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1
Zhong, Hong-bin, Ting-jun Wang, Gui-li Lian, Chang-sheng Xu, Hua-jun Wang, and Liang-di Xie. "Development of a Rat Model of Sick Sinus Syndrome Using Pinpoint Press Permeation." BioMed Research International 2018 (November 18, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7487324.
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Objective. Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is one of the most common causes of cardiac impairment necessitating pacemaker implantation. However, studies of SSS pathogenesis are neither comprehensive nor conclusive due to limited success in achieving a stable rat SSS model. Here, we modified pinpoint press permeation to establish a stable rat SSS model. Methods. We randomly assigned 138 male Sprague-Dawley rats into three groups: normal control (n = 8), sham (n = 10), and SSS (n = 120). Postoperatively, the SSS group was further divided into SSSA (n = 40), SSSB (n = 40), and SSSC (n = 40), based on reduction in heart rates by 20–30%, 31–40%, and 41–50%, respectively. We also assessed histomorphological characteristics and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4 (HCN4) expression in the sinoatrial node (SAN) at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after surgery. Results. Mortality was statistically higher in SSSC compared to SSSA and SSSB (7.5% versus 90.0% and 87.5%; P < 0.05). Heart rate in SSSA was gradually restored to preoperative levels by week 4 after surgery. In contrast, heart rate in SSSB was stable at 2–3 weeks after surgery. However, we observed that the tissues and cells in SAN were severely injured and also found a time-dependent increase in collagen content and atrium myocardium in SSSB. HCN4 expression was significantly reduced at all 4 time points in SSSB, with statistically significant differences among the groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion. We successfully developed a rat SSS model that was sustainable for up to 4 weeks.
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Luan, Kuifeng, Hui Li, Jie Wang, et al. "Quantitative Inversion Method of Surface Suspended Sand Concentration in Yangtze Estuary Based on Selected Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Bands." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (2022): 13076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013076.
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The distribution of the surface suspended sand concentration (SSSC) in the Yangtze River estuary is extremely complex. Therefore, effective methods are needed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of SSSC inversion. Hyperspectral remote sensing technology provides an effective technical means of accurately monitoring and quantitatively inverting SSSC. In this study, a new framework for the accurate inversion of the SSSC in the Yangtze River estuary using hyperspectral remote sensing is proposed. First, we quantitatively simulated water bodies with different SSSCs using sediment samples from the Yangtze River estuary, and analyzed the spectral characteristics of water bodies with different SSSCs. On this basis, we compared six spectral transformation forms, and selected the first derivative (FD) transformation as the optimal spectral transformation form. Subsequently, we compared two feature band extraction methods: the successive projections algorithm (SPA) and the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) method. Then, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model and back propagation (BP) neural network model were constructed. The BP neural network model was determined as the best inversion model. The new FD-CARS-BP framework was applied to the airborne hyperspectral data of the Yangtze estuary, with R2 of 0.9203, RPD of 4.5697, RMSE of 0.0339 kg/m3, and RMSE% of 8.55%, which are markedly higher than those of other framework combination forms, further verifying the effectiveness of the FD-CARS-BP framework in the quantitative inversion process of SSSC in the Yangtze estuary.
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Urrea-Aguirre, Cristian, Sergio D. Saldarriaga-Zuluaga, Santiago Bustamante-Mesa, Jesús M. López-Lezama, and Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano. "Optimal Placement and Sizing of Modular Series Static Synchronous Compensators (M-SSSCs) for Enhanced Transmission Line Loadability, Loss Reduction, and Stability Improvement." Processes 13, no. 1 (2024): 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010034.
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This paper addresses the optimal placement and sizing of Modular Static Synchronous Series Compensators (M-SSSCs) to enhance power system performance. The proposed methodology optimizes four key objectives: reducing transmission line loadability, minimizing power losses, mitigating voltage deviations, and enhancing voltage stability using the L-index. The methodology is validated on two systems: the IEEE 14-bus test network and a sub-area of the Colombian power grid, characterized by aging infrastructure and operational challenges. The optimization process employs three metaheuristic algorithms—Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO)—to identify optimal configurations. System performance is analyzed under both normal operating conditions and contingency scenarios (N − 1). The results demonstrate that M-SSSC deployment significantly reduces congestion, enhances voltage stability, and improves overall system efficiency. Furthermore, this work highlights the practical application of M-SSSC in modernizing real-world grids, aligning with sustainable energy transition goals. This study identifies the optimal M-SSSC configurations and placement alternatives for the analyzed systems. Specifically, for the Colombian sub-area, the most suitable solutions involve installing M-SSSC devices in capacitive mode on the Termocol–Guajira and Santa Marta–Guajira 220 kV transmission lines.
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Gao, Xiao Fei, Yang Yang, Zhen Long Liang, and Juan Juan Zheng. "A Comparison of Three Indophenol Blue Methods for Measuring Ammonium in Five Types of Soils in China." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.59.
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Three indophenol blue methods have been used to analyze ammounium-N in five typical soils in China. Method I and II, using the same catalyst of sodium nitroprusside but different quantity and types of reagents, are suggested by Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) and Soil Science Society of China (SSSC), respectively. Method III adopts acetone as the catalyst. It was shown that three methods yielded similar ammonium-N contents with each type of soil. But the use of sodium nitroprusside resulted in higher experimental sensitivity; and Method II by SSSC was recommended due to its lower cost.
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Baydoun, Ali, and Fatima Ahmad. "KNOWLEDGE BASE CLOUD FRAMEWORK FOR EFFECTIVE KNOWLEDGE RETENTION IN SOFTWARE SUPPLY CHAIN." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 8 (2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i08.007.
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— Most researches focus and suggest Database and Data Warehouses to manage and manipulate organizational knowledge, although both are more suited for running data and information. Hence, they lack the basic constructs required to manipulate knowledge. This research introduces a framework for a new type of Knowledge Base (KB), which refers to as a Software Service Supply Chain Knowledge Base CLOUD (SSSC KB CLOUD) framework. SSSC KB CLOUD framework provides and explores the infrastructure for manipulating knowledge during the developmental process of Software Service Supply Chain (SSSC). Also, it explores the main technical components of the SSSC KB CLOUD and shows how these components integrate and work together to achieve the main aims of SSSC KB CLOUD. The proposed framework shows the life cycle of knowledge in SSSC. It highlights the source of knowledge in SSSC and how it passes the SSSC KM process for sorting and refining. Then, it suggests a SSSC KB CLOUD framework to store and manipulate this knowledge. Finally, it provides the SSSC experts with an interface to access and retrieve knowledge from the SSSC KB CLOUD. The SSSC KB CLOUD consists of four components: Knowledge Cloud Management System (KCMS), Prior Projects Knowledge Marts (PPKM), Experts’ Base (EB), and SSSC Group Formation CLOUD. KCMS provides a management system of SSSC KB CLOUD, while, PPKM is considered a knowledge repository of the knowledge captured during the development of projects, it also stores and holds all the retained SSSC knowledge. Moreover, EB stores and holds the SSSC experts’ details, including the area of expertise, experience, education, etc. Thus, SSSC KB CLOUD holds the experts’ details and records in its EB. Given the previously mentioned components, the SSSC KB CLOUD framework suggests SSSC group formation CLOUD, a new functionality of forming a new SSSC experts’ group to work and complete the new client project.
