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Huber, B., J. E. Drewes, K. C. Lin, R. König, and E. Müller. "Revealing biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion in sludge digesters: detection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within full-scale digesters." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 8 (September 13, 2014): 1405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.371.
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Biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion (BSA) is a costly problem affecting both sewerage infrastructure and sludge handling facilities such as digesters. The aim of this study was to verify BSA in full-scale digesters by identifying the microorganisms involved in the concrete corrosion process, that is, sulfate-reducing (SRB) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). To investigate the SRB and SOB communities, digester sludge and biofilm samples were collected. SRB diversity within digester sludge was studied by applying polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) targeting the dsrB-gene (dissimilatory sulfite reductase beta subunit). To reveal SOB diversity, cultivation dependent and independent techniques were applied. The SRB diversity studies revealed different uncultured SRB, confirming SRB activity and H2S production. Comparable DGGE profiles were obtained from the different sludges, demonstrating the presence of similar SRB species. By cultivation, three pure SOB strains from the digester headspace were obtained including Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Thiomonas intermedia and Thiomonas perometabolis. These organisms were also detected with PCR-DGGE in addition to two new SOB: Thiobacillus thioparus and Paracoccus solventivorans. The SRB and SOB responsible for BSA were identified within five different digesters, demonstrating that BSA is a problem occurring not only in sewer systems but also in sludge digesters. In addition, the presence of different SOB species was successfully associated with the progression of microbial corrosion.
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Abraham, M. C., A. Ruete, and Y. C. B. Brandt. "260 BREED INFLUENCES OUTCOME OF IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF EMBRYOS IN CATTLE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab260.
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Fertility among cattle breeds can vary. The Swedish Red and White dairy breed (SRB) has been systematically bred for good reproductive traits since 1970 and might therefore have retained a better oocyte quality than other dairy breeds. The aim of this study was to determine if the breed of oocyte donor affects the development of embryos using IVM, IVF, and IVC. Oocyte developmental competence in vitro was compared between the SRB (n = 77 animals), the Swedish Holstein breed (SLB, n = 49), and beef breeds (mixed breeds, n = 97). The oocytes (n = 1380, 18 batches) were aspirated from abattoir-derived ovaries from healthy animals with known identity. Statistical analyses were performed using Student’s t-tests and generalized linear mixed models with random effects. The time of collection in relation to slaughter and time of day, as well as aspiration and the following in vitro procedures, were consistent throughout the experiment. The oocytes were matured, fertilized (frozen semen), and cultured according to conventional protocols without serum. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. The SRB and SLB groups were comparable in age [SRB: 66% cows (over 3 years of age), 27% young cows (calved at least once but not over 3 years of age), and 7% heifers; SLB: 63% cows, 20% young cows, and 17% heifers], carcass classification (scale 1-15, where 15 = highest amount of muscle; SRB: 3.8 ± 0.2, SLB 3.5 ± 0.3), body fat (scale 1-15, where 15 =highest amount of fat; SRB: 8.4 ± 0.4, SLB 8.8 ± 0.5) and kilograms of carcass weight (SRB: 297.3±7.4, SLB: 311.6 ± 9.0). The beef group had a significantly higher mean carcass classification (6.2 ± 0.2) and a different age distribution with a higher proportion of heifers (38% cows, 12% young cows, and 50% heifers), but was comparable in body fat content (8.5 ± 0.4) and kilograms of carcass weight (310.9 ± 7.9). Cleavage rate, number of embryos developed beyond the 2-cell stage by 44 h post-fertilization, and the number of blastocysts developed by Days 7 and 8 were noted. All blastocysts were graded and stained with Hoechst 33 342 and the number of nuclei was determined. Cleavage rate was not different among the breeds (SRB: 71.9 ± 0.03%, SLB: 72.5 ± 0.02%, beef: 73.9 ± 0.03%). The percentage of embryos developed beyond 2-cells (from cleaved) did not differ between the beef and SRB (beef: 65.1 ± 6.1%; SRB: 70.4 ± 4.9%) but SLB was significantly greater than than the other breeds (75.4 ± 4.5%). The percentage of blastocysts developed by Day 8 was significantly higher in the beef (21.1 ± 2.7%) and SRB (23.3 ± 3.5%) breeds compared with the SLB (12.5 ± 2.4%). There was no significant difference in blastocyst grades among breeds (scale 1-4, where 1 = highest grade; SRB: 2.4 ± 0.1, SLB: 2.4 ± 0.2, beef: 2.1 ± 0.2), but the number of nuclei in Day 8 blastocysts was significantly lower in the SLB (SRB: 98.9 ± 7.7, SLB: 79.2 ± 8.7, beef: 101.4 ± 6.9). In conclusion, the breed of origin of the oocytes is an important factors affecting the development during in vitro embryo production in cattle. Funded by Formas.
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Nicomrat, Duongruitai. "Decline in Sulfate Reducing Bacterial Consortia by the Sulfur Oxidizing Bacterial Activity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 866 (June 2017): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.866.140.
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In anaerobic environment, dominant sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) consortia are found to cause many serious problems to the oil such as sour oil, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and metal corrosion. They are obligatory anaerobes using sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfites as final electron acceptors and use organic acids or alcohols as a carbon source. In the aerobic system, other dominant niches are sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) playing role in biological oxidation of hydrogen sulfide. These SOB convert H2S into elemental sulfur (S0) by partial oxidation. Since the levels of reduction and oxidation are dependent on the oxygen concentration. In the condition of limited oxygen, sulfate generated by SOB can also be contributed to the reduction of oxygen which encourages SRB proliferation in anaerobic environment. In this research, we were interested to manage the conditions to control the dominant niches by management of oxygen levels. In the experiment, the concentration of sulfate concentration, acidity, sulfide were determined to understand the microbial activity. The results showed after cocultures of SRB and SOB niches in the present of oxygen, the activity of SRB was prevented since a decrease in H2S product but an increase in sulfate concentration were observed. This revealed a promising niches of SOB isolates in the presence of oxygen and active in high sulfide removal. These data indicated the situation suitable for either SOB or SRB community is dependent on oxygen concentration. The management of SOB community can be used as an alternative method to remove contaminating H2S from the system.
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Grigoryan, Aleksandr A., Sabrina L. Cornish, Brenton Buziak, Shiping Lin, Adriana Cavallaro, Joseph J. Arensdorf, and Gerrit Voordouw. "Competitive Oxidation of Volatile Fatty Acids by Sulfate- and Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria from an Oil Field in Argentina." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 14 (May 23, 2008): 4324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00419-08.
