Academic literature on the topic 'Stab wounds'
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Journal articles on the topic "Stab wounds"
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Oosthuizen, GV, VY Kong, T. Estherhuizen, JL Bruce, GL Laing, JJ Odendaal, and DL Clarke. "The impact of mechanism on the management and outcome of penetrating colonic trauma." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 100, no. 2 (February 2018): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2017.0147.
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Introduction In light of continuing controversy surrounding the management of penetrating colonic injuries, we set out to compare the outcome of penetrating colonic trauma according to whether the mechanism of injury was a stab wound or a gunshot wound. Methods Our trauma registry was interrogated for the 5-year period from January 2012 to December 2016. All patients over the age of 18 years with penetrating trauma (stab or gunshot) and with intraoperatively proven colonic injury were reviewed. Details of the colonic and concurrent abdominal injuries were recorded, together with the operative management strategy. In-hospital morbidities were divided into colon-related and non-colon related morbidities. The length of hospital stay and mortality were recorded. Direct comparison was made between patients with stab wounds and gunshot wounds to the colon. Results During the 5-year study period, 257 patients sustained a colonic injury secondary to penetrating trauma; 95% (244/257) were male and the mean age was 30 years. A total of 113 (44%) sustained a gunshot wound and the remaining 56% (144/257) sustained a stab wound. Some 88% (226/257) of all patients sustained a single colonic injury, while 12% (31/257) sustained more than one colonic injury. A total of 294 colonic injuries were found at laparotomy. Multiple colonic injuries were less commonly encountered in stab wounds (6%, 9/144 vs. 19%, 22/113, P < 0.001). Primary repair was more commonly performed for stab wounds compared with gunshot wounds (118/144 vs. 59/113, P < 0.001). Patients with gunshot wounds were more likely to need admission to intensive care, more likely to experience anastomotic failure, and had higher mortality. Conclusions It would appear that colonic stab wounds and colonic gunshot wounds are different in terms of severity of the injury and in terms of outcome. While primary repair is almost always applicable to the management of colonic stab wounds, the same cannot be said for colonic gunshot wounds. The management of colonic gunshot wounds should be examined separately from that of stab wounds.
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Shatney, Clayton H., Koji Sensaki, and Lori Morgan. "The Natural History of Stab Wounds of the Diaphragm: Implications for a New Management Scheme for Patients with Penetrating Thoracoabdominal Trauma." American Surgeon 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480306900610.
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For most patients with abdominal stab wounds expectant management has become the norm. Thoracoabdominal stab wounds, however, raise concern about possible diaphragmatic injury, and diagnostic minilaparotomy, laparoscopy, or thoracoscopy have been advocated in such patients. The present study examined the natural course of an untreated diaphragmatic stab wound. With Institutional Review Board approval eight 25- to 30-kg anesthetized pigs underwent a small upper-midline laparotomy. A 1.5- to 2-cm incision was made in each diaphragm—in the muscular portion on one side and in the tendinous area on the other side. Thereafter a 12-F catheter was placed into each thoracic cavity and attached to suction to resolve pneumothoraces. The laparotomy incision was closed, and the thoracic catheters were removed. Six weeks later the animals were reanesthetized, and the diaphragmatic stab wounds were examined at laparotomy. Fifteen of the 16 (93.8 per cent) diaphragmatic wounds were completely healed. All eight stab wounds in the muscular portion of either diaphragm healed spontaneously. In one animal there was a persistent defect in the tendinous portion of the left diaphragm at the site of the stab wound. The tip of the left lateral segment of the liver and the superior pole of the spleen were found in the defect at laparotomy. We conclude that the vast majority of stab wounds to either the muscular or tendinous diaphragm heal spontaneously. Thus invasive procedures to assess the status of the diaphragm in all patients with thoracoabdominal stab wounds is unwarranted.
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Haworth, C. S., and J. C. de Villiers. "Stab Wounds to the Temporal Fossa." Neurosurgery 23, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198810000-00004.
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Abstract Stab wounds to the temporal fossa appear as a characteristic clinical entity. Patients admitted with stab wounds to the head during the period 1970 to 1986 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 10 met the criteria of having suffered a stab wound that penetrated the skull and dura mater of the temporal fossa. Injury to the internal carotid artery-cavernous sinus complex (3 patients) or to the basilar artery-pons region (5 patients) was frequent. Two other patients experienced injury to the trigeminal nerve and the petrous ridge. The mechanical, neurological, radiological, and prognostic features of knife wounds to this region are discussed.
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Chowdury, Misbah Ul Hoq, Ali Md Shariful Alam Rubel, Md Samir Uddin, Kanta Deb, and Chowdhury Rifat Jahan. "Injury Pattern in Fatal Cases of Stab Wound." Medicine Today 31, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v31i2.41955.
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Introduction: Stabbing is the most common method of homicide as like as other parts of the world. Precise examination of stab wound along with the type of other wounds considering their site, shape, number and orientation of the wounds in relation to each other etc. provide a number of clues which may be of paramount importance in reconstruction and interpretation of the whole events.
Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out in Forensic Medicine Department of Sylhet M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet from July 2010 to June 2011 and in the year of July 2017 to June 2018 to observe different patterns of injuries in fatal cases of stab wound. 20 autopsies were included in this study using random sampling.
Results: Male(90%) are more victimized than female. The pattern of injury that found to be most common is the penetrating wound of the chest injuring either lung or heart. Second most common injury pattern is the penetrating wound of the chest or abdomen injuring eitherstomach or liver.Another pattern is widely scattered multiple stab wounds both on front and back of the body and the fourth pattern is stab wound of the lower limb causing division of a major blood vessel.
Conclusion: The stab wound is deeper than it is long or wide. This means depth is the greatest dimension in case of Stab wound and that is where the danger lies as it is evident in this study.
Medicine Today 2019 Vol.31(2): 76-79
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Reed, Kim. "Stab wounds." Nursing Standard 23, no. 41 (June 17, 2009): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2009.06.23.41.58.c7052.
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Trigg, Katie. "Stab wounds." Nursing Standard 24, no. 2 (September 16, 2009): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.24.2.59.s52.
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Trigg, Katie. "Stab wounds." Nursing Standard 24, no. 2 (September 16, 2009): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2009.09.24.2.59.c7269.
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Herring, C. J., A. B. Lumsden, and S. C. Tindall. "Transcranial stab wounds." Neurosurgery 23, no. 5 (November 1988): 658???62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198811000-00022.
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Zileli, Mehmet, Hasan S. Işik, and Sedat Cagli. "Spinal Stab Wounds." Neurosurgery Quarterly 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnq.0b013e3182a2fadf.
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Leth, Peter Mygind, and Uffe Stolborg. "Visualisation of contrast-filled stab wounds in various tissue types with computed tomography." Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10278-012-0006-1.
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ABSTRACT Background: Stab wounds are common in homicide cases. Post-mortem multislice computed tomography (PMCT) has proved to be a useful tool in forensic examinations of victims of sharp force trauma, but due the limited resolution of soft tissues, the radiological depiction of a stab channel is difficult. In this study, we have tried to obtain information about the shape of a knife blade by CT scanning contrast-filled experimentally inflicted stab wounds in various types of pig tissue. Methodology: The tissue samples were mounted on floral foam (oasis) with wooden sticks. Two contrast media were used: one was unmodified and easy flowing, and one was made more viscous with polyethylene glycol. Stab channels in ballistic soap were used for comparison. India ink-filled stab channels were investigated histologically to determine the pattern of leakage. Principal findings: We found that the shape of the stab wounds on the CT images from lung and muscle tissue did not correspond well to the shape of the inflicting knife. There was a better correspondence in the images obtained from liver, spleen and kidney. The viscous contrast medium was less likely than the thin (easy flowing) contrast medium to spill into to structures outside the stab channel, but some spillage was observed for both types of contrast medium. Air bubbles were only observed in the viscous contrast medium. Conclusion: Radiological evaluation of a contrast-filled stab wound in isolated tissue blocks did not permit the positive identification of the inflicting weapon, but it was, in tissue blocks from liver, spleen and kidney, possible to obtain a rough idea of the shape of the inflicting knife and to differentiate a knife from a screwdriver.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stab wounds"
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O'Callaghan, P. T. "The biomechanics of stab wounds." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411710.
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Li, Maria S. "Topical glucocorticoids modulate the lesion interface after cerebral cortical stab wounds in adult rats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37140.pdf.
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Welman, Chris. "A review of the Groote Schuur hospital experience of low-velocity non-missile penetrating orbital and transorbital stab wounds." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2852.
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Includes bibliographical references.The aim of this study is to perform a retrospective review of all cases of low-velocity non-missile penetrating orbital trauma with intracranial complications presenting at Groote Schuur Hospital over the 5 year period between 1997 and 2001.
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Malherbe, Gideon F. "Laparoscopy (to detect occult diaphragm injury) versus clinical and radiological follow up to detect diaphragm injury and herniation, in patients with asymptomatic left thoracoabdominal stab wounds : A prospective randomized controlled study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15603.
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Background: The need to exclude occult diaphragmatic injury in left thoracoabdominal (TA) stab wounds continues to be controversial. Current trauma guidelines recommend either routine diagnostic thoracoscopy or laparoscopy and repair of an injury if found. Objective: To determine if asymptomatic patients with left sided (TA) stab wounds can be safely treated with careful clinical and chest X-ray follow up to ascertain healing of occult injuries. Methods: A parallel-group, prospective, randomized control study was conducted at the Trauma Centre at the Groote Schuur Hospital from 01 September 2009 through to 01 November 2014. All patients with asymptomatic left TA stab wounds included in the trial were randomized into two groups. Group A underwent diagnostic laparoscopy to exclude a diaphragm injury, and Group B underwent clinical and radiological follow up. Results: Twenty-seven patients were randomized to Group A (n=27) and thirty-one to Group B (n=31). All patients were young males with a median age of 26 years (range from 18 to 48). The incidence of occult diaphragm injury in group A was 29%. Occult injuries found at laparoscopy were all repaired. All patients in group 2 had normal chest X-rays and no symptoms at their last visit. The mean follow up time was 24 months (range of 0 to 58). There was no morbidity nor mortality associated with the conservative management of occult diaphragmatic injuries. The mean hospital stay for the patients in Group A was 5 days (SD 1.3), compared to a mean hospital stay of 2.9 days (SD, 1.5) p < 0.001, in Group B. Conclusions : Clinical and radiological follow up is feasible and appears to be safe in patients with occult diaphragm injuries after left TA stab wounds.
