Academic literature on the topic 'SrTiO3'

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Journal articles on the topic "SrTiO3"

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Ece, M., R. W. Vook, and John P. Allen. "Microstructural characterization of YBaCuO thin films deposited by rf magnetron sputtering as a function of annealing conditions." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 2 (1991): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0252.

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Thin films of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x have been prepared on MgO, SrTiO3/Al2O3, and Al2O3 substrates by rf magnetron sputtering. A buffer layer of SrTiO3 was deposited on Al2O3 by flash evaporation. The as-deposited films on MgO and SrTiO
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W. Tian, J. C. Jiang, X. Q. Pan, C.D. Theis, and D.G. Schlom. "Microstructure of PbTi03/SrTi03 Superlattice Grown by MBE." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002300x.

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Ferroelectric superlattices have been actively and intensively studied in recent years for their great scientific and technological interest. Superlattice containing Pb-based ferroelectric layers are important among ferroelectric superlattice systems, however, it is difficult to grow such superlattice due to the high volatility of Pb. Recently, great progress has been made in fabricating superlattice structure of PbZrO3/PbTiO3 by multi-ion-beam sputtering’ and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). In this paper, we report the microstructural investigations of PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice films, which were epitaxially grown on the SrTi03 substrate by MBE, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).[(PbTiO3)l0/(SrTiO3)l0]15 superlattice films were stacked on (100) SrTiO3 substrate alternately by MBE. Before growing the superlattice structure, a baffle layer including the 1000Å La-doped SrTi03 and the subsequent 500 Å PbTiO3 thin films was grown on the substrate. Above the PbTi03/SrTi03 superlattices, another PbTi03 thin film (1000 Å) was grown. Cross-section TEM specimens were prepared by standard methods.
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Камзин, А. С., Е. П. Смирнова та В. Г. Семенов. "Мёссбауэровские исследования свойств твердых растворов xBiFeO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=--(1-x)SrTiO-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=- (x=0.2/1.0; Delta x=0.1)". Физика твердого тела 62, № 12 (2020): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.12.50211.145.

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Systematic Mössbauer studies of the magnetic structure and phase transition in the xBiFeO3- (1-x) SrTiO3 solid solution, where x varies from 0 to 0.8 with a step of 0.1, have been carried out. The multiferroic BiFeO3 was modified by the introduction of SrTiO3 perovskite, and solid solutions xBiFeO3- (1-x) SrTiO3 were obtained, which simultaneously possess ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric properties at room temperature. In the obtained xBiFeO3- (1-x) SrTiO3 systems, according to X-ray diffraction studies, there are no additional phases, while the Mössbauer data indicate the presence of mullinite (Bi2Fe4O9) with a SrTiO3 content in the solid solution from x = 1.0 to x = 0.8. The Mössbauer spectra of the xBiFe3- (1-x) SrTi3 system at room temperature show that with a decrease in the amount of BiFeO3 in the solid solution, the magnetic hyperfine field values ​​decrease and the absorption line widths increase due to the weakening of the magnetic exchange interaction. For compositions with x <0.5, the Mössbauer spectra indicate the paramagnetic state of the solid solution. Based on the dependence of the Zeeman line intensity on the BiFeO3 content in the xBiFeO3- (1-x) SrTiO3 solid solution, it was found that the transition to the paramagnetic state of the xBiFeO3- (1-x) SrTiO3 system at room temperature occurs near the value x = 0.4 (between x = 0.3 and x = 0.5).
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Zhao, Wei, Ruo Cai Pan, and Hao Xue. "Synthesis of Plate-Like SrTiO3 Particles." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 1024–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.1024.

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Micro-scale plake-like SrTO3 particles were synthesized by two routes of topochemical conversion. One is by growing on Sr3Ti2O7 (S3T2) core particles in molten salt condition, and the other is from the layer-structured SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBT) precursor in a KCl medium. The effects of the morphology and size of the precursor to platelet SrTiO3 crystals were studied. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystallographic {010} plane of SBT was converted into the pseudo-cubic {001} plane of SrTiO3. The polycrystalline SrTiO3 particles from BST precursor exhibited a plate-like shape with 10-15μm in length and a high aspect ratio, and were more suitable for preparing textured ceramics by templated grain growth process than the platelets from the S3T2 precursors.
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Mai Xuan, Truong, Chien Ma Van, Dung Pham Trung, Loan Nguyen Thi To, and Nguyen Bui Duc. "Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3 and Ag2O/SrTiO3 nanomaterials." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 10, no. 1S (2021): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2021.125.

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The pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method and Ag2O loaded SrTiO3 (Ag2O/SrTiO3) was prepared by precipitation method. The obtained samples were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and UV-visible diffuse reflection spectrum (DRS). The effect of Ag2O loading on the photocatalytic activity of Ag2O/SrTiO3 nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) as amodel pollutant under visible light irradiation was studied. Compared with pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles, the Ag2O/SrTiO3 nanoparticle displayed higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange and the 5 % Ag2O/SrTiO3 photocatalyst exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity.
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Wagner, T., A. D. Polli, G. Richter, and H. Stanzick. "Epitaxial Growth of Metals on (100) SrTiO3: The Influence of Lattice Mismatch and Reactivity." International Journal of Materials Research 92, no. 7 (2001): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2001-0133.

