditions. This finding shows that using this experimental condition with TRCO can improve the SR value even at a higher cutting speed.
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Vidhyasankari, N., Reena Rachel John, P. R. Senthilmurugan, and V. Vishnupriya. "Comparative evaluation on surface nanohardness, surface microhardness, surface roughness, and wettability of plant-based organic nanoparticle reinforced polyetheretherketone as an implant material – An in vitro study." Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society 24, no. 3 (2024): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jips.jips_511_23.
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Aim: Synthetic inorganic materials are commonly used as reinforcing agents in polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite, whereas natural organic plant-based reinforcing agents are negligible. Surface hardness, roughness, and wettability are indicative factors of osseointegration behavior to be used as an implant material. This study evaluated micro surface hardness (MSH), nano surface hardness (NSH), surface roughness (SR), and contact angle (CA) of PEEK-Azadirachta indica reinforced at 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt%. Settings and Design: This was an in vitro study. Materials and Methods: Neem (A. indica) leaf nanoparticles were prepared and reinforced with PEEK powder at 10%, 20%, and 30% weight ratios by injection molding. Sixty specimens underwent the microhardness and CA testing using a digital microhardness tester, and CA goniometer, respectively, and later nanoindentation test to analyze the nanohardness and SR. Statistical Analysis Used: A one-way ANOVA test with a 95% confidence interval for MSH and NSH, SR, and CA was performed on the samples. A post hoc Bonferroni test was conducted (α = 0.05) to compare the groups. Results: There was a significant increase in nanohardness (P = 0.000) with zero difference in microhardness (P = 0.514). The addition of 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% nanoparticles increased the SR value of the pure PEEK from 273.19 nm to 284.10 (3.99%), 296.91 (8.68%), and 287.54 (5.24%), respectively. In the analysis of the CA, CA 20% shows the lowest angle (63.69) with the highest for control specimens (82.39). There is an increase in the PEEK composite SR with a decrease in CA. Conclusions: The addition of plant-derived nanoparticles into the PEEK matrix has a significant impact on the hardness and hydrophobicity enhancing cell growth and osteoblastic differentiation during osseointegration of dental implants.
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Rao, Sadineni Rama, and G. Padmanabhan. "Multi-Response Optimization of Electrochemical Machining of Al-Si/B4C Composites Using RSM." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 3 (2013): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2013070103.
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The present work reports the electrochemical machining (ECM) of the aluminium-silicon alloy/boron carbide (Al-Si /B4C) composites, fabricated by stir casting process with different weight % of B4C particles. The influence of four machining parameters including applied voltage, electrode feed rate, electrolyte concentration and percentage of reinforcement on the responses surface roughness (SR) and radial over cut (ROC) were investigated. The process parameters are optimized based on the response surface methodology (RSM) and the optimum values for minimizing surface roughness and radial over cut are voltage 15.25 V, feed rate 1.0 mm/min, electrolyte concentration 13.56g/lit and percentage of reinforcement 7.36 wt%. The quality of the machined surfaces is studied by using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images. The surface plots are generated to study the effect of process parameters and their interaction on the surface roughness and radial over cut, for the machined Al-Si/B4C composites.
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Kumar, B. M., and M. M. Ratnam. "Machine vision method for non-contact measurement of surface roughness of a rotating workpiece." Sensor Review 35, no. 1 (2015): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-01-2014-609.
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Purpose – This paper aims to propose a non-contact method using machine vision for measuring the surface roughness of a rotating workpiece at speeds of up to 4,000 rpm. Design/methodology/approach – A commercial digital single-lens-reflex camera with high shutter speed and backlight was used to capture a silhouette of the rotating workpiece profile. The roughness profile was extracted at sub-pixel accuracy from the captured images using the moment invariant method of edge detection. The average (Ra), root-mean square (Rq) and peak-to-valley (Rt) roughness parameters were measured for ten different specimens at spindle speeds of up to 4,000 rpm. The roughness values measured using the proposed machine vision system were verified using the stylus profilometer. Findings – The roughness values measured using the proposed method show high correlation (up to 0.997 for Ra) with those determined using the profilometer. The mean differences in Ra, Rq and Rt between the two methods were only 4.66, 3.29 and 3.70 per cent, respectively. Practical implications – The proposed method has significant potential for application in the in-process roughness measurement and tool condition monitoring from workpiece profile signature during turning, thus, obviating the need to stop the machine. Originality/value – The machine vision method combined with sub-pixel edge detection has not been applied to measure the roughness of a rotating workpiece.
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Pimentel de Oliveira, Roberta, Juliana Costa Pereira Baia, Mara Eliane Soares Ribeiro, Mario Honorato da Silva e. Souza Junior, and Sandro Cordeiro Loretto. "Influence of Time Intervals between Bleaching Procedures on Enamel Microhardness and Surface Roughness." Open Dentistry Journal 12, no. 1 (2018): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601812010555.