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Rao, H. V. Gururaja, Nagesh Prabhu, and R. C. Mala. "Emulated reactance and resistance by a SSSC incorporating energy storage device." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 2 (2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp840-850.
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<p>Static Synchronous series compensator without energy storage device can exchange only reactive power with the network and can operate in limited operating range in two quadrants only. When energy storage device is connected at the DC bus of SSSC (SSSC – ES), it can also exchange real power with the network. Operating range of SSSC will be much broader and it covers all the four quadrants. However, emulated reactance and resistance by SSSC – ES is likely to affect the performance of a distance protection system. This paper presents a detailed model of an SMIB system with SSSC – ES. Injected voltage by SSSC – ES in all the four quadrants of operation is presented. Impact of operation of SSSC _ ES in different quadrants and various control strategies for SSSC – ES on impedance emulated by SSSC – ES during steady state condition and transient system disturbance is discussed. </p>
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Rao, H. V. Gururaja, Nagesh Prabhu, and R. C. Mala. "Emulated reactance and resistance by a SSSC incorporating energy storage device." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 2 (2019): 840–50. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp840-850.
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Static Synchronous series compensator without energy storage device can exchange only reactive power with the network and can operate in limited operating range in two quadrants only. When energy storage device is connected at the DC bus of SSSC (SSSC – ES), it can also exchange real power with the network. Operating range of SSSC will be much broader and it covers all the four quadrants. However, emulated reactance and resistance by SSSC – ES is likely to affect the performance of a distance protection system. This paper presents a detailed model of an SMIB system with SSSC – ES. Injected voltage by SSSC – ES in all the four quadrants of operation is presented. Impact of operation of SSSC – ES in different quadrants and various control strategies for SSSC – ES on impedance emulated by SSSC – ES during steady state condition and transient system disturbance is discussed.
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Kaga, Hideyoshi, Yoshifumi Tamura, Kageumi Takeno, et al. "Higher C-Peptide Level During Glucose Clamp Is Associated With Muscle Insulin Resistance in Nonobese Japanese Men." Journal of the Endocrine Society 3, no. 10 (2019): 1847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/js.2019-00167.
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Abstract Context Circulating C-peptide is generally suppressed by exogenous insulin infusion. However, steady-state serum C-peptide (SSSC) levels during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in obese subjects are higher than in healthy subjects, which may contribute to hyperinsulinemia to compensate for insulin resistance. Even in healthy subjects, interindividual variations in SSSC levels are present; however, the characteristics of subjects with high SSSC levels in those populations have not been fully elucidated. Objective To investigate the clinical parameters associated with interindividual variations in SSSC levels in apparently healthy, nonobese Japanese men. Design and Participants We studied 49 nonobese (BMI < 25 kg/m2), healthy Japanese men. We evaluated SSSC and insulin sensitivity using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with tracer. Intrahepatic lipid (IHL) was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results We divided subjects into high and low SSSC groups based on the median SSSC value and compared their clinical parameters. Compared with the low SSSC group, the high SSSC group had IHL accumulation, impaired muscle insulin sensitivity, reduced insulin clearance, and hyperinsulinemia during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). All of these factors were significantly correlated with SSSC. Conclusions In healthy, nonobese men, higher SSSC was associated with impaired muscle insulin sensitivity, IHL accumulation, and hyperinsulinemia during OGTT. These findings suggest that higher endogenous insulin secretion during hyperinsulinemia, along with reduced insulin clearance, may be an early change to maintain metabolic status in the face of moderate muscle insulin resistance, even in healthy, nonobese men.
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Thirumalaivasan, R., M. Janaki, and Nagesh Prabhu. "Investigation of SSR Characteristics of Hybrid Series Compensated Power System with SSSC." Advances in Power Electronics 2011 (May 22, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/621818.
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The advent of series FACTS controllers, thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and static synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) has made it possible not only for the fast control of power flow in a transmission line, but also for the mitigation of subsynchronous resonance (SSR) in the presence of fixed series capacitors. SSSC is an emerging controller and this paper presents SSR characteristics of a series compensated system with SSSC. The study system is adapted from IEEE first benchmark model (FBM). The active series compensation is provided by a three-level twenty four-pulse SSSC. The modeling and control details of a three level voltage source converter-(VSC)-based SSSC are discussed. The SSR characteristics of the combined system with constant reactive voltage control mode in SSSC has been investigated. It is shown that the constant reactive voltage control of SSSC has the effect of reducing the electrical resonance frequency, which detunes the SSR. The analysis of SSR with SSSC is carried out based on frequency domain method, eigenvalue analysis and transient simulation. While the eigenvalue and damping torque analysis are based on linearizing the D-Q model of SSSC, the transient simulation considers both D-Q and detailed three phase nonlinear system model using switching functions.
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Ayes Rivera, Irma, Ana Claudia Callau Poduje, Jorge Molina-Carpio, et al. "On the Relationship between Suspended Sediment Concentration, Rainfall Variability and Groundwater: An Empirical and Probabilistic Analysis for the Andean Beni River, Bolivia (2003–2016)." Water 11, no. 12 (2019): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122497.
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Fluvial sediment dynamics plays a key role in the Amazonian environment, with most of the sediments originating in the Andes. The Madeira River, the second largest tributary of the Amazon River, contributes up to 50% of its sediment discharge to the Atlantic Ocean, most of it provided by the Andean part of the Madeira basin, in particular the Beni River. In this study, we assessed the rainfall (R)-surface suspended sediment concentration (SSSC) and discharge (Q)-SSSC relationship at the Rurrenabaque station (200 m a.s.l.) in the Beni Andean piedmont (Bolivia). We started by showing how the R and Q relationship varies throughout the hydrological year (September to August), describing a counter-clockwise hysteresis, and went on to evaluate the R–SSSC and Q–SSSC relationships. Although no marked hysteresis is observed in the first case, a clockwise hysteresis is described in the second. In spite of this, the rating curve normally used ( SSSC = aQ b ) shows a satisfactory R2 = 0.73 (p < 0.05). With regard to water discharge components, a linear function relates the direct surface flow Qs–SSSC, and a hysteresis is observed in the relationship between the base flow Qb and SSSC. A higher base flow index (Qb/Q) is related to lower SSSC and vice versa. This article highlights the role of base flow on sediment dynamics and provides a method to analyze it through a seasonal empirical model combining the influence of both Qb and Qs, which could be employed in other watersheds. A probabilistic method to examine the SSSC relationship with R and Q is also proposed.
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Liu, Qing, Yan Yan Chang, and Yan Xu. "Fault Position Identification for Series Compensated Lines with SSSC Based on Improved Wavelet Packet Entropy." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5200–5205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5200.