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Abstract The model system Me/(100) SrTiO3 (Me: Pd, Pt, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, Nb, and Al) was used to show that there exists a simple correlation between the formation of particular epitaxial orientations, the lattice mismatch between metal and SrTiO3, and the oxygen affinity of the metal. The growth of the metal films on the (100) SrTiO3 surface was studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Most metals (Pd, Pt, Ni, Nb and Al) grew with the following epitaxial orientation relationship on the SrTiO3: (100) SrTiO3 | | (100) Me, [001] SrTiO3 | | [001] Me. A second epitaxial orientation relationship was detected for Cr and Mo: (100) SrTiO3 | | (100) Cr, Mo, [001] SrTiO3 | | [011] Cr, Mo. For Mo, this orientation was detected only at very high growth temperatures. For each of the epitaxial orientation relationships, the substrate and film planes of four fold symmetry were parallel. Besides the second epitaxial orientation relationship, a third epitaxial orientation relationship was detected for Mo at growth temperatures below 900 K: (100) SrTiO3 | | (110) Mo, [001] SrTiO3 | | [001] Mo. In contrast to all other metals under investigation, Cu grew with a (111) fiber texture on the (100) SrTiO3 surface. The appearance of the first two epitaxial orientation relationships can be interpreted with a simple relationship between the metals’ oxygen affinities and the lattice mismatches with SrTiO3. This relationship can be used for other metals to predict epitaxy on the (100) SrTiO3 surface.
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Guo, Dan, Xiaodong Zhang, and Jiangni Yun. "Preparation of Compensation Ions Codoped SrTiO3:Pr3+ Red Phosphor with the Sol-Gel Method and Study of Its Luminescence Enhancement Mechanism." Advances in OptoElectronics 2014 (December 14, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/674780.

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SrTiO3:Pr3+ is the most representative titanate matrix red phosphor for field emission display (FED). The red luminous efficiency of SrTiO3:Pr3+ will be greatly improved after the compensation ions codoping, so SrTiO3:Pr3+ red phosphor has been a research focus at home and abroad. SrTiO3:Pr3+, SrTiO3:Pr3+, Mg2+, and SrTiO3:Pr3+, Al3+ phosphors are synthesized by a new sol-gel method. Crystal structure, spectral characteristics, and luminescence enhancement mechanism of the sample were studied by XRD and PL spectra. The results showed that after co-doped, SrTiO3:Pr3+ phosphor is single SrTiO3 cubic phase, the main emission front is located at 614 nm, corresponding to Pr3+ ions 1D2→3H4 transition emission. SrTiO3:Pr3+, Mg2+ and SrTiO3:Pr3+, Al3+ phosphor luminescence intensity is enhanced, but the main luminescence mechanism is not changed. Acceptor impurity x = Mg2+, Al3+ will replace Ti bit after being doped into the crystal lattice to form XTi- charge compensation corresponding defect centers PrSr+ to reduce the demand of Sr2+ or Ti3+ vacancy. While Sr-doped Pr will make lattice distortion and transition energy of 4f-5d is very sensitive to crystal electric field changes around Pr atom. Doping different impurities will make electric field distribution around the icon have a different change. It increases energy transfer of 4f-5d transition and improves the luminous intensity of SrTiO3:Pr3+ red phosphor.
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Nam, Sung Pill, Sung Gap Lee, Seong Gi Bae, and Young Hie Lee. "Electrical Properties BaTiO3 Thick Films with an Interlayer SrTiO3 Thin Films." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.659.

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The BaTiO3/SrTiO3 heterolayered thick films were fabricated by two different methods – thick films of BaTiO3 by screen printing method on alumina substrates electrodes with Pt, thin films of SrTiO3 by the spin-coating method on BaTiO3 thick films and once more thick films of BaTiO3 by the screen printing method on SrTiO3 layer. The leakage current and the dielectric properties were investigated for effect of various stacking sequence of sol-gel-prepared SrTiO3 layer at interface of BaTiO3 thick films. The insertion of SrTiO3 interlayer yielded BaTiO3 thick films with homogeneous and dense grain structure with the number of SrTiO3 layers. The leakage current density of the BaTiO3/SrTiO3-7 film is less that 1.5 10-9 A/cm2 at 5 V.
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Xu, Hua, Chunlei Yan, Ruizhe Li, Lizhu Song, and Shuxin Ouyang. "Synergetic modulation of surface alkali and oxygen vacancy over SrTiO3 for the CO2 photodissociation." Nanotechnology 33, no. 8 (2021): 085401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac38e8.

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Abstract Photochemical conversion of CO2 into solar fuels is one of the promising strategies to reducing the CO2 emission and developing a sustainable carbon economy. For the more efficient utilization of solar spectrum, several approaches were adopted to pursue the visible-light-driven SrTiO3. Herein, oxygen vacancy was introduced over the commercial SrTiO3 (SrTiO3−x ) via the NaBH4 thermal treatment, to extend the light absorption and promote the CO2 adsorption over SrTiO3. Due to the mid-gap states resulted from the oxygen deficiency, combined with the intrinsic energy level of SrTiO3, the SrTiO3−x catalyst exhibited excellent CO productivity (4.1 μmolˑg−1ˑh−1) and stability from the CO2 photodissociation under the visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). Then, surface alkalization over SrTiO3−x (OH-SrTiO3−x ) was carried out to further enhance the CO2 adsorption/activation over the surface base sites and provide the OH ions as hole acceptor, the surface alkali OH connected with Sr site of SrTiO3 could also weaken the Sr–O bonding thus facilitate the regeneration of surface oxygen vacancy under the light illumination, thus resulting in 1.5 times higher CO productivity additionally. This study demonstrates that the synergetic modulation of alkali OH and oxygen vacancy over SrTiO3 could largely promote the CO2 photodissociation activity.
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Asthagiri, Aravind, and David S. Sholl. "DFT study of Pt adsorption on low index SrTiO3 surfaces: SrTiO3(100), SrTiO3(111) and SrTiO3(110)." Surface Science 581, no. 1 (2005): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2005.02.033.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SrTiO3"

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Coletta, Vitor Carlos. "Síntese e caracterização dos compostos SrTi1-xCuxO3, CuO/SrTiO3 e NiO/SrTiO3 aplicados à catálise da reação de deslocamento gás-água." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-14092017-095459/.