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Background:Dental bleaching has been increasingly sought out to improve dental aesthetics, but it may cause changes in dental enamel.Objective:To assess the influence of different time intervals on bleaching gel applications with regard to the Microhardness (MH) and Surface Roughness (SR) on dental enamel.Material and Methods:Forty bovine incisors were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2) and both were bleached with 35% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP35) (n=20; G1: seven-day interval and G2: two-day interval). The MH and SR tests were performed before bleaching (T0) and after the first (T1), second (T2), and third (T3) bleaching gel applications. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva between each application (37°C). The data were analyzed using the student’s t-test (p≤ 0.05) for dependent samples.Results:The reduced time interval (two days) led to a significant reduction in MH, while MH was not affected during the seven-day interval. The SR results increased regardless of the bleaching gel application time interval.Conclusion:The decreased time interval of two days between bleaching gel applications caused changes in MH but did not influence the SR of dental enamel.
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Voronyak, T. I., A. B. Kmet, L. I. Muravsky, Z. T. Nazarchuk, and I. V. Stasyshyn. "Algorithm of surface relief retrieval at arbitrary phase shift between interferograms." Information extraction and processing 2020, no. 48 (2020): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/vidbir2020.48.043.
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Improved algorithm for processing of interferograms obtained by a single arbitrary phase shift of the reference beam is proposed to reproduce the surface relief (SR). The advanced algorithm makes it possible to reproduce not only the relief of smooth or nanorough surfaces, but also its separate components, thus macrorelief (waviness) and nanorelief (roughness). Computer modulation of this algorithm was used to analyze the errors of complete SR and its components reproduction. The analysis allowed us to identify two factors that significantly affect the errors of the SR components determining by this algorithm. First, it turned out that the error of SR reproduction as the sum of macro- and nanoreliefs is much smaller than errors of these components reproduction, because the correlation coefficient between the errors fields of these components reproduction is close to 0,9. Therefore, it is better to extract the macrorelief phase map by filtering from the expanded (decyclized) SR phase map than from the collapsed (cyclic) one, which is possible by introducing the second iteration of SR recovery into the algorithm, which significantly reduces the errors. The second factor is related to boundary effects, which are observed during use of Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and spatial filtering to determine the macrorelief phase map and which increase its reproduction error. For this reason, it is proposed to eliminate the influence of boundary effects. The obtained dependences of the relief and its components reproduction errors from the test surfaces roughness for the advanced processing algorithm indicate a significant errors reduction comparing to the corresponding dependences for its previous version. These dependences are the theoretical limit for SR and its components reproduction errors in the case of using the advanced algorithm for interferograms processing.
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Yildiz, Şemsettin, and Osman Ataş. "In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of pediatric drugs and tooth brushing on the surface roughness of different restorative dental materials used in pedodontics." Dental Journal 58, no. 2 (2025): 120–27. https://doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v58.i2.p120-127.
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Background: Liquid oral drugs are frequently used in children. Knowing the effects of these drugs and individual oral hygiene brushing on the surface roughness (SR) of dental restorative materials with different contents used in pediatric dentistry is clinically important. Purpose: The aim is to assess the effects of various drugs and toothbrushes used in children on the SR of dental restorative materials. Methods: A total of 60 samples of different dental filling materials (polyacid-modified composite resin [compomer], glass ionomer cement [GIC], and composite resin) were prepared. The specimens were divided into six solution groups (distilled water, antibiotics, analgesics, antiepileptics, bronchodilators, and anti-allergic drugs). For each group (n = 5), two subgroups (brushing and non-brushing) were created. Surface roughness values (Ra) were measured at baseline and at the first and fourth weeks using a profilometer. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, post-hoc analysis, and the Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Results: The highest roughness value among all drug groups was detected in the non-resin-containing traditional GIC material. In addition, the brushing condition had a statistically significant effect on SR values (p < 0.05). The smallest change in roughness from baseline to the fourth week was observed in the non-brushed composite material in the Amoklavin group, whereas the largest change was observed in the brushed GIC material in the Depakin solution. Conclusion: Drug solutions and brushing affect the SR of restorative materials, with resin-containing materials being less affected than GIC.
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Sudjatmiko, Sudjatmiko, Soenoko Rudy, Suprapto Agus, and Agus Choiron Moch. "CORRELATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS, TOOL WEAR, AND CHIP SLENDERNESS RATIO IN THE LATHE PROCESS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY – 6061." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 1 (100) (2019): 54–60. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.159203.