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ABSTRACT Acetate, propionate, and butyrate, collectively referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFA), are considered among the most important electron donors for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and heterotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria (hNRB) in oil fields. Samples obtained from a field in the Neuquén Basin, western Argentina, had significant activity of mesophilic SRB, hNRB, and nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (NR-SOB). In microcosms, containing VFA (3 mM each) and excess sulfate, SRB first used propionate and butyrate for the production of acetate, which reached concentrations of up to 12 mM prior to being used as an electron donor for sulfate reduction. In contrast, hNRB used all three organic acids with similar kinetics, while reducing nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen. Transient inhibition of VFA-utilizing SRB was observed with 0.5 mM nitrite and permanent inhibition with concentrations of 1 mM or more. The addition of nitrate to medium flowing into an upflow, packed-bed bioreactor with an established VFA-oxidizing SRB consortium led to a spike of nitrite up to 3 mM. The nitrite-mediated inhibition of SRB led, in turn, to the transient accumulation of up to 13 mM of acetate. The complete utilization of nitrate and the incomplete utilization of VFA, especially propionate, and sulfate indicated that SRB remained partially inhibited. Hence, in addition to lower sulfide concentrations, an increase in the concentration of acetate in the presence of sulfate in waters produced from an oil field subjected to nitrate injection may indicate whether the treatment is successful. The microbial community composition in the bioreactor, as determined by culturing and culture-independent techniques, indicated shifts with an increasing fraction of nitrate. With VFA and sulfate, the SRB genera Desulfobotulus, Desulfotignum, and Desulfobacter as well as the sulfur-reducing Desulfuromonas and the NR-SOB Arcobacter were detected. With VFA and nitrate, Pseudomonas spp. were present. hNRB/NR-SOB from the genus Sulfurospirillum were found under all conditions.
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Nurjanna, Nurjanna, and Ahmadirrahman Fajrihanif. "PENENTUAN BAKTERI SULFAT REDUCING BACTERIA (SRB) DAN SULFUR OXIDAZING BACTERIA (SOB) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT YANG BERBEDA." Media Akuakultur 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ma.5.1.2010.47-50.
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Pengamatan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui populasi bakteri pereduksi sulfat dan pengoksidasi sulfur pada sedimen tambak menggunakan larutan pengencer yang berbeda. Sampel sedimen sebanyak 5 g digerus dengan lumpang penggerus yang steril hingga homogen. Dua jenis larutan pengencer yang steril yaitu larutan garam fisiologis (NaCl 0,85%) 9 mL dan larutan Artificial Sea Water (ASW) atau larutan air laut buatan 9 mL disiapkan. Selanjutnya masing-masing 1 g sedimen tambak yang telah homogen dimasukkan ke dalam larutan pengencer tersebut, kemudian divortex hingga homogen. Setelah homogen masing-masing diambil 100 L, kemudian dimasukkan dalam media penumbuh bakteri SRB dan SOB dalam microplate 24 lubang yang telah disiapkan sebelumnaya. Biakan tersebut kemudian diinkubasi secara Anaerobik selama 12 hari untuk bakteri SRB dan 14 hari untuk SOB. Pengamatan populasi bakteri SRB dilakukan dengan melihat adanya perubahan warna media dari warna merah muda menjadi warna hitam, sedangkan bakteri SOB dapat dilihat dengan adanya perubahan dari warna biru muda menjadi merah bata setelah penambahan larutan kalium iodid (larutan KI 1%) sebanyak 1 mL/lubang microplate. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa populasi bakteri SRB dengan menggunakan pelarut ASW dan garam fisiologis relatif sama terutama pada percobaan periode II dan IV. Sedangkan populasi bakteri SOB relatif lebih tinggi pada penggunaan pelarut garam fisiologis (NaCl 0,85%) dibanding pelarut ASW.
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Bricmont, J., and A. Kupiainen. "Infinite-dimensional SRB measures." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 103, no. 1-4 (April 1997): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2789(96)00250-3.
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Ruelle, David. "Differentiation of SRB States." Communications in Mathematical Physics 187, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002200050134.
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Yin, Juan, Chao-Bing Deng, Hongxiang Zhu, Jianhua Xiong, and Zhuo Sun. "Effective Removal of Lead from Solution by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Cultured with Sugar Byproducts." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1975.
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Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are widely used to remove heavy metals because of their high efficiency. However, the metabolic processes of SRB require additional carbon sources, and the development of low-cost carbon sources has gradually attracted attention. The utilization of sugar byproduct resources, as the low-cost carbon sources, has great practical significance for environmentally sustainable development in Guangxi, China. This study aims to cultivate SRB with low-cost sugar byproducts, apply them to controlling a lead-polluted environment, and study the effects and mechanisms of controlling lead pollution. The research results show that the best culture effect of SBR can be obtained by mixing the filter mud and vinasse in a ratio of 1:1 to 3:1. SRB have average lead removal rates of more than 96.97% in solutions with different lead concentration of 10∼100 mg/L, and SRB have a higher tolerance to high concentrations of lead due to factors such as the organic substance composition of sugar byproducts and the porosity of filter mud. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis show that SRB mainly cause Pb2+ to form PbS precipitate through redox reactions to remove lead from the solution. Therefore, low-cost filters of a mud and vinasse mixture can be used as a medium for SRB and exhibit high heavy metal removal efficiency, thus providing a new utilization of filter mud and vinasse.
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Hubert, Casey, and Gerrit Voordouw. "Oil Field Souring Control by Nitrate-Reducing Sulfurospirillum spp. That Outcompete Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria for Organic Electron Donors." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 8 (February 16, 2007): 2644–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02332-06.
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ABSTRACT Nitrate injection into oil reservoirs can prevent and remediate souring, the production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Nitrate stimulates nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (NR-SOB) and heterotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria (hNRB) that compete with SRB for degradable oil organics. Up-flow, packed-bed bioreactors inoculated with water produced from an oil field and injected with lactate, sulfate, and nitrate served as sources for isolating several NRB, including Sulfurospirillum and Thauera spp. The former coupled reduction of nitrate to nitrite and ammonia with oxidation of either lactate (hNRB activity) or sulfide (NR-SOB activity). Souring control in a bioreactor receiving 12.5 mM lactate and 6, 2, 0.75, or 0.013 mM sulfate always required injection of 10 mM nitrate, irrespective of the sulfate concentration. Community analysis revealed that at all but the lowest sulfate concentration (0.013 mM), significant SRB were present. At 0.013 mM sulfate, direct hNRB-mediated oxidation of lactate by nitrate appeared to be the dominant mechanism. The absence of significant SRB indicated that sulfur cycling does not occur at such low sulfate concentrations. The metabolically versatile Sulfurospirillum spp. were dominant when nitrate was present in the bioreactor. Analysis of cocultures of Desulfovibrio sp. strain Lac3, Lac6, or Lac15 and Sulfurospirillum sp. strain KW indicated its hNRB activity and ability to produce inhibitory concentrations of nitrite to be key factors for it to successfully outcompete oil field SRB.
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Tare, V., and P. C. Sabumon. "Application of Sulfate-Reducing and Sulfide-Oxidizing Bacterial Symbiosis for Wastewater Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.029.
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Abstract This investigation attempted to advance the state of the art of the process which utilizes the symbiotic relationship between the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) for degradation of organic matter present in wastewater. Major emphasis has been on the development of the desired microbial system without any external seed and comparative evaluation of the two types of multistage reversing flow bioreactor (MRB) systems. Biological vessels (BVs) in the MRB systems simulate conditions which correspond to configurations described as upflow sludge blanket and stationary fixed film. Two bench-scale models – one designed to achieve self granulation of sludge (SGS), and the second designed to promote growth of SRB/SOB on additional nonreactive surface – were set up and operated over a period of 4 months. Domestic wastewater supplemented with organic matter from sugar cane molasses was used as feed to develop the desired microbial population. Several visual and microscopic observations confirmed the presence of a significant number of SRB and SOB in all the biological vessels. Results indicated that it is possible to develop SGS and a microbial population of SRB and SOB which could attach to the nonreactive surface without any external seeding. Domestic wastewater could serve as a source of these organisms. Immobilized growth conditions and suspended growth conditions in BVs yield similar results in terms of organic matter utilization. The empirical formula for MRB biomass can be expressed as C11O12H36N5S.