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O titanato de estrôncio (SrTiO3) é um óxido de estrutura perovskita e tem sido intensamente estudado para uso em diversas aplicações, entre elas, como suporte catalítico. Entretanto, sua utilização especificamente na reação de deslocamento gás-água ainda é pouco explorada. Esta reação é de interesse para a produção de hidrogênio livre de CO, necessário para aplicações como o abastecimento de células de combustível. Este trabalho de tese teve como objetivo o estudo dos compostos SrTi1-xCuxO3, CuO/SrTiO3 e NiO/SrTiO3 como catalisadores para a reação de deslocamento gás-água, uma vez que, dentre os metais de baixo custo, Cu e Ni são altamente ativos para esta reação. As amostras SrTi1-xCuxO3 foram sintetizadas pelo método dos precursores poliméricos com calcinação em N2 e O2, possibilitando a obtenção de partículas de maior área superficial em comparação com a calcinação convencional em atmosfera ambiente. Para as amostras CuO/SrTiO3 e NiO/SrTiO3, o suporte SrTiO3, foi sintetizado pelo método de sol-precipitação e a impregnação com cobre e níquel foi realizada por via úmida. As técnicas de absorção e difração de raios-X in situ em condições de reação mostraram a estabilidade da estrutura e do estado de oxidação após o tratamento de redução. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de transmissão (TEM) em conjunto com a espectroscopia de raios-X de energia dispersiva (EDX) foram utilizadas a fim de estabelecer uma relação entre a atividade catalítica e o teor a dispersão de fase ativa sobre o suporte. Todas as composições estudadas se mostraram ativas entre 250 e 350&deg;C, entretanto, a composição NiO/SrTiO3 com 10% de Ni apresentou o melhor resultado, com uma conversão de CO a 350&deg;C, próxima ao equilíbrio e estável por um período mínimo de10 h.<br>Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is an oxide of perovskite structure and has been extensively studied for use in several applications, including as catalytic support. However, its use specifically in the water-gas shift reaction is still little explored. This reaction is of interest for the production of CO-free hydrogen, required for applications such as in fuel cell. This work aimed to study SrTi1-xCuxO3, CuO/SrTiO3 and NiO/SrTiO3 compounds to be applied as catalysts for the water-gas shift reaction, since, among the low-cost metals, Cu and Ni are highly active for this reaction. The SrTi1-xCuxO3 samples were synthesized by the polymeric precursor method with the samples submitted to a N2 and O2 calcination, making possible to obtain particles with a larger surface area compared to conventional calcination in ambient atmosphere. For the CuO/SrTiO3 and NiO/SrTiO3 samples, the SrTiO3 support was synthesized by the sol-precipitation method and the impregnation with copper and nickel on the support was performed by a wet method. The in situ X-ray absorption and diffraction techniques under reaction conditions showed the stability of the structure and the oxidation state after the reduction treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission (TEM) images in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used in order to establish a relationship between the catalytic activity and the content and dispersion of the active phase on the support. All the compositions studied were active at 250 to 350 &deg;C, however, the NiO/SrTiO3 sample with 10% of Ni presented the best result, with a CO conversion at 350 &deg;C, close to equilibrium and stable for a minimum of 10 h.
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Lu, Zhilun. "La doped SrTiO3 based oxide thermoelectrics." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11817/.

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In this project, the thermoelectric properties of La-doped Sr3Ti2O7, Ca3Ti2O7 and SrTiO3 ceramics sintered in air and N2/5%H2 have been investigated. Different defect chemistry models were studied in an attempt to improve the thermoelectric performance of La-doped SrTiO3 and related systems. For La-doped Sr3Ti2O7 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) ceramics, the three starting nominal compositions, (Sr1-xLax)3Ti2O7 (electronic donor-doping), (Sr1-3y/2Lay)3Ti2O7 (A-site vacancies) and (Sr1-zLaz)3Ti2-z/4O7 (B-site vacancies) were sintered under air and flowing N2/5%H2 at 1773 K. The La-doped air sintered ceramics were all off-white/yellow in appearance and electrical insulators with low bulk conductivity and a high activation energy, Ea, confirming that solid solubility of La was small and that electronic (donor-doping) compensation does not exist for La-doping of ceramics sintered in air. Processing ceramics under reducing atmosphere is sufficient to form dark single-phase samples for the x series (electronic donor-doping series) up to (Sr0.95La0.05)3Ti2O7 (x = 0.05), indicating that reducing conditions and oxygen-loss from the Sr3Ti2O7 lattice are conducive towards electronic La-doping in Sr3Ti2O7-δ ceramics and to extend solid solubility. In all N2/5%H2 sintered samples, an insulating surface layer associated with SrO volatilization and oxygen up-take (during cooling) from the sintering process occurred that, unless removed, masked the conductive nature of the ceramics. In the bulk, significantly higher power factors were obtained for ceramics that were phase mixtures containing highly conductive (Sr, La)TiO3-δ, ST. This highlights the superior power factor properties of reduced perovskite-type ST compared to reduced RP-type Sr3Ti2O7 and serves as a warning for the need to identify low levels of highly conducting perovskite phases when exploring rare-earth doping mechanisms in RP-type phases. For La-doped SrTiO3, the favoured mechanism for doping was through the formation of A-site vacancies independent of P_(O_2 ). Samples with A-site vacancies (Sr1-3y/2LayTiO3) had the highest electrical conductivity for the same La content (i.e. 10 at. %) sintered at 1773 K, independent of P_(O_2 ). In the Sr1-3y/2LayTiO3 system, air sintered ceramics were metrically cubic for 0.1 ≤ y < 0.30, tetragonal with short range strontium vacancy, VSr, ordering for 0.30 ≤ y < 0.50, then orthorhombic with long range ordering of VSr for y ≥ 0.50 by X-ray powder and electron diffraction at room temperature. For samples reduced in N2/5%H2, compositions with 0.1 ≤ y ≤ 0.50 were metrically cubic. Short range VSr ordering and an orthorhombic structure with long range VSr ordering were observed for y = 0.50 and 0.63, respectively. Samples with y = 0.15 sintered in N2/5%H2 revealed the largest dimensionless thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT = 0.41 at 973 K) reported for n-type SrTiO3 based materials, suggesting that the accommodation of La through the formation of VSr accompanied by reduction in N2/5%H2 represents a new protocol for the development of oxide-based thermoelectrics.
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Ruz, Sepúlveda Camila Paz. "Preparación y caracterización de nanocompositos en base de Sebs y nanopartículas de BaTiO3, SrTiO3 y (BaTiO3)-(SrTiO3)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/169827.