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The research on the lathe process has described that the tool nose radius parameter is one of the factors that has an influence on surface roughness in the form of product quality. Chip slenderness ratio is an important parameter in the lathe process that can be applied theoretically or empirically. The lathe process was carried out on the Aluminum Alloy – 6061 material, the effects of the selected responses, namely surface roughness (SR), surface area of tool wear (Vb), and chip slenderness ratio (δ) were investigated. The selection of the main cutting tool nose radius (ns), spindle speed (n), feeding speed (vf), and depth of cut (a) can affect surface roughness which were conditioned to be constant, can influence chip shape and chip slenderness ratio and surface area of tool flank wear. The chip shape in the lathe process has a correlation with the product surface roughness, the chip slenderness ratio, and the tool flank wear. In this study, the experimental investigation and statistical analysis used the Taguchi experimental design method of L9 (34) orthogonal array, and the parameters used in the lathe cutting process of Aluminum Alloy – 6061 were tool angle, spindle speed, depth of cut and feed rate that affected the response results ((SR), (δ), and Vb). The contribution of each factor to the output is determined by variance analysis. Using ANOVA, the multiregression model is obtained by the relationship between the factors (ns, n, vf, and a) on the response (SR, δ, and Vb), expressed by the following equation: SR=0.955556+0.074444ns+0.006667n+0.005556vf–0.001111a, δ=7.18889–1.17556ns–0.59222n–0.60222vf–0.09111a, and Vb=0.320370–0.073704ns–0.021481n–0.041481vf–0.032593a. Correlation results found that: (a) tool nose radius of 0.4 mm, feeding speed 56 mm/min, and cutting depth of 0.25 mm had an influence on SR=1.11 µm, (b) tool nose radius of 1.2 mm, feeding speed 58 mm/min and the depth of cut of 0.25 mm have an influence on δ=7.07, (c) tool nose radius of 0.4 mm, feeding speed of 60 mm/min, and cutting depth of 0.50 mm have an influence on Vb=0.34 mm2. The conclusion is that the effect on the correlation of the R2 value is very strong against SR=97.89 %, δ=94.45 % and Vb=67.30 %
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Y. Justin Raj, A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin, S. Raj Kumar, and G. M. Balamurugan. "Influence of Novel Al-Ni Electrodes on Roughness and Machining Time in Inconel 625 EDM Machining: A Comprehensive RSM Performance Analysis." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 13, no. 1 (2024): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.03.241547.
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In the context of Inconel 625 machining, this study explores the effects of novel Al-Ni nano electrodes on surface roughness and machining time. Thorough performance study was undertaken to clarify the complex connections between the machining settings, electrode composition, and final surface quality. Important insights were obtained via methodical experimentation and data analysis, which helps optimize the machining procedures for improved productivity and surface quality when milling Inconel 625. This research presents an experimental investigation of the effects of the Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) input parameters, namely current, pulse-on time, and pulse-off time, on the surface roughness and machining time output parameters. Inconel 625 was the material of choice for the work piece. Electric discharge machining oil was used as the dielectric fluid and aluminium nanocomposite as the tool electrode. Response surface methodology (RSM) approach was employed in the experimentation. ANOVA was used to optimize the parameters and obtain the lowest possible surface roughness (SR) and machining time. The findings show that pulse-off time is the most significant motivating factor for SR. The current is the main determining factor for machining time. The Central Composite Design approach was used for optimization.
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Ferchow, Julian, Harry Baumgartner, Christoph Klahn, and Mirko Meboldt. "Model of surface roughness and material removal using abrasive flow machining of selective laser melted channels." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 7 (2020): 1165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2019-0241.
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Purpose Internal channels produced by selective laser melting (SLM) have rough surfaces that require post-processing. The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirical model for predicting the material removal and surface roughness (SR) of SLM-manufactured channels owing to abrasive flow machining (AFM). Design/methodology/approach A rheological model was developed to simulate the viscosity and power-law index of an AFM medium. To simulate the pressure distribution and velocity in the SLM channels, the fluid behavior and SR in the channels were simulated by using computational fluid dynamics. The results of this simulation were then applied to create an empirical model that can be used to predict the SR and material removal thickness. To verify this empirical model, it was applied to an actual part fabricated by SLM. The results were compared with the measurements of the SR and channel diameter subsequent to AFM. Findings The proposed model exhibits maximum deviation between the model and the measurement of −1.1% for the down-skin SR, −0.2% for the up-skin SR and −0.1% for material removal thickness. Practical implications The results of this study show that the proposed model can avoid expensive iterative tests to determine whether a given channel design leads to the desired SR after smoothing by AFM. Therefore, this model helps to design an AFM-ready channel geometry. Originality/value In this paper, a quantitatively validated AFM model was proposed for complex SLM channels with varying orientation angles.
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Sengottuvel, P., V. Palanisamy, J. Arun, N. R. R. Anbusagar, and J. Hameed Hussain. "EDM Process Parameters Optimization Using Taguchi Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.867.
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In this paper , the parameters of Electrical Discharge Machine (EDM) are investigated during the machining of Inconel 718 by using different sizes of circular Aluminum electrode. Demand for better surface finishes are increasing recently for all materials, the low rigidity and high material removal rate of Inconel alloys offers a challenging task in obtaining better Surface Finish. The analysis of surface characteristics like Surface Roughness (SR) of Inconel 718 material is carried out an excellent surface finish can be obtained by setting the machining parameters at optimum level. Experimentation was carried out by using Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array under different conditions of parameters. The response of SR is considered for improving the machining efficiency. Optimal combination of parameters was obtained Taguchi Optimization technique. The confirmation experiments results shows that the significant improvement in Surface Finish was obtained. ANOVA have been used to analyze the contribution of individual parameters on Surface Roughness. The experimental result demonstrates that the Taguchi method satisfies the practical requirements.
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VS Ram Prasad, A., Koona Ramji, and B. Raghu Kumar. "Study of wire-electrical discharge machining parameters of titanium alloy by using taguchi method." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10316.