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In this paper, the correction factor is introduced to improve the wavelet packet entropy, which is used to analyze the transient fault current of the series compensated line with Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The results show that the wavelet packet entropy when the fault point is before SSSC is much larger than that when the fault point is after SSSC. According to this characteristic, the scheme of identifying fault position for series compensated lines with SSSC is put forward. Cooperated this scheme with the distance protection, the measured impedance of distance protection is adjusted adaptively so that the over-reaching and under-reaching of the distance protection due to SSSC can be eliminated effectively.
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Kadir, Nasrun, and Muhammad Ruswandi Djalal. "Desain Optimal PID-SSSC Menggunakan Particle Swarm Optimization pada Single Machine Infinite Bus." MEDIA ELEKTRIKA 17, no. 2 (2025): 106. https://doi.org/10.26714/me.v17i2.15284.
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Variasi beban menyebabkan osilasi pada generator, mempengaruhi frekuensi dan sudut rotor. Untuk meningkatkan kestabilan generator, terutama pada saat terjadi perubahan beban, diperlukan peralatan kendali tambahan. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) adalah perangkat elektronika daya flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) devices yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan stabilitas dan pengendalian sistem tenaga. Kontrol Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) adalah metode kontrol konvensional yang tangguh dan sederhana yang saat ini masih banyak digunakan dalam kontrol proses. Untuk mendapatkan kinerja PID-SSSC yang optimal, diperlukan koordinasi yang tepat. Pada penelitian ini diusulkan suatu metode optimasi berbasis kecerdasan buatan yang dikenal dengan metode Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Efektifitas PID-SSSC pada penelitian ini diuji pada sistem Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB). Hasil analisis menunjukkan implementasi PID-SSSC berbasis PSO memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk menunjang kinerja SMIB khususnya saat terjadi perubahan beban. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan fitness function 0.01117. Proses komputasi PSO dalam melakukan optimasi parameter PID-SSSC konvergen pada iterasi ke 24. Kontribusi PID-SSSC mampu memberikan kestabilan yang optimal pada sistem SMIB sehingga osilasi overshoot yang terjadi dapat diredam saat terjadi variasi perubahan beban.
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Zaidan, Majeed Rashid, and Saber Izadpanah Toos. "Emergency congestion management of power systems by static synchronous series compensator." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (2022): 1258–65. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1258-1265.
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From a transmission system point of view, any overload on the grid lines during operation in situations such as peak load or emergency conditions include line outage or generator outage, is refers to congestion. Generally, the congestion can be managed by controlling power flow. On the other hand, series compensation has a significant role in control power flow; therefore, series compensation equipment like fixed series capacitor (FSC), thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) can be used for congestion management. In this paper, an SSSC is used in a transmission line to manage congestion in emergency conditions, line outage and generator outage. The congestion rent contribution method has been used to determine the location of the SSSC in the IEEE 14-bus test system. This technique finds the transmission line 1-2 (from bus 1 to bus 2) is the best location of the SSSC to reduce congestion. After installing an SSSC in the specified line, simulation results show that the power flow has been controlled, leading to reducing the congestion. In other words, the effectiveness of the SSSC can be seen in reducing the total congestion rent, the total generation cost, and network losses.
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Polajžer, B., A. Trupej, and P. Xenos. "Analysis of the Impact of a Modular SSSC on the Operation of Transmission Line Protection Relays using a Hardware-In-the-Loop Configuration." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.386.
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This paper evaluates the impact of a modular Static Synchronous Series Compensator (m-SSSC) on the operation of communication-assisted line distance and differential protection relays. The m-SSSC system incorporates an over-current protection feature to trigger the bypass mode of operation during grid faults. A case study is analyzed for a 220 kV transmission line and an m-SSSC with a reactive power rating of 80 MVAr per phase using a Hardware-In-the-Loop configuration. The obtained results show the impact of the m-SSSC system on the distance protection operation during some cases of high resistive faults. The differential protection operation was not affected by the mSSSC.
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Wang, Wei, Hua Ling, Shun De Xu, and Xiao Ni Wang. "Composite Tangent-Exponent Model for Skeleton Stress-Strain Curve of Soft Soil under Dynamic Loading." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 1092–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.1092.
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Mathematical model for skeleton stress-strain curve under dynamic loading (SSSC) is one important issue to study the dynamic behavior of soft soil. Based on mechanism of developing process, primary mathematical behavior that SSSC model should meet is analyzed. Mathematical investigation on two conventional SSSC models, namely hyperbolic model and exponential model, is conducted. Dynamic stress index is proposed and employed to signalize the shortcomings of two conventional models. A composite tangent-exponent model for SSSC with three parameters is established, which is a monotone increasing and up limited function. The new model can overcome conventional shortcomings. Finally, good agreement between investigated and new model fitted data has been found out.
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A. Patel, Nilaykumar, and Dr Praghnesh Bhatt. "SSR mitigation in power system with static synchronous series compensator." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (2018): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14443.
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Series compensation in transmission line with fixed series capacitor may cause Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) at certain compensation level. This paper presents the application of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to mitigate impact of SSR. For analysis of SSR, IEEE first benchmark model is used and SSSC is located in transmission line at generator end. The linearized state space equation of SMIB system without and with SSSC has been developed to carry out eigenvalue analysis to identify potential modes for SSR. The AVR and PSS in the generator control loop coordinated with SSSC can successfully mitigate SSR. Time domain simulation is also carried out to confirm the results obtained with eigenvalue analysis.
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Vijay, Prashant Yadaraju, and Kumar M. Siva. "Performance evaluation of power system with HVDC integration: Impact of SSSC and STATCOM on power system efficiency and stability." i-manager's Journal on Power Systems Engineering 12, no. 1 (2024): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jps.12.1.21168.
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This paper presents a comprehensive performance analysis of power systems incorporating High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines, with a focus on the impact of integrating advanced Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices, namely Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). This study evaluates key performance parameters, including Total Power Loss (TPL), Voltage deviation (Vdev), transmission efficiency, and corona loss, across three configurations, HVDC alone, HVDC with SSSC, and HVDC with STATCOM. Through simulations conducted using MATLAB or Simulink, the results demonstrate that the addition of SSSC and STATCOM significantly improves system performance by reducing power losses, enhancing voltage stability, and optimizing transmission efficiency. The analysis reveals that HVDC systems with SSSC outperform other configurations in terms of power loss reduction and voltage stability, while STATCOM improves voltage regulation and minimizes deviations. This study highlights the benefits of incorporating SSSC and STATCOM into HVDC systems for enhancing power system efficiency, stability, and operational reliability.
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Zaidan, Majeed Rashid, and Saber Izadpanah Toos. "Emergency congestion management of power systems by static synchronous series compensator." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (2022): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1258-1265.