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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Químico<br>El copolímero en bloque de estireno-etileno-butileno-estireno (SEBS) se caracteriza, entre otros aspectos, por ser un elastómero dieléctrico (ED). Los EDs se han empleado en el desarrollo de dispositivos capaces de imitar el comportamiento de músculos y estructuras biológicas. Estos dispositivos en base de ED, conocidos como actuadores, son capaces de exhibir cambio de forma como respuesta a una descarga eléctrica. Para que estos actuadores puedan exhibir eficientemente este cambio de forma, los ED que los constituyen deben ser flexibles y tener alta constante dieléctrica. En esta tesis se estudió el uso de nanopartículas del tipo perovskita de alta constante dieléctrica como material de relleno en SEBS y su influencia sobre las propiedades dieléctricas y mecánicas de los nanocompositos resultantes. Las nanopartículas utilizadas fueron titanato de bario (BaTiO3), titanato de estroncio (SrTiO3) o titanato de bario y estroncio (BaTiO3-SrTiO3). Asimismo, se preparó SEBS injertado con ácido itacónico (SEBS-g-AI), alcanzando un porcentaje de injerto de ácido itacónico (AI) de 2.06 % en peso. Se empleó SEBS-g-AI para facilitar la dispersión homogénea de nanopartículas tipo perovskita en la matriz del SEBS. Asimismo, se evaluó el uso de dioctilftalato, dioctilsebacato y trifenilfosfato como plastificantes de SEBS para modular las propiedades mecánicas de los nanocompositos. El uso de dioctilftalato como plastificante permitió prevenir el aumento drástico de la rigidez promovido por el uso de las nanopartículas del tipo perovskita. Por ejemplo, el nanocomposito que contiene 20 phr (partes por 100 de polímero) de dioctiftalato y 10 phr de nanopartículas de SrTiO3 presentó menor rigidez que el SEBS, donde el módulo de Young disminuyó 11%. El módulo de Young del nanocomposito con 30 phr de BaTiO3 aumentó 35 % comparado con SEBS sin afectar la elongación a la rotura del composito. Por otro lado, la adición de nanopartículas del tipo perovskita al SEBS promovió cambios discretos de las propiedades dieléctricas. Se observó que la adición de 30 phr de BaTiO3-SrTiO3 aumentó en 19 % la constante dieléctrica y en 2.6 % la pérdida dieléctrica del nanocomposito comparado con SEBS<br>The styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) is characterized, among other aspects, as being a dielectric elastomer (ED). The EDs have been used in the development of devices capable of imitating the behavior of muscles and biological structures. These ED-based devices, known as actuators, are capable of exhibiting shape change in response to an applied electric current. In order for these actuators to efficiently exhibit this shape change, the EDs that constitute them must be flexible and have a high dielectric constant. In this thesis different perovskite-type nanoparticles of high dielectric constants were used as filler materials in SEBS and their influence on the dielectric and mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposites was studied. The nanoparticles used were barium titanate (BaTiO3), strontium titanate (SrTiO3) or barium and strontium titanate (BaTiO3-SrTiO3). Likewise, SEBS grafted with itaconic acid (SEBS-g-AI) was prepared, reaching a maximum of 2.06 % by weight of grafted itaconic acid (IA). SEBS-g-AI was used to facilitate the homogeneous dispersion of perovskite type nanoparticles in the SEBS matrix. Likewise, the use of dioctyl phthalate, dioctylsebacate and triphenyl phosphate as plasticizers for SEBS was evaluated to modulate the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The use of dioctylphthalate as plasticizer allowed to prevent the drastic increase of rigidity of the SEBS promoted by the use of the perovskite type nanoparticles. The nanocomposite containing 20 phr (parts per 100 polymer) of dioctiftalate and 10 phr of SrTiO3 nanoparticles presented lower stiffness than SEBS, where the Young's modulus decreased by 11%. However, the Young's modulus of the nanocomposite with 30 phr of BaTiO3, increased by 35% compared with that of SEBS but without affecting the elongation at breakage of the composite
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Mao, Zhigang. "Microstructure-property relationships of SrTiO3 electronic ceramics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251620.

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Hagenbeck, Rainer. "Simulation der elektrischen Korngrenzeneigenschaften akzeptordotierter SrTiO3-Keramiken /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/252211111.pdf.

