Academic literature on the topic 'Sress oxidative'

Abstract. A recently developed model for the consumption of atmospheric methane by soil (Curry, 2007) is used to investigate the global magnitude and distribution of methane uptake in a simulated future climate. In addition to solving the one-dimensional diffusion-reaction equation, the model includes a parameterization of biological CH4 oxidation that is sensitive to soil temperature and moisture content, along with specified reduction factors for land cultivation and wetland fractional coverage. Under the SRES emission scenario A1B, the model projects an 8% increase in the global annual mean CH4 soil sink by 2100, over and above the 15% increase expected from increased CH4 concentration alone. While the largest absolute increases occur in cool temperate and subtropical forest ecosystems, the largest relative increases in consumption (>40%) are seen in the boreal forest, tundra and polar desert environments of the high northern latitudes. Methane uptake at mid- to high northern latitudes increases year-round in 2100, with a 68% increase over present-day values in June. This increase is primarily due to enhanced soil diffusivity resulting from lower soil moisture produced by increased evaporation and reduced snow cover. At lower latitudes, uptake is enhanced mainly by elevated soil temperatures and/or reduced soil moisture stress, with the dominant influence determined by the local climate.

Abstract. A recently developed model for the consumption of atmospheric methane by soil (Curry, 2007) is used to investigate the global magnitude and distribution of methane uptake in a simulated future climate. In addition to solving the one-dimensional diffusion-reaction equation, the model includes a parameterization of biological CH4 oxidation that is sensitive to soil temperature and moisture content, along with simple scalings for land cultivation and wetland fractional coverage. Under the SRES emission scenario A1B, the model projects an 8% increase in the global annual mean CH4 soil sink by 2100, over and above the 15% increase expected from increased CH4 concentration alone. While the largest absolute increases occur in cool temperate and subtropical forest ecosystems, the largest relative increases in consumption (>40%) are seen in the boreal forest, tundra and polar desert environments of the high northern latitudes. Methane uptake at mid- to high northern latitudes increases year-round in 2100, with a 68% increase over present-day values in June. This increase is primarily due to enhanced soil diffusivity resulting from increased evaporation and reduced snow cover. At lower latitudes, uptake is enhanced mainly by elevated soil temperatures and/or reduced soil moisture stress, with the dominant influence determined by the local climate.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 22, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-214). Also issued in print.

Danos induzidos por hiperglicemia em tecidos no diabetes são caracterizados por quatro mecanismos conectados: aumento do fluxo metabólico através da via do poliol, ativação da proteína quinase C (PKC), aumento da atividade da via das hexosaminas e aumento da produção intracelular dos precursores dos produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs). Entre eles, os derivados de metilglioxal, um potente agente de modificação de proteínas e DNA, têm sido associados a complicações microvasculares no diabetes: nefropatia, retinopatia e neuropatia. O metilglioxal é produzido a partir das trioses fosfato, acetona e aminoacetona, um catabólito de treonina e glicina, gerado na matriz mitocondrial. A aminoacetona sofre oxidação enzimática, catalisada por aminoxidase sensível a semicarbazida (SSAO), ou química, catalisada por íons de cobre e ferro, produzindo metilglioxal, H2O2 e NH4 +. Sabendo que metilglioxal e H2O2 são capazes de induzir apoptose e/ou necrose em células produtoras de insulina (RINm5f) propomos uma possível atividade pró-oxidante da aminoacetona sobre células beta do pâncreas. O tratamento destas linhagens com aminoacetona/Cu(II) aumentou a morte celular, fluxo de Ca2+ intracelular, produção de NO, fragmentação do DNA, depleção dos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH), expressão gênica da proteína apoptótica Bax, enzimas antioxidantes - glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GRd), catalase e isoformas de superóxido dismutases (CuZnSOD e MnSOD) - e óxido nítrico sintase induzida (iNOS). Embora as concentrações normais e patológicas da aminoacetona, provavelmente seja muito menores que as usadas nos experimentos, sugerimos que, em tecidos de diabéticos, um acúmulo da aminoacetona em longo prazo pode conduzir a danos oxidativos e eventualmente morte das células beta do pâncreas
Tissue damages induced by hyperglycemia in diabetics are characterized by four linked mechanisms: increased flux through the polyol pathway, protein kinase C (PKC) activation, increased hexosamine pathway activity and intracellular production of advanced glycation end product (AGE) precursors. The production of AGEs by modifying proteins and DNA agent, such as methylglyoxal, has been implicated in microvascular complications in diabetes: nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Methylglyoxal is putatively produced in vivo from trioses phosphate, acetone and aminoacetone, a catabolite of threonine and glycine synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix. Aminoacetone has been reported to undergo semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase- catalyzed and copper- and iron-catalyzed oxidations by molecular oxygen to methylglyoxal, NH4 + ion and H2O2. Considering that methylglyoxal and H2O2 have been found to promote apoptosis/necrosis to insulin-producing cells (RINm5f), we propose a possible pro-oxidant role of aminoacetone in pancreatic beta-cells. Treatment of RINm5f cells with aminoacetone plus Cu(II) ion promotes an increase of non-viable cells, influx of Ca2+ ions, NO production, DNA fragmentation, depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and increased mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic protein (Bax), antioxidant enzymes - glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd), MnSOD, CuZnSOD and catalase - and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Although both normal and pathological concentrations of aminoacetone are probably much lower than those used here, it is tempting to propose that excess aminoacetone in diabetic patients, at long term, may drive oxidative damage and eventually death of pancreatic beta-cells