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Shelby, Hayden M. "Would They Stay or Would They Go? Relationships, Community, and Housing Preferences in Linden." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397226623.
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Pulido, Kelly Cristina Strazzieri. "Adaptação cultural e validação do instrumento \"Star Skin Tear Classification System\", para a língua portuguesa no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/7/7139/tde-23122010-103305/.
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O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a adaptação cultural do STAR Skin Tear Classification System, para a língua portuguesa no Brasil e testar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade inter-observadores da versão adaptada. O estudo é do tipo metodológico com abordagem quantitativa. A adaptação cultural foi desenvolvida em três fases: tradução, avaliação por comitê de juízes e retro-tradução. Foram testadas duas propriedades de medida: validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade inter-observadores. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o índice kappa ponderado. A versão adaptada para o português obteve um nível regular de concordância (kw = 0,286), embora estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,000), quando de sua aplicação por enfermeiros em fotografias de lesão por fricção. Quando de sua aplicação na prática clínica, a versão adaptada em português obteve um nível moderado e estatisticamente significativo de concordância (kw = 0,596; p < 0,001). O estudo sobre o processo de adaptação cultural e validação das propriedades de medida do STAR Skin Tear Classification System possibilitou atestar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade inter-observadores da versão adaptada para uso na língua portuguesa do BrasilThis study aims to perform a cultural adaptation of the STAR Skin Tear Classification System, to the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil and to test its contents validity and the reliability in the translated version. This is a methodological type of study with a quantitative approach. The cultural adaptation was developed in three stages: translation, evaluation by a judges committee and back translation. Two measures were tested: validity and reliability. The statistical analysis used the weighted kappa index. The adapted version had a regular concordance level (kw = 0,286), although statistically significant (p < 0,000) when tested by nurses in skin tears photographs. When tested in clinical practice, the adapted version achieved a moderate and statistically significant concordance level (kw = 0,596; p < 0,001). The study about the cultural adaptation process and validation of the measurements properties of the STAR Skin Tear Classification System confirmed the adapted Brazilian Portuguese version content validity and reliability
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Marchio, Jamie. "An Examination of Oral Fed Post-Trauma Patients for Calorie and Protein Consumption as a Percentage of Estimated Needs, and How it Impacts Length of Hospital Stay and Wound Healing." UNF Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/386.
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Due to rising costs of healthcare, clinicians are responsible for decreasing costs by providing care that moves the patient from injury, to recovery, to discharge within a matter of just a few days. The Registered Dietitian is responsible for the nutrition assessment and nutrition diagnosis, nutrition prescription and plan, and for monitoring the patient to achieve nutritional repletion within this short time frame. Concerns for patients who require nursing staff and caregivers for feeding are evident, especially when increased demands are being placed on the nursing staff. This study aims to determine whether or not “feeder patients” are at a higher risk for malnutrition, which could potentially result in delayed discharge, poor rate of wound healing, and increased costs to the institution.
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Krejčíř, Vojtěch. "Posouzení informačního systému ve firmě a návrhy na jeho zlepšení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382692.
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Eric, MANIRAGUHA, NTAGWIRUMUGARA Etienne, and Nenad GLODIC. "UTILIZATION OF WIND POWER IN RWANDA: Design and Production Option." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240659.
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This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation. After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too. The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term. With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda.I WISH TO PUBLISH MY THESIS
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Lin, Heng-Fu, and 林恆甫. "The Vaule of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laparoscopy for Abdominal Stab Wounds." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60434036749009840974.
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碩士國立陽明大學
急重症醫學研究所
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Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of laparoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment for hemodynamically stable patients with abdominal stab wounds. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the outcomes of 86 hemodynamically stable patients with suspected intra-abdominal injuries due to abdominal stab wounds who either underwent exploratory laparotomy or diagnostic laparoscopy. Thirty-eight patients (Group A) were treated before the adoption of laparoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for abdominal stabbing injuries at our hospital, and 48 patients (group B) were treated after. Demographic information, injury severity, operative findings, rates of non-therapeutic interventions, operation time, length of hospital stay, and morbidity of the 2 groups were evaluated. Results There was no difference in the demographics and injury severity between the two groups. Laparoscopy decreased the non-therapeutic laparotomy rate from 57.9% in Group A to 0% in Group B (p<0.001). The accuracy of diagnostic laparoscopy was 100% in Group B. Patients in group B had a significantly shorter hospital stay (5.0 vs. 9.9 days, p<0.001) and shorter operation time (90.7 vs.118.7 minutes, p=0.019) than Group A. For patients in Group B with significant intra-abdominal injuries, therapeutic laparoscopy was successfully performed in 16 of 17 patients (94.1%) treating a total of 22 intra-abdominal injuries. Conclusions Laparoscopy is feasible and safe for the diagnosis and treatment for hemodynamically stable patients with abdominal stab wounds. It can reduce the non-therapeutic laparotmy rate and shorten the length of hospital stay.