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Beuermann, Lars. "Mikroskopische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen an SrTiO3-Oberflächen." Clausthal-Zellerfeld Papierflieger-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000026329/04.

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Silva, Luís Fernando da. "Síntese e caracterização do composto SrTiO3 e SrTi1-xFexO3 através do método hidrotermal assistido por microondas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-26092013-150719/.

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Dentre os materiais de estrutura perovskita, o titanato de estrôncio, SrTiO3, é um dos mais conhecidos e estudado por apresentar interessantes propriedades como a ferroeletricidade, fotoluminescência, entre outras. Além disso, tem sido reportado na literatura que a adição de diferentes dopantes ao composto SrTiO3 modifica suas propriedades dando origem, por exemplo, a materiais para serem aplicados como sensores de gás ou na fotocatálise. Diferentes trabalhos encontrados na literatura descrevem a síntese do composto SrTiO3 e suas soluções sólidas através do método hidrotermal. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos tiveram como foco o estudo do precursor de Ti e do íon dopante nas propriedades estruturais, morfológicas, ópticas e elétricas destes materiais. Desta forma, este trabalho de tese teve como objetivo o estudo da influência da composição e de alguns parâmetros de síntese sobre as propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e ópticas do composto SrTiO3 preparado através do método hidrotermal assistido por microondas HAM. Inicialmente, foi realizada a síntese do composto SrTiO3 a 140oC por 10 minutos, onde se verificou a possibilidade de controlar a morfologia e a propriedade fotoluminescente das amostras através do tipo de precursor de Ti utilizado. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho, o composto SrTiO3 foi sintetizado por tempos variando de 10 a 640 minutos. A caracterização destas amostras mostrou a formação da fase cúbica do SrTiO3 exibindo morfologia na forma de cubos, formados pelo processo de auto-organização, que tornam-se mais bem definidos com o aumento do tempo de síntese. Medidas de espectroscopia XANES e EXAFS na borda K do Ti mostraram que as amostras de SrTiO3 sintetizadas pelo método HAM apresentam um alto grau de desordem na estrutura local, caracterizada pela coexistência de unidades do tipo TiO5 e TiO6. Além disso, observou-se que o aumento do tempo de síntese leva a uma redução da intensidade fotoluminescente que foi atribuído à redução na concentração de vacâncias de oxigênio. Medidas de DRX das amostras do sistema SrTi1-xFexO3, ao nosso conhecimento pela primeira vez sintetizadas com sucesso através do método HAM, mostraram a formação da fase cúbica quando x &#8804 0,4. Medidas do espectro XANES e EXAFS revelaram a substituição Ti por íons Fe+2 e Fe+3, levando a formação de vacâncias de oxigênio as quais contribuem para a diminuição da energia do band-gap das amostras de 3,2 para 2,8 eV, bem como na total supressão da intensidade fotoluminescente das amostras. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura FE-MEV mostrou a existência de partículas na forma de cubos cuja cinética de formação é influenciada pela variação da quantidade de ferro. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) confirmaram a natureza mesocristalina destas partículas cujo mecanismo de crescimento ocorre por coalescência orientada, originada pelo processo de auto-organização. As amostras do sistema SrTi1-xFexO3 na forma de filmes finos foram avaliadas como sensores O3, NO2, NH3 e CO. As análises indicaram que os filmes depositados pela técnica de evaporação de feixe de elétrons apresentam um grande potencial para serem aplicados como sensor de gás ozônio, exibindo uma boa sensibilidade e seletividade comparada a outros tipos de materiais sensores.<br>Strontium titanate, SrTiO3, it is one of the most known and intensively studied perovskite compounds due its interesting properties such as ferroelectricity, photoluminescence, etc. According to the literature, the dopant addition into SrTiO3 network can create materials with desirable functions, for example, gas sensing and photocatalytic activity. Despite some authors reported the synthesis of pure or doped SrTiO3 by hydrothermal method, few studies have been devoted to investigate the effects of the Ti precursor and type of dopant ion on the structural, morphological and electrical properties of SrTiO3 compound. In this work, we investigated the influence of synthesis parameters and concentration iron on the structural, morphological and optical properties of SrTiO3 prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method (MAH). Firstly, it was observed that the appropriate choice of the Ti precursor allowed the control of morphological and photoluminescence properties of SrTiO3 compound synthesized at 140oC for 10 minutes by MAH method. Next, SrTiO3 was synthesized during different treatment times varying from 10 to 640 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicate a SrTiO3 cubic perovskite structure and FE-SEM images revealed that the samples exhibit a cube-like shape formed by an assembly process, becoming well defined as a function of MAH treatment time. Ti-K edge XANES and EXAFS measurements indicated a large local structural distortion, revealed by the presence of TiO6 and TiO5 units. Moreover, we observed a reduction of the photoluminescence intensity as a function of treatment time probably due to decreasing of the oxygen vacancy concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the SrTi1-xFexO3 solid solution was synthesized by MAH method. XRD analyses indicated a cubic perovskite structure when x &#8804 0.4. XANES and EXAFS measurements revealed that iron ions present a mixed Fe+2/Fe+3 oxidation state and occupy preferentially the Ti4+-site. A UV-visible spectrum shows that the addition of iron reduces the value of optical gap of the 3.2 eV to 2.8 eV and consequently suppresses the photoluminescence intensity. An analysis of FE-SEM and HRTEM images point out that, independently of iron content, the nanoparticles have a cube-like morphology and are formed by a self-assembly of small primary nanocrystals. In addition, SrTi1-xFexO3 thin films were investigated as gas sensor towards O3, NO2, NH3 and CO gases The results indicate that the films deposited by electron beam deposition method exhibits a good response as ozone sensor compared to others gas sensors materials.
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Gömann, Anissa. "Das Verhalten von donatordotierten SrTiO3-Oberflächen unter Hochtemperaturbehandlung." Clausthal-Zellerfeld : Papierflieger, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974496510.

