Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SSAM'

Traffic safety is one of the most essential aspects of transportation engineering. However, most crash prediction models are statistically-based prediction methods, which require significant efforts in crash data collection and may not be applied in particular traffic environments due to the limitation of data sources. Traditional traffic conflict studies are mostly field-based studies depending on manual counting, which is also labor-intensive and oftentimes inaccurate. Nowadays, simulation tools are widely utilized in traffic conflict studies. However, there is not a surrogate indicator that is widely accepted in conflict studies. The primary objective of this research is to develop such a reliable surrogate measure for simulation-based conflict studies. An indicator named Aggregated Crash Propensity Index (ACPI) is proposed to address this void. A Probabilistic model named Crash Propensity Model (CPM) is developed to determine the crash probability of simulated conflicts by introducing probability density functions of reaction time and maximum braking rates. The CPM is able to generate the ACPI for three different conflict types: crossing, rear-end and lane change. A series of comparative and field-based analysis efforts are undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed metric. Intersections are simulated with the VISSIM micro simulation and the output is processed through SSAM to extract useful conflict data to be used as the entry into CPM model. In the comparative analysis, three studies are conducted to evaluate the safety effect of specific changes in intersection geometry and operations. The comparisons utilize the existing Highway Safety Manual (HSM) processes to determine whether ACPI can identify the same trends as those observed in the HSM. The ACPI outperforms time-to-collision-based indicators and tracks the values suggested by the HSM in terms of identifying the relative safety among various scenarios. In field-based analysis, the Spearman’s rank tests indicate that ACPI is able to identify the relative safety among traffic facilities/treatments. Moreover, ACPI-based prediction models are well fitted, suggesting its potential to be directly link to real crash. All efforts indicate that ACPI is a promising surrogate measure of safety for simulation-based studies.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude de l’accélération de particules fluides et inertielles en déplacement dans une turbulence soumise à un gradient de vitesse moyen. L’objectif est de récupérer des données de référence afin de développer des modèles LES stochastiques pour la prédiction de l’accélération de sous-maille et l’accélération de particules inertielles dans des conditions inhomogènes. La modélisation de l’accélération de sous-maille est effectuée à l’aide de l’approche LES-SSAM introduite par Sabel’nikov, Chtab et Gorokhovski[EPJB 80:177]. L’accélération est modélisée à l’aide de deux modèles stochastiques indépendants : un processus log-normal d’Ornstein-Uhlenbeck pour la norme d’accélération et un processus stochastique Ornstein-Uhlenbeck basé sur le calcul de Stratonovich pour les composantes du vecteur d’orientation de l’accélération. L’approche est utilisée pour la simulation de particules fluides et inertielles dans le cas d’une turbulence homogène isotrope et dans un cisaillement homogène. Les résultats montrent une amélioration des statistiques à petites échelles par rapport aux LES classiques. La modélisation de l’accélération des particules inertielles dans le cisaillement homogène est effectuée avec l’approche LES-STRIP introduite par Gorokhovski et Zamansky[PRF 3:034602] et est modélisée avec deux modèles stochastiques indépendants de manière similaire à l’accélération de sous-maille. Nos calculs montrent une amélioration de l’accélération et de la vitesse des particules lorsque le modèle STRIP est utilisé. Enfin dans une dernière partie, nous présentons une équation pour décrire la dynamique de particules ponctuelles de taille supérieure à l’échelle de Kolmogorov dans une turbulence homogène isotrope calculée par DNS. Les résultats sont comparés avec l’expérience et montrent que cette description reproduit bien les propriétés dynamiques des particules
The main objective of this thesis is to study the acceleration of fluid and inertial particles moving in a turbulent flow under the influence of a homogeneous shear in order to develop LES stochastic models that predict subgrid acceleration of the flow and acceleration of inertial particles. Subgrid acceleration modelisation is done in the framework of the LES-SSAM approach which was introduced by Sabel’nikov, Chtab and Gorokhovski[EPJB 80:177]. Acceleration is predicted with two independant stochastic models : a log-normal Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process for the norm of acceleration and an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process expressed in the sense of Stratonovich calculus for the components of the acceleration orientation vector. The approach is used to simulate fluid and inertial particles moving in a homogeneous isotropic turbulence and in a homogeneous sheared turbulence. Our results show that small scales statistics of particles are better predicted in comparison with classical LES approach. Modelling of inertial particles acceleration is done in the framework of the LES-STRIP which was introduced by Gorokhovski and Zamansky[PRF 3:034602] with two independant stochastic models in a similar way to the subgrid fluid acceleration. Computations of inertial particles in the homogeneous shear flow present good predicitons of the particles acceleration and velocity when STRIP model is used. In the last chapter, we present an equation to describe the dynamic of point-like particles which size is larger than the Kolmogorov scale moving in a homogeneous isotropic turbulence computed by direct numerical simulation. Results are compared with experiments and indicate that this description reproduces well the properties of the particles dynamic

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the safety and operational differences between three left-turn treatments: permitted, protected, and protected-permitted left-turn phasing. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to any opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left that does not allow opposing vehicles; and protected-permitted phasing combines the previous phasing alternatives, allowing vehicles to turn after yielding while also providing some green time for protected left-turns.As part of evaluating the differences between these left-turn treatments, crashes before and after the change at intersections that had experienced a permanent change from one phase alternative to another were compared. The crashes that took place at these intersections were compared with the number of crashes experienced at a baseline set of intersections. A general increase in total crashes was observed for most intersections, and an increase in left-turn crashes per million entering vehicles was also observed in intersections that had experienced a change from protected to protected-permitted phasing; no other clear trends were observed.The research team also gathered simulated data using VISSIM traffic modeling software and safety data were extracted from these simulations using the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) created by the Federal Highway Administration to identify decision boundaries between each left-turn treatment. The simulations modeled intersections with 1-, 2-, and 3-opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10-, 15-, and 20-seconds) for a total of 12 different simulation models. Each model was divided into 100-225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn vs. opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these files into SSAM, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were identified and extracted. These were then entered into MATLAB to create contour maps; the contours of these maps represent the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were observed in the contour maps for each model. To extract an equation to estimate each boundary, JMP Pro statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis and develop natural log-based equations estimating the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were then charted using Excel and final decision boundaries were developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing.

In a traditional safety impact analysis, it is necessary to have crash data on existing roadway conditions in the field and a few years must pass before accumulating reliable crash data. This is a time-consuming approach and there remains uncertainty in the crash data due to the random nature of crash occurrences. The Surrogate Safety Assessment Model (SSAM) was developed for resolving these issues. With SSAM, a conflict analysis is performed in a simulated environment. A planned improvement alternative under study is modeled and no physical installation of the alternative is needed. Hence, the method using a simulation software along with SSAM consumes less time compared to other traditional safety analysis methods that may require a physical installation of the new alternative and a long wait time for data collection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if SSAM can be used to assess the safety of a highway segment or an intersection in term of the number and type of conflicts and to compare the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives with less time, less cost and less uncertainty than the traditional safety analysis methods. To meet the purpose of the study, two study sections, one on University Parkway in Orem and Provo and the other on Main Street in American Fork were selected and analyzed in this research. Based on the findings from the calibration of SSAM on the University Parkway study section, an evaluation of the effect of converting a TWLTL median into a raised median on a section of Main Street (US-89) from 300 West to 500 East in American Fork was performed using SSAM working on VISSIM simulation's trajectory files of the study section. This evaluation study was conducted to show how SSAM could be used to evaluate the effect of access management alternatives using surrogate safety measures. The analysis showed that a raised median would be much safer than a TWLTL median for the same level of traffic volume. Approximately a 32 to 50 percent reduction in the number of crossing conflicts was achieved when a raised median was used in lieu of a TWLTL median at the Main Street study section.

Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
Em Portugal, a bicicleta ainda tem um papel discreto como modo de transporte diário. A falta de infraestrutura dedicada, aliada a uma elevada sinistralidade rodoviária, nomeadamente nas interseções, faz com que este modo não seja preferencial face ao transporte rodoviário. A presente dissertação incide sobre as medidas de apoio à bicicleta que se podem aplicar nos diferentes tipos de interseções rodoviárias. São apresentadas diferentes soluções a implantar, resultantes de um trabalho de pesquisa em documentos oriundos de cinco países onde a bicicleta apresenta um papel relevante como modo de transporte (Holanda, Reino Unido, Irlanda, Estados Unidos da América e Dinamarca). Com objetivo de estudar o impacto de algumas soluções na infraestrutura de apoio ao velocípede, sobretudo em interseções, foi elaborado um caso de estudo localizado na cidade de Aveiro. Para o efeito foi construído um modelo de microssimulação de tráfego utilizando para o efeito o simulador de microssimulação de tráfego VISSIM com o qual se procurou estudar o comportamento de um percurso durante a hora de ponta da manhã. Foi escolhido o trajeto entre a Universidade de Aveiro (UA) e a Estação Ferroviária de Aveiro, tendo-se simulado 4 cenários diferentes (um base e três alternativos). O cenário base representa a infraestrutura existente, o cenário alternativo sem ciclovia pretende simular as condições da não existência de infraestrutura ciclável ao longo do percurso; o cenário com ciclovia pretende representar a existência de uma infraestrutura ciclável (ciclovias/vias cicláveis) e o cenário com ciclovia e ASL (Advanced Stop Line) pretende estudar o efeito de uma caixa de espera dedicada à bicicleta nas interseções semaforizadas. O cenário com ciclovia foi de entre os cenários testados aquele que no trajeto proposto permitiu a obtenção dos menores tempos de percurso. A existência de uma via ciclável permitiu melhorar o nível de serviço (LOS) nas interseções para os veículos ligeiros, pesados e bicicletas. No que diz respeito aos resultados obtidos sobre a análise de conflitos, a presença de vias cicláveis verificou um aumento do número total de conflitos, embora o número de conflitos de atravessamento tenha verificado uma diminuição. A microssimulação realizada e apresentada na dissertação, com intuito de estudar medidas de apoio à bicicleta em interseções rodoviárias, demonstrou que a presença de vias cicláveis e de ciclovias não é prejudicial ao desempenho da rede onde estão inseridas, devendo-se assim alterar o panorama atual dos transportes e apostar mais nos transportes suaves.
The bicycle in Portugal has a discrete role as a daily mode of transportation. The lack of dedicated infrastructure associated with high number of accidents, especially at road intersections, makes this mode not preferential to individual road transport. The present thesis focuses on bicycle support measures that can be applied to different types of road intersections. Different solutions to be implemented are presented, resulting from a research work on documents from five countries where the bicycle has a important role as a means of transport (Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America and Denmark). In order to carry out a case study in the city of Aveiro, it was necessary to carry out traffic counts (light duty, heavy, bicycles) at intersections in order to carry out a microsimulation of traffic at peak hour in the morning. The route was chosen between the UA and the Railway Station, simulating four different scenarios (base line and three alternative). The baseline scenario represents the existing infrastructure, the alternative scenario without a bicycle path is intended to simulate the conditions of non-existence of cycling infrastructure along the route; The cycling scenario is intended to represent the existence of a cycling infrastructure (cycle paths / cycling routes) and the scenario with cycle path and ASL (Advanced Stop Line) intends to study the effect of a dedicated bicycle waiting box at the traffic lights. The scenario with a bicycle path was one of the scenarios tested, which in the proposed route allowed the lowest travel times to be obtained. The existence of a cycle route has enabled the level of service (LOS) at the intersections (for light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles and bicycles) to be improved. Regarding the results obtained on the analysis of conflicts, the presence of cycling routes allowed a reduction in the number of crossing conflicts, although it causes an increase in the total number of conflicts. The microsimulation presented in the dissertation showed that the presence of cycling routes and bicycle paths is not detrimental to the performance of the network where they are inserted, thus changing the current transport perspective and more on active transport mods.

Darbe nagrinėjamas vienas iš vaizdų kokybės vertinimo metodų (metrikų) – SSIM (struktūrinio panašumo) indekso metodas bei šio metodo naudojimas tiriant didelius vaizdus. Darbo eigoje: • nustatyta kai kurių įgyvendintų SSIM indekso algoritmų problematika, vertinant aukštos raiškos vaizdus; • nustatytos gaunamų skaitinių reikšmių priklausomybės nuo tiriamų vaizdų dydžio; • pagrindžiamas vaizdo duomenų mažinimas SSIM indekso algoritmuose; • pasiūlyti tam tikri sprendimai SSIM indekso algoritmo sudarymui, skirto didelės raiškos vaizdų vertinimui; • palyginti SSIM indekso algoritmų veikimo laikai tarp skirtingų algoritmų; • sukurta programinė įranga, kuri yra pritaikyta Windows operacinei sistemai bei gali būti patogiai įdiegta kompiuteryje. Programoje: – patobulintas SSIM indekso įgyvendinimo algoritmas; – atvaizduojamas SSIM skirtumų žemėlapis; – sukurta patogi vartotojui vizualinė aplinka. Realizuota programinė įranga gali būti naudojama edukaciniais tikslais bei užsakomiesiems apdorotų vaizdų kokybės vertinimo tyrimams.
The paper analyzes one of image quality assessment methods (metrics) – SSIM (structural similarity) index method, and this method in order to analyze the large images. In work process: • problems of some SSIM index algorithms for high-resolution images have been identified; • dependence of image size and SSIM index values has been found; • some solutions for SSIM index algorithm for high-resolution images have been proposed; • the image data down sampling in SSIM index algorithms has justified; • SSIM index algorithm run times between different algorithms has been compared; • Software which is designed for MS Windows operating system and can be easily installed on the computer has been developed. In this software: – SSIM index algorithm is updated; – program Displays the SSIM index map; – User-friendly visual environment is developed. Implemented software can be used for educational purposes and commercial use for analyzing processed image quality assessment.

I en tid där nästan hela svenska folket är aktieägare har företagsvärdering och därtill relaterad information fått en allt större uppmärksamhet i media. Ett av dessa företag som debatterats och analyserats på senare tid – med helt olika rekommendationer som följd – är Svenskt Stål AB, SSAB, företaget som blev föremålet också för vår värdering. SSAB verkar som stålpro-ducent i en bransch som närmast dagligen diskuterats i media under senare år, framför allt på grund av kraftigt stigande stålpriser och de inverkningar detta har fått på resten av industrin. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att med hjälp av den diskonterande kassaflödesmodellen uppskatta ett värde på SSAB och jämföra detta med den rådande aktiekursen för att därefter undersöka vad eventuella skillnader kunde bero på. Som grund för vår prognos har strategisk analys använts. Vår förhoppning är att uppsatsen ska vara till nytta för ”amatörvärderaren”, det vill säga någon som tidigare inte är direkt insatt i värdering men som har ett privateko-nomiskt intresse av att lära sig grunderna i företagsvärdering. Studiens resultat gav ett aktievärde för SSAB på 278 SEK vilket ska jämföras med de 137 SEK som aktien handlas för på OMX-börsen. Vår värdering gav med andra ord ett värde som är 103% högre än aktiemarknadens värdering. Med vår analys kunde vi konstatera att detta resultat är känsligt för förändringar i de uppskattade parametrarna och att framför allt kalkylräntan, som approximerades med Weighted Average Cost of Capital, hade stor inver-kan. Dessutom visade analysen att ”ränta på ränta-fenomenet”, det vill säga att ett givet års bidrag till företagsvärdet är beroende av tidigare års bidrag, gav upphov till att en konsekvent optimistisk syn på företagets utveckling kontra en pessimistisk syn gav radikala skillnader i företagsvärde. Ytterligare slutsats som kunde dras är att aktiemarknadens investeringshori-sont är betydligt längre än de fem år som utgjorde studiens prognosperiod, eftersom det så kallade slutvärdet representerade mer än 80% av vårt beräknade företagsvärde. Skillnader i våra bedömningar och aktiemarkandens i ovanstående moment kan därför till stor del ligga bakom de skillnader gentemot aktievärdet som vår värdering gav upphov till. Svårigheter att tolka motstridig information samt att kvantifiera kvalitativa resonemang, speciellt med hjälp av endast en modell, kan också ligga bakom skillnaden i värde.