Books on the topic "Stab wounds"
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Golden, Christie. Old Wounds: Spirit Walk, Book One: Star Trek: Voyager. New York: Pocket Books, 2004.
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Letty, Sustrin, and Boné Thomas H. ill, eds. The teacher who would not retire becomes a movie star. West Bay Shore, N.Y: Blue Marlin Pub., 2012.
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Johnson, Don. Would you like to swing on a star?: How you can create, prepare, and deliver a winning speech. Redondo Beach, Calif: Top Hat Productions, 1991.
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Ziegesar, Cecily Von. Would I lie to you: A Gossip Girl novel. New York: Little, Brown, 2006.
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Smoot, Elizabeth L. You want me to do what?: A devotional for stay-at-home moms (or those who would like to be). Fort Washington, Pa: CLC Publications, 2000.
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CONTEMPORARY KNIFE TARGETING: Modern Science vs. W.E. Fairbairn's Timetable of Death. Paladin Press, 2006.
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Stab resistance of personal body armor. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Stab wounds"
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Nagel, M., H. D. Saeger, and H. Kopp. "Abdominal Gunshot and Stab Wounds." In Die Chirurgie und ihre Spezialgebiete Eine Symbiose, 105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95662-1_49.
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Śliwka, Karol, Jarosław A. Berent, Danuta Miścicka-Śliwka, Elżbieta Bloch-Bogusławska, and Ferdynand Tyloch. "Application of Rigid Endoscopes for Forensic Examination of Stab Wounds." In Acta Medicinæ Legalis Vol. XLIV 1994, 312–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79523-7_104.
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Sihler, Kristen C., Samuel E. Bledsoe, Ronald H. Clements, Barbara Latenser, and Kristen C. Sihler. "Stab Wound to the Abdomen." In The SAGES Manual of Strategic Decision Making, 19–31. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-76671-3_3.
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Delaplain, Patrick T., Christian de Virgilio, Areg Grigorian, and Dennis Y. Kim. "Stab Wound to the Chest." In Surgery, 509–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05387-1_46.
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Yousefian, Omid, Christian de Virgilio, Areg Grigorian, and Dennis Y. Kim. "Stab Wound to the Chest." In Surgery, 451–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1726-6_45.
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Roberts, William C., Sabrina D. Phillips, Juan M. Escobar, and John E. Capehart. "Cardiac Transplantation 40 Years After a Stab Wound to the Heart." In Case Reports in Cardiology, 93–95. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003408321-19.
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van Zyl, Tavé, Demetrios Vavvas, and Seanna Grob. "Case 15: Zone II/III Open Globe due to Stab Wound from Knife Assault During Intimate Partner Violence." In Management of Open Globe Injuries, 205–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72410-2_20.
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Wernecke, Jörg. "Enlightenment 2.0? What We Would Have to Change if We Wanted to Stay." In Strategies for Sustainability of the Earth System, 411–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74458-8_27.
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Grant, Stan. "Foreword by Dr Uncle Stan Grant Senior." In Living Well in a World Worth Living in for All, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1848-1_1.
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AbstractFrom birth, I grew up on Wiradyuri Country, and I am endlessly grateful to my grandfather, Budyaan Wilfred Johnson, for teaching me many things, including the language of our Ancestors. He was a strong cultural leader and a strategic genius who had a long-term vision for the recovery of his people. Despite being jailed for speaking to me in Wiradyuri, he went on to teach me (and my brother Cecil) away from the settler colonial authorities who would incarcerate him and remove us from our family. Today, our language is being used to quietly heal and rebuild the lives of our people so they can once again care for Country and raise strong, healthy, vibrant families.
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van Baar, Margriet E. "Epidemiology of Scars and Their Consequences: Burn Scars." In Textbook on Scar Management, 37–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_5.
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AbstractPathological scarring in burn wounds can result in hypertrophic scars and/or contractures. Prevalences of hypertrophic scarring after burn injuries between 8% and 67% are reported. A recent prospective study revealed a prevalence of 8%. Data on prevalence of burn scar contractures are limited; reported prevalence at discharge varied between 38 and 54% and decreased with an increasing time post burn. About 5–20% of the people who suffered from burn injuries received reconstructive surgery after burns, up to 10 years post injury.Factors predicting pathological scar formation after burn injuries include patient, injury and treatment characteristics. Injury- and treatment-related characteristics are the main predictors of scar outcomes after burn injury. These characteristics are related to burn size (total body surface area burned) and burn depth (number or type of surgery) or the overall healing process in general (length of stay, wound healing complications). Intrinsic patient-related risk factors seem to play a role as well but are less consistent predictors of scar outcome. This includes the risk factors like the female gender and also a younger age and darker skin.Knowledge on risk factors for poor scar outcome can be used to tailor treatment, aftercare and scar prevention to these patients with a high-risk profile.