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Newell, David T. "The surface structure and reconstruction of SrTiO3 (001)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491541.

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SrTi03 is a metal oxide with a perovskite structure which can support numerous surface reconstructions. On its (001) surface more than 7 reconstructions have been reported previously and substantiated with atomic scale imaging. These reconstructions include surface structures with periodicities of (2 xl), (2 x 2), c(4 X 4), c(4 X 2), c(6 X 2), (J5 x J5) - R26.6° and (V13 x V13) - R37.7°. Each of these reconstructions can be produced in a controlled and repeatable manner simply by changing the time, temperature, and environment in which the sample is annealed. This thesis provides the most comprehensive study of the SrTi03(00l) surface to date and provides STM imaging and chemical characterisation for the majority of the surface reconstructions which have been reported, as well as the conditions required to generate each of the structures. In addition to this work, data is shown for new surface reconstructions which have not been previously reported and include structures with periodicities of (1 xl), (4 X 4), (4V2 x V2) - R45°, and c(4V2 x 2V2) - R45° It was found that upon annealing SrTi03(001) samples at increasingly higher temperatures, the first structures to form are reconstructions which have a Ti02 double layer termination. These structures have periodicities of (2 xl), c(4 x 4) and (2 x 2) and are stable at temperatures up to 950°C. Annealing SrTi03(001) samples above 950°C results in the formation of a Ti-rich adlayer with a c(4 x 4) periodicity. This c(4 x 4) ordered surface exists up to temperatures of 1250 °c and its structure is different to that of the Ti02 double layer which forms at lower temperatures. Above anneal temperatures of 1250 °c, reduction of the sample can pass a critcal stage where the SrTi03 perovskite structure is no longer stable. Phase separation occurs giving rise to TiO islands and a surface Sr adlayer with (J5 x J5) - R26.6° periodicity. Re-annealing (J5 x J5) - R26.6° reconstructed samples below the critical temperature causes the Sradlayer to oxidise becoming a SrO-(l x 1) terminated surface. For Nb doped SrTi03(001) - (J5 x J5) - R26.6° and (1 x 1) reconstructed samples, the clectonic effect of dopants can be seen in STM images as bright four point clusters. These bright clusters arise from the perturbation of surface Sr atoms due to charge transfer from Nb atoms to Ti atoms in the atomic layer immediately beneath the Sr adlayer. For SrTi03(001) samples doped with La, the dopant atoms substitute with Sr atoms and are incorporated into the surface adlayer. This incorporation of La frustrates the formation of the (J5 x J5) - R26.6° reconstruction and leads to line structures arising on the surface which are aligned with the direction of the (J5 x J5) - R26.6° structure. SrTi03 samples annealed in highly reducing conditions, achieved by annealing in low pressures of H2 gas, formed surfaces terminated by a c(4 x 2) structure. SrTi03(001) samples pre-annealed in flowing oxygen produced structures with periodicities of (4V2 x V2) - R45°, (2 x 2), (4 X 4), and c(4V2 x 2V2) - R45°. Chemical characterisation of the reconstructions observed on the surface of SrTi03 samples indicated that samples annealed under reducing conditions had surfaces that were Ti enriched, whilst samples annealed under oxidising conditions had surfaces that were Sr enriched. The experimental work undertaken would suggest that the driving force for the reconstruction of the SrTi03 surface is the amount of oxygen that is in the surface region.
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Hanzig, Juliane. "SrTiO3 unter Einfluss von Temperatur und elektrischem Feld." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-226537.

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Die Realstruktur des perowskitischen Modellsystems SrTiO3, welches in der Raumgruppe Pm-3m kristallisiert, wird durch die Sauerstoffvakanz als wichtigstem Defekt dominiert. Durch Temperaturbehandlung unter reduzierenden Bedingungen können Sauerstoffvakanzen in die Kristallstruktur eingebracht werden. Aufgrund ihrer positiven Ladung relativ zum Kristallgitter bewegen sie sich im elektrischen Feld entlang des TiO6-Oktaedernetzwerkes. Die Elektroformierung folgt dabei einem Arrheniuszusammenhang, wobei sowohl die Aktivierungsenergie als auch die Mobilität eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Kristallorientierung zeigen. Die Umverteilung der Sauerstoffvakanzen führt zu lokalen reversiblen Strukturänderungen, welche die Ausbildung einer neuen migrationsinduzierten feldstabilisierten polaren (MFP) Phase verursachen. In Abhängigkeit von der elektrischen Feldstärke zeichnet sie sich strukturell durch eine tetragonale Verzerrung der ursprünglich kubischen Elementarzelle aus und geht mit dem Verlust der Inversionssymmetrie einher. Die Polarisation in der Struktur wird durch die erwiesene Pyroelektrizität bestätigt und gilt als Grundlage, um anhand eines kristallographischen Symmetrieabstieges die Herleitung der Raumgruppe P4mm zu ermöglichen. Der durch die Migration hervorgerufene intrinsische Defektkonzentrationsgradient ruft eine elektromotorische Kraft hervor, deren Verwendung in einem elektrochemischen Energiespeicher experimentell nachgewiesen wurde. Diese neuen Funktionalitäten sind durch die Anwendung defektchemischer und kristallphysikalischer Konzepte infolge gezielter Materialmodifizierung unter Einfluss von Temperatur und elektrischem Feld zu verstehen<br>The real structure of the perovskite-type model system SrTiO3, crystallizing in space group Pm-3m, is dominated by oxygen vacancies as most important defects. They are introduced in the crystal structure through heat-treatment under reducing conditions. Because of their positive charge relative to the crystal lattice, oxygen vacancies move in an electric field along the TiO6 octahedron network. This electroformation process follows an Arrhenius behavior. Both the activation energy and the mobility show an obvious dependence on the crystal orientation. Redistribution of oxygen defects causes local reversible structural changes, which involve the formation of a migration-induced field-stabilized polar (MFP) phase. In dependence on the electric field strength, this is structurally marked by a tetragonal distortion of the original cubic unit cell and accompanied by a loss of inversion symmetry. The polarisation in the crystal structure is confirmed by the proven pyroelectricity and serves for the argumentation to derive the space group P4mm by means of a crystallographic symmetry descent. The migration-induced intrinsic concentration gradient of oxygen vacancies leads to an electromotive force, whose application as electrochemical energy storage was proven experimentally. These new functionalities are explainable using defect chemistry and crystal physics in consequence of specific material modifications under the influence of temperature and external electric fields
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Books on the topic "SrTiO3"