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Jiang, Quanbao, Qun Yu, Shucai Yang, and Jesús J. Sánchez-Barricarte. "CHANGES IN SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN CHINA: A DECOMPOSITION BY BIRTH ORDER." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, no. 6 (November 11, 2016): 826–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000547.
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SummaryThe long-term high sex ratio at birth (SRB) is a serious issue in China. In this study, changes in SRB were decomposed into variations in SRB by birth order and compositional changes in female births by birth order. With SRB data from China’s surveys and censuses, and SRB data from South Korea’s vital registration and censuses from 1980–2015, the trend and decomposition results in SRB were compared between China and South Korea, and the decomposition results for urban and rural SRBs, and for provinces, are presented. In both China and South Korea the rise in the SRB was driven by a rise in the SRB at all birth orders, which was only partly counteracted by the change in the distribution of births by order. The overall rise in the SRB ended when there was a decline in the SRB at second birth or above in South Korea. In China the total effect of variations in SRB of all birth orders increased more for the rural population than for the urban population before 2000, resulting in a higher total SRB for rural than urban population. After 2000, the total effect of variations in SRB of all birth orders lowered the total SRB for the rural population, whereas the effect of compositional change increased the total SRB, leading to a very slight rise in the total SRB for the rural population. At the province level, there was no spatial autocorrelation for the changes in total SRB by province, the total effect of variations in SRB of all birth orders or the effect of compositional change. The effect of variations in SRB by birth order accounted for the majority of changes in total SRB in most provinces.
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Anandkumar, Balakrishnan, Rani P. George, Sundaram Maruthamuthu, Natarajan Parvathavarthini, and Uthandi Kamachi Mudali. "Corrosion characteristics of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and the role of molecular biology in SRB studies: an overview." Corrosion Reviews 34, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2016): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0055.
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AbstractSulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), an anaerobic bacterial group, are found in many environments like freshwater, marine sediments, agricultural soil, and oil wells where sulfate is present. SRB derives energy from electron donors such as sulfate, elemental sulfur or metals, and fermenting nitrate. It is the major bacterial group involved in the microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), souring, and biofouling problems in oil-gas-producing facilities as well as transporting and storage facilities. SRB utilizes sulfate ions as an electron acceptor and produce H2S, which is an agent of corrosion, causing severe economic damages. Various theories have been proposed on the direct involvement of H2S and iron sulfides in corrosion; H2S directly attacks and causes corrosion of metals and alloys. Many reviews have been presented on the aforementioned aspects. This review specifically focused on SRB corrosion and the role of molecular biology tools in SRB corrosion studies viz. cathodic and anodic depolarization theories, corrosion characteristics of thermophilic SRB and influence of hydrogenase, temperature, and pressure in thermophilic SRB corrosion, SRB taxonomy, molecular approaches adopted in SRB taxonomical studies, sulfate and citrate metabolism analyses in completed SRB genomes, and comparative studies on SRB’s dissimilatory sulfite reductase structures.
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Kim, I. S., and J. H. Son. "Impact of COD/N/S ratio on dentrification by the mixed cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfur denitrifying bacteria." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2000): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0360.
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This study proposed a new process, which can carry out denitrification and removal of organics simultaneously in the absence of an external carbon source or in a low COD/N ratio by taking advantage of the symbiotic relationship between sulfur denitrifying bacteria (SDB) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The kinetic and stoichiometric coeficients for nitrate removal by SDB were as follows :k = 0.9 hr-1, Ks = 7 mg NO3-N/L, Y = 0.118 mgVSS/mgNO3-N and Kd = 0.057 hr-1. In the activity tests of the SRB culture, organic matter, acetic acid, was used by the heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (HDB) as an electron donor in the denitrification reactions. When below the theoretical COD/N ratio, the formation of nitrogen gas did not occur because of nitrite accumulation. In the mixed cultures of SDB and SRB, most denitrification reactions were accomplished by SDB using the reduced sulfur compounds as a sulfur source for the removal of the nitrate. Denitrification was completed within 6 hours in all batch reactors with 60% of the produced gas being nitrogen. The rate of denitrification was unaffected by the COD/N ratios. However, the degradation rate of the organic matter was very low.
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Jiang, Quanbao, and Cuiling Zhang. "Recent sex ratio at birth in China." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 5 (May 2021): e005438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005438.
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BackgroundChina’s sex ratio at birth (SRB) has declined in the past decade but still exceeds the normal level. This study seeks to depict the SRB trend in the past two decades.MethodsWe depicted the SRB trend, including SRB by birth order, children composition, residence and hukou type, education, race and province using latest data available from multiple data sources and standardisation and decomposition methods.ResultsThe SRB remained around 120 in the first decade from 2000 to 2010, and recently declined and approached the normal level during 2010–2020. The SRB for second births and first births converged to the normal level, whereas the SRB for third and above births exceeded the normal level. The rising proportion of second births increased, whereas the decreasing proportion of first births reduced the overall SRB. Parents with only daughters are more likely to abort a female fetus in pursuit of a son, while parents with only sons are more likely to abort a male fetus in pursuit of a daughter. It also shows difference in SRB by residence, hukou type, educational attainment and race. Urban SRB was lower than rural SRB, by the residence and hukou type, but higher than rural SRB after being standardised. Provinces still exhibit differences by original categorised policy even after the implementation of the universal two-child policy.ConclusionsChina’s SRB has declined substantially during the past two decades, but the negative effects need to be tackled.
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HATOMOTO, Jin. "Ergodic Measures of SRB Attractors." Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 30, no. 1 (June 2007): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3836/tjm/1184963660.
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Catsigeras, Eleonora, and Heber Enrich. "SRB-like Measures for C0Dynamics." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Mathematics 59, no. 2 (2011): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/ba59-2-5.
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Benvenuti, C. "The SRB solar thermal panel." Europhysics News 44, no. 3 (May 2013): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2013301.
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Hu, Xiaobing, Biaosheng Lin, and Fengqing Gao. "Enhanced biotreatment of acid mine drainage in the presence of zero-valent iron and zero-valent copper." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2018.014.
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Abstract Batch laboratorial experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of Fe0, Cu0 and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) for reduction and removal of sulfate and heavy metals from synthetic acid mine drainage. The variation in solution pH indicates that the Fe0/Cu0 bimetallic system provided favorable conditions for SRB growth and sulfate reduction. When the SO42− concentration of wastewater was 3,000 mg/L, the SO42− removal efficiency was 51.6% for the SRB system, 76.3% for the Fe + SRB system, and 92.0% for the Fe/Cu + SRB system. Moreover, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions were completely removed. The results demonstrate that the Fe/Cu + SRB system had apparent advantages over the SRB system, especially at low pH. This study demonstrates that an Fe/Cu + SRB system could be a promising technology for treating wastewater containing high concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals.