SSAB är en svensk stålproducent som grundades år 1978. På senare år har företagets marginaler minskats och koncernen har dragits med förluster, till följd av ökad konkurrens och stigande råvarupriser. SSAB har till följd av detta försökt öka sin konkurrenskraft genom att erbjuda sina kunder värdeadderande tjänster. Som ett led i detta är SSAB intresserade av huruvida VMI kan vara en sådan tjänst. Denna rapports syfte är således att ta fram ett beslutsunderlag för SSAB huruvida förutsättningar för VMI-samarbete mellan SSAB och deras kunder finns, hur detta samarbete bör se ut och vilka kostnadsförändringar som uppstår. Syftet har brutits ned i tre mindre områden. Områdena är huruvida förutsättningar för VMI-samarbete mellan SSAB och deras kunder finns, hur VMI-lösningen bör se ut och vilka kostnadsförändringar som uppstår. För att besvara respektive huvudområde har följande tre huvudfrågeställningar tagits fram: Finns förutsättningarna för VMI-samarbete mellan SSAB och deras kunder? Hur bör SSABs VMI-erbjudande se ut? Hur påverkas kostnadsstrukturen av denna VMI-lösning? Författarna har samlat in empiri genom intervjuer och enkätundersökningar. I empiriinsamlingen har tre kunder studerats som, enligt SSAB, är representativa för övriga direkt- och konsignationslagerkunder. Denna empiri har, tillsammans med litteraturstudier, givit författarna möjlighet att genomföra analyser och beräkningar, som i sin tur har lett till slutsatser som besvarar frågeställningarna. Dessa slutsatser är sammanfattade i tabellen nedan. Frågeställning 1. Finns förutsättningarna för VMI-samarbete mellan SSAB och deras kunder? Slutsats 1: Utifrån de studerade fallen har det i studien framkommit att förutsättningarna för VMI-samarbete existerar. Frågeställning 2: Hur bör SSABs VMI-erbjudande se ut? Slutsats 2: SSAB har ansvar för alla delar utom prognostisering och att lagra in artiklar som anländer till VMI-lagret, som istället kunden har ansvar för. SSABs och kundens affärssystem bör anslutas via EDI och SSAB ska äga produkterna som ligger i lagret. Kunden faktureras när produkterna tas ut och ett Closed End Agreement bör ingå i avtalet. Frågeställning 3: Hur påverkas kostnadsstrukturen av denna VMI-lösning? Slutsats 3: Kostnaderna för framförallt lagerföring kommer att öka i de fall kunderna går över från direkt försäljning till VMI. Studien indikerar även att i de fall kunderna går över från konsignationslager till VMI så minskar lagerföringskostnaderna. Övriga kostnader som påverkas kan försummas i jämförelse med lagerföringskostnaderna.
SSAB is a Swedish producer of steel founded in 1978. In recent years, the company has suffered from reduced margins and been experiencing financial losses. As a result of this, SSAB is trying to increase its competitiveness by offering value added services to its customers. Therefore, SSAB is interested in learning whether VMI is such a service. The purpose of this study is to produce a decision support to SSAB regarding whether the prerequisites for VMI collaboration exist between SSAB and its customers, how this collaboration should be designed and what cost changes will occur. The purpose has been divided into three areas. The areas are whether the prerequisites for VMI collaboration exist between SSAB and its customers, how the VMI collaboration should be designed and what cost changes will occur. Following three main questions have been produced to answer the areas: Do the prerequisites for VMI collaboration exist between SSAB and its customers? How should SSAB’s VMI offer be designed? How does the VMI collaboration affect the costs? The authors have collected empiricist by interviews and surveys. Three customers have been studied in the empirical data collection who, according to SSAB, are representative for other direct and consignment stock customers. The collected data and the literature studies have enabled the authors to analyze and to do calculations, which have led to conclusions that answer the main questions. These conclusions are summarized in the table below. Question 1: Do the prerequisites for VMI collaboration exist between SSAB and its customers? Conclusion 1: The study has concluded that the prerequisites for VMI collaboration exist in the studied cases. Question 2: How should SSAB’s VMI offer be designed? Conclusion 2: SSAB should be responsible for all aspects of the VMI collaboration, except for forecasting and stock-picking in the VMI stock. SSAB’s and the customers’ business systems should be connected by EDI and SSAB should own the products in the VMI stock. The customer is invoiced when the products leave the stock and a Closed End Agreement should be in place. Question 3: How does the VMI collaboration affect the costs? Conclusion 3: The stock holding costs will especially increase when direct customers become VMI customers. Furthermore, the study indicates that the stock holding costs will decrease in cases of consignment stock customers becoming VMI customers. Other costs that are affected by a VMI collaboration can be neglected.

The title of this preliminary study is replacement of low voltage switchgear at SSAB Borlänge. It contains of documentation of existing switchgear from the point of supply located in Domnarvets high voltage switchgear to SSAB's low voltage distribution switchgear. The new switchgear busbar system was dimensioned according to the calculation of the three-phase short-circuit current at the connection point. The manual calculations were verified using the  network calculation programs. A technical specification including grounding systems, protection devices and risk assessment was established. Replacement of transformers was suggested including dimensioning calculations, sectioning of loads due to interferences and new location.

L'objet de cette these est l'etude de la phenomenologie de l'extension supersymetrique du modele standard avec un superchamp singlet de jauge dans le secteur de higgs, ou (m + 1)ssm. Dans un premier chapitre, nous rappelons les motivations principales des theories supersymetriques, et donnons les ingredients essentiels a leur construction. Ceci est applique a l'extension supersymetrique minimale du modele standard, le mssm, dans le chapitre ii. Nous montrons ensuite en quoi ce modele souffre d'un probleme de naturalite auquel le (m + 1)ssm peut apporter une solution. Les parametres et le spectre de ce modele non minimal sont donnes. Le potentiel scalaire effectif a une boucle et sa minimisation sont etudies dans le chapitre iii. Dans l'article de l'annexe a, nous donnons les contraintes sur l'espace des parametres resultant de l'absence de minimum global de ce potentiel brisant la charge et/ou la couleur. Le chapitre iv traite des aspects experimentaux du (m + 1)ssm. Nous montrons dans l'article presente en annexe b que la presence de desintegrations en cascades avec eventuellement des vertex deplaces sans trace chargee serait une signature caracteristique du (m + 1)ssm. Une liste des topologies non conventionnelles necessitant une recherche particuliere a lep2 est presentee dans l'article de l'annexe c. Enfin, le chapitre v et l'annexe d sont consacres au secteur de higgs du (m + 1)ssm. Une etude detaillee des masses et couplages des higgs scalaires les plus legers, incluant les corrections principales a l'ordre de deux boucles, est effectuee. Il apparait que le higgs visible (i. E. Avec un couplage important aux bosons de jauges) le plus leger pourrait avoir une masse bien au-dela de la borne obtenue dans le mssm, echappant ainsi aux filets du tevatron.

Les contributions de cette thèse s'articulent autour de trois axes, en lien avec la forme SSA. Tout d'abord, nous nous sommes intéressés aux algorithmes d'analyse de vivacité sous la forme SSA. Nous présentons un algorithme rapide, qui s'appuie sur la structure du programme (notamment les boucles) et sur les propriétés spécifiques à la forme SSA. Ensuite nous présentons une représentation dérivée de SSA : la forme Static Single Information (SSI). D'abord, nous clarifions les différentes définitions apparues antérieurement. Puis nous montrons que le graphe d'intersection de la vivacité des variables sous la forme SSI est un graphe d'intervalles. Ceci nous permet de présenter un algorithme de vivacité plus efficace. Finalement dans un dernière partie nous proposons une approche novatrice pour la redescente SSA. Notre méthode, bien que conceptuellement plus simple, nous permet d'obtenir des résultats de qualité équivalente aux méthodes précédentes.
This thesis is articulated around three topics, all of them related to the SSA form. First, we explore the optimization of liveness algorithms when applied to program in SSA form. In particular we present an efficient algorithm, based on the structure of the program (the loops) and based on properties specific to SSA form. Next we present an intermediate representation which is a variant of SSA: the Static Single Information form (SSI). We clarify the different definitions for this form which appeared in the literature, pointing out the points where they diverge. Then we prove that the interference graph (the intersection graph of the live-ranges) of variables under SSI form is an interval graph. Finally, we propose a new approach to the problem of SSA destruction. Our method, while simpler than previous approach, gives us results comparable to more complex and not always proved approaches

SSAB Tunnplåts ledning utarbetade under 2004/2005 fram en ny strategiplan. Denna kommunicerades ut i olika steg under 2005 och 2006. Ett av stegen var projektet Strategispelet.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera SSAB Tunnplåts genomförande av den strategikommunikation som utfördes 2005-2007 i Borlänge och Luleå, med fokusering på Strategispelet. Fanns det brister i projektet Strategispelet och kunde de i så fall ha undvikits?

Vi har genom intervjuer vid SSAB Tunnplåt skapat en bild av strategikommunikationen. Kompletterande information har hämtats från SSAB Tunnplåts dokumentation kring kommunikationen. Med samma tillvägagångssätt har sedan planering och genomförande av Strategispelet kartlagts. Denna kartläggning har sedan analyserats utifrån perspektiven strategiimplementering, projekt och enkät.

Vi fann att det vid projektet Strategispelet funnits brister i målformulering, ansvarsfördelning och enkätens konstruktion. Beroende på det genomförandesätt som valdes vid SSAB Tunnplåt blev det svårt att sammanställa informationen från spelets frågor. Vi kommer i slutsatsen fram till att grundligare förberedelser av projektet och enkäten förmodligen hade kunnat förebygga de brister som uppstod.

Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research) Naval Postgraduate School, June 2001.
Thesis advisor(s): Paulo, Eugene P. ; Olson, Allen S. "June 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-115). Also available in print.

Detta examensarbete är skrivet på uppdrag av SSAB Tunnplåt AB i Finspång. Syftet är att, för en framtida produktionskapacitetsökning, utreda konsekvenser på materialflöde och lagerbehov i lagren för förvaring av råmaterial, färg och färdigt material. Examensarbetet skall också ge förslag på åtgärder för att, ur lagringssynpunkt, klara av kapacitetsökningen. Produktionstakten är idag 110 000 ton plåt per år och ökningen kommer att ske linjärt, med ett delmål vid 150 000 ton per år och en slutlig toppkapacitet på 170 000 ton per år.

