Journal articles: 'St. Lawrence Iroquois'

1

Wonderley, Anthony. "Effigy Pipes, Diplomacy, and Myth: Exploring Interaction between St. Lawrence Iroquoians and Eastern Iroquois in New York State." American Antiquity 70, no. 2 (2005): 211–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035702.

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This article relates an archaeological “culture” of northern New York to the Eastern Iroquois nations through the evidence of ceramic smoking pipes that are about 500 years old. After categorizing the objects on the basis of distinctive but thematically related imagery, I observe that their distribution is suggestive of an interaction sphere linking the St. Lawrence Iroquoians of Jefferson County with the Mohawks, Oneidas, and Onondagas elsewhere in present Upstate New York. Later historic descriptions imply that these pipes were connected with diplomatic ritual conducted by male representatives of those communities. The resulting geographical occurrence might be the archaeological footprint of alliances antedating the famous League of the Iroquois. Bearing remarkably elaborate designs, these objects are among the most iconographically complex compositions preserved in the Northeast. All depict themes of emergence, and some may illustrate a more extensive myth asserting the common origins of several groups. Fragments of similar stories survive to this day and are among the oldest oral narratives documented among the Iroquois. My interpretations of both the behavioral/social correlates and the meaning(s) of these pipes derive from applications of the direct historical method, an approach tapping the unsurpassed richness of the Iroquoian ethnographic and historic record.

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Cox, Heather M., Brendan G. DeMelle, Glenn R. Harris, Christopher P. Lee, and Laura K. Montondo. "Drowning Voices and Drowning Shoreline: A Riverside View of the Social and Ecological Impacts of the St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project." Rural History 10, no. 2 (1999): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001801.

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The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project was a massive restructuring of the St. Lawrence River bordering Canada and the United States. The river had always been used for human transportation, and a shipping canal for commercial vehicles was constructed and enhanced throughout the nineteenth century. However, the river grew increasingly incapable of handling an international fleet composed of larger boats during the twentieth century. Proposals to undertake major renovations for shipping were debated at the highest levels of policy for several decades. Finally, the St. Lawrence River was substantially altered during the 1950s. These changes created a Seaway able to accommodate vessels with deeper drafts and permitted the development of hydro-electric generating facilities through the construction of dikes and dams. All of this activity involved numerous agencies in the governments of the United States, Canada, the Iroquois Confederacy, New York, Ontario, other states and provinces, as well as commercial and industrial entities in the private sector.

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Parent, Michel, and Serge Occhietti. "Late Wisconsinan Deglaciation and Champlain Sea Invasion in the St. Lawrence Valley, Québec." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 42, no. 3 (2007): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032734ar.

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ABSTRACT Champlain Sea history is directly linked to Late Wisconsinan deglacial episodes. Champlain Sea Phase I (Charlesbourg Phase) began in the Québec area at about 12.4 ka. It represented a western extension of the Goldthwait Sea between remnant Appalachian ice masses and the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Further south, at about the same time, in the Appalachian uplands and piedmont, high-level glacial lakes were impounded by the ice-front during glacial retreat toward NNW: lakes Vermont, Memphrémagog and Mégantic. Lowlands of the Upper St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain valleys were progressively deglaciated and inundated by Lake Iroquois and Lake Vermont. At about 12.1 ka, these two lakes coalesced and formed a single water-body, here referred to as Lake Candona. After the Ulverton-Tingwick Moraine was constructed, this lake extended northeastward onto the Appalachian piedmont where varved sediments containing Candona subtriangulata underlie marine clays. Current data and interpretations bring into question the former concept of the Highland Front Moraine System. The invasion of the main basin, or Champlain Sea Phase II, began around 12 ka. Replacement of Lake Candona by the sea resulted in a fall of about 60 m in water levels. Champlain Sea Phase III began at the end of the Saint-Narcisse episode, at about 10.8 ka. At this time marine waters were able to enter valleys of the Laurentian Highlands where brackish or fresh paramarine basins developed.

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Parent, Michel, and Serge Occhietti. "Late Wisconsinan deglaciation and glacial lake development in the Appalachians of southeastern Québec." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 53, no. 1 (2002): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004859ar.

