Academic literature on the topic 'ST TU'

1904 nian Meiguo Shengluyisi wan guo bo lan hui Zhongguo can zhan tu lu: Chinese participation in the 1904 St. Louis exposition : an illustrated history. Shanghai gu ji chu ban she, 2010.

Taber, Douglass. "Developments in Alkene Metathesis." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0027.

"m na atg io n n if s i . edNw at hue ra nlphlaazcaerddsinre th su eltco in n te si xgtnioff ic d an ev telloosps in ogfn af aftliiocn te adl by drought request life and serious economic, environmental, and social sodes are conm ot m re upno it r y te odr . dTohnuorasgso istance from the inter­ impacts that greatly retard the development process. those that occurred in Austra s l , ias , eBvveerrendmr ents, these epi­ Figure 1.1 illustrates the trend of major natural dis­ England, the United States, and mra az niyl, ou o C th agnhatdsa , suS ch as asters between 1963 and 1992, expressed as the num­ in recent years are not included in these sta etriscto ic usnp tr aiiens , tboetraloafndniu sa a sters affecting 1 per cent or more of the . these disaste lrsgrboyss ty npaet , i o il n lu asltrparto in dgutcht. atFd ig ro u u re gh1t . , 2flroaondkss , aon cc dutrrro in p g ic d al ursitnogrm th siswpeerreiotdh . eTm he osCtefn re tr qeufeonrtRde isasters Drough in the Epidemiology of Disasters (Blaikie et al. s1e9a9 rc 4 h ) acfofm ec ptlienxtbiustc le onsidered by many to be the mo g more a st puenodpe le r sto th oadn of aan ll y na o tu th ra elr ha hzaazradsst , sgh ro ouwpnedthnaattutrhaeldniu sa m st beerrococfud rr reonucgehb ts y d in eccraedae and has (Hagman 1984). For example, in sub-Saharan Afri rd 62 in the 1960s to 237 during the 1980s. H se odwe fr voemr, t th oehdarvoeugahdtvseo rs fet ly heaefa fe rl cytetdommiodr -e 19t8h0asn ar 4e0 re m po il rltcead , tohneeseoff ig u th re esfm or osdtrouungdhet are misleading. Drought is people (Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance 199 ion because the sources of mos rtreopfotrhteesdesn ta attiu st riaclsad re is a in st teerrs ­ Tmh il e li o1n99p1e -o 2plderoaungdhtre in su s lt oeudthienrnaAd fr eifciaciat ff oefc te cde02 ) 0 . national aid or donor organisations. Unless countries supplies of more than 6.7 million tonnes (SAD r C ea C l * = 1 % or more of total annual GNP." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-25.

"tamh tm iedor sphere -1 el 9a8 ti 0vse , lyc li s m im a p te le models. Much more detailed than in the Australian region (Simpson and Downey 1975; run. Rather they are models than simp allysofomuuscehdm ro ourte in eelxypesn in si cvee th to e V ha osicbe ee anndfoH rc uendt 198 recasting El Nino behav­ tures for the p w er iitohd4o ). bsT1eh rv e BMRC climate model iour (e.g., sea surface temperatures in the east simulated by the model ha 9s49e -d 9 1 se , aasnud rf ac th eet em ra p in efraal ­ lfeoqrueactaosrti al r Pacific), they could, in theory, be used to ob been compared with the coupling o ai fnftahleloacnedantetmoptehrea tu artemoosvpehre re la nidn . th Tehseew te asse rv ru end ra fiinvfea ll t i ( m Fr eesd , er w ik istehne th teal. s1a9m9e5 ). seTahesm ur o fa dceelmmo od deellss , ( hPoowweevrere , tis less than perfect. Improved ocean ph m er p ic e ra ctoun re d s it io bnust . s T li h ghtly different starting atmos­ these coupled mode alls . . 1995) are being developed for ialg lu rseterm ate esnttw he it h ‘ noobisseer ’ veind iffe ed rtahier ence betw nfa m ll, o w de e l . neTeoenge th t e ed to av mru uns O era cghep se aarsto ne pro onfalthperebd le ic m ti own it ihstthheeduisfef ic oufltcy oupled models in all five runs as an ‘ens coupled models has in sitmhue la attim ng osrp ai hnefrailclA of u st p ra rleicainpp it raetc io ip n i tat sihoon, w em abtls le’. eoam st e The en o ve srkin ll sem o rt ihne bl sei ave rn Amuusl rag t a ra ti lnegsgoennte he ia. (Ni ra l sp su a c ti caelsssca in le ssiimmuploartt in an gtaftomrousspeh rs e , ridcesvpairtieab th il e it iyr Fur T th h e es resoau tm th o , stphheem ri odels are less successful. sea cshuo rf l a ls ce1t9e9m6p ) e . ra M tu ordeealneoxmpaelriiemsehnatvsewailtohngspheicsitfo ie ry djtohb er e o fo f re si m pr uolbaa ti bnlgyc th cemSoOdIel ( eFx ig pe urrieme3n .3 ts ) . do ThaegSoO od I an be predicted without the need." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-54.