Inventeringen av råmaterialförrådet visar att materialet har en genomsnittlig liggtid på sex dagar och att lagernivån varierar mycket över veckan. Medelbeläggningen var under inventeringsperioden 75 procent. Lagervolymen anses allmänt vara onödigt hög. För att klara av produktionstaktsökningen föreslås ändå att lagret byggs ut istället för att minska behovet. En utbyggnad anses vara det mest realistiska alternativet då det finns utrymme och är kostnadsmässigt försvarbart i förhållande till de alternativ som finns.

Färgförrådet är uppdelat i två delar. I dagsläget är beläggningen i containerdelen 80procent medan den i fatdelen är 70 procent. Åtgärdsförslagen i färgförrådet varierar med den ökade produktionstakten och innefattar en kombination av utbyggnad och ändrade hanteringsregler. Med genomförande av förslagen säkerställs att beläggningen inte överskrider 85 procent i varken fat- eller i containerdelen.

Analysen av nuläget visade att det redan i dagsläget är en hundraprocentig beläggning av färdigvarulagret. Det är en tydlig variation över veckan med förvånansvärt höga lagernivåer och långa liggtider. Den genomsnittliga liggtiden i färdigvarulagret är uppmätt till 20 dagar, vilket är länge med tanke på att produktionen planeras att ske en vecka innan leverans. För att klara av de ökade produktionsvolymerna är det första steget att minska beläggningen i dagsläget. Förslaget för lagringen av färdigt material är att flytta ut den nuvarande utlastningen utomhus och samtidigt börja ersätta dagens lagringssystem med höglagerställningar.

Environmental issues is now taking a growing place in society and to ensure that companies meet public expectations and do their part in working towards a sustainable development, environmental management system is said to be an effective tool (Almgren & Brorson, 2009). This case study has examined a company's environmental management system in order to find strengths and weaknesses within the ISO 14001 system. The work was carried out using interviews, document reviews and analyzes in which the three main concepts control the report ; "daily work", "audit" and "environmental aspects". The results shows that the daily work looks different depending on where you are; in the production or at the office. The audit examined all documents related to the environmental management system and the study showed that the biggest strengths was the commitment and waste handling while areas such as environmental goals and management review needed improvement. As a result of the deficiencies identified, suggestions for improvements was proposed. The investigation of the routine of the environmental aspects showed an incomplete routine where the red wire from identification to evaluation was missing. Suggestions have been given on how to improve this. The discussion then treated the following areas where the author's point of view is clear and points like the relevance and difficulties etc. was discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissELGE.pdf: 764248 bytes, checksum: 4660cc71261254f054468d04e4659dc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-28
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The SSDM algorithm, created to allow semantically similar data mining, is presented in this work. Using fuzzy logic concepts, this algorithm analyzes the similarity grade between items, considering it if it is greater than a user-defined parameter. When this occurs, fuzzy associations between items are established, and are expressed in the association rules obtained. Therefore, besides associations discovered by conventional algorithms, SSDM also discovers semantic associations, showing them together with the other rules obtained. To do that, strategies are defined to discover these associations and calculate the support and the confidence of the rules where they appear.
Neste trabalho é apresentado o algoritmo SSDM, criado para permitir a mineração de dados semanticamente similares. Usando conceitos de lógica nebulosa, esse algoritmo analisa o grau de similaridade entre os itens, e o considera caso ele seja maior do que um parâmetro definido pelo usuário. Quando isso ocorre, são estabelecidas associações nebulosas entre os itens, que são expressas nas regras de associação obtidas. Assim, além das associações descobertas por algoritmos convencionais, o SSDM também descobre associações semânticas, e as exibe junto às demais regras obtidas. Para isso, são definidas estratégias para descobrir essas associações e para calcular o suporte e a confiança das regras onde elas aparecem.

SSAB i Oxelösund ska bygga en ljusbågsugn för konvertering av verksamheten från huvudsakligen malmbaserad produktion till skrotbaserad produktion. I samband med byggandet av ljusbågsugnen kommer en ny 130 kV linje byggas och från denna linje kommer ett nytt 30 kV nät byggas för att mata ljusbågsugnen och två stycken skänkugnar. En av dessa skänkugnar är idag (2019) i drift med 10 kV men ska konverteras till 30 kV medan den andra är en ny elektriskt sett identisk ugn. Anslutningen av dessa tre ugnar till det avskilda 30 kV nätet är till för att begränsa spridning av övertoner och flimmer till övriga laster. Ugnarna ska sedan anslutas till ett gemensamt elektriskt filter, för 30 kV nätet. Ljusbågsugnen och skänkugnarna ska vara i drift första kvartalet 2024, på grund av att det är några år in i framtiden är kortslutningsimpedanser osäkra. För att uppfylla termisk- och korttidsströmsdimensionering för kabeln mellan huvudställverk (OT40) och skänkugnsställverk (SU2) fodras enledarkabel med 300 mm2 aluminiumledare och PEX-isolering. Denna dimensionering förutsätter att förläggning sker i triangelformation, temperaturen är högst 35 °C och kabeln förläggs på sådant sätt att den inte påverkas av andra kablar. Maximal kortslutningsström som kabeln klarar av under den maximala bortkopplingstiden är 32,5 kA. Kortslutnings- och spänningsfallsberäkningar är utförda iprogrammet GNU Octave. Högsta och lägsta kortslutningström i respektive ställverk är beräknad. Överströmsskydden ställs in så att selektiv bortkoppling erhålls, med maximal bortkopplingstid 0,9 sekunder. En blockeringslogik används för att försäkra anläggning enmot oselektiv utlösning. Logiken innebär, enligt SSAB:s praxis, att skyddet närmast felstället ska blockera överordnat skydds kortslutningsströmsteg (>> I). Jordfelsskydd dimensioneras efter en nollpunktsresistor om 10 A. Jordfelsskydden är riktade och friges av nollpunktsspänningsskydd för att säkerställa att okynnesutlösning av jordfelsskydden inte uppstår i samband med omkopplingar eller fel i nätet. Frigivningen fungerar upp till en maximal snedavstämning om cirka 21 A.
SSAB in Oxelösund will build an electric arc furnace to transform business from a mainly ore-based production, with blast furnaces, to a scrap based production. Together with the construction of the electric arc furnace, a new 130 kV overhead line and a 30 kV substation will be built. The 30 kV substation will feed one electric arc furnace and two ladle furnaces. One of these ladle furnaces is currently (2019) being fed with 10 kV, but is going to be converted to 30 kV, while the other one is a new electrically identical furnace. The connection of these three furnaces to the 30 kV grid is done in order to limit the distribution of harmonic distortions and flicker to the other loads. The furnaces on the 30 kV grid will be connected to a common electrical filter. The electric arc furnace and the ladle furnaces will be operational and produce steel in the first quarter of 2024. Since the installation will be performed some years ahead the short circuit impedance is not known. The cable between the main substation (OT40) and the ladle furnace substation (SU2) was being selected according to thermals and short time currents which determined the cable to consist of a single core cable with 300 mm2 aluminium conductor isolated by XLPE-isolation. This is provided that the cable is mountedin a triangle formation along a path with temperatures at maximum 35 C and is placed in such a way that the cable is not influenced thermally by other cables. Short circuit and voltage drop calculations are made in the program GNU Octave. The highest three phase and the lowest two phase short circuit current is calculated in every substation. The overcurrent protection is set to a maximum disconnection time of 0.9 seconds. A blocking logic is being used to further ensure a selectivity in the facility. The logic means, according to SSAB praxis, that the protection closest to the fault blocks the upstream short circuit protection ( I). The earth fault protection is designed around using a neutral grounding resistor of 10 A. The earth fault protection is directional and is being released by the neutral displacement protection to asure no unwanted tripping of the earth fault protection by change-over switching or faults in the grid. The release of the protection works with detuning up to about 21 A.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
It is always desirable to transmit several data signals simultaneously. This paper discusses how one transmitter can transmit several data signals to several receivers at the same time in a Point to Multipoint communication system. Two novel schemes are proposed. One is communication with Multiple Phase Shift Keying(MPSK,e.g.8PSK),another is communication with Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Multiple-Access(DS/SSMA). Their models are presented and their operations are illustrated. It is proved theoretically that the communication properties of DS/SSMA are better than those of another.