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Machining of Titanium alloys is difficult due to their chemical and physical properties namely excellent strength, chemical reactivity and low thermal conductivity. Traditional machining of such materials leads to formation of continuous chips and tool bits are subjected to chatter which leads to formation of poor surface on machined surface. In this study, Wire-EDM one of the most popular unconventional machining process which was used to machine such difficult-to-cut materials. Effect of Wire-EDM process parameters namely peak current, pulse-on- time, pulse-off-time, servo voltage on MRRand SR was investigated by Taguchi method. 0.25 mm brass wire was used in this process as electrode material. A surface roughness tester (Surftest 301) was used to measure surface roughness value of the machined work surface. A multi-response optimization technique was then utilized to optimize Wire-EDM process parameters for achieving maximum MRR and minimum SR simultaneously.
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Charles, Sarla Rubi, Udaya Prakash Jayavelu, Rajkumar Chinnaraj, and Sachin Salunkhe. "Optimization of drilling process variables using taguchi technique for LM6 aluminium alloy." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 13 (2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2022008.
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The abrasive characteristics of LM6 alloys are difficult to machine, so designing a technology that allows for effective machining is essential. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of process variables, namely feed rate, spindle speed and drill material, towards the responses like Thrust force, Surface roughness and burr height when drilling of LM6 alloy. LM6 aluminium alloy was fabricated by the stir casting process. Experiments were conducted using L9 orthogonal array in a Vertical Machining Centre coupled with a dynamometer for measuring thrust force. Surface roughness was found by Surface roughness tester and burr height was measured using Vision Measuring System. The findings show that the created model can accurately estimate the thrust force (TF), surface roughness (SR) and burr height (BH) in LM6 alloy drilling within the parameters examined.
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Kathiresan, S., G. Anbuchezhiyan, S. Karthikeyan, and Kumaran Palani. "Experimental Investigations of Nano Finishing Process on Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steel by Grey Relational and Principal Component Analysis." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (May 24, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3588202.
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The nano surface roughness of metallic materials is important in engineering and medical fields for specific applications. Magneto rheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF) process was performed on nickel-free austenitic stainless workpieces in order to obtain surface roughness at the nano level and also to forecast the performance of the MRAFF process in terms of responses such as surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR). These two responses are affected by process factors such as hydraulic pressure, current to the electromagnet, and the number of cycles performed during the machining process. The design of experiments (DOE) was used to determine the contributions of process parameters to output responses. The techniques of grey relational analysis (GRA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used in these experimental investigations to discover the process factors that minimise the final Ra and maximise MRR. Through the DOE, a minimum SR of 63.24 nm and a maximum MRR of 2.34 mg/sec were obtained on the samples for the combination of 30 bar pressure, 6 A current, and 300 number of cycles.
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Juliyana, Sunder Jebarose, Jayavelu Udaya Prakash, Robert Čep, et al. "Taguchi optimization of Wire EDM process parameters for machining LM5 aluminium alloy." PLOS ONE 19, no. 10 (2024): e0308203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0308203.
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LM5 alloy is suitable for metal castings for marine and aesthetic uses due to its admirable resistance to corrosion. In order to make intricate shapes in the LM5 alloy, this study intends to assess the impact of Wire Electric Discharge Machining process variables, like Pulse on Time (Ton), Pulse off Time (Toff), Gap Voltage (GV) and Wire Feed (WF) on responses like Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), and Kerf Width (Kw). The LM5 aluminium alloy plate was produced through stir casting process. SEM, EDAX and XRD images confirm the LM5 Al alloy’s microstructure and crystal structure. WEDM studies were conducted using design of experiments approach based on L9 orthogonal array and analysed using Taguchi’s Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) analysis. Pulse on Time has the greatest statistical effects on MRR (68.25%), SR (79.46%) and kerf (81.97%). In order to assess the surface integrity of the WEDM machined surfaces, the SEM study on the topography was conducted using the optimum surface roughness process variables: Ton 110 μs, Toff 50 μs, GV 40 V, and WF 9 m/min. SEM images show the recast layer and its thickness. The average absolute error for MRR is 1.69%, SR is 3.89% and kerf is 0.88%, based on mathematical (linear regression) models. The Taguchi’s Signal to Noise ratio analysis is the most appropriate for single objective optimization of responses.
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Zhang, Fangyuan, Xiaosen Wang, Shilin Zhang, Xiaoqing Cao, Qiang He, and Lu Li. "The Influence of Anisotropic Microstructures on the Ice Adhesion Performance of Rubber Surfaces." Coatings 15, no. 5 (2025): 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050612.
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Anti-icing and de-icing technologies are crucial in modern aviation, with optimising ice adhesion performance on material surfaces being a key challenge. This study proposes a straightforward method for fabricating hydrophobic silicone rubber surfaces using a mesh to construct microstructures. The influence of microstructure size and anisotropy on surface wettability and ice adhesion performance is systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that introducing microstructures significantly enhances the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber surfaces, achieving a maximum static contact angle of 149.3 ± 1.3°. For microstructures with identical shapes, dimensional variations affect surface roughness and functional performance. Although the structure with the most significant dimension (600#-SR) exhibits the highest surface roughness, smaller structures (e.g., 1400#-SR) demonstrate superior hydrophobicity and lower ice adhesion strength, likely due to enhanced air entrapment and reduced effective solid–liquid and solid–ice contact areas. Furthermore, due to anisotropic microstructures, a marked directional difference in ice adhesion strength is observed: the lowest strength in the X direction is 38.6 kPa, compared to 63.3 kPa in the Y direction. Fine-tuning the size and configuration of microstructures effectively minimises the ice adhesion strength and enables targeted optimisation of surface properties. This research offers theoretical support for developing innovative, energy-efficient materials with superior anti-icing properties and provides new insights for crafting solutions tailored to various anti-icing needs.