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Abstract Late Wisconsinan deglaciation in southeastern Québec was preceded by a northward ice-flow reversal that was recorded in the northeastern part of the region. The reversal event was generated by flow convergence toward the St. Lawrence Ice Stream, a northeastward-flowing ice stream which formed in the St. Lawrence estuary prior to 13 000 years BP and lasted until at least 12 400 years BP. In the Bois-Francs uplands, the flow reversal event led to the formation of a semi-detached ice mass that underwent widespread stagnation and downwasting. In the southwestern region, northward retreat of the margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet was marked by the formation of a series of discontinuous recessional moraines and by the development of ice-dammed lakes in the main valleys. The level of these lakes fell as progressively lower outlets became ice-free. The main episodes are (1) the Sherbrooke Phase of Glacial Lake Memphremagog, (2) an unnamed transitional lake and (3) Glacial Lake Candona, a large lake which had expanded northeastward from the deglaciated regions of the Upper St. Lawrence (Lake Iroquois) and Ottawa valleys to the Lake Champlain (Glacial Lake Vermont) basin. As recorded by the Danville Varves, Lake Candona lasted about 100 years following deposition of the Ulverton-Tingwick Moraine. Subsequent ice retreat along the Appalachian piedmont led to final drainage of Lake Candona and allowed Champlain Sea waters to invade much of these glaciolacustrine terrains about 12 000 years BP. On the basis of the Danville Varves record, a regional rate of ice retreat of about 200 m·a -1 is inferred. The age of the earliest moraine, the Frontier Moraine, is thus about 12 550 years BP, while the ages of the subsequent Dixville, Cherry River-East-Angus, Mont Ham and Ulverton-Tingwick moraines are estimated at 12 500, 12 325, 12 200 et 12 100 years BP, respectively.

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Zang, Xiaoqin, Tianzhixi Yin, Zhangshuan Hou, Robert P. Mueller, Zhiqun Daniel Deng, and Paul T. Jacobson. "Deep Learning for Automated Detection and Identification of Migrating American Eel Anguilla rostrata from Imaging Sonar Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (2021): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142671.

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Adult American eels (Anguilla rostrata) are vulnerable to hydropower turbine mortality during outmigration from growth habitat in inland waters to the ocean where they spawn. Imaging sonar is a reliable and proven technology for monitoring of fish passage and migration; however, there is no efficient automated method for eel detection. We designed a deep learning model for automated detection of adult American eels from sonar data. The method employs convolution neural network (CNN) to distinguish between 14 images of eels and non-eel objects. Prior to image classification with CNN, background subtraction and wavelet denoising were applied to enhance sonar images. The CNN model was first trained and tested on data obtained from a laboratory experiment, which yielded overall accuracies of >98% for image-based classification. Then, the model was trained and tested on field data that were obtained near the Iroquois Dam located on the St. Lawrence River; the accuracy achieved was commensurate with that of human experts.

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Muller, Ernest H., and Parker E. Calkin. "Timing of Pleistocene glacial events in New York State." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 9 (1993): 1829–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-161.

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This review of age data for the Pleistocene of New York identifies both strengths and weaknesses in the temporal framework relating the glacial chronology of the Great Lakes region to that of the middle Atlantic seaboard. The pre-Wisconsinan record involves saprolith and till in the Adirondack Mountains, marine clay on Long Island, multiple tills at Fernbank, Otto, and Gowanda, and major drainage derangement of the Allegheny River. Middle Wisconsinan ice spread into the Allegheny Plateau, damming high-level lakes in Cayuga Trough and southern Ontario. Long Island pollen data show late Middle Wisconsinan warming, the Plum Point Interstade. Glacially overridden organic matter at Rush Creek, Lord Hill, and St. Davids shows that this episode ended by 24 000 BP. Maximum Late Wisconsinan glaciation occurred during the Nissouri Stade, 21 750 – 18 570 BP. The concept of an Erie Interstade implies that ice recession, 15 000 – 16 000 BP, permitted lake drainage across New York. New York evidence allows this interpretation, but fails to establish the extent of ice withdrawal. Port Bruce drift incorporates Erie Interstade lake sediments. Radiocarbon data at Nichols Brook suggest that Valley Heads recession began by 14 000 BP. About 13 000 BP, the Port Huron Advance to the Hamburg Moraine dammed Lake Whittlesey. Subsequent glacial recession opened eastward drainage before readvance restored Lake Warren. By 12 000 BP, Lake Iroquois occupied the Ontario plain. Pollen data indicate that marine incursion of the St. Lawrence Valley occurred 500–1000 years later than suggested by shell dates.

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Junker-Andersen, C. "The Eel Fisheries of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians." North American Archaeologist 9, no. 2 (1988): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pt2v-3f1u-9kgg-klr7.