Det här examensarbetet har utförts åt företaget SSM där syftet var att standardisera deras tidsplaner och arbetssätt kring planering i produktionen.   Detta arbete har grundat sig på analys av några av SSM:s tidsplaner inom produktion, där dessa har granskats in i minsta detalj. Tre av sex projekt har studerats djupare och författarna har sedan gjort egna standardmallar som baserats på dessa. Utöver detta har även intervjuer/möten hållits med tidsplanerare både inom företaget men även utanför.   Dessa metoder resulterade i slutsatsen att alla platschefer på SSM samt personal på projekteringssidan bör använda sig utav Vico Office i framtiden för att en standardisering av tidsplanerna ska ske. Detta då programmet sparar återanvändbar information från varje projekt som genomförts, vilket på så sätt kan nyttjas i kommande projekt. I programmet finns olika verktyg för hur man väljer att presentera tidsplanen vilka framgår i rapporten.   Efter att ha provat på programmets olika funktioner rekommenderas att företaget använder sig utav det i framtiden då de kan kombinera olika planeringsverktyg samt koppla ihop modellen med bl.a. kostnader, mängder, resurser och tid. Anpassade standardmallar har tagits fram för att förenkla och standardisera tidsplaneringen enligt SSM:s arbetsprocesser.
This thesis has been carried out for the company SSM where the purpose was to standardize their time schedules and also their working methods regarding planning in production.   To achieve this, the thesis has mostly been based on analysis of some of SSM's time schedules in production, where these have been examined in the smallest detail. Three out of six projects have been studied in more depth and the authors have then made their own standard templates based on these. In addition, interviews/meetings have also been held with time planners both within, but also outside the company.   These methods resulted in conclusion that all site managers at SSM and personnel in the design department should use Vico Office in the future in order to standardize the time schedules. This because the program saves reusable information from each project that has been implemented, which can be used in future projects. The program contains various tools, which are stated in the report that allows the user to choose how to present the time schedule.   After trying the different functions of the program, the recommendation is that the company use Vico in the future as they can combine different planning tools and connect the BIM-model with e.g. costs, quantities, resources and time. Custom standard templates have been developed to simplify and standardize time scheduling according to SSM's work processes.

The new developments in coding theory research have revolutionized the application of coding to practical systems. Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes form a class of Shannon limit approaching codes opted for digital communication systems that require high reliability. This thesis investigates the underlying relationship between the spectral properties of the parity check matrix and LDPC decoding convergence. The bit error rate of an LDPC code is plotted for the parity check matrix that has different Second Smallest Eigenvalue Modulus (SSEM) of its corresponding Laplacian matrix. It is found that for a given (n,k) LDPC code, large SSEM has better error floor performance than low SSEM. The value of SSEM decreases as the sparseness in a parity-check matrix is increased. It was also found from the simulation that long LDPC codes have better error floor performance than short codes. This thesis outlines an approach to analyze LDPC decoding based on the eigenvalue analysis of the corresponding parity check matrix.

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, EC 1.4.3.6) belongs to a family of copper-containing amine oxidases. SSAO exists as a membrane bound protein in endothelial-, smooth muscle-, and adipose cells as well as soluble in plasma. SSAO catalyses oxidative deamination of primary monoamines, which results in the production of corresponding aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. These compounds are very reactive and potentially cytotoxic, and are able to induce vascular damage if produced in high levels. Patients with diabetes mellitus, and with diabetic complications in particular, have a higher SSAO activity in plasma compared to healthy controls. It has therefore been speculated that high SSAO activity is involved in the development of vascular complications associated with diabetes. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the importance of SSAO in the development of disorders of a vascular origin. We have studied the transcriptional regulation of the SSAO gene, by inducing diabetes in NMRI and in transgenic mice, overexpressing the human form of SSAO in smooth muscle cells. We found that the increase in SSAO activity in diabetes is accompanied by reduced mRNA levels of the endogenous mouse gene, suggesting a negative feedback on the transcription of the SSAO gene. In addition, the transgenic mice exhibited an abnormal phenotype in the elastic tissue of aorta and renal artery. These mice have a lower mean artery pressure and an elevated pulse pressure. These results indicate that high SSAO activity in smooth muscle cells is associated with a change in the morphology of large arteries. This is likely contributing to the development of vascular complications in diabetes.

The purpose of this assignment at SSAB Tunnplåt in Borlänge was mainly to investigate and describe the circumstances for the spare parts stored in storage facilities within the area of operation. Even new facilities which could serve as storage rooms and their opportunities for storing spare parts were an important part of the investigation. This because of the need for improved storing of spare parts. Furthermore, market offers where reviewed for storage of spare parts in more tailored designs. The work will culminate in proposals for improvement which is of importance for the development surrounding the storage and handling of spare parts. This is since the design and management of existing storage facilities is not perceived as satisfactory with regards to spare parts characteristics. Moreover, the amount of stock locations is too few in relation to the actual need. The approach used to achieve objectives of the work was an advanced mapping for collection of vital data. The mapping consisted of interviews with involved parties, both internal and external, for the most comprehensive picture of the problems as possible. In addition, a literature survey was conducted to identify possible options for the objectives of the work as well as a personal study of existing and new storage facilities. Furthermore, the market offers for improved conditions in storage rooms were examined. A clear picture of internal logistics and warehouse activities for spare parts at SSAB Tunnplåt has been obtained during this work. From this picture, it is concluded that work in and around storage facilities can be made more efficient. SSAB Tunnplåt should additionally make efforts in the storage facilities for better use of the available storage space. A number of proposals for improvement for each studied storage facility and spare parts management in general have been conducted. These proposals for improvement include presentations to improve the design of the studied storage facilities towards enabling more stock locations. The proposals also include additional equipment for handling spare parts, scrap handling, as well as expansions of the maintenance system which supports activities in the spare parts management.

Processflödet mellan Stålverket och Valsverket på SSAB i Oxelösund har kartlagts och analyserats över ansvars- och leveransgränsen. En tydlig bild över det totala processflödet saknades vid arbetets start. Syftet med arbetet är att bidra till ett effektivare flöde genom att undersöka vilka möjligheter som finns för att effektivisera produktionsflödet. Angreppssättet har varit att identifiera dagens processflöde och beskriva möjliga alternativ som skulle innebära ett effektivare flöde där hänsyn tagits till kvalitet, kapacitet och energiförbrukning. Fokus har legat kring beskrivning av möjligheter och potential vid föreslagna alternativ utan att beskrivadet tekniska genomförandet. Arbetsprocessen kring att utföra uppdraget har inneburit spenderad tid på SSAB där rundvandringar, möten, intervjuer och studier har hjälpt till att skapa en tydlig bild av nuläget. Data har analyserats och gett lärdom kring hur verkligheten ser ut och vilka effekter föreslagna lösningar kommer att ge. Under arbetets gång har det visat sig att det redan nu finns ett problem som tenderar att bli alltmer allvarligt, nämligen kapning av de sprickkänsliga ämnena. Detta problem blev fokusområdet i denna rapport där förslag på möjliga lösningar presenteras och diskuteras. En slutsats som kan dras är att ett parallellt flöde med en ersatt/automatiserad process skulle bidra till ett effektivare flöde.
The process flow between Stålverket (Steelwork) and Valsverket (Rolling mill) at SSAB in Oxelösund has been mapped and analysed over the liability and delivery limit. A clear picture of the total process flow was missing at the start of the work. The purpose of the work is to contribute to a more efficient flow by examining the possibilities available to streamline production flow. The approach has been to identify the current process flow and describe possible alternatives for a more efficient flow, considering quality, capacity and energy consumption. The focus has been on describing possibilities and potential in proposed options without describing the technical implementation. The work process of carrying out the assignment has meant spending time at SSAB where round trips, meetings, interviews and studies have helped to create a clear picture of the current situation. Data has been analysed and given lessons about how reality looks and what effects proposed solutions will give. During the process of the study, it has been found that there is already a problem that tends to become increasingly serious, namely the cutting of the fracture-sensitive substances. This problem became the focus area in this report where proposals for possible solutions are presented and discussed. One conclusion that can be drawn is that a parallel flow with are placed/ automated process would contribute to a more efficient flow.

Wireless communication companies require to use the frequency spectrum to operate. Both frequency licenses and infrastructure to reuse frequencies are costly resources subject to increasing demand. This work introduces a novel multiplexing method that saves spectrum called Spectral Shape Division Multiplexing (SSDM). Under certain configurations, SSDM displays higher flexibility and throughput than other spectrally efficient methods. SSDM defines the structure of a wireless multi-carrier by software. It is similar to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in that both use overlapped sub-carriers to make efficient use of allocated spectrum. However, SSDM has several advantages. Where OFDM organizes sub-carriers orthogonally, SSDM allows arbitrary frequency steps enabling higher spectral efficiency. Similarly, while OFDM and other spectrally efficient methods use sinusoidal pulse forms, SSDM can use non-standard pulses providing a greater control of the carrier. In this thesis, a SSDM transceiver is implemented to reduce the spectrum utilization. SSDM presents an increase in spectral efficiency of 20% average with respect to OFDM. The cost of this gain is higher computational speed and signal to noise ratio. The mathematical models and possible architecture for an SSDM system with sinusoidal pulses is developed. The modem is compared with other spectrally efficient methods. Similarly, the trade-offs between spectral efficiency, bit-error rates, dimension of the carrier and sub-carrier spacing are subject of analysis.