"Jeu as nte -A A u fr g ic uasnt. T lo h w ese in tropospheric jetstr ea le mvc el l , u de antdhew su e b st t ro A pi f c ri aclan ea st m er ildy -, deve s. These fast-moving upper pre Spoa lo re pdendes th srpoou li gch ie s s . ound early warning and disaster ltehveeltw ra inn cieties in sdpsoh rt avoeffamr-o re is atcuhrien , g m im opmaecn ts tuwm it , hproelslpuetcatnttso , reeflfyorh ts e , a w vi h ly icohndp ev o e st l -o dpiisnagstceorurnetlr ie ie fsa , ned sp reech ia alb ly ilA ita fr tiicoan , a an tm dop sp es htesr , ic to dgyentahm er ic w s. ith many other aspects of the tdo is atshtee rs s . evIen re imm ake them m creas peadc ts vuo ln fed ra ro o u re ghatn bility doafnmdsooo re th vulnerable Tropical cyclones have both direct and indirect severe consequences of natural disasters c iet eyrn to a tu t r led to th haeliam ss poacc ia ts t ed onwK ith entyhaensrtarionn fa gll. w T in hdes , doic re ecatniwmapvaecst , saanrdefdoerc la N ra attiuornalofDtihsea st 1e9r90Rseadsuc th ti eon In t ( eIrD na N ti D on R a ) l D by e ca th deeaen xc yescsyicvleonperew cip e ith it iant io th netw ha etstoec rn cu Irnw di haennO th ceeaenffeex ct tsenodfpUrnoim te odteNdaitsiaosn te s. rpTrheevemna ti joonraonbd je cptrievpearoefdInD es NsD th R ro iusgthocolv im er atK ol eongyiac . a l It sh hit the Keny arneccoorod uld be as s t . shTohwen th o a ted ind tino th cayt rect ecflto he fe nce ts ahvaaosileafavbe le rcdo ev n e ce ny dama lo rgp te e, in dgc in otuen rn tr aiteiso , ntaol re adcu ti coen , l os esspo ecially in the cyclone, however, occur when the cyclone is far from often as so acnid at esdocw io it ehconnaotm ur iacld di issa ru st petrisofn li , few , hpircohpea rt ryet it hserceegn io tr n e , butthsetrie ll bayt tra in cttesrtfhee ri n re g g io wniatlh wi tnhdes to n w or a m rd aslh at etlip tu tdoess hi tfhtattheap re o st p -d re is vaaslteenrt re iln ie f and . r T eh haeb se il it cao ti uolnd circ Culloas ti e on patterns of the many developing general ciin rc te urlaac ti t o io nnsohvaevrerbeegeinonoabl winds. the regi soenrvaendd between the cou A n tr n ies the extra-includin egw . th d e im feuntsuiroen re to cu rnraetnucrealocflidm ro at uegh variability, tsryosp te ic masl , wmeiadtlhaetr it u sy dsetewmesstle ik r e li etsh , e N fr oorn th ta lAatn la dntb ic lo coksicn il g ­ tchuerrternatdigtlioobnaallcsopn ac cee -r t n im aebopuattttehrenspootfengtlioablacths, a n is geth in e T la e ti l climate, Ke l o ec n o , nenae st Atlantic pat nyan rai cntfiaolnlsanhdavEeNaSltseor ns b , eeanndobEsuerravse ia dpbaetttw erns. inclu O, quasi-biennial oscillati eoenn , h cl u im madt ing the space-time ch an eaecvteinvtis ti etsh . roSuug ch h e im nv piarcoanrm ac e te nrtiasltidces gr oafdaetx io tre ts are currently subj nembey intraseasonal wave, and so forth. The influence of the of many studies and debates, as reflected in the 19 c9t5sw co a m te prlebxod topographical patterns and the large inland Intergovernmental Pane inland wat ieersbiosdv ie e s ry insc ig lu n d if eicL an ak teinViKce to nryiaa . , w Th h e ic h la h rg aess in c d ie inctaitfe ic d ‘d aisssceesrsnm ib elnet inf olfoncC lim lim a ate Change (IPCC) an area of about 70,000 km2 and is the second largest the recent climate trends l ’ u . eInPcCeCof te change, which freshwater lake in the world. The complex topo­ ever, that no conclusive evidence ( 1h9u9m5a ) nnaoctteid vi , tiheosw in ­ K gr i a li p m hical patterns include Mt. Kenya, Mt. human-can be derived fo anjaro, and the Great Rift Valley with its accurate inmdeutcheoddscf li omrattheed ch et aencgte io nsiagnnd al s a tt urn ib ti ult io mnoroercaltitm en a d te anptroccheasisnesofcamnobuentoab in ta s i . n D ed e ta fr i o ls of the regional natural/anthropoge f Anyamba 1992, Fremming 1970, manOdg al F lo in 1d9 la 9 te 3 r , acn ha dng ac e cu si rgan te a ls cla im re atanv ic a ilab ( lhe, u m to agne -t ihnedrucweid th ) ad celq im ua attee 1966. tch li e m si ast . ecSheavnegrees , icnocnes lu eddqau ta e n for testing various hypo­ patterns of extreme clim iantge ces ecvheanntgseosf in htuhmeasnp -a icned -u ti c m ed e like drought, would cDorm ou pgohntenatnsdoofthnear tu erxatl reme climate events are normal h ca ig ll hlfiogrhtceld ea brym th it eigIaPtC io C n . and adaptation policies, as iam nd pacco ts m m of onthpehseenon me n in atew ra o n rl nduwaildceliemvaetreyvyaeraira . b T ili htey men Gtlaolbadlegcroandcae ti ronnapbrooucte ss heusmaannd -i nsduusc ta eidn ab ein li vtiyr on o ­ f m an idn im ad al eqiuna the de atural disasters, however, te drou v g el hotpesdhoccokunatbrs ie osrbw er hserheaveef fi b ci aernettniaetsurlaeld re to so u een Conference th rc ees vita on o rga Enlnivstao ir t most o io nnmeonfs ocioecon t the anUdn it oemd ic Naat ctivi­ Sustain iaobn le s." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-60.