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Recent zooarchaeological analyses of faunal materials recovered from the Steward (BfFt-2), Beckstead (BfFt-1), and Driver's (BeFu-2) archaeological sites in Eastern Ontario have demonstrated that the late prehistoric Iroquoian peoples who inhabited the upper St. Lawrence River valley depended to a great degree upon the exploitation of freshwater fish resources. Among the fish species found to be of primary importance to these peoples was the American Eel ( Anguilla rostrata [Lesueur]). The author examines both the ethnographic evidence and the available archaeological data concerning the native exploitation of this species to reconstruct the methods used in its capture and preparation, as well as its role in the St. Lawrence Iroquoians' seasonal cycle of faunal resource exploitation activities.

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8

Steckley, John. "Trade Goods and Nations in Sagard's Dictionary: A St. Lawrence Iroquoian Perspective." Ontario History 104, no. 2 (2012): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1065441ar.

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9

St-Pierre, Christian Gates, and Robert G. Thompson. "Phytolith Evidence for the Early Presence of Maize in Southern Quebec." American Antiquity 80, no. 2 (2015): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.80.2.408.

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It has long been believed that maize (Zea maysspp.mays) was introduced in Quebec at around A.D. 1000, at the very beginning of the Late Woodland period. The identification and dating of maize phytoliths extracted from the carbonized encrustations on the interior surfaces of Native American ceramic vessels from three sites located in the St. Lawrence River valley, namely the Hector-Trudel, Station-4, and Place-Royale sites, indicate that this cultigen was rather introduced in that area during the Early Middle Woodland period, ca.400 to 200 B.C. These sites provide the northernmost and possibly the oldest evidence of maize consumption in northeastern North America. More samples of maize phytoliths from the same two sites were dated to the late Middle Woodland period, between A.D. 600 and 800, suggesting an increase in the ubiquity and importance of this new crop in the subsistence strategies. Moreover, the identification of an unknown variety of maize points toward the possibility that a new local variety of maize appeared during the process. This process might have been accompanied by a more intensive and complementary collecting of wild rice. Finally, the results support the hypothesis of an in situ origin of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.

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10

Forget Brisson, L., M. Lamothe, S. Huot, F. Hardy, and C. Chapdelaine. "Optical dating of St. Lawrence Iroquoian ceramics from the Mailhot-Curran site, southern Québec." Quaternary Geochronology 30 (October 2015): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.010.

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11

Hawkins, Alicia L., and Louis Lesage. "HURON-WENDAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE: BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS TOWARDS COLLABORATION." História: Questões & Debates 66, no. 2 (2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/his.v66i2.60816.

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Existe uma história longa de estudo acadêmico do povo Huron-Wendat no século dezessete no Ontario. Apesar disso, é muito recente o engajamento dos arqueólogos e de outros acadêmicos com a comunidade Huron-Wendat em relação às escavações de sítios Huron-Wendat no Ontario. Este engajamento constitui um primeiro passo, porém não representa uma verdadeira colaboração considerando que na maioria dos casos as investigações não são parcerias e não se baseiam em perguntas diretamente formuladas pelos membros da Nação. Em 2015, para marcar o aniversario de quatrocentos anos da chegada de Champlain no Ontario, membros da Nação Huron-Wendat e arqueólogos co-organizaram um colóquio sobre temas de grande interesse para a Nação, incluindo a relação com os “St. Lawrence Iroquoians,” os Wendat e a história dos Wyandot depois de 1650, assim como análises bio-arqueológicas. Este artigo apresenta uma breve história da pesquisa arqueológica sobre o passado dos Huron-Wendat e revela alguns novos, e mais colaborativos, caminhos de pesquisas presentes e futuras.

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12

Hart, John P., Robert S. Feranec, Timothy J. Abel, and Jessica L. Vavrasek. "Freshwater reservoir offsets on radiocarbon-dated dog bone from the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River, USA." PeerJ 7 (June 25, 2019): e7174. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7174.

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Isotopic analysis of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) bone recovered from archaeological sites as proxies for human bone is becoming common in North America. Chronological placement of the dogs is often determined through radiocarbon dating of dog bone. The Great Lakes, their tributaries, and nearby lakes and streams were important fisheries for Native Americans prior to and after sustained European presence in the region. Carbon entering the food web in freshwater systems is often not in full isotopic equilibrium with the atmosphere, giving rise to spuriously old radiocarbon ages in fish, other aquatic organisms, and their consumers. These freshwater reservoir offsets (FROs) have been noted on human and dog bone in several areas of the world. Here we report the results of multi-tracer Bayesian dietary modeling using δ15N and δ13C values on dog bone collagen from mid-fifteenth to mid-sixteenth-century Iroquoian village sites at the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River, New York, USA. Results indicate that fish was an important component of dog diets. A comparison of radiocarbon dates on dog bone with dates on deer bone or maize from the same sites indicate FROs ranging from 97 ± 24 to 220 ± 39 14Cyr with a weighted mean of 132 ± 8 14Cyr. These results suggest that dog bone should not be used for radiocarbon dating in the absence of modeling to determine fish consumption and that previously reported radiocarbon dates on human bone from the larger region are likely to have FROs given the known importance of fish in regional human diets.