Full textAbstract:
<span>From a transmission system point of view, any overload on the grid lines during operation in situations such as peak load or emergency conditions include line outage or generator outage, is refers to congestion. Generally, the congestion can be managed by controlling power flow. On the other hand, series compensation has a significant role in control power flow; therefore, series compensation equipment like fixed series capacitor (FSC), thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) can be used for congestion management. In this paper, an SSSC is used in a transmission line to manage congestion in emergency conditions, line outage and generator outage. The congestion rent contribution method has been used to determine the location of the SSSC in the IEEE 14-bus test system. This technique finds the transmission line 1-2 (from bus 1 to bus 2) is the best location of the SSSC to reduce congestion. After installing an SSSC in the specified line, simulation results show that the power flow has been controlled, leading to reducing the congestion. In other words, the effectiveness of the SSSC can be seen in reducing the total congestion rent, the total generation cost, and network losses.</span>
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Sujeeth Kumara, K., J. Sathwikab, B. Sruthic, R. Pravachand, and B. Vijay kumare. "The Impact of Serial Controllable Facts Devices on Voltage Stability." Electrical and Automation Engineering 2, no. 1 (2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/eae/2/1/3.
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As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for electricity is also increasing rapidly. Ensuring the quality of power supply, voltage stability, unity power factor, and minimizing power losses is essential for delivering power to every user end. In order to achieve this, compensation techniques are needed. This project focuses on Serial controllable Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices, such as Controllable Series Compensator (CSC) and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), which have a significant impact on the voltage and power stability of an electric power system (EPS). The mathematical derivation of the voltage dependency of CSC and SSSC is extracted for the single-load infinitive-bus model (SLIB). New analytical equations are developed to compare the impact of CSC and SSSC on voltage stability in a five-bus system. The results of the analysis are expected to reveal that CSC has a crucial role to play in enhancing voltage stability, and its impact is greater than that of SSSC when considering equal CSC and SSSC MVA ratings. When it comes to voltage controllability, SSSC (Static synchronous series compensator) is superior to CSC (Controllable Series Compensator), especially in situations where there are having low voltages or having low loads.
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Patra, Asit Kumar, and Sangram Keshori Mohapatra. "Coordinated Control of PSS with Type-2 Fuzzy Lead Lag SSSC Damping Controller Design Using Modified Local Signal." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 21, no. 3 (2023): 251468. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2023213.251468.
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The Sine Cosine adapted improved WOA(SCiWOA) based design coordinated control of Type-2 fuzzy logic control (T2FLC) power system stabilizer (PSS) with modified local signal (MLS) input to Type-2 FLC lead-lag-based Static synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) controller considered for transient stability improvement. Initially, the SCiWOA optimized coordinated control of MLS input to a lead lag-based SSSC controller with PSS was compared with the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) based coordinated control of the same controller with the structure of the SMIB power system. It is seen from the demonstration that improvements in the ITAE error with the proposed SCiWOA tuned compared to WOA and PSO are 29.83% and 33.91%, respectively. The different input signals to PSS and SSSC coordinated control were verified to check the effectiveness and robustness of the analysis of the transient stability of the power system. The next part of the analysis attempted to coordinate the control of T2FLC based PSS with a T2 FLC controller with a remote input signal (Δ𝜔) based PSS with a lead-lag SSSC damping controller under different loading and fault conditions of the SMIB power system. Lastly, the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated controller demonstrated in three machine power systems shows that the proposed T2FLC based PSS with MLS input-based T2FLC in the SSSC damping controller has superior transient performance as compared with PSS with MLS input to the SSSC controller and PSS with MLS input to the SSSC controller under three different contingencies of the power system.
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Fowlie, Anna. "Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC): regulating and developing the housing sector workforce." Housing, Care and Support 19, no. 3/4 (2016): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hcs-10-2016-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction and background to the Scottish Social Services Council (SSSC) with relation to the housing sector. Design/methodology/approach The author outlines the role and importance of the SSSC with regards to regulating and developing the housing sector workforce. Findings This paper lays out the current SSSC approach to regulating the housing sector workforce via rolling out the implementation of work-based qualifications. Development of the workforce is being achieved via the advancement of learning technology work and improving the quality of the leadership and management of services. Originality/value The paper outlines the work of the SSSC in Scotland and draws out some general learning points for workforce development.
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Rajesh, Kumar*1 Dinesh Sharma2 3Amarjit Karla. "THREE PHASE FAULT TRANSIENT CONTROL USING SSSC BASED DAMPING CONTROLLER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 7 (2017): 899–907. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.834604.
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The main aim of this paper is to control power oscillation which is major concern related to power system operation. In this research work is on SSSC-based power oscillation damping controller, which can damp the power oscillations occurring due to the any change in the transmission line like sudden change in load of line, occurrence of fault, transmission line switching and short circuit. In this work Simulation model of the two machine infinite bus system using SSSC & power oscillation damping controller has been done in MATLAB/SIMULIINK and power system toolbox is used for simulation purpose. These simulation models have been setup into MATLAB based Power System Toolbox (PST) for their transient stability analysis. It is observed that with the proper change of phase of the injection of voltages through SSSC, capacitive & inductive compensation can be provided by which increased and decreased in the active power respectively of transmission line can be done according to the mentioned power demand, but when only the SSSC is used in the line the settling time and amplitude of power oscillations are more as compared when SSSC is used with power oscillation damping controller. When in two machine infinite bus systems 3-phase fault analysis is done then it is observed that that the clearance time is less when the system is provided with SSSC and power oscillation damping controller together.
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M., Subalakshmi, and Rathinam A. "Implementation of Cascaded H Bridge Control Scheme for SSSC using Zero Sequence Voltage and Negative Sequence Current." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 4, no. 2 (2020): 609–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3842809.
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This paper focuses on a control scheme of cascaded H bridge scheme implemented in SSSC for enhance the three phase power systems. Cascaded H bridge based SSSC has offer low switching losses and less total harmonics distortion, and reduces the number of circuit components. Each H bridge cell has isolated dc capacitors which is exist balanced capacitor voltages. Since SSSC is often requested to operate under asymmetrical condition by power system faults such as one line grounding or two line short circuit and it can be the control output current almost freely. Cascaded H bridge based SSSC needs wide range of margin of dc voltage for operates in large unbalanced voltage power system. This proposed system focused on to avoids wide range of margin of dc voltage by exclusively using the two methods such has zero sequence voltage and negative sequence current. By this scheme, the SSSC is allowed to operate under asymmetrical condition by power system faults. The validity is examined by digital simulation under one line and two line fault in power system. M. Subalakshmi | A. Rathinam "Implementation of Cascaded H-Bridge Control Scheme for SSSC using Zero Sequence Voltage and Negative Sequence Current" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30063.pdf
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Abdollahi Chirani, Ahmadreza, and A. Karami. "Investigation of the Impact of SSSC-Based FLC on the Stability of Power Systems Connected to Wind Farms." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2024 (May 22, 2024): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/1074029.