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Shen, Wei, Ji Wei Hu, Xian Fei Huang, Jin Mei, Li Ya Fu, Ji Ping Zhang, and Jin Luo. "Study on Correlations between Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Geochemical Factors in Sediments from Baihua Lake." Advanced Materials Research 599 (November 2012): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.76.
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This paper reports a study on the distribution characteristics of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in seventeen sediment samples collected from Baihua Lake (a man-made deep plateau reservoir in Guizhou Province, China), and analyzes the correlations between the SRB content and pH value, organic matter (OM), AVS, Fe, Hg, As, Cu, Ca, Mg in the sediments. The results showed that the sediment collected from the sampling site of Yapengzhai had the highest population of SRB, and the sediment from the sampling site of Longtan SRB presented the lowest population of SRB. Moreover, there were positive correlations between SRB and OM, AVS, Fe, Hg, As, Cu, Ca, Mg whereas the negative correlations existed between the SRB content and pH value.
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Ge, Tingshuai, Li Mei, Xiujun Tai, and Quanbao Jiang. "Change in China’s SRB: A Dynamic Spatial Panel Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 8018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218018.
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There has been some research on factors affecting China’s rising sex ratio at birth (SRB), but the spatial dependence has been largely neglected. With China’s census and sample survey data and the dynamic spatial Durbin model; we analyzed the changes in SRB in China. We found that SRB and its influencing factors were spatially correlated at the provincial level. For direct effects; urbanization significantly reduced SRB in this region; while strict family planning policies increased SRB in the local region. For indirect effects; the increase in per capita Gross Domestic Product and urbanization led to an increase in the SRB of the neighboring regions through population mobility. By comparison; educational improvement in one region benefited the neighboring provinces and reduced SRB.
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Duan, Dong Xia, and Cun Guo Lin. "Effect of Surface Free Energy and Electrochemical Polarization on Attachment of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1967.
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Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) were most common bacteria involved in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). In this paper, the influences of surface free energy and electrochemical polarization on sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) attachment were investigated. Microbial adhesive to hydrocarbons experiment and zeta potential test showed that SRB were relative hydrophobic and were negative charged. SRB showed affinity to substratum with higher water contact angle and its biofilm formation led to alterations in the hydrophocibity of the substratum surface. The mild steel was used to systematically examine the effect of electrochemical polarization on SRB attachment. At -800mV (vs.SCE), the sessile number was similar to those without polarization. At -950mV and -1000mV, the polarization promoted SRB attachment. At -1100mV and -1200mV, the adhered cell number decreased sharply compared to those at -1000mV. SRB attachment was inhibited, at an applied potential of -1300mV. These results indicated that the infuence of negative polarization on SRB attachment was dependent on applied potential.
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Kushkevych, Ivan, Dani Dordević, Monika Vítězová, and Simon K. M. R. Rittmann. "Environmental Impact of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Their Role in Intestinal Bowel Diseases, and Possible Control by Bacteriophages." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020735.
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Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) represent a group of prokaryotic microorganisms that are widely spread in the anoxic environment (seabed, riverbed and lakebed sediments, mud, intestinal tract of humans and animals, metal surfaces). SRB species also have an impact on processes occurring in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, including the connections between their presence and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Since these SRB can develop antimicrobial resistance toward the drugs, including antibiotics and antimicrobial agents, bacteriophages could represent an additional potential effective treatment. The main objectives of the review were as follows: (a) to review SRB (both from intestinal and environmental sources) regarding their role in intestinal diseases as well as their influence in environmental processes; and (b) to review, according to literature data, the influence of bacteriophages on SRB and their possible applications. Since SRB can have a significant adverse influence on industry as well as on humans and animals health, phage treatment of SRB can be seen as a possible effective method of SRB inhibition. However, there are relatively few studies concerning the influence of phages on SRB strains. Siphoviridae and Myoviridae families represent the main sulfide-producing bacteria phages. The most recent studies induced, by UV light, bacteriophages from Desulfovibrio vulgaris NCIMB 8303 and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 13541. Notwithstanding costly and medically significant negative impacts of phages on SRB, they have been the subject of relatively few studies. The current search for alternatives to chemical biocides and antibiotics has led to the renewed interest in phages as antibacterial biocontrol and therapeutic agents, including their use against SRB. Hence, phages might represent a promising treatment against SRB in the future.
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Liu, Hongwei, Haixian Liu, and Yuxuan Zhang. "Galvanic Corrosion Due to a Heterogeneous Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Biofilm." Coatings 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111116.
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In this work, the galvanic corrosion behavior of sulfate reducing Desulfotomaculum nigrificans biofilm-covered and uncovered carbon steel was investigated using various electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the bare specimen in the abiotic solution functions as the anode; whereas the biofilm-covered specimen in the SRB-containing solution functions as the cathode after two electrodes being coupled. The anodic reaction of specimen in the biotic solution containing SRB was inhibited; whereas the cathodic reaction was considerably promoted after coupling. Hence, localized corrosion of specimen in the abiotic solution was observed due to the galvanic corrosion effect. SRB could still accelerate steel corrosion even after coupling, but the results indicate that the contribution of SRB to steel corrosion decreased. The localized corrosion of steel in the SRB-containing environments not only involved the SRB biofilm, but also a galvanic corrosion effect. The flow of electrons from the anodic dissolution of Fe in the abiotic solution to the SRB cells of cathodic area decreased the acceptance capacity of electrons by SRB from steel beneath biofilm. As a result, the steel corrosion beneath SRB biofilm decreased after coupling.
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Ding, Qingmiao, Liping Fang, Yanyu Cui, and Yujun Wang. "Experimental Study on the Influence of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria on the Metallic Corrosion Behavior under Disbonded Coating." International Journal of Corrosion 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9740817.
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A rectangle disbonded coating simulation device was used to research the effect of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on the metallic corrosion behavior under disbonded coating by the electrochemical method. The results showed that the metal self-corrosion potential at the same test point had little change in the initial experiment stage, whether the solution was without or with SRB. The potential amplitude in the solution with SRB was larger than that without SRB in the later corrosion period. The corrosion current density of the metal at the same test point increased gradually over time in the solution with or without SRB, and SRB could accelerate the corrosion of the metal in the disbonded crevice. The metal self-corrosion potential in the crevice had little change in the SRB solution environment after adding the fungicide, but the corrosion current density decreased significantly. That meant the growth and reproduction of SRB were inhibited after adding the fungicide, so the metal corrosion rate slowed down. Among the three kinds of solution environment, increasing the coating disbonded thickness could accelerate the corrosion of the metal in the crevice, and it was the largest in the solution with SRB.
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Power, M. E., J. C. Araujo, J. R. van der Meer, H. Harms, and O. Wanner. "Monitoring sulfate-reducing bacteria in heterotrophic biofilms." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0326.
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To a laboratory reactor, in which heterotrophic biofilms were grown on stainless steel coupons under aerobic conditions, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were added in order to elucidate whether and how these microorganisms were going to establish themselves in the biofilm. Polymerase chain reaction for the dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene and in situ hybridization with probes directed against 16S ribosomal RNA were used to detect the SRB in the biofilm. Both methods proved to be suitable tools for monitoring the SRB in these experiments, which lasted seven days. In a first series of experiments, in which the SRB were added after a biofilm had already developed, the SRB could be detected only one day after addition. No evidence was found that the SRB penetrated the biofilm and established themselves in the anaerobic niches which were present. In a second series of experiments, in which the SRB were inoculated together with a seed of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms, the SRB were present in the biofilm over the whole biofilm depth and for the duration of the experiment. The study suggests that colonization of the steel coupons by the SRB added to the bulk fluid is hampered by the already developed biofilm, even though the heterogeneous biofilm structure and anaerobic zones in the biofilm depth offer the possibility for the SRB to penetrate and establish themselves.