"scto th ara ti rsetc ic te s d ( M mo OdSe ) l . f S or m ec it ahstadnad ta are called model output 1994). The state of ENSO is only one of many factors obs terevveedn SS gi T v en a perfect SRSoTp el feow re sckais ( t 1 -9 9i7 .e ) ., shtohweu (K se r d is hn to aKfuom re acrae st t al t . h1e99I5n ) d . ian summer monsoon m to oid ts elEuNsS ed O -a r t -N t C he E P cu rrent operational atmospheric Ward et al. (1993) discuss the useful level of skill In their study e , la ftoerd ty r -a fi i need vne fa lylspastu te brsn ta snfto ia rlpa ra d c ju ti sctamleun se ts . m of a d tr eop in ic a re l al n o ti r m th e A by f ri tchaenU fo KreM ca e st tse or th ol aotgihcaavleOb ff eiecnee (h xianm dc in aesd ts ) fo bra se th d e on specif e ie a d rs ( oofbsseeravseodn ) alSS fo Trew ca esrtess re in la ctei on 1s9h8i6p . swTih th esgeloabrael ly ladrigsetlry ib ubtaesdedSSoTn , SS st Tatiin st itchaelm ea o ch d el sism imulation wapserrieopde at 1e9d50 th -i 9r4 te . enEa ti cmh es s , e w as hoenraelpSoonue th n t. A O tla vnetrict , hean la dstade re claad ti e v , eltyhesm re aalll -ti EmNeSfOo re ccoam sts ­ u initial co unldaitt io io nnswatso st easrttiemdatwe ith th e s lig mha tl gynid tu if dfee ren otfvhaalviedah te addahisnkdic ll asstismim lar adteotwhiatthotbhtea in seadme fr osm ta t c is rto ic sasl -v av anrp ia re ti doincs ta ble and therefore random atmospheric methods. The chief limitation to further progress is a rai enrfaag ll edf or tion th ca elcm ul oad te e l. thTehebtehsitr te meondseilmeus la ti t m io antseao re flsaecaksoonf ( gJluonbeal th tr roopu ic gahlSSeSpTtefm or beecra ) s . tsAvcaclu id ra f te orfo th re ecawse ts ttgylpoibcaall ly v , a a ri l th ea ocuhghgitvheen seasonal SST pattern. Quite of ENSO would help, but would in most years be well, it sho at w io ends in sem as oodneall re ra piln ic fa altledpa th tt eeronbs se qruvietdeifn al sluffo fi rceiceanst. tsAatrmeoaslp so heu ri scedd , ynbaumtitchaely -m oondleyl -h baavseedusreaf in ul ­ T re hgu io s ns fo rofptrheec ip w it s a ystematic or tlido , n -t rhee la tmesdpaa ti pap ll l y ic var odel pre a d ti i o ct nys in g in biases. skill with lead times of a month or less before the require some kind ions wmoaun ld y r th ai antf al hlusm ea asnoin ty ( Fhoa ll sanidncerteaals . ed1 99 th 1 e ). Istuisscaelpsto ib p il o it s y si b o le f g ki ennderoaf te bdi as byadajuM stm OS ofteacdhjnuisqtumee . n T ts h , e perhaps those tropical west Africa to drought through the pro­ production of operat einot places a huge bnue rd ed en foorntthhiesg co re vsesrivoevreerdu re c c ti eonntd in ecnaedaers -. coTahsitsalcw ha e n st geAfirn ic a th nefolraensdtM because each time the m na oldd el y n is a m ch ic aanlge fo d r , eacansetwmsoedteo ls f s (e u . r g fa ., ceElb ta ohuinrdaan ry dhGaosnbgee1n99s6 ho ) w to nhbayve se v th e e ra lpo au te tnhtoirasla ne O ed S e statistics must be calculated to provide the to weaken the north African monsoon. More studies nneacleys si d sa s ad ojfu ry Msm tm u e lt n id ts e . c T ad h a is l re en qu se ir m es bltehsetgoe ne orbatta io in natnhdetorfopp ic oasls ib nloer th re g A io fr n ic aalnarnatihnrfo al p l, ogaesniwce ll inafs lu efnocr es on fundamental OiSmp st rao ti vse ti m cs enatnsdtuond th eerssecom re osdtehles , nseuecdh fo as r reg W ion ar sdwe it thaml. a ( r 1 gi 9n9a3l ) seaalssoonadlisrcau in sfsaltlh , e a re sk n il eleo de odt . her tahboosvee . related to the flux adjustments, discussed m tim ad eefboy re c th a e st sff real­ UK orM th et eeon ro olro th g e ic aasltOBfrfaizcielsw in ectes1e9 as 8o7n . dro Kungohwt le p d re gdeico ti fonEsNS in O m is a n in ysup ff airctisenotffotrher eg w io o n rl adlT se hviesreisa relatively dry area, subject to intermittent lbeescsaium se p o in rt a th n ese regions its influence is either small or Hastenr dartohuagnhdt. c T ol hleasbeorfao to re rs c a ( set . s g , ., asHw as etlelnarsatthho1s9e95b ) y , p ea ro st foBurnad zil an t than other factors. For instance, north­ are mainly statistical, although real-time dynamical patterns ( lFyo ll iandf lu west A nd eentcael. d frican w 19 b9y1 , H tro ept ic saela so Ant la ra nitn ic fa ll astenrath 1995, WSaSrTeM for eetceaosrtosl og hiacvae ard based on tropi lcbaOlAfefe ic n e . mTahdee st saitn is ctei cal 19f9o4 re ca bsy ts tahreeS1S9T 97 ) i . n In th aeddtirtoipoinc , aplaIrn ts d i of the Sahel are affected by on ENSO SSTs. On tl aanv ti ecraSgSeT , t a ro npoim ca allyAp tl aatn te ti rcnsSaSnTdsF Si o m ll i a la nrd ly , eltocaall . SS 19 T9p1a , tt Bar anns to Onceaannd (P Sam lm ith er11999866 ). , h re agvieonaboofuSt ou tw th ic Aem th e e ri cian , fl aule th nocue gh ofexEtN re SmOeE fo NrStOhs is , A no urstth ra w li eas , tnooftA ab ulsyt ra ilniatih er e ns influence precipitation in such as that in 1982-3, can dominate the circulation Drosdowsky 1993, F n re d th IendA ia uns tr O al c ia enanw north and and precipitation patterns over tropical South ericksen and i B nt aelrgo ( v e. ign . d , A sis m te e n ri t c ly a . h T ig hhe le r v ea el l -t o im f e sk iflol, resc im as itlsarhtaovethhaatdobatac in oend ­." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-43.

"eppeirsocdeenst . oTfhtehequm as oir -e glm ob aarlkesd ca lEeN se SaO warm ture (SST) patterns associated wistuhr fa E ce Ntaenmdpceorlad ­ R bution of rainfall as a functio SO that sta ogpees le w of skEiNaSnOdcHaanlpoefr te tn1b9e9no5i ) d . efBEeNcS au Ose st tah te e ( eea .g., influence these rainfall patterns appear consistently in more before typical ENSO-ntified a season r o ly rfmoarnryecreencten de tcsa tu d d es ie , s P -ar kee .g r ., anHdsF iu o n ll ganadnd19N9e1wseilnlc1e9t8h3ereepc is oogdneith io ansiomfp th oer ta e n ar tlyprsetdarg el easteodfdarodu ev gehltospcionmgm EN en ScOe, late Idne in nt eitfe ic eanttihonc entury. However, one of th ic e t ive m value. precipitation relatio onfs hip tshepsreo vid ceo ain limitations sntsh is etecnlte are E st NiSnO di -­ E ac NcS or O d -in b g as teod th s e ea h so is ntaolr ic parlerdeicco ti rodn , EsN ch SeOmeissaicst iv tehaot, fce ation that seasonal meteorological drought in quite its warm or cold phases only about half the tim ienux se te fnuslisvkei ll a r ( e i. aes , ionftthheehg is lo to bre ic m al aryecboerdp , reEdN ic S ta O b -l reelw at i e th d S co in ld ce 1e9p0 is 0 o , dteh er yeeahrasv , e b ac eceonrtdhiinrg ty w to a rm th aendSnoiunteh te e e rn n . idtnryth con he aepspedroa it prie on r a ia s s ). occu te Fsiegaursroeat2 leas ns, .3 whsth7o5wsp ere p e th rocse recip entre of the time Osc itatio gi nondse , fiacn it dsJSoonue il s l at ( i1o9n87 In ) dex-based criterion of Ropelewski and are strongly associated with the warm or cold phase equa th to errinalPOas . c The cif il ilca tio clos se n a su Iendreex la tio (S n O sh I i ) pbaentdw ee cne nt trhaelo tu freEsNiSnOth -e i t . reo ., piw ca alrm ea sotrPcaoclid fi c s . eaAlstuhro face tempera­ d rface temperature anomaly may not occur consistently with every wuagrhmdorroucgoh ld tFu ig r u in durin re ggm2.4o all . s t su Ioffptr he twentieth century is illustrated in ENSO episode as appropriate, these regions do have a dr ch E ec N ip SiO ta