Conference papers on the topic "Stab wounds"
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Borges, João Gabhriel Beserra, Ana Luiza Gonçalves Páscoa, Arthur Lobão Ferreira de Souza, Lucas Magalhães Rocha, Lucas Miguel Martins de Souza Alencar, Ícaro Gava Muniz da Silva, and César Augusto da Silva. "Urban violence and splenic trauma in a patient undergoing splenectomy." In IV Seven International Congress of Health. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeivsevenhealth-049.
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Retrospective study at HU/UNIVASF, Petrolina/PE, analyzing 52 splenectomy cases from Oct 2021 to Jan 2024. Trauma and hematological disorders primary reasons for splenectomy, including urban violence like firearm and stab wounds. Quantitative approach used to assess demographic profiles and trauma types influencing surgery decisions. Data sourced from electronic medical records, adhering to ethical guidelines (Resolution No. 466/12, National Health Council). Study approved under CAAE: 73874223.8.0000.0282, providing insights into epidemiological trends and surgical outcomes
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Kim, Jesse G., Tae-Hong Lim, Susan M. Renner, Atsushi Fujiwara, Cahn Nuyen, Taekhoon Yoon, and Howard S. An. "Experimental Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Compressive Behavior Changes Over Time." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2611.
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Abstract Changes in axial compressive behavior of the intervertebral disc resulting from annulus stab wound were investigated using rabbit discs. Results of this study clearly showed that stabbing incision could cause disc degeneration with losses in disc height, elastic modulus, and energy dissipation capacity in 8 weeks after injury. Disc specimens obtained at 12 weeks after stab incision showed no further changes in disc height and axial compressive behavior from those found in 8 week specimens.
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Kieferndorf, Frederick, Halina Burzanowska, Sami Kanerva, and Petteri Sario. "Modeling of rotor based harmonics in dual-star, wound field, synchronous machines." In 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icelmach.2008.4800249.
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Kouchih, Djilali, and Redouane Hachelaf. "Analysis of Wound Rotor Induction Motors Operation under Unbalanced Supply." In 2022 IEEE 21st International Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (STA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sta56120.2022.10019117.
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Shaji, Shyna, and Lynda V. Thomas. "A chitosan-gelatin hemostatic wound dressing- in-vitro functional evaluation studies in comparison with a commercially available hemostatic dressing." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS: STAM 20. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016812.
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Esfahani, Elham Sahraei, Damoon Soudbakhsh, and Kennerly Digges. "NCAP Star Rating and Safety of Rear Seat Occupant." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206582.
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New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) gives star ratings to the vehicles based on their crashworthiness. The program uses results of crash tests performed with 50% male HYBRID III dummies in the driver and right front passenger seats and gives separate star ratings for the driver and right front passenger positions. These star ratings are available from the safer car website [1], and are perceived as an indicator of general safety of the vehicles for people trying to purchase a vehicle. A one-star rating would show the lowest, and five-star would be the highest safety ranking. As the NCAP star ratings of the vehicles have improved over years, front occupant protection has improved as well; however, recent studies have shown that rear occupants are less protected in newer model years of vehicles [2]. Safety of rear occupants is not evaluated with the NCAP program. In this paper an attempt is made to verify whether the NCAP scores can show the level of protection provided to the rear occupants or not.
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Wang, Qi, and Jinbo Liu. "Modeling of Wound Synchronous Generator with Two Sets of Three-phase Stator Windings in Star and Rectification Load." In 2022 25th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icems56177.2022.9983427.
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Tyler, Glenn A., Karl E. Steinhoff, and William Moretti. "Imaging with off-axis guide stars." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.fr7.
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The theory associated with using a guide star beacon in a different direction than the direction associated with an object is discussed in detail. It is shown that conventional anisoplanatism does not significantly degrade the performance of a synthetic guide star. The theoretical predictions are shown to be in agreement with the results of a guide star imaging experiment used to view binary stars. This work concludes with a discussion of an advanced concept that utilizes an optimal estimator to combined wavefront sensor data from a nearby guide star several isoplanatic patch sizes away from the object and wavefront sensor data from an artificial guide star to compensate the image. The results of this work illustrate that the typical D5/3 (where D is the telescope diameter) scaling law for mean-squares wavefront error is no longer obeyed when this approach is used. As a consequence, this technique allows one to compensate telescopes with diameters larger than what would normally be the case with conventional guide star imaging techniques.