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Raju Sagiraju, Hari K., Chen-Pin Wang, Megan E. Amuan, Anne C. Van Cott, Hamada H. Altalib, and Mary Jo V. Pugh. "Antiepileptic drugs and suicide-related behavior." Neurology: Clinical Practice 8, no. 4 (July 16, 2018): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000489.
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BackgroundWe sought to compare trends of suicide-related behavior (SRB) before and after initiation of antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy among AED users (with and without epilepsy) to that of individuals without AED use controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and mental health comorbidity.MethodsWe used national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data for post-9/11 veterans who received VHA care (2013–2014) without prior AED use. We conducted generalized estimation equation (GEE) analyses, stratified by epilepsy status and type of AED received, to assess the trend of SRB prevalence the year prior to and after the index date (date of first AED prescription/date of first health care encounter for non-AED users) controlling for sociodemographic factors and mental health comorbidity.ResultsThe GEE analysis showed significant curvilinear trends of SRB prevalence over the 24-month study period among the AED users, indicating that the probability of SRB diagnoses increased over time with a peak before the index month and decreased thereafter. Similar patterns were observed among non-AED users, but significantly lower odds for SRB. Among AED users, there were no significant differences by epilepsy status; however, higher SRB prevalence and differential SRB trajectory measures were observed among those who received AEDs with mood-stabilizing action.ConclusionsThe peak of SRB prior to and rapid reduction in SRB after initiation of AED, and the finding that individuals eventually prescribed a mood-stabilizing AED (vs other AED or levetiracetam) had higher odds of SRB, suggests a strong possibility that the relationship of AED and SRB is one of residual confounding.
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Kiselica, Andrew M., Alyssa N. Kaser, Troy A. Webber, Brent J. Small, and Jared F. Benge. "Development and Preliminary Validation of Standardized Regression-Based Change Scores as Measures of Transitional Cognitive Decline." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1168–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa042.
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Abstract Objective An increasing focus in Alzheimer’s disease and aging research is to identify transitional cognitive decline. One means of indexing change over time in serial cognitive evaluations is to calculate standardized regression-based (SRB) change indices. This paper includes the development and preliminary validation of SRB indices for the Uniform Data Set 3.0 Neuropsychological Battery, as well as base rate data to aid in their interpretation. Method The sample included 1,341 cognitively intact older adults with serial assessments over 0.5–2 years in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Database. SRB change scores were calculated in half of the sample and then validated in the other half of the sample. Base rates of SRB decline were evaluated at z-score cut-points, corresponding to two-tailed p-values of .20 (z = −1.282), .10 (z = −1.645), and .05 (z = −1.96). We examined convergent associations of SRB indices for each cognitive measure with each other as well as concurrent associations of SRB indices with clinical dementia rating sum of box scores (CDR-SB). Results SRB equations were able to significantly predict the selected cognitive variables. The base rate of at least one significant SRB decline across the entire battery ranged from 26.70% to 58.10%. SRB indices for cognitive measures demonstrated theoretically expected significant positive associations with each other. Additionally, CDR-SB impairment was associated with an increasing number of significantly declined test scores. Conclusions This paper provides preliminary validation of SRB indices in a large sample, and we present a user-friendly tool for calculating SRB values.
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Chen, Lijuan, Bo Wei, and Xianghong Xu. "Effect of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) on the Corrosion of Buried Pipe Steel in Acidic Soil Solution." Coatings 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060625.
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The influence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) on the corrosion behaviors of X80 pipeline steel was investigated in a soil environment by electrochemical techniques and surface analysis. It was found that SRB grew well in the acidic soil environment and further attached to the coupon surface, resulting in microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of the steel. The corrosion process of X80 steel was significantly affected by the SRB biofilm on the steel surface. Steel corrosion was inhibited by the highly bioactive SRB biofilm at the early stage of the experiment, while SRB can accelerate the corrosion of steel at the later stage of the experiment. The steel surface suffered severe pitting corrosion in the SRB-containing soil solution.
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Wang, Xin, Jin Xu, and Cheng Sun. "Influence of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria on Corrosion of Steel Q235 during Natural Evaporation in Soils." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.243.
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Corrosion behavior of steel Q235 was investigated during natural evaporation in soils with and without sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) by microbiological analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and electron-probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). The results show that during natural evaporation, oxygen content increases, amounts of SRB decrease, and the corrosion rates of steel Q235 increase with decreasing humidity of soils with and without SRB. Increments of the corrosion rates are much bigger in soils with SRB than those without SRB.
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Zhao, Ping, Jia Xing Yang, Dun Yong Du, Cheng Sun, and Jin Xu. "The Effects of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria on Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Q235 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 1541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.1541.
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The crevice corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel has been studied under the simulated disbonded coating with an aperture of 1.0mm in the soil-extract solution (SES) with and without sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) by using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface morphologies of the steel after experiment were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results showed that the capacitive arc of the Q235 steel electrode in SRB containing solution is smaller than that in the aseptic solution at the initial stage of test. However, after 19 days, the capacitive arc of the steel in bacteria containing solution becomes bigger than that in the aseptic solution, and corrosion rate of the steel was smaller in the SES with SRB than that without SRB. The degree of the corrosion on the surface of steel Q235 was more severe after 44 days in the SES without SRB than that with SRB. However, corrosion pits were found on the surface of Q235 steel in the SES with SRB.
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Li, Fu Shao, Mao Zhong An, and Dong Xia Duan. "Effects of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria on the Corrosion of Q235." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1777.
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Various corrosion media were prepared by dual-cells experimental setup, including fresh sterilized culture medium, culture medium with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and culture medium containing only SRB metabolites. Corrosion exposure tests of Q235 carbon steel were conducted in these media, and effects of SRB on the corrosion behavior of Q235 were studied by electrochemical methods and surface analyses. As the results, Q235 was uniformly corroded in the fresh sterilized culture medium in a mode of active dissolution; in the culture medium of SRB, Q235 was protected by the iron sulfides layer to some extent in the early stage of exposure, but severely localized corrosion subsequently occurred resulting from the localized breakdown of iron sulfides layer in presence of SRB and SRB biofilm; while in the culture medium containing only SRB metabolites, Q235 was well protected over the whole exposure period, suggesting that a uniform and stable layer of iron sulfides was formed in this medium.
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Le, Vui Thi, Duc Minh Duong, Anh Duy Nguyen, Chuong Canh Nguyen, Ha Thi Thu Bui, Cuong Viet Pham, Thi Minh Le, and Bich Huu Tran. "Sex Ratio at Birth in Vietnam: Results From Data in CHILILAB HDSS, 2004 to 2013." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 5_suppl (July 2017): 25S—34S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517718334.