My thesis deals with the Multicast transfer in IP networks and it describes distribution technology of packets with special focus on Multicast technology. The thesis is devoted to the principles of Multicast including the description of scheme, protocol Multicast distribution, registration in the Multicast groups and finally the advantages and disadvantages of the Multicast transfer. Further in the thesis is described in details the Source Specific Multicast technology (SSM) that comes from multicast. There is a description how this technology Works and its implementation in the network equipment including the user side. This part of the thesis also deals with so called Distribution Trees that are used as multicast distribution via the IP networks like for example Internet. Based on the knowledge of the Multicast was created the network to spread the multimedia data with support of Multicast and SSM. The network is designed based on the Cisco system equipment as is: Cisco Content Engine 566, Cisco IP/TV broadcast server and router 1812. This multimedia network provides many services including the live TV broadcast and video channels. In this network using the multicast distribution of packets was done an analysis by protocol analyzer unit WIreshark and Finisar. This protocol analyzer unit allows us to compare the efficiency of multimedia data transfer between the Unicast, Multicast and SSM.

Over the past few years, the capability of smart devices has grown incessantly, and is showing no sign of slowing down. Along with the decreasing cost of manufacturing high definition surveillance cameras, this has led to the increased ease and convenience of installing surveillance cameras at or in private places. Various applications focus on home surveillance, however simply sending a high definition image does not satisfy all of the users’ needs. On a site that is monitored by a surveillance camera, the high-resolution surveillance camera streams its video to a user's handheld device. Unfortunately, such devices are unable to make use of the high-resolution video due to their limited display size and bandwidth, and the visual range is also a key problem. In this thesis, we propose a method to assist the mobile operator of the surveillance camera in focusing on sensitive regions of the videos. Our system automatically identifies relevant regions, combined with foreground detection and human body detection, which is referred to as object detection. A sensitivity map that represents those informative regions returned by the detection methods is accumulated over number of frames. It shows the collection of the sensitivity data in the video over a period of time. We then introduce a zoom strategy to ensure that the operator is able to see the fine details in these areas, while maintaining contextual knowledge. Regions of interest are identified using foreground detection as well as body detection. In order to accelerate the processing speed, we propose two optimization methods. The efficacy of the proposed methods is demonstrated through a user study, the results of which show that this approach is more successful than three comparable approaches used to get an understanding of the activities in a surveillance scene while maintaining context.

Abstract Although researchers have studied the effects of platooning, most of the work done so far has focused on fuel consumption. There are a few studies that have targeted the impact of platooning on the highway operations and safety. This thesis focuses on the impact of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) platooning on highway characteristics. Specifically, this study aims at evaluating the effects of platooning of HDVs on capacity, safety, and CO2 emissions. This study is based on a hypothetical model that was created using the VISSIM software. VISSIM is a powerful simulation software designed to mimic the field traffic flow conditions. For model validity, the model outputs were compared with recommended values from guidelines such as the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) (Transportation Research Board, 2016). VISSIM was used to obtain the simulation results regarding capacity. However, in addition to VISSIM, two other software packages were used to obtain outputs that cannot be assessed in VISSIM. MOVES and SSAM are two simulation software packages that were used for emission and safety metrics, respectively. Both software packages depended on input from VISSIM for analysis. It was found that with the presence of HDVs in the model, the capacity, the emission of CO2, and the safety of the roadway would improve positively. A capacity of 4200 PCE/h/ln could be achieved when there are enough HDVs in platoons. Furthermore, more than 3% of the traffic flow emission of CO2 reduction is possible when 100% of the HDVs used in the model are in platoons. In addition to that, a reduction of more than 75% of the total number of conflicts might be obtained. Furthermore, with the analysis of the full factorial method and the Design of Experiment (DOE) conducted by using Excel and Minitab respectively, it was possible to investigate the impact of the platoons’ factors on the highway parameters. Most of these factors affect the parameters significantly. However, the change in the desired speed was found to insignificantly affect the highway parameters, due to the high penetration rate. Keywords: VISSIM, MOVES, SSAM, COM-interface, HDVs, Platooning, Number of Conflicts

Many modern-day industries share features of tight coupling and high complexity, making it difficult to describe incidents in terms of direct attribution. This situation has been answered by novel theories on the bonds between people and their environment. Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) offers a new way of analysing human activities, acknowledging the impact of complex interaction and unpredictability. Doing so allows for innovative ways of pursuing work safety. In this study, the concept of safety culture has been interpreted from a CSE perspective and applied in a qualitative assessment of current safety work of at SSAB EMEA. A total number of 26 SSAB employees were interviewed, probing attitudes, perceptions and safety system structures at the Oxelösund steel mill, rolling mill and upper organizational layers. Additional data was collected using informers, SSAB documentation and participatory observation. Data was processed using a combination of top-down and bottom-up analytical approaches, creating a qualitative assessment of safety culture from salient themes. Results reveal an advanced state of safety management. However, management’s intentions are inhibited by issues in management presence and communication, management training, worker influence, forms and content of operator training, reporting, feedback, flow of communication and safety-related core assumptions. Revisiting lessons learned within the field of CSE, suggestions are made to possible areas of improvement and future research. These suggestions concern employee involvement in safety work, work identities, forms of training, manager roles and communication.

The iron and steel industry is an energy intensive energy that consumes vast quantities of fossil fuels as the primary source of energy due to the dependence on coal for steel making. Although the SSAB integrated iron and steel plant at Oxelosund generates electricity and district heat from the process gases, the overall efficiency of the system is a mere 58%. In order to meet future climate targets and energy prices, the iron and steel industry has to improve its energy and resource efficiency. Furthermore, an extensive energy balance for SSAB Oxelosund has not been conducted till date. This served as the main motivation for this project. This report forms the basis of such a study and also provides a near accurate picture of the energy balances at SSAB Oxelosund, encouraging future work in this domain. This report shows that there is lot of waste heat at present that can be utilized by SSAB if such a demand exists. A few improvements have been suggested to improve the overall efficiency, however major changes may not be profitable due to the fact that the steel industry is in a decline today and major process changes will not be a viable solution.

This thesis is performed on master level and covers an assignment given by the Value Added Services(VAS) department at SSAB (Oxelösund, Sweden). The thesis has been carried out by Mattias Hägglundduring the fall of 2014 atMälardalen University. The transportation industry has over time developed to be more efficient and environmentally aware. Looking at the truck industry shows that the development is strong and constant, new solutions and improvements is being introduced every year. One result of this is reduced fuel consumption and/or increased loading capacity. In the mining industry for example, can a few hundred kilos extra payload make a big different at the end of the day. This constant development seen in many fields is something that SSAB wants to take part in. By using product diversification canthe VAS department reach new customers and secure sales of SSAB steel. Subframes, being a natural step from tipper bodies, are worth to consider as a possible project start-up. Combined with SSABs current tipper body program could a new subframe make its way to the market. This project have adapted a new product development process in order to come up with a subframe design not yet physically tested, but theoretically superior to conventional subframes. Each development phase of this process is explained and executed in the report, giving the reader a detailed step-by-step overview. The projects result builds on the knowledge attained from the course of the project and simulation results. With the use of a CAD-program and by applying FEM, have a number of concepts been analysed with regards to their strength and rigidity. The simulation results have made it possible to design a final solution where a number of demands and desired properties have been fulfilled. The result from this thesis work have reduced the weight by 7%, increased rigidity about 20% and substantially improved the strength in comparison to a typical subframe. This shows that there are possibilities to improve on the current subframe design, and that there is cause for SSAB to make further research and development in the subject of tipper body subframes.

This bachelor thesis is performed at Sweden's leading steel company, SSAB. It is performed at SSAB in Oxelösund at their mills. The aim is to identify the types of plates that are discarded the most because of failed flatness, finding the possible factores why they have not been rescued and make suggestions for improvement. The studies have been perfomed with qualitative and quantitative methods to get the best possible understanding of the problem. With help of data collection, brainstorming, interviews and observations, the study has been possible to implement, results have been reported and improvement proposals have been developed. Improvement suggestions have been given for the SX70E – 20mm plate. A flow chart have been developed to show how this sorts of plates must be controlled if the flatness is not approved. The detemined processes must be changed to processes that, shown by both statistics and tests, improves the flatness of this types of plates.

This thesis is concerned with a research project conducted with a Swedish company to provide recommendations for developing a prototypical information system for the company. The system’s goal was to consolidate data regarding the company’s supply chain and packaging conditions in order to find improvements in packaging development. The thesis employed the use of Soft Systems Methodology to aid with the system development process. A qualitative explorative study was designed for this purpose. Soft Systems Methodology was used after exploring alternative methodologies. This was chosen as the researchers found it important to engage the case company in the system development process. Four semi-structured interviews and two workshops with the relevant officials were the main methods of collecting data. Models such as a rich picture, CATWOE and PQR formula were utilized during the research to visualize important aspects of the system development process. As a result of the research, the researchers were able to provide the company with recommendations for how to further proceed with the development process. Another result of the study was that Soft Systems Methodology was able to unlock tacit information. The methodology also allowed for a consideration of the implementation of an iterative process to support the development. The results of this research suggest that introducing and making use of Soft Systems Methodology is very stimulating in an environment not already using it. The research provided insights needed for progress towards a successful implementation of a new information system, and contributes a real-world SSM case in a corporate environment. The researchers also suggest future opportunities for research that could further build on the work presented in the thesis.