ti eopn is owdeerse , sbku il tfun ll oytportehdeircw ta ibslee , tch le aanr -l n y or i m de anltsie fi aesdo na ilncco re nadsie ti d o ns p . r T ob haebliiln it k y wi o th fEdN ri SeOr-r th es eouotuigrm ht p ce e s . H re odw ic etv io enw managed r, ecvroouplsdm on ulsytbbeeppolsasnitbeldeaabnoduwtahtaelrfcba il n it ybedifso tr rim bu al tiisoend by ca ery year. s condi ltciuolnaatl in ognptrheecisptiattaet io onfEpN ro SbOa . ­ m ho awneyvedrr , ouEgNhSt-Op ro is nenortegtihoensonAlsy is disc . The farce to la r u ssed tiv in el f y lu ebnec lo in w g , T hi h st uosripcrae ll c y ip o it bas ti eornvepdr edic recent shif ttison in sctahnebperobb as aebd il iptuyredliysto ri n ­ g at a m in ossipnhu er nedesryssttaenmditnhg ro oufgch li m EN ate S O as satucdoiueps le h d as olceedan to -." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-40.

"tth ra rdoeugphropbo le omrss ; top ra o g st e -; h w ar avteesrtelroosssieosn in ofth th eefsio el idl; aan nd d form Th a e ti omnajionrK tr eannysapoarrtestohfem re o g is io tu nraelim nl oannsdofoonrarlaw in i fall ma D ny roou th gehrt , prhoocw es esveesro , fisentvhie ro nmmae jo n r tal degradation. systems. The direction and speed of these winds al nsdotchua lt tuh ra alspbreoednucatsisvo it c y ia ; te sh dow rt iatghesanonfuaelndaetfu ic riatls disaster affect the pat nergy, fo o in d , aagn ri d ­ T ov weortdhies ti rnecgti te m rn osnsoofotnhaelcwoinn vective processes inland. water; famine; and devastating impacts on many other Both converg oeno , vnearmKee ly nynaoardn th sdaynsd te m so sua th re ecaosm ter m lie osn . n se a c ti toon rs a / lsesrovciicoeescotnhoamt ic fo d rm ev eilnotpem gr e al components of torial eastern Africa during the oatuhteurmpna rt asndofsepq ri unag ­ sdursotu ai gnhatb le im spoacc io ts e co li nnogm er icfd or e ve se lo v p er n al t . ySeoam rs e ment can , of th aenrd th ensoe seas efore w na inncoens. ofHon wever, Kenya is largely u ds durin ogr th th eeasso te urtlhye /s ronu /n th o rt ehaesr te nrd ly erm th oensdooom na i­ l m be enatchsite ra vteedg ie wsitfhooructopprio ng pewrip th la n su n c in hgda ro nudghm ts a . naTghee ­ w so innsd , sryesstpe ectively. The patterns of n th esummomnesroosnea a­ l m str aajtoerg ie csommpuosnt en in ts c lu odfesdurcohugdhitsam st o er n it m or a in na g g , edm ia egn ­ t low levels, m by scao re m p si lgenxif to ic paong tl ryapmho ic dailfipeadt , teersnpse . cially at ndo ro si usg , hptrepdriecpta io re n d , neefsfs ic p ie o n li tce ie asr . ly warning systems, and i m nte I on rTsh CZ oeomni sp mhaerrkis al wind c t sy nhsoer th co tems n . evTaeh st regreez ly n ce a nd ofstohueth lo ewa -s lteev rl eyl has Tahdids re rsesve ie dwfoo ur fkperyeddirco ta ubgih li ttyi ss oufesK , ennaymaenlyd : rought n ov o e rt rhh ea adnsdun south of the eq ounaetotrh er feoflo lo re m , and often lags behind it by thr w e in igg ra ttheese to five • • d so ycniaom ec ic osnaonmdicc auses weeks. ITC imp ; acts, including the recent p ow at itn er gnstoantZhe is veexriy st edn if cfeu se oaftc th oemlpolw ex letvoep ls oignra Keny d many large inland water bodies, pwhhiiccaal , • p in rteedg ic ra ta te b d il i g ty lo pbraolsepfefcotrst ; satnod address such problems; poo ft neenntisntirnod th u e ce se bao so th n al zomniaglraa ti nodnm ov eerr idional com h ­ • challenges to drought prediction in Kenya. zonal compo Kenya. The A as tsloacnitaitce / dCwoint en ng hot / hteof in th fl euxI Zaire bTao CZ, si fnms, ofsotrw ex whic ehsatm er p li lees , fhraosmbe th en e." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-59.