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This study aimed to explore the association of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and imbalanced sex ratio at birth (SRB) in Chi Linh district, Hai Duong. The data were collected from a longitudinal study using a community-based periodic, referred as Chi Linh Health and Demographic Surveillance System (CHILILAB HDSS) during 2004 to 2013. A total of 7568 children were analyzed. Results showed that SRB in Chi Linh dramatically increased to the imbalanced sex ratio (114.6 boys to 100 girls) by 2013. SRB was associated with birth order and sex of preceding siblings. SRB was extremely high among families without any sons (136/100). SRB was highest among families having third or more children (175/100). Imbalanced SRB was more likely to occur among women working in small business/homemakers and others, women who attained high education level, and women in wealthy households. We suggested further efforts to tackle imbalanced SRB in periurban areas in Vietnam.
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Shaffer, Catherine S., Erik M. D. Gulbransen, Jodi L. Viljoen, Ronald Roesch, and Kevin S. Douglas. "Predictive Validity of the MAYSI-2 and PAI-A for Suicide-Related Behavior and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Adjudicated Adolescent Offenders on Probation." Criminal Justice and Behavior 45, no. 9 (July 12, 2018): 1383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854818784988.
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This prospective study evaluated the ability of the MAYSI-2 and PAI-A to predict suicide-related behavior (SRB) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adjudicated adolescent offenders on probation. Predictive validity of the MAYSI-2 for SRB and NSSI has generally been postdictively examined among detained adolescents. In addition, no published studies have examined the predictive validity of the PAI-A for SRB and NSSI among adolescent offenders. Neither the MAYSI-2 nor PAI-A added incremental predictive validity above lifetime SRB or NSSI. However, several MAYSI-2 and PAI-A subscales were predictive of SRB or NSSI. With some exceptions, most recommended instrument cut-off scores differentiated between low-risk and high-risk youth. These findings suggest that the MAYSI-2 and PAI-A hold promise for evaluating SRB and NSSI among justice-involved youth. In addition, these findings contribute to more informed decisions regarding the use of these tools and can be used to inform SRB and NSSI prevention efforts.
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Sugar, David, and Kate A. Powers. "Maturity and Storage Performance of `Bartlett' and `Sensation Red Bartlett' Pears." HortScience 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.1.18.
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A study was conducted to determine whether or not the practice of harvesting `Sensation Red Bartlett' (SRB) pear (Pyres communis L.) fruit later than `Bartlett' fruit results in a higher risk of core breakdown development in SRB fruit. Over a range of harvest dates in 2 years of study, incidence of core breakdown in SRB fruit was lower than in `Bartlett' fruit from the same orchard. The disorder increased in both cultivars with longer storage periods, but was usually less in SRB than in `Bartlett'. Core breakdown in both cultivars was more severe in the second year of the study, when lower summer temperatures prevailed. SRB maintained higher fruit firmness on the tree than did `Bartlett'. Accordingly, harvesting SRB later than `Bartlett' appears to be an acceptable practice.
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Gu, Qi Yuan, Xing Yu Liu, and Zi Ning Wang. "Enhanced Performance of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) Granules Process by Using Diatomite as Functional Carrier Material." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.206.
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Removal of heavy metals by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) granules in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was investigated. Diatomite was adding to stimulate the formation of SRB sludge granule as a kind of functional carrier material. The diatomite was found to be the good bacteria carrier, due to its high porous structure, which promoted the granulation in the UASB. The results indicated that the Bio-diatomite SRB granule process can be operated at HRT of 15 h, and achieve high removal rates of total Fe, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+. Compared to the Bio-diatomite SRB granule, freely suspended SRB could be washed out of the reactor. The Bio-diatomite SRB granule process can be a technical solution for heavy metal containing wastewater treatment with an efficient reduction of heavy metals.
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Deplancke, B., K. R. Hristova, H. A. Oakley, V. J. McCracken, R. Aminov, R. I. Mackie, and H. R. Gaskins. "Molecular Ecological Analysis of the Succession and Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.5.2166-2174.2000.
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ABSTRACT Intestinal sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) growth and resultant hydrogen sulfide production may damage the gastrointestinal epithelium and thereby contribute to chronic intestinal disorders. However, the ecology and phylogenetic diversity of intestinal dissimilatory SRB populations are poorly understood, and endogenous or exogenous sources of available sulfate are not well defined. The succession of intestinal SRB was therefore compared in inbred C57BL/6J mice using a PCR-based metabolic molecular ecology (MME) approach that targets a conserved region of subunit A of the adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase gene. The APS reductase-based MME strategy revealed intestinal SRB in the stomach and small intestine of 1-, 4-, and 7-day-old mice and throughout the gastrointestinal tract of 14-, 21-, 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old mice. Phylogenetic analysis of APS reductase amplicons obtained from the stomach, middle small intestine, and cecum of neonatal mice revealed that Desulfotomaculum spp. may be a predominant SRB group in the neonatal mouse intestine. Dot blot hybridizations with SRB-specific 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes demonstrated SRB colonization of the cecum and colon pre- and postweaning and colonization of the stomach and small intestine of mature mice only. The 16S rDNA hybridization data further demonstrated that SRB populations were most numerous in intestinal regions harboring sulfomucin-containing goblet cells, regardless of age. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis demonstrated APS reductase mRNA expression in all intestinal segments of 30-day-old mice, including the stomach. These results demonstrate for the first time widespread colonization of the mouse intestine by dissimilatory SRB and evidence of spatial-specific SRB populations and sulfomucin patterns along the gastrointestinal tract.
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Allen, Ashley Rebekah, Angelica R. Putnam, Angela P. Presson, Chelsea McCarty Allen, Douglas C. Barnhart, and Michael D. Rollins. "Accuracy of Suction Rectal Biopsy for Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's Disease in Neonates." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 29, no. 05 (August 1, 2018): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1667040.
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Introduction Recent publications have questioned the sensitivity of suction rectal biopsy (SRB) for diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) in newborns. A recent European survey reported that 39% of pediatric surgeons performed full-thickness transanal biopsies due to concerns about the accuracy of SRB. We sought to examine our contemporary SRB experience in infants. Materials and Methods A review was performed (2007–2016) of patients under 6 months of age who had a SRB at our children's hospital. The cohort was subdivided by postmenstrual age at time of SRB: preterm (< 40 weeks, A), term neonate (40–44 weeks, B), and infant (> 44 weeks, C). The pathology reports from endorectal pull-through were used as gold standard confirmation. One-year follow-up of patients with negative SRB was used to confirm accurate diagnosis. Results A total of 153 patients met the criteria and a total of 159 SRBs (< 2,500 g; n = 26) were performed (A = 60, B = 58, C = 35). Forty-three patients were diagnosed with HD (A = 25, B = 15, C = 3). A second SRB was performed in 6 (3.9%) patients due to inadequate tissue (A = 2, B = 2, C = 2) with HD diagnosed in 5. No complications occurred. Sensitivity and specificity of SRB was 100% in all age groups. Half of the patients with a negative SRB had at least 1 year follow-up, with none subsequently diagnosed with HD. Conclusion SRB results in adequate tissue for evaluation of HD in nearly all patients less than 6 months of age on the first attempt and is highly accurate in the preterm and newborn infants. No complications occurred, even among infants less than 2,500 g.
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Ishak, Nur Bazilah. "The Effect of Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans To Carbon Steel Grade API 5L X70." Journal of Engineering and Science Research 3, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26666/rmp.jesr.2019.1.5.