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Ananthi, Narayanasamy, Uthirapathi Elaiyarasan, Vinaitheerthan Satheeshkumar, Chinnamuthu Senthilkumar, Subbarayan Sathiyamurthy, and Kaliyamoorthi Nallathambi. "Parametric effect on material removal rate and surface roughness of electrical discharge machined magnesium alloy." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021089.
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Magnesium and its alloys play a vital role in various applications such as automobile, aircraft, biomedical and military etc. Mg alloys have superior characteristics such as light weight, high strength, good damping capacity and easily castability etc. Eventhough it has attractive range of properties, the machining of magnesium alloys using conventional machining methods is difficult. To overcome that issue, non traditional machining is considered as a potential process. EDM is an electro thermal process extensively used for machining hard materials. In this investigation, the ZE41A magnesium alloy is machined using EDM with copper electrode. In order to improve surface characteristics such as material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR), various parameters namely current, pulse on time and pulse off time were selected. The regression values of MRR and SR are 97.20% and 99.62% respectively indicating an empirical relationship between the parameters and responses. Pulse off time was found as a significant parameter on the response followed by pulse on time and current. MRR and SR increased with increasing current, pulse on time and pulse off time. At a current of 5A, the produced spark density is high so that the removed quantity of material from the workpiece is high. At a pulse on time of 95 μs, the spark intensity is high affecting the local temperature in the machined zone, and hence MRR increases. SR drastically increases at increasing current. At higher current, large size crater are observed on the machined surface that made the surface rough, and hence SR increases.
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Lima, Emilena Maria Castor Xisto, Wander José da Silva, Juliana Silva Moura, Fernanda Faot, and Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury. "Evaluation of surface characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V and Tilite alloys used for implant abutments." Brazilian Oral Research 20, no. 4 (2006): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242006000400005.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate surface free energy (SFE), surface roughness (SR) and surface hardness (SH) of two commercially available materials for fabricating dental implant abutments. In addition, the specimens were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the surface morphology. Twenty five discs (5 x 2 mm) of Ti-6Al-4V and Tilite (Ni-Cr-Ti) alloys were used in this study. Surface free energy was determined by the contact angle formed between a drop of distilled, deionized water and the surface of the specimen of each material. The surface roughness was measured with a mechanical profilometer and the surface hardness was evaluated by means of the Vickers hardness micro indentation test. SFE, SR and SH data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Statistical differences (p < 0.05) were found between Ti-6Al-4V (36.2 erg.cm-2; 0.2 µm) and Tilite (30.9 erg.cm-2; 0.16 µm) for SFE and SR. However, the differences between the surface hardness values of Ti-6Al-4V (325.0 kg/mm²) and Tilite (324.3 kg/mm²) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Evaluations by SEM revealed different surface morphology. Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the Ti-6Al-4V and Tilite alloys showed differences in surface properties, except for surface hardness, suggesting that both alloys may be considered appropriate for producing abutments. Further studies are, however, necessary to elucidate the biological responses to implant abutments made with these alloys.
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Kumar, G. Venkata Ajay, M. Shilpa, Udagave Shital Purander, G. Madhoo, and V. Asokan. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Machining Process Parameters in Wire-Cut Electric Discharge Machining of Inconel X750 Alloy by Combinatorial Approach." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.781.
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Difficult-to-cut materials, generally high hardness, strength and toughness, are generally difficult to machine in conventional machining. Also tool wear is high in conventional machining processes. Wire Cut Electric Discharge (WEDM) machining is particularly used for machining complex profiles, demanding very high accuracy. The current work focuses on the optimization of roughness of a surface that is machined using WEDM; the process parameters considered for optimization are pulse-on-time (Pon), pulse-off time (Poff), wire feedrate (WFR) and spark gap voltage (SGV). One of the surface integrity aspect is considered as surface roughness (SR) and other related to machining output considered as material removal rate (MRR) for the output responses. The paper presents, a multi-criteria decision making technique, with Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for optimizing the process parameters. Further, confirmation tests that were conducted also validated the improvement in SR and MRR.
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Olive, Gino. "(Ca, Sr)F2 surface roughness effect on angle resolved XPS measurements." Surface Science 297, no. 1 (1993): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(93)90017-e.
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Mugutkar, Harish, and N. Tamiloli. "Application of Taguchi and RSM Parameters on Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate of AA6082T6." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (2021): 012211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012211.
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Abstract Taguchi and Response Surface Methodologies (RSM) for Surface Roughness (SR), and Material Removal Rate (MRR) in end processing of AA6082T6 with tungsten carbide Insert. The Experiments have been driven using the Taguchi plan. The cutting boundaries are feed, speed, and profundity of cut. The impact of machining boundaries and to assessed the ideal cuttings condition to surface unpleasantness and material expulsion rate. A second-request model has been work between the cutting limits and the machining limits to recognize out the SR and MRR by using reaction surface strategy. The test outcomes have shown the most basic factor in the surface unpleasantness is speed (31.068%) and in the material evacuation rate is profundity of cut (51.9404%). The anticipated qualities are affirmed by utilizing affirmation tests.