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The integration of renewable energy sources into power systems has increased significantly in recent years. Among various types of renewable energy, the use of wind energy is growing rapidly due to its low operating cost, wide distribution worldwide, and no greenhouse gas emissions. However, power systems integrated with wind energy may face stability and reliability issues due to the intermittent nature of wind power. Therefore, in power systems connected to wind farms, it is usually required to use some compensators such as static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to increase the system performance under abnormal conditions. On the other hand, for an SSSC to be effective in improving the system performance, it must be equipped with a suitable controller. In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used for the SSSC because of its advantages over conventional controllers. Extensive research has been conducted in power systems with wind turbines in which SSSC or FLC has been used; however, their simultaneous application in such systems has received less attention. Therefore, this article aims to fill this gap. The proposed method is implemented on two power systems and the simulation results are analyzed. In both systems, the dynamic behavior of three different wind farms is examined. In the first and second wind farms, either a squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) or doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) are used, whereas in the third one which is a combined wind farm (CWF), an equal number of SCIG and DFIG are employed. In wind farms with SCIG or DFIG, an SSSC is also utilized. Furthermore, an FLC is employed for the SSSC to improve its efficacy. A proportional integral (PI) controller is also considered for the SSSC, and its results are compared with FLC results. The simulation results confirm the superiority of FLC over PI controller.
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Muhammad, Ali. "Enhancement of Dynamic Performance of Transmission Line using Static Synchronous Series Compensator." International Journal of Engineering Works (IJEW) 6, no. 05 (2019): 164–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2665681.
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Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) belongs to the facts family. It controls the flow of power in transmission line. The SSSC is a voltage source inverter connected in series with the transmission line and injects the voltage in quadrature with line current. Demand of power is growing day after day. Installation of new transmission lines is difficult because of environmental factors. The power flow capacity of existing transmission line has to be increased which is done by using compensation devices. The main reason behind poor performance of transmission system is the power flow capacity of existing transmission line under dynamic situations subjected to disturbances. FACTS technology opens new opportunities for controlling power and increases the usable capacity. It enhances corresponding power to flow through such lines under normal and contingency conditions. Recently new advancement in FACTS technology has introduced devices for reactive power compensation. In this paper, a case study is discussed and test system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under normal conditions and also under fault conditions to improve the transient stability of the system. A 132kv transmission line coming from Kohat grid station to tall grid station has been selected as a test system which is suspected to overloaded conditions due to which voltage stability could not be maintained especially during the months of June, July and August. Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is installed near the Kohat bus. The results of current, voltage, active power and reactive power have been analysed with and without SSSC in the test system. Results shown that the stability of power system, voltage profile and power flow capability enhances by using SSSC. Also by using SSSC the oscillations were damped very quickly as compared to the circuit without using SSSC and the stability is maintained.
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Masenkane, Mahlomola, and Rudiren Pillay Carpanen. "Damping Subsynchronous Resonance Using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator Based Supplementary Damping Controller." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 42 (April 2019): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.42.122.
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This paper investigates the effectiveness of a supplementary damping controller around a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) in mitigating the torsional oscillations due to interaction of series compensated transmission line with the nearby turbine-generator shafts. The main objective of the controller is to suppress the unstable torsional oscillations with frequencies coinciding with the turbine-generator shaft torsional modes, through modulation of the reactance provided by the SSSC. Detailed simulation studies are done in Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) using a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system adopted from the IEEE first benchmark model (FBM) for subsynchronous resonance analysis. The results show that this supplementary damping controller can provide positive damping to the unstable torsional oscillations due to presence of conventional series capacitors in the line or an SSSC or a combination of both the SSSC and conventional series capacitor banks.
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Deng, Xiaoqi, Song Tang, Jinyu Tang, Shutong Liu, and Shutong Yang. "Experimental Study of the Flexural Performance of GFRP-Reinforced Seawater Sea Sand Concrete Beams with Built-In GFRP Tubes." Materials 17, no. 13 (2024): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17133221.
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The use of seawater sea sand concrete (SSSC) and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has broad application prospect in island and coastal areas. However, the elastic modulus of FRP reinforcement is obviously lower than that of ordinary steel reinforcement, and the properties of SSSC are different from that of ordinary concrete, which results in a limit in the bearing capacity and stiffness of structures. In order to improve the flexural performance of FRP-reinforced SSSC beams, a novel SSSC beam with built-in glass FRP (GFRP) tubes was proposed in this study. Referring to many large-scale beam experiments, one specimen was used for one situation to illustrate the study considering costs and feasibility. Firstly, flexural performance tests of SSSC beams with GFRP tubes were conducted. Then, the effects of the GFRP tubes’ height, the strength grades of concrete inside and outside the GFRP tubes, and the GFRP reinforcement ratio on the flexural behaviors of the beams were investigated. In addition, the concept of capacity reserve was proposed to assess the ductility of the beams, and the interaction between the concrete outside the GFRP tube, the GFRP tube and concrete inside the tube was discussed. Finally, the formulas for the normal section bearing capacity of beams with built-in GFRP tubes were derived and verified. Compared to the beam without GFRP tubes, under the same conditions, the ultimate bearing capacities of the SSSC beam with 80 mm, 100, and 200 mm height GFRP tubes were increased by 17.67 kN, 24.52 kN, and 144.42 kN, respectively.
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Salim, Nur Ashida, Nur Diyana Shahirah Mohd Zain, Hasmaini Mohamad, Zuhaila Mat Yasin, and Nur Fadilah Ab Aziz. "Multi-machine transient stability by using static synchronous series compensator." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (2020): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1249-1258.
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<span lang="EN-US">Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.</span>
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Nur, Ashida Salim, Diyana Shahirah Mohd Zain Nur, Mohamad Hasmaini, Mat Yasin Zuhaila, and Fadilah Ab Aziz Nur. "Multi-machine transient stability by using static synchronous series compensator." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (2020): 1249–58. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1249-1258.
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Transient stability in power system is vital to be addressed due to large disturbances that could damage the system such as load changes and voltage increases. This paper presents a multi-machine transient stability using the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). SSSC is a device that is connected in series with the power transmission line and produces controllable voltage which contribute to a better performance in the power system stability. As a result, this research has observed a comparison of the synchronization of a three-phase system during single-phase faults before and after installing the SSSC device. In addition, this research investigates the ability of three different types of controllers i.e. Proportional Integral (PI), Proportional Integral Derivation (PID), and Generic controllers to be added to the SSSC improve the transient stability as it cannot operate by itself. This is because the improvement is too small and not able to achieve the desired output. The task presented is to improve the synchronization of the system and time taken for the voltage to stabilize due to the fault. The simulation result shows that the SSSC with an additional controller can improve the stability of a multi-machine power system in a single phase fault.
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Brahmachary, Rupali, and Dipu Sarkar. "Small Signal Stability Assessment in Presence of SSSC for a Power System Under Fault Disturbance." International Journal of Smart Grid and Sustainable Energy Technologies 4, no. 1 (2021): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/ijsgset.v4i1.3900.
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The use of FACTS controllers in power grids has resulted in the improvement of stability issues related to the power systems. When the FACTS controllers are used to damp out the power systems oscillation, there series controller inverter like static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) device are the most suitable to resolve the issue. In this paper, importance is given on the optimal operation of the SSSC and to the maintenance of the small signal stability of the system. Here the main focus is to check the system response to stability after the use of SSSC device.
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Vijay, Prashant Yadaraju, and Kumar M. Siva. "Performance analysis of power system dynamics with facts controllers: Optimal placement and impact of SSSC and STATCOM." i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering 17, no. 4 (2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.4.21138.