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Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) caused by the presence of Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is a big concern in heavy industries. Pipeline infrastructure may experience severe metal loss due to corrosion induced by the species and can potentially lead to catastrophic failure. By studying SRB growth condition, important parameter can be controlled to prevent or slow down a corrosion process. This study discussed on the effect of pH value to the corrosion growth rate on API 5L X70 low carbon steel subjected to outer part of underground pipeline. In this research, the type of SRB that's been used is Postgate C of Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans. There are 80 numbers of samples prepared with various pH value and temperature, which each of the samples contains two coupon steel immersed in the medium together with SRB for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The process in determining weight loss is analyzed and the corrosion rate for each steel sample is identified by weight loss. The result is plotted and analyzed, the particular pH values and temperature affect the growth of SRB in the medium where the existence of SRB could accelerate the corrosion rate towards the steel surface of API X-70. The samples are exposed to SRB in days’ time. This experiment aims to determine the optimum temperature for SRB growth and demonstrate the corrosion rate simulation using One-Factor-at-A-Time method (OFAT) method. The consequences of SRB activity, it is shown that pitting corrosion produced on the surface of steel. In fact, the sulphur element is identified as one of the corrosion products due to SRB activity.
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Dubuc, Sylvie, and Devinderjit Singh Sivia. "Is sex ratio at birth an appropriate measure of prenatal sex selection? Findings of a theoretical model and its application to India." BMJ Global Health 3, no. 4 (July 2018): e000675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000675.
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Son preference and prenatal sex selection against females have resulted in significant sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalances well documented in several Asian countries, including India and China. The SRB bias is generally used as indicator for the extent and trends of prenatal sex selection against females. Decreasing fertility levels are expected to increase sex selection and thus SRB bias, since desiring fewer children increases the risk for families to remain sonless (fertility squeeze effect). We developed and employ mathematical models linking family size, birth order and childbearing strategies with population SRB bias. We show that SRB bias can increase despite fewer sex selection interventions occurring, inconsistent with the expectation of the fertility squeeze effect. We show that a disproportionality effect of fertility reduction amplifies SRB bias, in addition to the fertility squeeze effect, making SRB bias an inaccurate indicator for changes in sex selection practices within a population. We propose to use sex selection propensity (proportion of couples intervening) to measure behavioural change and evaluate policies targeting sex selection practices. We apply our findings to India, showing for instance that sex selection propensity in Punjab and Delhi was lower than in Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh, despite significantly higher SRB bias in the former. While we observe a continuous overall increase in the SRB over the 2005–2010 period in India, our results indicate that prenatal sex selection propensity started declining during that period.
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Chao, Fengqing, Patrick Gerland, Alex R. Cook, and Leontine Alkema. "Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 19 (April 15, 2019): 9303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812593116.
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The sex ratio at birth (SRB; ratio of male to female live births) imbalance in parts of the world over the past few decades is a direct consequence of sex-selective abortion, driven by the coexistence of son preference, readily available technology of prenatal sex determination, and fertility decline. Estimation of the degree of SRB imbalance is complicated because of unknown SRB reference levels and because of the uncertainty associated with SRB observations. There are needs for reproducible methods to construct SRB estimates with uncertainty, and to assess SRB inflation due to sex-selective abortion. We compile an extensive database from vital registration systems, censuses and surveys with 10,835 observations, and 16,602 country-years of information from 202 countries. We develop Bayesian methods for SRB estimation for all countries from 1950 to 2017. We model the SRB regional and national reference levels, the fluctuation around national reference levels, and the inflation. The estimated regional reference levels range from 1.031 (95% uncertainty interval [1.027; 1.036]) in sub-Saharan Africa to 1.063 [1.055; 1.072] in southeastern Asia, 1.063 [1.054; 1.072] in eastern Asia, and 1.067 [1.058; 1.077] in Oceania. We identify 12 countries with strong statistical evidence of SRB imbalance during 1970–2017, resulting in 23.1 [19.0; 28.3] million missing female births globally. The majority of those missing female births are in China, with 11.9 [8.5; 15.8] million, and in India, with 10.6 [8.0; 13.6] million.
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van den Brand, Tessa, Laura Snip, Luc Palmen, Paul Weij, Jan Sipma, and Mark van Loosdrecht. "Sulfate reducing bacteria applied to domestic wastewater." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.068.
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Abstract The application of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) to treat municipal wastewater is seldom considered. For instance, due to low sludge yield it can reduce the amount of excess sludge produced significantly. Several studies, mainly at laboratory-scale, revealed that SRB can proliferate in artificial wastewater systems at temperatures of 20°C and lower. So far, the application of SRB in a domestic wastewater treatment plant has been limited. Therefore, this study evaluates the proliferation of SRB at pilot-scale in a moderate climate. This study revealed that SRB were present and active in the pilot fed with domestic wastewater at 13°C, and outcompete methanogens. Stable, smooth and well-settled granule formation occurred, which is beneficial for full-scale application. In the Netherlands the sulfate concentration is usually low (<500 mg/L), therefore the application of SRB seems challenging as sulfate is limiting. Additional measurements indicated the presence of other sulfur sources, therefore higher sulfur levels were available, which makes it possible to remove more than 75% of the chemical oxygen demand (excluding sulfide) based on SRB activity. The beneficial application of SRB to domestic wastewater treatment might therefore be valid for more locations than initially expected.
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Martín, Miriam, Carolina Gonzálvez, María Vicent, Ricardo Sanmartín, Aitana Fernández-Sogorb, and José M. García-Fernández. "School Refusal Behavior Profiles, Optimism/Pessimism, and Personality Traits in Spanish Children." Education Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090524.
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The relationship between school refusal behavior (SRB) profiles and personality traits has received little attention from investigators. Identifying the profiles of students with school attendance problems may improve the understanding of the characteristics defining these students. The aim of this study was to identify different SRB profiles and analyze the relationship between these profiles, and optimism/pessimism and personality traits. The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised, the Youth Life Orientation Test, and the Big Five Questionnaire were administrated to 739 Spanish students aged 8–11 (Mage = 9.92; SD = 1.12). Pearson’s correlation coefficients revealed a significant association between personality dimensions and SRB. Three distinct profiles were identified: (1) SRB by negative reinforcement (high scores on avoiding school-related stimuli provoking negative affectivity), (2) SRB by positive reinforcement (high scores on pursuing positive tangible reinforcement outside of school), and (3) Low SRB. The SRB profile by positive reinforcement scored higher on Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness, and Optimism, whereas the SRB profile by negative reinforcement scored higher on Neuroticism and Pessimism. More statically significant differences were found between the negative and positive reinforcement profiles. The role of negative personality traits and pessimism as risk factors for students who are truant or refuse to attend school are discussed.
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Xu, Ya-Nan, and Yinguang Chen. "Advances in heavy metal removal by sulfate-reducing bacteria." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 1797–827. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.227.