"a in ff teec ra tcm tio o n re srbey al ist dictions into glob ian ic se m l at r m ti ondg elling of ocean-atmosphere model to a new equilibrium (e.g., Figure 2.5). This give a direct forecast of o th seph th e e ri sce ci S rc ST anom precipitat u io la n ti o (e n . gma ., o ly Jdpiee ls re­ new t a to l. lciibrrciuul oc m ati eoannsm ta o te deilnu tu n r ti nldirtivreesacahg es lo b a al atmospheric 1994). output . toWd in ri dvesttrhee ss ofc ie ela ds are taken fro m (n e th airs ) meoqdueil ­ imp A ro lt vheom ug ehn ts t h in estehedsekv il elloofppmreendtisc ti hnagvEeNrSeO su -l rteelda te idnw et h al. 1994). This is a n fo m rm o del again and so on (Ji SSTs, their greatest contribution has been in diag­ sep earrea te t he c om at pmoonsepnhtes re ofantdheoocfeacnouaprleedhamnodd le e d ll in agsn ev oesri , ngsotm he ecroeu se p a le rc d ocean-climate h has in a d tm ic o at sepdhetrhee sy psotteemn . t ia Hlofw or ­ a cl timmoastpehm er o ic demltohdaetlhacsan th ebeadavasnttaatgee -o of-f th sey -s a te rmt . g lo TbhaelaCpapnle ic aatn io dnsZeobf ia kENESNOSOSSSTSTprperdeidcitc io ti nosns -h aev .g e ., b e th en e p el reem di ecn ti tns. g Al w te o rn rl a d ti w ve id ly e , it prm ec aiyp it j at au us itonbeatnodm atically u a stati o st tihcearlt in seZdi as the b hat f m ur btahbewre asis f si g ( nCia fi noerse ta tta is l t . ic cant prog 1a9l9f4o ) r . ecH ast ress requi orwseovfemr, a ize yield model (e.g., Barnett et al. 1993). of es the in it clsueseim on s thre Feorufsu ef r u th lerrev in ie f w or smoaf ti o se n a , stohneal re fo ad re ecras is t in d g ir : ecPtaeldmteoro oc f th etahnee mea ic an annunalac nnual d at y m cl oesp ( c i. yec ., lecionuptlhiengmboe dels. In heric fields inst tewaedenotchleusf io ul nla (1 n9d98A ) n . derson (1994), Davey (1996), and Carson sainnof their the cmeatlh ie e s ) oc heaas ni tcu rn aendd out be exceedingly difficult." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-42.

"n ar eegattaikveenco to rr e im la p ti loynsa , p th hy essieca ‘ ltelliencko nnectio key va between ntphaet te lo rn ca s l ’ w (1 a9s7o2n ). tFhoellpoowiinntgosfoemmeeirngc in on gcilsusc iv oentw ai onrekdbiynoLtahm er bsm Gl aapnstzrioeatblael . a1n9d9t1h ) e . widely distributed one (e.g., see (e.g., by Berlage and DeBoer 1960), Professor Jacob pressure f an pdr ec wiapsi ta atiW on a , l ke te r m produced teleconnection Bjerknes at the University of California at Los modes of interannual blcel im to a te idve perature, and surface Angeles made the key step forward by demonstrating nise today, including the South anerrita if nbyi li tthyethlaatrgweestre scale that the atmospheric teleconnection patterns were North Atlantic O Oscillation and c o th g e ­ p eq a u rt atoof ri aalcPoaucp if liecdOmco ea dneaonfdinttheer ac gtlioobnalbaettmwo ee sp nhteh re e was Inaba le d d to it icoanr ry to scb illation. (Bjerknes 1966, 1969, and 1972). It is now clear that of fortunate circu omuste ing a first-rate scientist, Walker other parts of the global ocean also participate in the the art of statistics htaahn is work because of a confluence Southern Oscillation, manifested through changes in matical tool of the ob d se cdeesv . e F lo ir pset, shortly beforehand, sea surface temperature and the overlying atmos­ also a very ab rvational dscriaepnicdelsy . aWsaalkm er atwhaes ­ phe B ri ycctih rc e u la la ti toen. 1970s and early 1980s, climate o st fat ti hse ti cIsnd (W ian alM ker le1 99 m7a ) t . h H em av aitn ic giatn ak ewn ho understood scientists were able