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Miller, Scott, Mark Pittelkau, Emil Superfin, and Dan O'Shaughnessy. "In-Orbit Assessment of a Physics-based Star Tracker Model using DART and PSP Flight Data." In ESA 12th International Conference on Guidance Navigation and Control and 9th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques. ESA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa-gnc-icatt-2023-005.
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A high-fidelity star tracker model was developed in support of NASA’s recent Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission and is presented herein. The model, while functionally agnostic, was specifically intended to emulate the noise characteristics of a Leonardo AA-STR star tracker. Since the AA-STR flown on DART was from the same procurement lot as the two AA-STR trackers currently in use on NASA’s Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission, the model was evaluated relative to flight data obtained from both programs in several different operational scenarios. Findings from in-flight testing shed light on the advantages gained by a more complex physics-based modeling scheme over a simpler heuristic approach. These results may help to inform the modeling trade space in future missions. The model’s Matlab/Simulink implementation contains both empirical and physical modeling attributes. Random measurement errors are captured as additive white Gaussian temporal noise (TN). Low Spatial Frequency Errors (LSFE), which are dominated by optical distortion caused by imperfections in the focal plane, are modeled physically: quaternion measurements are generated through the batch processing (QUEST) of local star measurements that depend on randomly-seeded lens distortion characteristics and an initial star field. High Spatial Frequency Errors (HSFE) primarily arise from the discrete sampling of the point spread function (PSF) of individual stars. As a physical mechanism, HSFE is captured by emulating a triangular-wave cyclic sampling of each star’s PSF prior to QUEST batch processing. Since measurement noise generated by a physical model is dependent both on star locations and lens distortion characteristics, implementing a physical model would usually necessitate a Monte Carlo analysis to bound predictions in lieu of specific vendor-supplied lens distortion data and/or known star field information. The tracker model also provides for the physical HSFE representation to be entirely replaced by a heuristic First Order Gauss-Markov (FOGM) process. Fight test results provide insight into the model’s applicability under different operational conditions. Several PSP flight data sets were obtained, both while the star fields were slowly moving across the FOVs of both AA-STR trackers (gyro calibration events) and while the star fields were dynamically quasi-static (inertial hold events). PSP’s wheel-based attitude control subsystem (0.05 Hz bandwidth) provided tight pointing control during the capture events. In contrast, the DART capture events occurred during inertial–hold capture windows in which a thruster-based phase plane controller was employed. Star fields would thus drift across short spatial distances (in its single AA-STR tracker) before being “pushed” in a counter direction due to thruster pulsing. The results obtained from both the PSP and DART testing show that a heuristic HSFE FOGM model is generally adequate when the star field traverses the FOV at a constant rate, and that quasi-static motion precludes the need for LSFE physical modeling. But for conditions where the star field’s rate and direction are not uniform (e.g. thruster control), a rigorous physical model measurably improves fidelity.
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Peteley, Attila, Adrian Nita, Hunor-Flaviu Crisan, Vasile Mara, and Lorant Balint-Balint. "THE DOUBLE SIDED IMPACT OF BEAR WATCHING IN THE GIURGEU BASIN, ROMANIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.059.
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Sustainability within a region is achieved by providing a variety of services regarding the tourism products within an area. The Giurgeu basin in order to be able to sustain its values, needs to offer a wide variety of services that attract and increase the overnight stay of tourists. The services needed to be diversified with the beginning of the pandemic season of 2020 - 2022. These services existed before, but during the pandemic period, where the tourism suffered the most, it became evident that the entrepreneurs needed to find other means of attracting people. For more than two years the tourism needed to adapt, and to try to attract clients from the domestic market. The services needed to be targeted mainly towards the Romanian market. The entrepreneurs needed to provide new packages. In this paper we would like to analyze the perspective of offering special tourism packages that include wildlife watching trips in the depression, to observe the wildlife from safe locations. These trips are called bear watching�s, where the tourists go into the wilderness and from safe, specifically built locations observe the big games from a close distance. These games include the main attraction the brown bears, and most of the times the other big animals are present as well meaning the Carpathian stag, the common deer, the wild boar, the red fox, rabbit, a variety of birds. The animals are attracted by the abundance of food sources present at these feeders. The tourists come here to see these animals. We would like to analyze the impact of the animal watching�s on the tourism, and the impact of the tourism on the behavior and existential habits of the wild animals of the area. We conclude that sustaining such activities is not having a benefic impact on the existing wildlife�s existential habits and alters their seasonal behavior resulting in long lasting changes that impact generations of animals and the relationship between the wild animals and the inhabiting local population.
Reports on the topic "Stab wounds"
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Card, David, Philip Robins, and Winston Lin. Would Financial Incentives for Leaving Welfare Lead Some People to Stay on Welfare Longer? An Experimental Evaluation of 'Entry Effects' in the SSP. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6449.
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Ferrell, Christopher E., John M. Eells, David Reinke, and Richard Lee. Metropolitan Transportation Commission Discretionary Transit Funding Methods Evaluation. Mineta Transporation Institute, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2133.