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13

Baron, Anne, Adrian L. Burke, Bernard Gratuze, and Claude Chapdelaine. "Characterization and origin of steatite beads made by Northern Iroquoians in the St. Lawrence Valley during the 15th and 16th centuries." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 8 (August 2016): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.06.011.

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14

Rousseau, Jacques. "La forêt mixte du Québec dans la perspective historique." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 7, no. 13 (2005): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020422ar.

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The mixed forest of the St. Lawrence valley, which presents jour successive landscapes during its seasonal rhythm, bas been the dorsal spine of Eastern Canada s economy since the establishment of the French colony. The various people who have successively inhabited this forest have either used it as members of the bio-sociological unit or tried to modify its ecology, depending on their traditional culture. It was occupied soon after the glacier recession by the Red-ochre Man, who was followed by the Algonkian forest hunters. Later, the same territory was inhabited by Iroquoian tribes, who brought with them their agriculture which had evolved in the South, but was reoccupied by the Algonkian tribes just before the foundation of Québec. At this time it became a country of European settlers, who carried with them their Old World agriculture and tried to reconstruct in a new continent their Normandie or Poitou landscape. For a newly established agriculturist, the land hardly produced enough for a living. The exploitation of Canadian forests was unpopular amongst the LaRochelle merchants who preferred to trade in the Baltic regions. The first important economic resource was the fur trade. Later, when Napoleon Bonaparte set up a blockade in the Baltic sea, England had to look elsewhere to save and develop her navy and found in the forests of Eastern Canada the pine-trees she needed. Finally, the increase in the number of news-papers, which was largely a consequence of the French revolution, developed another type of forest industry, the production of spruce pulp.

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"A history of the Native people of Canada: v. III (A.D. 500 - European contact): Part 1: Maritime Algonquian, St. Lawrence Iroquois, Ontario Iroquois, Glen Meyer/Western Basin, and Northern Algonquian cultures." Choice Reviews Online 42, no. 07 (2005): 42–4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-4127.

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16

Gates St-Pierre, Christian, Marie-Ève Boisvert, and Maude Chapdelaine. "Using Worked Bones to Study Iroquoian Households: The Case of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians from Saint-Anicet, Quebec." Palethnologie, no. 8 (December 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/palethnologie.511.

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17

Bhatt, Divyeshkumar. "DIFFERENCE OF GAZE: STUDY OF THEMATIC PATTERNS OF THE WRITINGS OF UMA PARAMESWARAN AND RUPI KAUR." Towards Excellence, July 30, 2017, 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37867/te090227.

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Canada, the land of multiculturalism, is the land of greater diversities and the specter of vivid cultures and people from diverse roots who have made it their home. The entire cultural scenario of Canadian culture presents the multi faceted cultural fusions. Even etymologically, the term „Canada‟ itself has the roots in St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata which means „village‟ or „settlement‟. It is one of the world‟s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations. Since the establishment of the European settlement by Samuel de Chaplain in 1603, Canada has remained a queer attraction and destination for the people of foreign lands all across the world for one or another reasons. Beginning with the French and English dominative influences, Canadian artistic and cultural pool has evolved its own unique artistic legacies through the fusion and co-existence of mosaic variety of different cultures of people who practiced their own traditions along with the impact of their life stories on the Canadian lands. The works of South Asian creative writers display a rich arena of diverse sensibilities. In the penning practices of some of them one finds a great attachment with their home land and the strong connect with the native milieu and the avid struggles in the land far from the home site finds clear expression. Such writings are critically branded as the Diaspora Writings. This paper tries to evaluate on the compare and contrast basis the thematic patterns of the two generations of Indian origin creative writers Uma Parameswaran and Rupi Kaur. The researcher finds a queer interest in weighing the ways both the female creative writers‟ unique style of dealing with their feministic approach in that the researcher finds clearly embossed the societal versus individual gaze. In particular, where the senior one tries to explore the foreign terrains with the strong attachments with the home land and her relations with the other members of society, the junior remains confided within individualistic one-to-one relations with a liberalistic vein from the male dominance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'St. Lawrence Iroquois'

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