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Abstract Industrial development has led to generation of large volumes of wastewater containing heavy metals, which need to be removed before the wastewater is released into the environment. Chemical and electrochemical methods are traditionally applied to treat this type of wastewater. These conventional methods have several shortcomings, such as secondary pollution and cost. Bioprocesses are gradually gaining popularity because of their high selectivities, low costs, and reduced environmental pollution. Removal of heavy metals by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is an economical and effective alternative to conventional methods. The limitations of and advances in SRB activity have not been comprehensively reviewed. In this paper, recent advances from laboratory studies in heavy metal removal by SRB were reported. Firstly, the mechanism of heavy metal removal by SRB is introduced. Then, the factors affecting microbial activity and metal removal efficiency are elucidated and discussed in detail. In addition, recent advances in selection of an electron donor, enhancement of SRB activity, and improvement of SRB tolerance to heavy metals are reviewed. Furthermore, key points for future studies of the SRB process are proposed.
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Chen, Dong Sheng, Yong Zhang Zhou, Min Liu, Kai Wei Guo, and Wu Ji Wei. "Studies on Corrosion Behavior of Q235 Steel by Iron Bacteria, Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Total General Bacteria in Sedimentary Water of Storage Tank." Advanced Materials Research 337 (September 2011): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.337.281.
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The corrosion behavior of Q235 steel by Iron Bacteria (IB), Sulfate-reducing Bacteria (SRB) and Total General Bacteria (TGB) in sedimentary water of storage tank from an aromatics plant was investigated mainly by static hanging piece method, potentiodynamic polarization curve and hysteresis loop method. The results showed that the interaction of IB, SRB and TGB accelerated the corrosion rate of Q235 steel. The corrosion current density of Q235 steel electrode in IB, SRB and TGB solution was higher than that in the sterile solution, and the corrosion potential shifted in negative direction. IB, SRB and TGB reduced the corrosion resistance of Q235 steel. The corrosion of Q235 steel in the mixture of IB, SRB and TGB was more serious than in a single microbial system. The presence of IB, SRB and TGB made the pitting occur easily.
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Bahsoun, Wael, and Paweł Góra. "SRB measures for certain Markov processes." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A 30, no. 1 (2011): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2011.30.17.
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COWIESON, WILLIAM, and LAI-SANG YOUNG. "SRB measures as zero-noise limits." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 25, no. 4 (May 19, 2005): 1115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385704000604.
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Urbanski, Mariusz, and Christian Wolf. "SRB measures for Axiom A endomorphisms." Mathematical Research Letters 11, no. 6 (2004): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/mrl.2004.v11.n6.a6.
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Ren, Guang Meng, Xiu Min Yang, Li Na Yin, Ke Jie Luo, Yu Pan, and Xian Kui Shi. "Preliminary Study on Culture of SRB and its Application in Treatment of Wastewater Containing Polyacrylimade." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.621.
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Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) was concentrated cultured and used to treat wastewater containing polyacrylimade. Viscosity loss was selected to indicate degradation of polyacrylimade. The experimental results show that SRB can be obtained from oil refinery wastewater. Suitable pH value, inoculation amount and polymer concentration for SRB were 7, 1% and 250mg/L to 400mg/L, respectively. The results also show that treatment of wastewater containing polymer by SRB is a perspective method.
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Katsuki, Ryoko, Hiroaki Kubo, Itsuki Yamakawa, Naotaka Shinfuku, Norman Sartorius, Shinji Sakamoto, and Takahiro A. Kato. "Association between Self-Restraint Behavior, Stigma and Depressive Tendency in Office Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan—Self-Restraint Behavior and Depression during the COVID-19." Psychiatry International 2, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2030023.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to change their lifestyles, especially with respect to restrictions on going out. Forced quarantine (i.e., lockdown) and self-restraint behavior (SRB), including self-quarantine, are suggested to induce potential negative impacts on public mental health. SRB seems to be related to governmental policies, each individual’s social background and mental condition; however, no empirical studies have been conducted. Methods: 1053 participants (mainly office workers) from epidemic areas and non-epidemic areas in Japan voluntarily conducted an online survey in June 2020. We assessed COVID-19-related aspects such as the degree of SRB, motivation for SRB, stigma, anxiety and depressive feelings due to COVID-19 by original questionnaires) and general mental health status (social anxiety by MINI-SPIN, depressive tendency by PHQ-9, depression-related personality traits by TACS-22 and resilience by TRS). Results: Regional comparison showed significant differences in SRB and social anxiety. People in epidemic areas tend to refrain from going out. Conversely, people in non-epidemic areas tend to shun the public eye. Regardless of epidemic status, proactive SRB was associated with higher motivation for SRB, higher social anxiety, higher depressive tendency, stronger COVID-19-related psychological factors and lower resilience. Moreover, people with proactive SRB in non-epidemic areas had the highest depressive tendency. Discussion: The present cross-sectional survey among office workers in Japan showed that people with proactive SRB have stronger COVID-19-related anxiety and depressive feelings, regardless of where they live. Our key finding is that people with proactive SRB in non-epidemic areas have the highest depressive tendency. Based on the present finding, we herein propose the following hypothesis: Higher levels of depressive tendency may enhance proactive SRB, which may be partly associated with higher levels of stigma, anxiety and depressive feelings related to COVID-19. Limitations: The general tendencies to avoid danger and stigma were not evaluated. Conclusions: Depressive tendency is suggested to be associated with proactive SRB against COVID-19. Intervention for depressive tendency in non-clinical settings (e.g., workplaces) may help citizens understand the infectious situation appropriately and to behave effectively during the pandemic. Further investigations should be conducted to clarify the present findings.
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Hines, Mark E., Robert S. Evans, Barbara R. Sharak Genthner, Stephanie G. Willis, Stephanie Friedman, Juliette N. Rooney-Varga, and Richard Devereux. "Molecular Phylogenetic and Biogeochemical Studies of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere ofSpartina alterniflora." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.5.2209-2216.1999.
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ABSTRACT The population composition and biogeochemistry of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the rhizosphere of the marsh grass Spartina alterniflora was investigated over two growing seasons by molecular probing, enumerations of culturable SRB, and measurements of SO4 2− reduction rates and geochemical parameters. SO4 2− reduction was rapid in marsh sediments with rates up to 3.5 μmol ml−1day−1. Rates increased greatly when plant growth began in April and decreased again when plants flowered in late July. Results with nucleic acid probes revealed that SRB rRNA accounted for up to 43% of the rRNA from members of the domain Bacteria in marsh sediments, with the highest percentages occurring in bacteria physically associated with root surfaces. The relative abundance (RA) of SRB rRNA in whole-sediment samples compared to that ofBacteria rRNA did not vary greatly throughout the year, despite large temporal changes in SO4 2−reduction activity. However, the RA of root-associated SRB did increase from <10 to >30% when plants were actively growing. rRNA from members of the family Desulfobacteriaceae comprised the majority of the SRB rRNA at 3 to 34% of Bacteria rRNA, with Desulfobulbus spp. accounting for 1 to 16%. The RA ofDesulfovibrio rRNA generally comprised from <1 to 3% of the Bacteria rRNA. The highestDesulfobacteriaceae RA in whole sediments was 26% and was found in the deepest sediment samples (6 to 8 cm). Culturable SRB abundance, determined by most-probable-number analyses, was high at >107 ml−1. Ethanol utilizers were most abundant, followed by acetate utilizers. The high numbers of culturable SRB and the high RA of SRB rRNA compared to that ofBacteria rRNA may be due to the release of SRB substrates in plant root exudates, creating a microbial food web that circumvents fermentation.