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In 2021, the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) approached the Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) with a proposal to have MTI provide an evaluation of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s (MTC’s) operational discretionary funding allocation policies and methods for Bay Area transit operators. The research was done in two parts. Part 1 investigated MTC’s past and current allocation methods for discretionary operational transit funding programs; Part 2 involved the evaluation of outcomes if MTC employed alternative allocation methods. After the Part 1 review of MTC’s various transit funding programs, the federal pandemic relief funds and the Transportation Development Act/State Transit Assistance (TDA/STA) funding programs were selected and evaluated in Part 2 using a set of five alternative allocation metrics and compared to actual MTC allocations. Key findings include: (1) the population-based metric produced the largest increase for VTA’s pandemic relief funds, with VTA receiving 221 percent more than MTC actually allocated in 2020 and 2021, but the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) receiving 64 percent less; (2) the ridership-based metric yielded the smallest amount of VTA pandemic funding, but high ridership operators such as SFMTA would have a 41 percent increase; (3) the population-based metric produced the largest increase in STA funding to VTA but would come at the expense of other transit operators, with Sonoma County receiving 51 percent less; and (4) the ridership-based metric yielded the smallest amount of STA funds for VTA, with 50 percent less funding than actual, while high ridership operators such as SFMTA, would see a roughly 400 percent increase. Thoroughly investigating current and alternative funding allocation methods and policies is critical to understanding their effects on transit agencies and the communities they serve.
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Talukder, Md Noorunnabi, Abdullah Al Mahmud Shohag, Ishtiak Morshed, Sigma Ainul, Md Irfan Hossain, Mohammad Muktadir Hossain, Sharif M. I. Hossain, and Ubaidur Rob. Soft skills training for Rohingya and host community youth in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Population Council, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2024.1003.
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The Population Council, in collaboration with Research, Training and Management International (RTMI) and Underprivileged Children’s Education Program (UCEP), pilot tested a soft skills training intervention in two Rohingya camps and a vocational training center in the host community in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh in 2022. As a follow-up to the pilot program, the Council along with its partners rolled out soft skills training in four Rohingya camps and a vocational training center in the host community in 2023. The purpose of this training was to improve the personal, social, and financial management skills of Rohingya youth, which would be of use on their return to Myanmar or during their interim period of stay in Bangladesh. In addition, the training was intended to help host-community youth develop financial management skills and life skills.
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Uhl, Stacey, Shazia Mehmood Siddique, Liam McKeever, Aaron Bloschichak, Kristen D’Anci, Brian Leas, Nikhil K. Mull, and Amy Y. Tsou. Malnutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer249.
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Objectives. To review the association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients, evaluate effectiveness of measurement tools for malnutrition on clinical outcomes, and assess effectiveness of hospital-initiated interventions for patients diagnosed with malnutrition. Data sources. We searched electronic databases (Embase®, MEDLINE®, PubMed®, and the Cochrane Library) from January 1, 2000, to June 3, 2021. We hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and searched for unpublished studies in ClinicalTrials.gov. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected (1) existing systematic reviews (SRs) to assess the association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes, (2) randomized and non-randomized studies to evaluate the effectiveness of malnutrition tools on clinical outcomes, and (3) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess effectiveness of hospital-initiated treatments for malnutrition. Clinical outcomes of interest included mortality, length of stay, 30-day readmission, quality of life, functional status, activities of daily living, hospital acquired conditions, wound healing, and discharge disposition. When appropriate, we conducted meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize study findings; otherwise, data were narratively synthesized. When available, we used pooled estimates from existing SRs to determine the association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes, and assessed the strength of evidence. Results. Six existing SRs (including 43 unique studies) provided evidence on the association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes. Low to moderate strength of evidence (SOE) showed an association between malnutrition and increased hospital mortality and prolonged hospital length of stay. This association was observed across patients hospitalized for an acute medical event requiring intensive care unit care, heart failure, and cirrhosis. Literature searches found no studies that met inclusion criteria and assessed effectiveness of measurement tools. The primary reason studies did not meet inclusion criteria is because they lacked an appropriate control group. Moderate SOE from 11 RCTs found that hospital-initiated malnutrition interventions likely reduce mortality compared with usual care among hospitalized patients diagnosed with malnutrition. Low SOE indicated that hospital-initiated malnutrition interventions may also improve quality of life compared to usual care. Conclusions. Evidence shows an association between malnutrition and increased mortality and prolonged length of hospital stay among hospitalized patients identified as malnourished. However, the strength of this association varied depending on patient population and tool used to identify malnutrition. Evidence indicates malnutrition-focused hospital-initiated interventions likely reduce mortality and may improve quality of life compared to usual care among patients diagnosed with malnutrition. Research is needed to assess the clinical utility of measurement tools for malnutrition.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.
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Parsons, Helen M. Nutrition as Prevention for Improved Cancer Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer260.