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This paper explores the impact of integrating Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers, specifically the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), on power system performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate how these controllers can enhance various aspects of power system operation, including voltage regulation, power flow stability, and overall system efficiency. The methodology involves simulating power systems with and without the deployment of SSSC and STATCOM and analyzing their effects on voltage profiles, power flow characteristics, and system losses. The findings reveal that both SSSC and STATCOM significantly improve voltage stability and power flow control, leading to reduced system losses and enhanced operational efficiency. This study introduces a novel approach by comparing the performance enhancements provided by SSSC and STATCOM in different operational scenarios, offering valuable insights into their effectiveness. The results underscore the potential of FACTS technology in advancing power system stability and efficiency, making a substantial contribution to the field of power system optimization.
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Et. al., G. Srikanth ,. "Multi Machine Power System Stability Enhancement Using Static Sychronous Series Compensator (SSSC)." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (2021): 1611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1444.
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These days, the requirement for flexible and quick power stream control in the transmission framework is foreseen to increment later on taking into account utility liberation and power wheeling prerequisite. Diminishing the compelling reactance of lines by series remuneration is an immediate approach to build transmission ability. Nonetheless, power move capacity of long transmission lines is restricted by dependability contemplations. On account of the power electronic exchanging abilities as far as control and fast, more focal points have been done in FACTS gadgets regions and presence of these gadgets in transient security during transient flaws bringing about progress in power framework solidness. In this examination, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is utilized to research the impact of this gadget in controlling active and reactive powers just as damping power framework motions in transient mode. The Proportional-Integral Controller (PI) controller is utilized to tune the circuit and to give the zero sign blunder. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is series reactive power remuneration to a power framework. The yield of a SSSC is series infused voltage, which leads or slacks line current by 90°, in this manner copying a controllable inductive or capacitive reactance. SSSC can be utilized to lessen the line impedance and upgrade the active power move ability of the line. With the boundaries and control, the SSSC is discovered successful to direct load voltage during abrupt difference in the heaps. The SSSC additionally furnishes stable activity with dynamic enlistment engine load and mitigates the insecure and swaying conduct that is coming about during the activity of remunerated Alternator with dynamic engine load.
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Jaën, Matthieu, Lydie Sayer, and Paolo Fornaciari. "Triple Disruption of the Superior Shoulder Suspensory Complex: review and Surgical Technique." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 13, no. 6 (2023): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2023.v13.i06.3720.
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Introduction: The shoulder girdle is composed of two arches, and these two arches are held together by the superior shoulder suspensory complex (SSSC), a ligamentous complex. Goss’s 1993 description of the SSSC as a ring includes the glenoid, coracoid process, coracoclavicular ligaments, distal clavicle, acromioclavicular joint, and acromion. Goss also noted in a 1996 study that a rupture of the SSSC in two places can result in an unstable lesion. This case report presents an unusual association of fractures involving the coracoid process, acromion, and distal clavicle, which has rarely been reported in the literature. Indeed, a triple lesion of the SSSC is very uncommon and the treatment is still debated. Therefore, we propose a surgical technique which we believe to have provide good results. Case Report: A 54-year-old Caucasian male patient presented with Neer I distal third fracture of the clavicle, a displaced fracture of the acromion, and a fracture of the coracoid process following a left shoulder trauma after an epileptic crisis. The patient underwent surgery and has been followed for 1 year with good clinical and functional outcomes. Conclusion: This case report highlights the complexity of lesions of the SSSC and the importance of determining proper surgical technique based on the type of lesion. It demonstrates that surgery combined with active rehabilitation can lead to good functional outcomes for patients with this type of injury. This report will be of interest to clinicians involved in the treatment of this type of lesion and should add a valuable treatment option for the treatment of triple disruption of the SSSC. Keywords: Shoulder fractures, superior shoulder suspensory complex, surgical technique.
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Thakre, Mohan P., Vijay S. Kale, Koteswara Raju Dhenuvakonda, Bhimrao S. Umre, and Anjali S. Junghare. "Study and Mitigation of Subsynchronous Oscillations with SSC Based SSSC." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 03, no. 09 (2015): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2015.39003.
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Asper, Hussam, Faisal Shabaan, Tarek Kherbek, and Nabil Mohammed. "Enhancing Loadability of Transmission Lines Using Static Synchronous Series Compensator Devices: A Case Study of the Syrian Network." Energies 17, no. 2 (2024): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17020390.
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In response to global energy demand, the enhancement of transport capacity in electrical transmission lines is deemed essential. The conventional method of constructing new lines is considered costly, time-consuming, and subject to constraints imposed by economic and environmental factors. Among various emerging solutions aimed at enhancing the passive capacity of transmission lines, the technology of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) has been demonstrated to be highly effective. This paper proposes the utilization of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), a closed-loop control system and a type of FACTS, to alleviate the overloading of transmission lines in the Syrian electrical network. To achieve this objective, the network is first modeled to identify the overloaded transmission lines. Subsequently, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed for the optimal sizing and allocation of SSSCs within the network. The findings showcase the significant reduction in loads on critically overloaded transmission lines subsequent to the successful implementation of SSSC devices. This serves to validate the improvements made to the existing infrastructure of the Syrian electrical network’s transmission lines, without necessitating the construction of new transmission lines.
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Li, Yufu, Jiayu Jian, Yuying Song, et al. "Bond–Slip Performance of Steel–Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Bars (SFCBs) and Glass Fiber with Expansion-Agent-Reinforced Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete (GF-EA-SSSC) under Freezing–Thawing Environment." Buildings 14, no. 4 (2024): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041121.
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The combined application of steel–FRP composite bars (SFCBs) and seawater sea-sand concrete (SSSC) in marine engineering not only solves the problem of resource scarcity and reduces the construction cost but also avoids the problems of chloride corrosion of steel reinforcement in seawater sea-sand concrete and the lack of ductility of FRP bars. At the same time, the addition of glass fiber (GF) and expansion agent (EA) in appropriate amounts improves the crack resistance and seepage resistance of concrete. However, the durability of SFCB with GF- and EA-reinforced SSSC in freezing–thawing environment remains unclear, which limits its potential application in cryogenic marine engineering. This study investigates the bonding properties between SFCB and GF-EA-SSSC interfaces using eccentric pullout experiments under different thicknesses of concrete protective cover and a number of freezing–thawing cycles. The results showed that the compressive strength and dynamic elastic modulus of SSSC decrease, while the mass loss increases with an increasing number of freezing–thawing cycles. Additionally, the bond strength and stiffness between SFCB and SSSC decrease, leading to an increase in relative slip. However, the rate of bond strength and stiffness loss decreases with an increase in the thickness of the concrete protective cover. Furthermore, formulas for bond strength, relative slip, and bond stiffness are established to quantify the effects of the thickness of the concrete protective cover and the number of freezing–thawing cycles. The experimental values obtained verify the accuracy of these formulas, with a relative error of less than 5%. Moreover, a bond stress–slip constitutive model is developed for SFCB and GF-EA-SSSC, and the fitting results closely resemble the experimental values, demonstrating a high level of model fit.