Denna uppsats behandlar SSAB Tunnplåt och deras önskan att öka försäljningen av tunnplåt. Detta antas kunna uppnås genom att förbättra kommunikationen genom säljverktygen. Säljverktygen innefattar telefonsamtal, personliga möten, broschyrer, videokonferenser, branschtidningar, e-post samt SSAB Tunnplåts hemsida. Eftersom företaget inte erhåller tillräcklig kunskap om säljverktygen medför detta att företaget inte kan förändra eller förbättra säljverktygen för att effektivisera kommunikationen. Syftet med undersökningen är därmed att tillhandahålla uppdragsgivaren med förslag och förbättringar gällande säljverktygen samt redovisa deras användning.

Le langage d'assignation statique unique, SSA, est l'une des représentations intermédiaires les plus communément utilisées dans les compilateurs industriels. Cependant l'intérêt de la communauté d'analyse statique de programmes est minime, un fait dû aux faibles fondations formelles du langage SSA. Cette thèse présente une sémantique dénotationelle du langage SSA, permettant des définitions formelles des analyses statiques du langage SSA en se basant sur les méthodes classiques de l'interprétation abstraite. D'un point de vue pratique, cette thèse présente l'implémentation des analyseurs statiques définis formellement dans un compilateur industriel, la Collection de Compilateurs GNU, GCC.

In this work the involved mechanisms between Ro/SSA complex, composed also by the tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21alpha) and trove domain 2 (TROVE2) proteins, with respect to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) autoantibodies is studied. The work is divided in three chapters: I- In vitro and in silico analysis of the molecular recognition between lupus autoantibodies and TRIM21alpha Fc Receptor ; II- In vitro evidence of bipolar-bridged immune TROVE2 complexes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and III- Label-free piezoelectric biosensor for prognosis and diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Samples of lupic patients and health subjects were kindly provided by La Fe hospital, accordingly the required protocols. After its extraction and purification, the immunoglobulin samples were obtained to study in vitro protein interactions and the involved mechanism by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation factor attributions, and dual polarization interferometry. Techniques such, polarization modulation infrared interferometry, x-ray photoelectron interferometry and contact angle measurement were used in order to characterize surfaces. Pre-steady-state analysis revealed an antibody bipolar bridging involved in both TRIM21alpha and TROVE2 proteins. Identification of the main immunodominant human linear epitope for TRIM21alpha was finely mapped using a series of overlapping synthetic polypeptides with a size of 21 amino acids. The epitopes recognised by autoantibodies for this protein spanned the linear sequence from the aminoacid 151 to 183, and a conformational epitope for SLE patients and healthy subjects, respectively. Autoantibodies from lupic patients targeted protein epitopes, allowing health subjects to be discriminated. Major Histocompatibility Complex Class-II binding peptide prediction results corroborated the sequence as the immunodominant linear epitope, mostly coded as the HLA DRB1*1304 allele for SLE patients, and HLA DRB1*0806 for controls. The subdominant epitope corresponded to the PRY-SPRY domain, recently known as mammalian Fc receptor. Finally, the TRIM21alpha protein structure was modeled by a new homology modeling, never before presented. From the TROVE2 protein, the major linear epitope recognized by autoantibodies correspond to the sequence from the aminoacid 160 to 210 for healthy subjects. However, the major epitope in SLE serum is undiscovered. We suggest that the difference between epitopes could correspond to a majority necrosis-induced specificity in SLE patients, and an apoptotic via in healthy subjects. TROVE2 showed the ability to bind to Fcs, depending on alkaline earth cations in solution. The results suggest that the TROVE2-TRIM21alpha binding is a calcium-dependent protein interaction linked through the MIDAS-like motif in the vWFA-like domain. Finally, a pratical consequence of all study was the development of label-free biosensing method, based in microbalance technology, for in vitro diagnostics of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, allowing the premature sensing of autoantibodies against TRIM21alpha and TROVE2 protein, in advance of the clinical illness symptoms appear.
En este trabajo se ha estudiado el mecanismo involucrado entre el complejo Ro/SSA, compuesto también por las proteínas tripartite motif 21 alpha(TRIM21alpha;) y trove domain 2 (TROVE2) con respecto a autoanticuerpos de pacientes que tienen lupus eritematoso sistémico, en comparación con autoanticuerpos de personas sanas. El estudio comprende tres capítulos: I- Análisis in vitro e in silico del reconocimiento molecular entre autoanticuerpos de lupus y receptor TRIM21alpha; Fc; II- Evidencias in vitro de complejos inmunes TROVE2 bipolares con puentes en la patogénesis del lupus eritematoso sistémico y III- Biosensor piezoeléctrico libre de marcaje para el pronóstico y el diagnóstico del lupus eritematoso sistémico. Las muestras de pacientes lúpicos y personas sanas fueron proporcionadas por el hospital La Fe de acuerdo con los protocolos establecidos. Tras una etapa de extracción y purificación de las inmunoglobulinas fueron estudiadas la interacción de proteínas in vitro utilizando una microbalanza de cristal de cuarzo con atribución de factor de disipación e interferometria de polarización dual. Técnicas de caracterización como espectroscopía infrarroja de reflexión-absorción por modulación de la polarización, espectroscopía fotoelectrónica de rayos-x y análisis de ángulo de contacto fueron utilizadas con la finalidad de caracterizar superficies. El análisis del estado pre estacionario ha revelado un mecanismo de puente bipolar para las dos proteínas, TRIM21alpha; y TROVE2. Tras su identificación, el epítopo linear inmunodominante fue mapeado para TRIM21alpha;, utilizando una serie de polipéptidos sintéticos superpuestos de 21 aminoácidos. Los epitopos reconocidos por autoanticuerpos para esta proteína abarca la secuencia lineal a partir del aminoácido 151 hasta el 183 para epitopos de pacientes lúpicos y sujetos sanos, respectivamente. Autoanticuerpos de pacientes lúpicos reconocieron epítopos de proteínas, permitiendo la discriminación de pacientes sanos. Los resultados de la unión del Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad clase II con el péptido de unión corroboraron la secuencia cómo el epítopo lineal inmunodominante, codificado como el alelo HLA DRB1 * 1304 para pacientes con LES y HLA DRB1 * 0806 para los controles. El epitopo subdominante corresponde al dominio PRY-SPRY, recientemente conocido receptor Fc de mamífero. Finalmente, la estructura de la proteína TRIM21alpha; fue determinada utilizando un nuevo modelo de homología no presentado antes. De la proteína TROVE2, el epitopo lineal immunodominante reconocido por los autoanticuerpos corresponde a la secuencia que pudiera corresponder del aminoácido 160 hasta 210 para sujetos sanos. Sin embargo, el epitopo mayoritario en sueros lúpicos no fue determinado. Se sugiere que la diferencia entre los epitopos se corresponde mayoritariamente a una necrosis-inducida en pacientes lúpicos, y a una vía apoptótica en pacientes sanos. TROVE2 presentó la habilidad de unirse a Fcs dependiendo de los cationes alcalinos presentes en la disolución. Los resultados sugieren que la unión TROVE2-TRIM21alpha; es dependiente de la interacción con calcio vinculada a través del motivo MIDAS en el dominio vWFA. Finalmente, una consecuencia práctica de todo el estudio fue el desarrollo de un biosensor libre de marcaje para diagnóstico in vitro de lupus eritematoso sistémico, permitiendo la detección prematura de autoanticuerpos anti TRIM21alpha; y anti TROVE2, varios años antes de la aparición de los síntomas clínicos de la enfermedad.
En aquest treball s'ha estudiat el mecanisme involucrat en el complex Ro/SSA, compost per les proteïnes tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21alpha;) i trove domain 2 (TROVE2) respecte a autoanticossos de pacients que tenen lupus eritematós sistèmic, en comparació amb autoanticossos de persones sanes. L'estudi es divideix en tres capítols: : I- Anàlisi in vitro i in silico del reconeixement molecular entre autoanticossos de lupus i receptor TRIM21alpha; Fc; II- Evidències in vitro de complexos immunes TROVE2 bipolars amb ponts en la patogènesi del lupus eritematós sistèmic i III-Biosensor piezoelèctric lliure de marcatge per al pronòstic i el diagnòstic del lupus eritematós sistèmic. Les mostres de pacients lúpics y persones sanes van ser amablement proporcionades per l'hospital La Fe d'acord amb els protocols establerts. Després d'una etapa de purificació adequada, el pool de mostres de immunoglobulines va ser estudiat les interaccions in vitro de les proteïnes utilitzant una microbalança de cristall de quars amb atribució de factor de dissipació i interferometria de polarització dual. Tècniques de caracterització, como ara espectroscòpia de infraroja de reflexió-absorció per modulació de la polarització, espectroscòpia fotoelèctrica de rajos X i anàlisi d'angle de contacte van ser emprades amb per tal de caracteritzar les superfícies. L¿anàlisi de l`estat preestacionari ha revelat un mecanisme de pont bipolar que involucra les dos proteïnes, TRIM21alpha; i TROVE2. Una vegada identificat, va ser mapat l'epítop immunodominant lineal per a TRIM21alpha; emprant una sèrie de polipèptids sintètics superposats de 21 aminoàcids. Els epítops reconeguts per autoanticossos per a aquesta proteïna engloben la seqüència lineal a partir de l'aminoàcid 151 fins al 183 per a epítops de pacients lúpics y subjectes sans, respectivament. Autoanticossos de pacients lúpicos van reconèixer epítops de proteïnes, fet que va permetre la discriminació de pacients sans. Els resultats de la unió del Complexe Major de Histocompatibilitat classe II amb el pèptid de unió van corroborar la seqüència com l'epítop lineal immunodominant, codificat com l'al·lel HLA DRB1 * 1304 per a pacients amb LES i HLA DRB1 * 0806 per als controls. L'epítop subdominant correspon al domini PRY-SPRY, recentment conegut receptor Fc de mamífer. Finalment, l'estructura de la proteïna TRIM21alpha; va ser determinada utilitzant un nou model d'homologia no presentat abans. De la proteïna TROVE2, l'epítop lineal immunodominant reconegut pels autoanticossos correspon a la seqüència que pogués correspondre l'aminoàcid 160 fins al 210 per a subjectes sans. No obstant això, l'epítop majoritari en sèrums lúpics no va ser determinat. Es suggereix que la diferència entre els epítops es correspon majoritàriament a una necrosis induïda en pacients lúpics i a una via apoptòtica en pacients sans. TROVE2 va mostrar l'habilitat de unir-se a Fcs en funció dels cations alcalins presents en la dissolució. Els resultats suggereixen que la unió TROVE2-TRIM21alpha; depèn de la interacció amb calci vinculada a través del motiu MIDAS en el domini vWFA. Finalment, la conseqüència pràctica de tot l'estudi va ser el desenvolupament d'un biosensor sense marcatge per al diagnòstic in vitro de lupus eritematós sistèmic, el qual permet la detecció prematura d'autoanticossos cap a les proteïnes TRIM21alpha; i TROVE2 anys abans de l'aparició dels símptomes clínics de la malaltia.
Do Nascimento, NM. (2017). The Ro/SSA Complex in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/80534
TESIS