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Carmo Filho, Luiz Carlos do, Ana Paula Pinto Martins, Amália Machado Bielemann, Anna Paula da Rosa Possebon, and Fernanda Faot. "Simplified micrometric surface characterization of different implant surfaces available on the Brazilian market." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 17 (July 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v17i0.8652939.
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Aim: This study characterized the implant surfaces available on the Brazilian market in terms of topography, chemical composition, and roughness. Methods: The following brands were selected according to their surfaces: Kopp (Ko), Signo Vinces (Sv), Neodent (Ne), Osseotite (Os) NanoTite (Nt), SIN (Si), Titanium Fix (Tf), conventional Straumann (Str), Active SLA (SLA). The morphological analysis and the alloy impurities and implant surface contaminants were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Surface roughness parameters and 3-D reconstructions were obtained by laser microscopy (20x). Two distinct areas were evaluated: i) the cervical portion (no surface treatment), and ii) the middle third (treated surface). Results: The characterization of the implant surfaces by SEM showed morphological differences between the thread geometries and surface morphology at 800x and 2000x magnification. The EDS elemental analysis showed a predominance of titanium (Ti) for all implants. The SLA surface showed only peaks of Ti while other implants brands showed traces of impurities and contaminants including Al, C, PR, F, Mg, Na, Ni, O, P, and SR. The implant surface roughness in the cervical portion did not exceed Ra 0.5–1.0 μm, constituting a minimally rough surface and obtaining acceptable standards for this region. Only Nt, Str, and SLA presented Ra above 2 μm in the middle third area showing a rough surface favorable for osseointegration. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is no established standard for morphology, chemical composition and implant surface roughness that allows a safe comparison between the available dental implant surfaces. National implant brands generally contain more impurities and surface contaminants than their international counterparts and were consequently more sensitive to the surface treatment techniques.
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Geng, Xue Song, Yu Kui Wang, Bo Yan Song, and Zhen Long Wang. "Optimization and Analysis for Surface Roughness of SiCp/Al Metal Matrix Composite by Micro-WEDM." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1266.
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The material removal process of SiC/Al particulate (SiCp/Al) metal matrix composite by micro-wire electrical discharge machining (micro-WEDM) is influenced by many factors interaction, which makes the mathematical model of surface roughness (SR) be difficult to obtain effectively. To solve this problem, experimental study method is conducted under the constraint conditions. In this paper, a central composite design (CCD) testing with 3-factor and 5-level is carried out and SiCp/Al metal matrix composite machining test scheme is designed, and then second-order relational model is established between SR and main power parameters (open-circuit voltage, capacitance, and pulse duration) by using response surface methodology. Through multiple quadratic fitting, the quadratic regression mathematical model of SR is obtained. Constrains of actual machining condition upon the parameters are analyzed further. With the goal of reducing SR of SiCp/Al metal matrix composite by micro-WEDM, the parameters optimization model is established. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and its procedure are designed to solve the model. Test proves that the algorithm could achieve optimized process parameters which satisfy multiple constraints rapidly and effectively.
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Ayyildiz, Mustafa. "Modeling for prediction of surface roughness in milling medium density fiberboard with a parallel robot." Sensor Review 39, no. 5 (2019): 716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-02-2019-0051.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the utilization of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and multiple regression method for estimating surface roughness in milling medium density fiberboard (MDF) material with a parallel robot. Design/methodology/approach In ANN modeling, performance parameters such as root mean square error, mean error percentage, mean square error and correlation coefficients (R2) for the experimental data were determined based on conjugate gradient back propagation, Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), resilient back propagation, scaled conjugate gradient and quasi-Newton back propagation feed forward back propagation training algorithm with logistic transfer function. Findings In the ANN architecture established for the surface roughness (Ra), three neurons [cutting speed (V), feed rate (f) and depth of cut (a)] were contained in the input layer, five neurons were included in its hidden layer and one neuron was contained in the output layer (3-5-1).Trials showed that LM learning algorithm was the best learning algorithm for the surface roughness. The ANN model obtained with the LM learning algorithm yielded estimation training values R2 (97.5 per cent) and testing values R2 (99 per cent). The R2 for multiple regressions was obtained as 96.1 per cent. Originality/value The result of the surface roughness estimation model showed that the equation obtained from the multiple regressions with quadratic model had an acceptable estimation capacity. The ANN model showed a more dependable estimation when compared with the multiple regression models. Hereby, these models can be used to effectively control the milling process to reach a satisfactory surface quality.
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Mohan, Reshma, and Ravindra Kumar Jain. "An in vitro comparative evaluation of surface roughness characteristics of different orthodontic archwires: An atomic force microscopy study." Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects 16, no. 2 (2022): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/joddd.2022.015.