to document the relationships gained the oppo ertteuonrio ty lo tgoicc al Departme th netijnob19o0f3h , e h ad ehRyap sm ot uhsesso is neda nd byCaB rp je ernktneers 19 in 8 2, mwoh re odd is e c ta uisls ed (e . tgh . e , m re aqtuhierm ed ata ic a la l rg oepesrta aff capab alreryoofupteh rf is orsm tu idniges, m w an h u ic ahlT So hue th ceorunplO ed sco il cleaa ti n o -n a / tEmlosNpihneoreasvaaricao ti uopnlecdenstyrsetdemo ) n . W ve a ry lk p er raw ct ais able to t m io ankseoanmeax jo te rne si f v fo e rt d a to ta so se lv ts e . tShoeE th NeSeO qu a ( t E or l ia NlP in ac o i / f S ic oiustnhoew rn co Omsm cil oln at liyon re ), f er a r ed p h to ra saesA ra n in oftah ll e , rkaencaalcp ti rvoib ty le m th aotfh pr aed dicting Indian monsoon coined in planning documents for the international by the earl yyfyaecatrosrowfasthtehattwietnh sta taidejru te t st dbe in c om th eep1 os 8s7i0 bl s e . Tmreonpti . caDlO ur cienagntG he lo b 1 al 98A0tsmoasnpdh er 1e99 (T 0s OGaAs ) ereix es p er o i­ flsaurfgfe ic -s ie cnatlence li amr-agtleob va arl ia d ti aotnas . to de hsccre ib n e tu raynd to agnaatlh ys eereom ur p iri ucnadl, e m rs o ta dned ll iinngg , aonfdtthheeo re p ti hcyaslicsa tu l di m es e c in hcarneiassm ed s 192 T3heansdtu1d9 ie 2s4 , bWyaW lk a e lker and others (e.g., Walker aad ss voacnicae te sdinwiutnhdEeN rs S ta O n . diAngdettealielceodndnie sc c u ti sosn io pnao tt ferrencsen in trge lo la b ti aol) nsshuirp fa s ce exp is re te s d su rbeertawnedenB li lsasrg1e9 -s 3c2a ) le s h ( o i. w e. e , d n that the TOGA era (1985-94) can be found in Trenberth patterns -in particular, tphaettIen rn d s ia n an sdum re m gional rain efaarl -l et aTl. h1e 99 i8deanntd if i A ca ll tainone ta o l. f 19 so 9m6. e of the physical v ra aitn io fa nlal. l W ev a id lk eenrc ’s erfeosreatrhcehepxrio st veindceedo th feefr monso an ir osrtgaonbisseorn ­ m rev ec it h a anism ed conne l c is t e io dnsi nt aesrseosct iated with patterns. in A W se a ri lekser’ osENfp SO has st ruedciiepsi ta w ti i o th n g re te alte ly -glo more wHoerbcaal-ls le cda le tpk did no hi tsattthee rn hav Soofuitnh terannual climate variability. complete data sets (e.g., Kiladis and Diaz 1989; expected because, efotrhe re a im e p rn acOt scillatio sons th tahtartemma ig n. htI in unh itia nc alveel ly ar b , e h th einsrReocpoenlfeiw rm sk eida se nvde ra Hlao lp f e th rt et1e9 le 8c6o , nn 1e9c8t7 io , ns ansdu gg 1e9s9 te 2 d ) c so o o rr n e la ptr io ec nispib ta et t w io enenwtehaekepnreed ss uarbeopuatt te th rn esta im nd e m th oene ­ cboynW ne acltkieornsa . ndRootphee le rs w , saknidaindde nt H ifi aeldpeardt di ( t 1 io 9n8a7ltaen le-were discovered. Th y 1989) attempted to improve the usefulness of tele d ­ taitmtehemomsitdodf le thoefetah rl eec tw or ernetliae ti tohncsesnttruernyg , th beuntebdyag th a a in tcdooncnuemce ti notn patterns y work ha ing regions foorfstehaesognlaolbcelitm ha att , eipnreaddidcittiioonnb to y fille Adc in ru c w ia alspaap rt hyosfictahleepxipcltaunrdebteheantfro em rg aoitn ten atio ed . to be a m ls e o re lhyadshroew la itn io gnssh ta itp is stiw ca ilthEN EN SO SO -p rtehca ip t it w at eiroenhliignhklsy , t te hleecSoonuntehcetrinonOp sc aitltleartn io s. n A ju rsetvaisewaonfk fo nrow th leedogbesaeb rv oeudticdoennstiisftieendttfhreom se aespoin so sdaend to reegpiiosn od seo . f T th h e ey g p lo a b rt eicw ul haerr ly physical explanation precipitation was associated with ENSO in at least 75 e." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-39.