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Akinuli Abimbola, Anthony, Adewale Akinola Olubunmi, Ibrahim Adebisi Oluseun, Taofiki Akinwale Adio, Akindele Afolabi Segun, and Noma-Osaghae Etinosa. "Hybrid voltage regulation of the Nigerian 330 kV grid using static synchronous compensator and static synchronous series compensator." Engineering review 44, no. 3 (2024): 149–68. https://doi.org/10.30765/er.2613.
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Recently, the control of voltage instability through appropriate power factor correction programmes has become a necessity in power systems due to recurring blackouts and cascading outages that interrupt the smooth supply of electricity to customers. The study examined the combined effect of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) for voltage stability enhancement of the Nigerian 330 kV, 28-bus power network. Before compensation, several buses in the network experienced voltage magnitudes below the statutory limit. The application of the combined STATCOM-SSSC system improved the voltage magnitudes at these critical buses, bringing them within acceptable levels. The integration of STATCOM-SSSC also minimized the total active and reactive power losses of the system by 12.51% and 6.65%, respectively, resulting in an annual cost saving of 1.55 billion Naira in power exports. The study demonstrated that the hybrid use of STATCOM and SSSC effectively enhanced the voltage stability of the Nigerian 330 kV power grid. The findings highlight the benefits of implementing advanced reactive power compensation techniques to improve the performance and resilience of the Nigerian power system.
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Patil, Vinoda, and Prof Nandakumar C. "Voltage Stability Improvement In Multi-bus System Using Static Synchronous Series Compensator." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 1052–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43928.
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Abstract: Network stability has become a major worry as the power system has become increasingly complicated as a result of open access electricity market activities and increased demand. Voltage unbalance and collapse have become a global issue for a variety of reasons. FACTS devices are used to manage system stability issues. Use of a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to enhance the voltage stability of a power system is investigated in this paper. IEEE 9 bus networks are modelled using MATLAB Simulink software to investigate voltage management and reactive power compensation. For a multibus system, the effectiveness of SSSC on voltage stability is examined. Using a static synchronous series compensator enhances voltage stability. Keywords: SSSC, Faults, voltage improvement
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Zuniga-Haro, P., and J. M. Ramirez. "SSSC Switching Functions Model." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 21, no. 1 (2006): 518–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2005.860433.
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Liu, Li Zhao, Xiao Jing Hu, Tian Hua Zhang, Ying Wang, and Mao Qing Li. "A New Adaptive SSC and SSSC Stream Cipher Model Design and Implementation." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.298.
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To solve the problem of construction for stream cipher key generator and the problem of SSC/SSSC stream ciphers need to relay on the secret channel to transmit the key, it presents a new clock function drive by a clock-control sequence and chaotic cascade function made of multiple Logistic function , which are used to built the self-reference model and chaotic module; it design a adapt controller independent of the key generator and encrypt module, achieve controlling encryption and transmission process by multi-threaded code;it makes a key generator with transformation ranks and wheel key method of AES and S-box of Camellia, which makes the sub-key and the key generator`s internal station become a insufficient condition that does not need to depend on the secret channel, the model achieves a exponential growth in the key space and the same application scope of traditional SSC and SSSC model. The new protocol model features can be seen under the actual operation of modifying RC4 algorithm.
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Ginart, Antonio E. "Modular Transformerless Static Synchronous Series Compensator with Self-Balancing for Ultra High Current Using a Paralleling Scheme." Energies 15, no. 13 (2022): 4666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134666.
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A novel modular Transformerless, Self-balanced, Static Synchronous Series Compensator (TSB-SSSC) capable of delivering ultra-high current, with the objective of dynamically balancing the impedance of the transmission power grid, is proposed. Balancing transmission lines is crucial in power optimization and delivery because it increases the power transfer capability without building new power lines. The transformerless SSSC needs to support and control the line current from a few hundred to several thousand amperes. This paper presents how the ultra-high current architecture of the TSB-SSSC is achieved by operating multiple converters with self-balancing capabilities in parallel. The mechanism of self-balancing is based on the intrinsic physics of the capacitor and is enabled by a passive network of capacitor equalizers that keep the capacitor voltage equal during switching disconnection. The second self-balancing system consists of an inductive component that balances possible differences among delay switching caused by the aging of the multiple IGBTs from the different converters that form the SSSC. This work presents the analytical set of equations that describes the system and a complete set of simulations where the effectiveness of self-balancing paralleling topology is shown.
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Castro, Marcelo S., Hugo M. Ayres, Igor Kopcak, Vivaldo F. da Costa, and Luiz Carlos P. da Silva. "A influência do modo de operação do SSSC na estabilidade de ângulo de sistemas elétricos de potência." Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 18, no. 3 (2007): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592007000300007.
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Afim de realizar específicos objetivos de compensação, um SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator) pode ser controlado de diferentes formas. Os modos de controle do SSSC mais discutidos na literatura são 1) modo de tensão constante, 2) modo de reatância constante, e 3) modo de potência constante. Enquanto os dois primeiros modos acima citados são usados para realizar apenas compensação série de potência reativa, o modo de potência constante também permite que o fluxo de potência na rede de transmissão seja controlado. Uma vez que esses modos podem causar diferentes impactos na estabilidade angular do sistema, o objetivo desse trabalho é investigar a influência do modo de operação do SSSC na estabilidade de ângulo a pequenas perturbações e na estabilidade transitória de sistemas de potência. O estudo é baseado na técnica de análise modal bem como em simulações no domínio do tempo, as quais são realizadas usando o PSAT (Power System Analysis Toolbox). Os resultados obtidos mostram que, quando realizando apenas compensação série de potência reativa, o uso do SSSC no modo de reatância constante é a melhor estratégia para melhorar a estabilidade de ângulo a pequenas perturbações bem como a estabilidade transitória.
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Vijai, Jairaj* Vishnu. J. "SSSC WITH POD CONTROLLER FOR REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN INDUCTION GENERATORS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 7 (2016): 309–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56977.
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One of the main problems faced by the Induction generator during fault is voltage sag. This phenomenon is really an undesirable one. The main aim is to introduce SSSC as a solution for this problem. It is connected in series for necessary compensation on its load side. To remove this problem it should be compensated by injecting a voltage in series so that it can provide necessary compensation. For that purpose we are using reactive power compensative devices (FACTS devices). Among the series connected FACTS devices SSSC is more preferred. It consists of a voltage source inverter (VSI). The series VSI is connected via a DC link, which includes a DC capacitor. The Induction generator is modeled using MATLAB SIMULINK is used for modeling of Induction generator. At that time of fault, power quality problems will dominate and active power is reduced. SSSC is used which will supply the necessary reactive power and thus the problem can be eliminated. This paper utilizes a SSSC with PWM generator and POD Controller for providing necessary control and thus for mitigation of power quality problems and hence reactive power compensation can be done which is the main objective.