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Background. The present study evaluated and compared the surface roughness (SR) of five different types of orthodontic archwires made by two different manufacturers. Methods. In this in vitro study, 10 samples of five different archwires comprising of three types of shape memory wires, SmartArch (Ormco), Damon (Ormco), Heat-activated NiTi (HANT) (G&H Orthodontics), Stainless Steel wire (SS) (Ormco), and conventional NiTi (G&H Orthodontics) were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The processing of 3D images was carried out using Gwyddion software, from which the root mean square (rms), the roughness average (Ra), and the maximum height (mh) of the scanned surface profile were documented. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey tests for intergroup comparisons. Results. The mean SR of SS wires was the least (Ra=8.70±0.17), followed by NiTi wires (10.29±2.00) with a significant difference between them (P<0.05). Among the three shape-memory wires, the HANT wires had the least SR (Ra=22.97±16.56) compared to SmartArch wires (Ra=25.55±3.78) and Damon wires (Ra=25.67±4.54), but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion. The SS wires by Ormco had the least SR followed by G&H orthodontics NiTi wires. The three different shape-memory wires tested had no significant difference in SR values.
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Tofan, Nicoleta, Sorin Andrian, Simona Stoleriu, et al. "The Assessment of the Surface Status Following the Action of Some Acidic Beverages on Indirect Restorative Materials." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 1 (2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.1.4978.
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The study aimed to assess the changes of the surface roughness induced by some acidic beverages on indirect restorative materials by using profilometry. Twenty samples of three composite resins (Ceramage, SR Adoro, Luna-Wing) and three ceramics (IPS In Line, Hera Ceram, Reflex Dimension) immersed in three acidic beverages (Red Bul, wine, Coca Cola), for 5 minutes, three times daily, 14 days. The control samples were immersed in artificial saliva during the study periode. After the end of the erosive cycles and before to determine the surface roughness of the samples in the study groups, all the samples were immersed in artificial saliva for 18 hours. The surface roughness was determined in relation to the baseline surface using profilometer Perthometer_M1 (Mahr Gottingen GmbH, Germany). The immersion of the indirect restorative materials tested in the three acidic beverages lead has resulted to changes in their surface roughness. The most aggressive was wine, followed by Coca Cola, and Red Bull.
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Neuwirthová, Eva, Zuzana Lhotáková, Petr Lukeš, and Jana Albrechtová. "Leaf Surface Reflectance Does Not Affect Biophysical Traits Modelling from VIS-NIR Spectra in Plants with Sparsely Distributed Trichomes." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (2021): 4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204144.
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In this study, we examine leaf reflectance as the main optical property used in remote sensing of vegetation. The total leaf reflectance consists of two main components: a diffuse component, originating from the leaf interior, and a component reflected directly from the leaf surface. The latter contains specular (mirror-like) reflectance (SR) and surface particle scattering, driven by the surface roughness. Our study aimed to (1) reveal the effects of key leaf structural traits on SR in 400–2500 nm, and (2) compare the performance of PLSR models of leaf biophysical properties based on the total reflectance and SR removal reflectance. Four Arabidopsis thaliana structural surface mutants and six Hieracium species differing in trichome properties were studied. PCA did not reveal any systematic effect of trichome density, length, and morphology on SR. Therefore, the results do not support the hypothesis that leaves with denser and longer trichomes have lower SR and higher total reflectance than the smooth leaves. SR removal did not remarkably improve PLSR models of biophysical traits (up to 2% of RMSE). Thus, in herbaceous dorsiventral leaves with relatively sparse trichomes of various morphology and without apparent waxy surface, we cannot confirm that SR removal significantly improves biophysical trait prediction.
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Kuhn, Johannes, Joachim Pander, Luis Habersetzer, Roser Casas-Mulet, and Juergen Geist. "Determining Riverine Surface Roughness at Fluvial Mesohabitat Level and Its Influence on UAV-Based Thermal Imaging Accuracy." Remote Sensing 16, no. 10 (2024): 1674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16101674.
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Water surface roughness (SR) is a highly relevant parameter governing data reliability in remote sensing applications, yet lacking appropriate methodology in riverine habitats. In order to assess thermal accuracy linked to SR of thermal imaging derived from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), we developed the SR Measurement Device (SRMD). The SRMD uses the concept of in situ quantification of wave frequency and wave amplitude. Data of nine installed SRMDs in four different fluvial mesohabitat classes presented a range of 0 to 47 waves per 30 s and an amplitude range of 0 to 6 cm. Even subtle differences between mesohabitat classes run, riffle, and no-/low-flow still and pool areas could be detected with the SRMD. However, SR revealed no significant influence on the accuracy of thermal infrared (TIR) imagery data in our study case. Overall, the presented device expands existing methods of riverine habitat assessments and has the potential to produce highly relevant data of SR for various ecological and technical applications, ranging from remote sensing of surface water and habitat quality characterizations to bank stability and erosion risk assessments.
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Yao, Jianguo, Haixu Liu, Zhankui Wang, Yongwei Zhu, and Jianxiu Su. "Study on the Preparation and Performance of Self-Regressive Fixed Abrasive Chemical Mechanical Polishing Pad." Machines 10, no. 11 (2022): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10110999.