"IPnad lm ex e r (P Darlomuegrh1t Sev United States, an 9d6t5hea ri n ty dI1n9d6e8x , aAnldl Crop Moisture et al. 1987). On the other hand, it is indeed ra e Yield Moistur eey In 1d9e8x4 ) ( Jionsetheetedv ro er uygyhetanr. oFttooreexxiasmtipnlea , pFo ig rt uiroen1o .5 f th il e lu ssetrcao te usnttrrieesfo in r al. 1991 hat in tiinve th ly enU ew ) in the Philip ni tienddeSxtatth es atisistpgia ne he iSnstiaanngndid elsew anrcdriezaesd in h g ere. Pr epcopAu ipit la re ri ltay ­ tdhreouU gh ntitiesdofSttean te g s, retahteerp th er acnen1t0agpeerarceeanta . f T fe hcu te s d , th beyI1n9d9e5x ) . (SPI), developed by McKee et al. (1993 ation governments of these larger countries are more drough Atisdiisncculsusd io ed nionfc se li v m er aatliccihnadpitceerssfionrtm hi osnvio to r a in ngdaec st caubsltio sh meedda to dealing with water shortages and have in Part III (Monitoring and e lume actively. For n sm ianlf le ra rsc tr ouucn tu tr riees, toitriesspmoonrde , l a ik lb el eyit th re a -t n lo igqiuceasl ) . inFdo ic reas , csoemepOalriid so ap noo ( f1s9 ev 8e5raarl ly p op wualranr in mge te te ocrh o­ ­ tuhseuael ntire coun ). scale ly anroem gi aoln ie asltrpyhm en aoymbeenaaff -e cttheedysrienscueltdrfo ro u m gh ltasrgae re -dur A at n io o n th . eDrrdoiusg ti hntgsuu is shuian ll gyrfeeqau tu ir reeaomfidnr im ou ugmhtof is t its that become es ta in b li asthm ed o sp ahnedr ic p er csiirsctulfaotr io n p er piaotdtse rn osftcoontthirneueemfoonr th msotnothbsecoormeyeeasrtsa . bl T is hheedmbaugt then cwaon mo Fnrtohms, sae as p o la nns, n o in r longer. drought impacts is closely related t nitude of teristics of drought ghapveerssp er eicotu iv sei , mtphle ic astp io a n ti s a . lNcahtairoancs ­ tohnesedtuorfattihoenporfectihpei ta etv io e n nt . shTohre ta g fi e o , tih ts eitn im te ing of the should know the probability that drought may simul­ dr ve-year ( n1s9i7 ty 9 , -a 8n3d ) r ta enge io onuss ly w a it f h fe in cttah ll eiorrbsoervdee ra rs l m an aj dordcervoep lo -p procdounctiinng ­ y th eiosusge ht in northeast Brazil is a good case in point. In gencies if such an event were to occur. Likewise, it is du arrisngirn ie tsh th oefcyleaas rs, 1979 and 1980 were both drought important for governments to know the chances of a sonal rain e fa lplritnocsiipcaslernasieny ( i s .e e . a , so a significant deficiency regional drought simultaneously affecting agricultura tals were slightl n y ) . a b In ov 1e9n8o1r , m th ael, sbeuat ­ pnreoad rb uyctn iv aittiyonisnotnhew ir hocm ou tnhte ry yaarsew de e p ll e n as deandtjafcoernftooodrltdhreo ug te hmt. po Irnal 19 d 8 is 2 tr , ib tuhtei on ra in re fa slul lte to d t al isnwaegrrei cu ble tu lo ral supplies. In some inst normal, but the temporal distribution of precipitatio wnfdrroomugnhetam rb i y ti gnaattiioonnss , tr iagtneagny ces, a nation’s primary was conducive to crop development. Agricultural drought may have signif o ic ri nmgatyhebel ik to e li ihmopoodrtthfaotodaw im e p re a ct fsow llo e w re e d le ss bya dv th er ese. mTohset se ant regional impa sefvoeurre ‘d drroouugghhtt ’ yyeeaa rs r w fo oord ld w su ipdpelioers . inLtihkeewpirs in e, citphaelgorcac in u -r e re xnpcoer ti onfgdnrco ts ugohntm (1 a9t8 ic 3 ) ago ri fcu th lt e u ra plre im vi poaucststw (M en atgya -f lih ve years, with dra­ such as occurred during the ENSO event of 1a9t8 ions, aes et al. 1988). (Glantz et al. 1987, Glantz e2-3 cha D ra rco te urg is httiscs. al T so hedair ffer in terms of their spatial nificantly alter a developing cou tnatlr . y’ 1s9a9c1c ) e , ssmtaoy fo si ogd ­ e sh viofltve fr ogm ra dsueaalsloyn , a to ndser as affect ea esgoino . nIsnoefdb lar m ge ayrxism ev uem re idnrt ought from donor governments. as Brazil, China, India, the Unit ceodunS tr tiaetse , e n su si cthy." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-31.

Thole, K. A., and D. G. Bogard. "Enhanced Heat Transfer and Shear Stress due to High Freestream Turbulence." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-296.

Bons, Jeffrey P. "St and cf Augmentation for Real Turbine Roughness With Elevated Freestream Turbulence." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30198.