This thesis is a description of the sales process for Toolox, the newest of four products produced by SSAB Oxelösund. Toolox is a tool steel, sold using eleven external dealers throughout Europe. Each dealer carries a wide range of steel grades for different uses. To increase sales volumes SSAB want to have the right support for their dealers. In this thesis the organizations and individuals who influence in the buying decision are identified as well as their buying behavior and the information that is needed in the sales situations. The requirements on the tool steel derive not only from the toolmaker itself but also from end users of a product further down the product chain. The study indicates that communication of benefits along the chain difficult because is not well integrated. The decision of what steel to buy is often made by the tool designer and these are influenced by a number of other individuals. It is also found that risk aversion and conservatism are barriers for product introductions.

Epidemiological data suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have anti-tumorigenic activities against colorectal cancer. NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenases (COX) enzyme. Sulindac, a NSAID prodrug, is metabolized into pharmacologically active sulfide and sulfone derivatives. Microarray analysis was used to detect COX independent effects of sulindac on gene expression in human colorectal cells. Spermidine/spermine N 1-acetyl transferase (SSAT) gene, which encodes a polyamine catabolic enzyme, was one of the genes induced by clinically relevant sulindac sulfone concentrations. Promoter analysis and mutational studies were done to map the sulindac sulfone dependent response sequences in SSAT 5' flanking sequences, which led to the identification of two Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs) response elements (PPREs) in the SSAT gene. PPRE-2 is required for the induction of SSAT by sulindac sulfone and is specifically bound by PPARgamma in the Caco-2 cells, while PPRE-1 is not required for the induction of SSAT by sulindac sulfone, but can be bound by both PPARdelta and PPARgamma. Clinically relevant concentrations of sulfone reduced intracellular polyamine levels, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Further, only sulindac sulfone induced apoptosis could be partially rescued by exogenous polyamines. Upon evaluating other NSAIDs for their action on SSAT gene expression, it was found that they induce SSAT mRNA in either a COX dependent or independent mechanism in colon cancer cells. Studies with physiologically relevant concentrations of aspirin show that these concentrations can induce SSAT expression thereby leading to a decrease in polyamine levels. Activating mutations in K-ras, which is a late process in colon carcinogenesis, led to the suppression of SSAT expression in the Caco-2 cells due to the inhibition of PPARgamma by ERK. K-ras didn't have any effect on the induction of SSAT by sulindac sulfone but partially abolished the apoptosis caused by sulindac sulfone, indicating a possible role of mutant K-ras in sulindac resistant colon polyps. Sulindac sulfone, or Exisulin(TM) have been recently used in clinical trials for the prevention of colon, lung and prostate cancer. The data shown here, suggest that one of the mechanisms, by which sulindac sulfone could act as a chemopreventive agent is to induce the expression of SSAT thereby leading to a decrease in the intracellular polyamines. This reduction in polyamines plays an important part in the apoptosis induced by sulindac sulfone in the colon cancer cells. Further, induction of SSAT seems to a general mechanism for different NSAIDs like aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, sulindac and celecoxib in colon cancer. Aspirin is able to induce SSAT and decrease intracellular polyamines at physiological concentrations, which can lead to a significant reduction in adenoma recurrence. Also, activated K- ras suppressed SSAT, but was not able to abolish the induction of SSAT by sulindac sulfone indicating the potential of using sulindac sulfone in colon cancer chemoprevention.

Internal logistics is a combined performance of human resources, machines, transportation, and storage system. Thus, different elements and factors are involved in the internal transportation such as human factors and system functions. Moreover, Internal transportation is an important part of production activities because of its close cooperation with production processes. Since the largest portion of the logistics costs is related to transportation, improvements in transportation will lead to a significant increase in profits. The purpose of this thesis is to make improvements in the internal transportation of SSAB. Improvements here means identifying involved wastes in internal transportation, then give recommendations and suggestions to eliminate those wastes. This is a single case study at SSAB Oxelösund. SSAB stands for Svenskt Stål AB formed in 1978 and is well-known because of its special steel products. This company produces steel products for both standard and special orders and uses. All the underproduction plates have to go through a chain of operations to become the finished products. Different operation can be mentioned as cutting, painting, sorting, etc. Material movements in this chain of operations are done with the help of special cassettes and carriers. Cassettes are the main resources intheinternal transportation of SSAB and availability of empty cassettes plays a key role in the whole production process of the company. There are three departments that are involved with internal transportation at SSAB Oxelösund. Four research objectives are designed to cover the purpose of this study. In the following, several interviews and observations are done to collect the qualitative part of data gathering. The quantitative part of data collection is done with exporting data series from company’s database. Theoretical frame work ismainly based on Lean and logistics theories. Analysing the collected data and comparing the results with theoretical frame work lead to identifying the wastes in different areas related to defined research objectives. Different wastes are identified in carriers and drivers’ performances, treatment stations, etc. Therefore, specific recommendations are given based on the identified wastes in order to eliminate those wastes. The recommendations are presented to have faster and optimized material flow. Additionally, areas for further research and an Impact/Effort matrix are provided for future implementations and analysis.

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has garnered increasing attention from both academics and practitioners in the past two decades. However, a number of new debates have recently been opened up, throwing doubt on whether the adoption of SSCM practices really pays, and thus the commercial benefits of ‘going green’ in the context of SCM remain open to question. This thesis attempts to investigate whether SSCM practices can be both environmentally beneficial and commercially viable. In light of this, this research develops and empirically assesses a comprehensive SSCM drivers-practices-performance model. Data was collected from 186 UK automotive manufacturing firms, and analysed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method. The complementary driving force of organisation environmental management (OEM), was identified as a necessary precursor to the successful SSCM adoption. The findings further suggest that while SSCM implementation delivers environmental improvements, it does not necessarily lead to improved cost performance, as only sustainable procurement was found to have a positive effect on cost performance. This research contributes to the existing knowledge by asserting that the implementation of SSCM practices leads to improved environmental performance, while the economic performance is partially compromised, sustaining a negative trade-off in terms of cost performance. Lastly, this research provides useful insights for both managers seeking to adopt SSCM practices and policy-makers and regulators seeking to further promote an SSCM agenda.