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Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technology is one of the key technologies to realize the global planarization of semiconductor wafer surfaces. With the increasing popularity and universality of its application, more and higher requirements are put forward for ultra-precision machining. As an important part of the CMP system, polishing pads occupy a dominant position. In this paper, a self-regressive fixed abrasive polishing pad (SR-FAPP) was prepared by photo-curing. The physical and mechanical properties of the SR-FAPP and the retreat threshold of the abrasive particles on the SR-FAPP were studied. After the CMP of the SiC wafer with a polyurethane polishing pad and the SR-FAPP, it was found that the material removal rate of the former was 75% higher than that of the latter, and the surface roughness of the latter was 75% higher than that of the former. In the micro-morphology, the scratches on the surface of the latter’s polished SiC wafer were obviously reduced, which effectively improved the unevenness of the scratches on the surface of the SiC wafer after polishing, thus providing a reference for the preparation and performance research of the polishing pad.
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Al-Jadwaa, Fanar Turki, Nadia Modhafer Ahmed Alshakir, Saif Nadhim Hassoon, and Nawal Atiya Al-Sabawi. "Influence of Various Chelating Irrigating Solutions and Protocols on the Micro-hardness and Surface Roughness of Root Dentin." Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry 15, no. 3 (2025): 275–83. https://doi.org/10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_7_25.
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Abstract Aim: Effective irrigants and chemo-mechanical debridement are critical for successful endodontic therapy. However, use of irrigating solutions can significantly alter the physical properties of root canal dentin, particularly its micro-hardness (MH) and surface roughness (SR). This study evaluated and compared the effects of three final chelating irrigants—0.5% chitosan nanoparticle solution (CNPs), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 10% citric acid (CA)—with and without ultrasonic (US) activation on the MH and SR of radicular dentin, aiming for informed clinical endodontic practices. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine extracted mandibular premolars were decoronated, instrumented, longitudinally sectioned, and divided into 98 root halves. These were randomly assigned to two main groups for MH and SR testing and further subdivided (n = 7 per subgroup) based on the irrigant type and protocol: CNPs, CNPs + US, EDTA, EDTA + US, CA, CA + US, and distilled water (control). After 180-s immersion at 37°C, the MH was measured using a Vickers MH tester, while the SR was assessed using an SR tester. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: EDTA and EDTA + US groups showed the most significant MH reduction across all root regions (coronal, middle, and apical), followed by CA and CA + US groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, CNPs and CNPs + US groups showed a significant increase in the MH compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Regarding SR, EDTA and EDTA + US produced the highest roughness values, while CNPs and CNPs + US treatment induced minimal SR changes relative to the control group. Conclusion: CNPs demonstrated superior performance by increasing dentin MH and minimizing SR alterations, suggesting it is a promising, bio-compatible alternative to conventional chelating agents like EDTA for endodontic irrigation.
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Li, Guanzheng, Xingchun Zhang, Yufei Gao, Fan Cui, and Zhenyu Shi. "Surface Topography Analysis and Surface Roughness Prediction Model of Diamond Wire-Sawed NdFeB Magnet Based on Optimized Back Propagation Neural Network." Processes 13, no. 2 (2025): 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020546.
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Wire sawing is an important process in the cutting of NdFeB magnets and the sawed surface topography and surface roughness (SR) are important indicators for assessing surface quality. This paper analyzed the effects of process parameters on the sawed NdFeB surface topography and SR based on orthogonal experiments and then presented an SR prediction model called ISSA-BP, which was based on a BP neural network using an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA). For the problem of insufficient optimization capability of the traditional sparrow search algorithm (SSA), Cubic chaotic mapping, Latin hypercube sampling, the sine–cosine algorithm, Levy flight, and Cauchy mutation were introduced to improve the traditional sparrow search algorithm (SSA) to obtain ISSA, improving algorithm convergence speed and global optimization. The ISSA was then used to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the BP neural network for predicting Ra. Research shows that the sawed surface topography reflects a combination of brittle and ductile material removal. As the workpiece feed speed and size decrease and the wire speed increases, there is a reduction in SR. Compared with the SSA-BP and traditional BP models, the ISSA-BP prediction model has reduced various error indicators such as mean absolute error (MAE) and mean square error (MSE). The mean absolute error (MAE) of the prediction model optimized by the ISSA is 0.064475, the mean square error (MSE) is 0.0072297, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.085028, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 3.7171%. The research results provide an experimental basis and technical support for predicting the SR and optimizing the process parameters in diamond wire-sawing NdFeB.
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Sharma, Ajay, Neel Kanth Grover, and Amandeep Singh. "Effect of Current and Deep Cryogenic Treated EDM Electrodes on Surface Roughness of AISI D3 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.521.
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The paper present the effect of current flow and Deep Cryogenic Treatment (DCT) on the Surface Roughness (SR) of AISI D3 steel machined using EDM. The EDM tool is modified using deep cryogenic treatment to obtain positive results. Cryogenic treatment is a add on process over conventional heat treatment processes which converts retained austenite to martensite along with formation of nano sized carbide. The treatment enhance the properties of materials like wear resistance, hardness, dimensional stability, thermal conductivity and tool consumption rate which are recognized as a important factors in industries. The results show that increase in current level enhance the surface roughness, while deep cryogenic treated electrodes produces less surface roughness as compared to that of non-cryogenic treated electrodes.