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Stuttgart, Universität, ed. Grenzflächen- und Volumenbeiträge zur Kinetik des Sauerstoffeinbaus von Fe-dotiertem SrTiO3. [s.n.], 1999.

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Klassen, J. Robert. The design of a reflectance spectrometer and its calibration using SrTiO3. Brock University, Dept. of Physics, 2004.

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Sevoyan, Hrachʻya. Kenatsʻ srtis. Zangak 97, 2003.

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Petrosyan, Jemma. Srtis khoskʻě. ["Hakob Meghapart Tpagratun", 2001.

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Ōhanyan, Haykush. Srtis dzayně. HBH Hratarakchʻutʻyun, 1997.

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Gasparean, Gaspar. Srtis khoranum. [s.n.], 1998.

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Msryan, Klara. Pʻoragrutʻyun srtis vra: Banasteghtsutʻyunner. "Areg", 1996.

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Kʻēheaean, Astghik. Srti dzayner. Astğik Kehyayan, 1988.

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Meloyean, Vaghinak. Batsʻ srtid duṛĕ Hisus kĕ spasē. [ Hratarakutʻiwn Berioy Hayotsʻ Tʻemi Kʻristonēakan Dastiarakutʻean Khorhurdi], 2006.

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Vardanyan, Ṛoza. Zruytsʻ srti het. Hayastan, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "SrTiO3"

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Suzuki, Seiji, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Hiroshi Suzuki, Kenichi Kawaguchi, Kazuhiko Takahashi, and Yorinobu Yoshisato. "Ba1-xKxBiO3/SrTiO3:Nb Oxide Heterojunctions." In Advances in Superconductivity IX. Springer Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68473-2_152.

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Gerblinger, J., and H. Meixner. "SrTiO3 Thin Films for Oxygen Sensors." In Science and Technology of Electroceramic Thin Films. Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2950-5_32.

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Wollschläger, J. "Coexistence of domains: ternary oxides: SrTiO3." In Physics of Solid Surfaces. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53908-8_78.

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Aiura, Yoshihiro, Hiroshi Bando, Yoshikazu Nishihara, et al. "Metallic State on Reduced SrTiO3(110) Surface." In Advances in Superconductivity VI. Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68266-0_223.

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Eglitis, R. I. "Ab Initio Calculations of SrTiO3 (111) Surfaces." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4119-5_11.

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Wollschläger, J. "Decoration of domain boundaries: ternary oxides: SrTiO3." In Physics of Solid Surfaces. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53908-8_66.

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Fuke, Hiroyuki, Kunihiko Hayashi, Yukio Kanke, and Youichi Enomoto. "BaPb1-xBixO3 Grain Boundary Junctions on SrTiO3 Bicrystals." In Advances in Superconductivity VII. Springer Japan, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68535-7_242.

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Træholt, C., Y. Shen, and S. Mannstaedt. "Investigation of a Heteroepitaxial YBCO/SrTiO3/YBCO Film." In Physics and Materials Science of High Temperature Superconductors, II. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2462-1_32.

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Itoh, Mitsuru, and Hiroki Taniguchi. "Ferroelectricity of SrTiO3 Induced by Oxygen Isotope Exchange." In Structure and Bonding. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/430_2006_046.

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Joy, Rosmy, and Suja Haridas. "SrTiO3/CNT/PANI Ternary Composite for Supercapacitor Applications." In Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9009-2_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "SrTiO3"

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Liu, Xingpeng, Chunshu Wei, Huiping Tang, Yiming Peng, and Chunsheng Jiang. "A Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 non-volatile capacitor based on SrTiO3 substrate." In International Conference on New Materials, Machinery, and Vehicle Engineering 2024, edited by Jinyang Xu and J. Paulo Davim. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3054992.

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Chen, Chun-Hsien, Jay Shieh, Chao-Sung Lin, and Jing-Jong Shyue. "Photocatalytic Behaviors of TiO2-SrTiO3 Composite Thin Film and Nanostructure." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-4956.