Peu d'études concernent actuellement l'influence de la spéciation du plomb (polluant métallique toxique, persistant et très présent dans les écosystèmes) sur sa phyto-toxicité. Pourtant, l'absorption des métaux, leur translocation et les mécanismes impliqués dans leur phyto-toxicité peuvent être fortement modifiés par ce paramètre. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de la thèse était d'étudier l'influence de la spéciation chimique du plomb (formation de divers complexes organométalliques) sur sa phytodisponibilité et sa phytotoxicité. Des plants de V. faba ont été exposés pendant 1 à 24 h en hydroponie à 5 μM de nitrate de plomb seul ou chélatés à des degrés variables par différents ligands organiques : acide éthylènediamine, acide citrique et substances humiques. Les pourcentages de plomb libre et chélaté ont été calculés puis utilisés pour la conception du dispositif expérimental. La phytotoxicité induite par le plomb a été évalué pour les différentes conditions en mesurant : les activités d'enzymes antioxydantes, la génotoxicité, la peroxydation des lipides, les concentrations d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène, des pigments photosynthétiques et la génotoxicité. La phytotoxicité est fonction de la spéciation des métaux et de la durée d'exposition. Selon la nature du ligand organique, les mécanismes impliqués différent. L'EDTA aurait un rôle protecteur : l'absorption du Pb par les racines est accrue, alors que sa translocation et sa phyto-toxicité sont réduites de façon dose-dépendante. En revanche, l'acide citrique ne modifie pas le transfert du plomb, mais retarde cependant l'induction de sa phytotoxicité. Finalement, les acides fulviques appliqués à 25 mg.L-1, réduisent la toxicité du Pb en limitant son absorption. En outre, l'efficacité et la sensibilité des tests écotoxicologiques, en relation avec l'absorption et la spéciation, ont été comparées (analyse en composantes principales) et discutés. Ce travail trouve donc des applications pour le développement de tests d'écotoxicité pertinents pour évaluer la qualité des milieux
Lead (Pb) is a known toxic and persistent pollutant, which does not have any essential role in the metabolism of living organism. Only few studies concern Pb-induced phytotoxicity in relation to its speciation, which can nevertheless influence metal uptake, translocation and mechanisms involved in phyto-toxicity. In this context, the objective of this thesis was to study the influence of chemical speciation of Pb (formation of various organometallic complexes) on its phytoavailability and phytotoxicity. Vicia faba seedlings were exposed for 1-24 hourd (h) in controlled hydroponic conditions to 5μM of Pb nitrate alone and chelated to varying degrees by different organic ligands i.e. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid and two types of humic substances (Suwannee River fulvic acid and Elliott Soil fulvic acid). Visual Minteq and WHAM VI metal speciation softwares were used to estimate the chelated and free Pb cations concentration in nutrient solution. These calculations were used to design the experimental layout. The effect of these organic ligands on Pb-induced toxicity to V. faba was assessed by measuring five antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidise, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase), lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygenspecies, photosynthetic pigment and genotoxicity. Pb-induced phytotoxicity is the function of metal speciation and duration of exposure. EDTA has a protective role: the absorption of Pb by the roots is increased, whereas its translocation and phyto-toxicity are reduced in a dose-dependent. In contrast, citric acid does not alter the transfer of Pb, but delays the induction of its phytotoxicity. Finally, fulvic acids applied at 25 mg.l-1, reduce the toxicity of Pb by limiting its absorption. Moreover, the efficiency and sensitivity of ecotoxicological tests was compared in relation with Pb uptake and speciation using principal component analysis. This work is, therefore, applicable for the development of ecotoxicity tests relevant to assessing environmental quality