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Mohammed, Hashim Dhahir. "Power System Transient Stability Enhancement by Tuning of SSSC and PSS Parameters Using PSO Technique." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 26, no. 5 (2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i5.870.
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In this paper, the tuning design of SSSC and PSS was examined in increasing the damping of system oscillations and improve the stability of the power system during disturbances. The design problem of the SSSC controller and PSS is designed as problem of optimization and the technique uses (PSO) technique to find for optimal control parameters. By minimizing the objective function based on the speed deviation and time domain, which deliberately deviates at the oscillation angle of the alternator rotor to improve performance of transient stability of the system. The proposed controllers are tested on the system of weak bonding ability exposed to severe disturbance. Nonlinear simulation results are presented to demonstrate the proposed controller's effectiveness and its ability to give efficient damping. It is also noted that the proposed controllers of SSSC and PSS greatly improves the power system stability.
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Uzor, J. C., D. C. Oyiogu, and C. O. Ikaraoha. "Reduction of Active and Reactive Power Losses on Transmission Lines using SSSC." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science VIII, no. IV (2023): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2023.8412.
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This paper discusses a comprehensive study on reduction of power (active and reactive) losses in transmission lines using a second generation FACTS device, Static Synchronons Series Compensator (SSSC). Modern restructured power systems sometimes operate with heavily loaded lines resulting in power losses and higher voltage deviations, which may lead to mal-operation of power system and eventual collapse of the system. This is mainly due to continuous and uncertain growth in demand for electrical power. The paper presents a methodology to solve the problem of power losses in the Nigerian 28 – bus power system by incorporating Static Synchronons Series Compensator in the network using Newton-Rahson power flow algorithm. Simulation of power flow solution without and with the FACTS device was done using a Matlab software. The results showed that the maximum power (active and reactive) loss in the system without SSSC occurred in the transmission line connecting bus 17 (Jebba) to bus 23(Shiroro) and a 19.32% loss reduction was obtained on the line after the incorporation of the SSSC FACTS device giving a power saving of 80.68%. The total system active and reactive power losses before the application of SSSC was 205.183MW and 1594.683MVAR respectively. However, when the FACTS device was applied at the weak buses the total system active and reactive power losses reduced to 144.571MW and 1136.863MVAR respectively giving a percentage loss reduction in active and reactive power of 29.54% and 28.71% respectively resulting in a power saving of 70.46% and 71.29%. Hence, more power was available in the network when compared to the base case due to the installation of SSSC. Also an improvement in the voltage magnitude at the weak buses and other buses were noticed as they were all maintained at 1.0 PU.
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Dutta, Susanta, Provas Kumar Roy, and Debashis Nandi. "Optimal Allocation of Static Synchronous Series Compensator Controllers using Chemical Reaction Optimization for Reactive Power Dispatch." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 5, no. 3 (2016): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2016070103.
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Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is one of the most effective flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices used for enhancing power system security. In this paper, optimal location and sizing of SSSC are investigated for solving the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem in order to minimize the active power loss in the transmission networks. A new and efficient chemical reaction optimization (CRO) is proposed to find the feasible optimal solution of the SSSC based optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem. The proposed approach is carried out on the standard IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 57 bus test systems. The optimization results obtained by the proposed CRO are analyzed and compared with the same obtained from genetic algorithm (GA), teaching learning based optimization (TLBO), quasi-oppositional TLBO (QOTLBO) and strength pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA). The results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach to generate true and well-distributed optimal solutions.
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Benayad, Khadidja, Tarik Zabaiou, and Amar Bouafassa. "Optimal fractional SSSC auxiliary controller for power system low frequency oscillations damping improvement." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 5 (2023): 2543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i5.4952.
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This work presents a new controller design to improve inter-area low frequency electromechanical oscillations (LFEOs) damping and enhance the overall stability of the electrical network. The control strategy used the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) series-type device mainly performed for power flow and voltage regulation. Then, a fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) is introduced as an auxiliary controller for the SSSC using the difference of rotor speed deviations of generators as input signal to improve the oscillations damping. Moreover, genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to seek for optimum controller gains. The proposed control approach is examined on two-area four-machine (2A4M) test system. The FOPID performance is compared with the integer order proportional integral derivative (PID). Obtained results show that the proposed SSSC-based FOPID controller achieves high performance for enhancement of inter-area low frequency oscillations damping.
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Siva, Subramanyam Reddy. "Power transmission system stability using sssc series facts device with heuristic and hybrid heuristic optimization techniques." i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering 17, no. 1 (2023): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jee.17.1.20101.
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This paper presents a hybrid algorithm using a Hybrid Firefly and Particle Swarm Optimization (HFPSO) algorithm to determine the optimal placement of SSSC devices. A multi-objective function is used to increase voltage stability, voltage profile and minimize overall power losses of the transmission system. At first, PSO algorithm is used to find the optimal SSSC location and further more to reduce the power losses and voltage profile enhancement to overcome the sub-optimal operation of existing algorithms. The HFPSO algorithm is used to determine the optimal placement of SSSC series FACTS device and verification of the proposed algorithm was achieved on standard IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus transmission systems in the MATLAB environment. Comprehensive simulation results of two different cases show that the proposed HFPSO demonstrates significant improvements over other existing algorithms to enhance voltage stability and reducing active and reactive power losses in electrical power transmission systems.
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Geetanjali, Babarao Raut, and A. Jawadekar U. "Power system Stability Improvement using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)." Advancement of Signal Processing and its Applications 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4744450.
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<em>Day by day the demand of electric power system is increased and due to this continuous demand in electric power system network is becoming more complex and heavily loaded and leading to voltage instability. This paper presents the enhancement of voltage stability as well as damping power system oscillation in transient mode. In this study FACTS device (SSSC) static synchronous series compensator is used to investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as well as damping power system oscillations. The SSSC is equipped with a source of energy in DC link, which can supply or absorb the active and reactive power to or from the line. PI controller is used to tune the circuit. For the simulation reason, the model of multi-machine power system with or without SSSC controller is established in MATLAB/SIMULINK using Sim Power System (SPS) block set.</em>
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Raju, D. Koteswara, Bhimrao S. Umre, A. S. Junghare, and B. Chitti Babu. "Improved Control Strategy for Subsynchronous Resonance Mitigation with Fractional-order PI Controller." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 17, no. 6 (2016): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2016-0037.
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Abstract This paper explores a robust Fractional-order PI (FOPI) controller to diminish Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) using Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The diminution of SSR is accomplished by increasing the network damping with the injection of voltage of subsynchronous component into the line at those frequencies which are proximate to the torsional mode frequency of the turbine-generator shaft. The voltage of subsynchronous frequency component is extracted from the transmission line and further the similar quantity of series voltage is injected by SSSC into the line to make the current of subsynchronous frequency component to zero which is the major source of oscillations in the turbine-generator shaft. The insertion and fine tuning of Fractional-order PI controller in the control scheme of SSSC the subsynchronous oscillations are reduced to 4 % as compared to conventional PI controller. The studied system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink and the results are analysed to show the precision and robustness of the proposed control strategy.