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To improve the efficiency of water splitting by photocatalysis, a semiconductor heterojunction made of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is constructed to promote the separation of photo-induced electron and hole (e− /h+) pairs. The photocatalytic behaviors of the TiO2-SrTiO3 composite film and nanostructure fabricated by the sol-gel and hydrothermal methods are studied. UV-visible and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (UV-Vis &amp; UPS) are adopted to identify the band structure of the TiO2-SrTiO3 heterojunction. For the composite film system, an approximately 0.5 eV band shift at the heterojunction improves the separation of photoinduced e−/h+ pairs. The photocurrent density of the composite film is about 2–3 times larger than that of the TiO2 or SrTiO3 film alone. For the composite nanostructure system, it is composed of an array of TiO2 nanotubes coated with SrTiO3 nanoparticles. An approximately 0.2 eV band shift at the heterojunction is determined for the composite nanostructure. It is found that the size of the SrTiO3 nanoparticles, which can be controlled by the hydrothermal temperature and time, is a key factor in influencing the photocurrent density of the TiO2-SrTiO3 composite nanostructure.
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Euiyoung Choi, Joho Kim, Doduc Cuong, and Jaichan Lee. "Oxygen vacancies in SrTiO3." In 2008 17th IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics (ISAF). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isaf.2008.4693917.

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Ni, Mucui, Jun Lu, Shouchun Li, Jing Zhang, and Yafu Chen. "Photoelectric properties and their dopant concentration dependence in SrTiO3 /Nb: SrTiO3 heterojunctions." In The Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO/PACIFIC RIM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleopr.2009.5292604.

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Lee, J. H., Y. C. Lin, B. H. Chen, and C. Y. Tsai. "New metal-insulator-metal capacitor based on SrTiO3/Al2O3/SrTiO3 laminate dielectric." In 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology (ICSICT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsict.2010.5667529.

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Blinc, Robert. "Disorder in BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 and the “Ferroelectric” Transition in SrTi18O3." In Fundamental Physics of Ferroelectrics 2003. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1609933.

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Su, Shanshan, and Jeong Ho You. "Conducting Heterointerface of Polar-Nonpolar Band Gap Insulators." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88089.

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Recently, the heterointerface between two band insulators, LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 has received much attention due to its high conducting behavior. The origin of conducting carriers at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface has been mainly explained by two distinct models: the polar catastrophe model and the atomic inter-diffusion model. The polar catastrophe model is based on a half electron transferred from polar LaAlO3 to nonpolar SrTiO3 to avoid the divergence of electric field without any atomic diffusions. The atomic inter-diffusion model is based on the transfer of dopants from LaAlO3 to SrTiO3 near the interface. However, the origin of the conducting carriers is still under debate and needs to be investigated further. In this study, we have examined the origin of conducting carriers at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface using the self-consistency calculations of Schrödinger equation and Poisson equation. We have studied the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces with and without atomic diffusions. From the self-consistency calculations, carrier distributions, band structures, energy levels, and wavefunctions have been obtained. It has been found that the majority of electron is localized within a few nm from the interface forming two-dimensional electron gas, and multi-subbands are occupied indicating a multi-channel conducting behavior. We also calculated the electron mobility at the interface using the linearized Boltzmann equation including various scattering mechanisms, such as acoustic phonon, polar optical phonon, and remote charged layers in LaAlO3. The calculated mobility has been compared with available experimental data as a function of temperature and thickness of LaAlO3.
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Ardi, Emelia Kristin Apriliana, Yofentina Iriani, and Didier Fasquelle. "Ferrite (Fe) Doping in Strontium Titanate (SrTi<sub>1-x</sub>Fe<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) to Improve Photocatalytic Activity." In 6th International Conference on Advanced Materials Science. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-8dwrok.

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This research investigated the Fe doping effects on the Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) structure to improve its photocatalytic activity. The so-called Fe-doped STO photocatalysts with a stoichiometry formula of SrTi1-xFexO3 (x = 0, 0.01, and 0.05) were successfully fabricated using the coprecipitation method. The XRD characterization confirmed the formation of STO, SrTi0.99Fe0.01O3, and SrTi0.95Fe0.05O3 photocatalysts and the shrinkage crystallite size due to increasing Fe content. The FTIR characterization supported the XRD results, where all samples revealed Sr-Ti-O bonds with no observed Fe-O bonds indicating the successful fabrication and doping. The photocatalytic activity was examined by the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye under UV light for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 irradiation times, and the absorbance was determined using a Spectrophotometer instrument. All samples have successfully degraded MB dye where the %degradation linearly increased with longer irradiation times. The results further exhibited that the SrTi0.95Fe0.05O3 sample had the highest %degradation at 75.3% while SrTi0.99Fe0.01O3 samples achieved the highest kinetic rate at 0.2557 min-1. All Fe-doped samples revealed better photocatalytic activity than the undoped STO, proving that Fe doping could improve the photocatalytic activity of SrTiO3.
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Shoron, O. F., M. Boucherit, C. A. Jackson, P. Moetakef, S. Stemmer, and S. Rajan. "SrTiO3/GdTiO3 heterostructure field effect transistors." In 2013 71st Annual Device Research Conference (DRC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drc.2013.6633865.

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Alarab, Fatima, Ján Minár, Pavol Šutta, et al. "Study and characterization of SrTiO3 surface." In 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RADIATIONS AND APPLICATIONS (ICRA-2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5048853.

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Reports on the topic "SrTiO3"

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Ayala, Alicia. Aspects of the SrO-CuO-TiO2 Ternary System Related to the Deposition of SrTiO3 and Copper-Doped SrTiO3 Thin-Film Buffer Layers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836697.

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Kwon, C., Q. X. Jia, Y. Fan, et al. Observation of large low field magnetoresistance in ramp-edge tunneling junctions based on doped manganite ferromagnetic electrodes and a SrTiO{sub 3} insulator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/661685.

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Foster, C. M., R. Csencsits, P. M. Baldo, et al. Epitaxial Pb(Zr{sub x}Ti{sub 1{minus}x})O{sub 3}/SrRuO{sub 3} (x = 0, 0.35, 0.65) multilayer thin films on SrTiO{sub 3}(100) and MgO(100) prepared by MOCVD and RF sputtering. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/52818.

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