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Objective. To understand the evidence base for nutrition interventions delivered prior to or during cancer treatment for preventing and treating negative cancer and cancer treatment–related outcomes among individuals with or at risk for malnutrition. The primary purpose was to inform the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Pathways to Prevention workshop Nutrition as Prevention for Improved Cancer Health Outcomes, held July 26–28, 2022. Data sources. We searched Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify studies from 2000 through July 2022. We conducted grey literature searches to identify additional resources relevant to the associated costs or value (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit) of nutrition interventions. Review methods. The review was guided by a set of Key Questions established by the NIH planning committee for the Nutrition as Prevention for Improved Cancer Health Outcomes workshop. We searched for studies that evaluated a broad range of nutrition interventions (e.g., dietary supplements, nutrition support, nutrition counseling) for preventing and treating negative outcomes of cancer and cancer-related treatment. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with enrollment ≥50 participants. We extracted basic study information from all eligible studies, then grouped studies by broad intervention and cancer types. We provide a detailed evidence map for all included studies, but conducted risk of bias and additional qualitative descriptions of outcomes for only those intervention and cancer types with a larger volume of literature. Results. We identified 9,798 unique references, with 206 studies from 219 publications reporting RCTs of nutrition interventions to potentially improve negative outcomes of cancer and cancer-related treatment. Two decades of randomized trial evidence on nutrition interventions for adults prior to and/or during cancer treatment primarily focused on dietary supplements, nutrition support (including oral nutrition supplements), and the route or timing of nutrition interventions for gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers in the inpatient setting. Most studies evaluated changes in body weight/composition, adverse events, length of hospital stay, and quality of life. Few studies were conducted within the U.S. setting. Among intervention and cancer types with a high volume of literature (n=114), which predominantly included studies in dietary supplements and nutrition support in gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers, 11 percent (n=12) were rated as low risk of bias (higher quality), 40 percent (n=46) medium risk of bias, and 49 percent (n=56) high risk of bias (lower quality). Low and medium risk-of-bias studies reported mixed results on the effect of nutrition interventions across cancer and treatment-related outcomes. Although the evidence map shows a large volume of studies evaluating nutrition interventions and outcomes, these studies showed high heterogeneity across study populations, interventions, and outcomes (measure definitions, timing of measurements), even within nutrition intervention categories; as a result, we could not aggregate results. While studies enrolled individuals from multiple cancer types, treatments, and stages, across the lifespan, with varying degrees of muscle wasting, and in those with a range of comorbid conditions, no eligible studies specifically evaluated whether the effects of nutrition interventions on preventing negative outcomes varied across these characteristics. Among studies included in our Key Questions, we found that few (4%, n=8) published cost or value (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit) information related to the intervention. In our grey literature search of additional studies examining cost or value of nutrition interventions, we found few studies that conducted cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit analyses; among those that did, we found the studies were conducted in non-U.S. health systems and demonstrated mixed results on the value of nutrition interventions. Conclusions. Although overall RCT evidence focused on a wide range of nutrition interventions, studies were concentrated in use of dietary supplements, nutrition support, and the route or timing of nutrition interventions within gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers in inpatient settings. Among interventions with the highest volume of literature, the majority of studies were rated as high risk of bias. Our findings point to the need for rigorous new research to bolster the evidence base. Specifically, the field needs a more detailed future evaluation of a subset of nutrition interventions contained in this evidence map that focuses on priorities most relevant to specific stakeholders (e.g., oncologists, patients, dietitians, researchers, policymakers). Further, studies should be specifically designed to evaluate the main outcomes of interest for clinical practice. Future research would also benefit from creation of standardized taxonomies for interventions and outcomes as well as more rigorous design and reporting of nutrition interventions. As mentioned, heterogeneity of populations, interventions, comparators, and outcomes precluded aggregation. Currently, the quality and heterogeneity of the studies limit translation of findings into clinical practice or guidelines. In order to inform development of these guidelines, coordinated efforts are required to develop detailed conceptual frameworks for mechanisms of nutrition interventions most relevant to clinical care providers and patients. Such frameworks would help inform priorities for future research as well as guide practice and policy.
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TENSILE BEHAVIOR OF T-STUB SUBJECTED TO STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.313.
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To study the tensile behavior of T-stubs with various design parameters under different loading scenarios, uniaxial static and dynamic tensile tests were carried out. The effects of flange thickness, bolt preload, bolt strength and loading conditions were discussed. The failure modes observed under different conditions were presented. Besides, the load-displacement response was analyzed in detail. The experimental results showed that the bolt preload only affected the initial stiffness of the specimens, and smaller flange thickness and lower bolt strength would result in unfavorable performance of T-stubs. Under dynamic loading scenarios, the test specimens showed greater resistance but limited deformation capacity compared to the static ones. Furthermore, it was observed that the ductility would be seriously reduced if brittle failure, such as bolt or weld fracture occurred which is recommended to be avoided in structural design.
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2022. Banco de la República Colombia, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4-2022.
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1.1 Macroeconomic summary In September, headline inflation (11.4% annually) and the average of core inflation indicators (8.6% annually) continued on a rising trend, and higher increases than expected were recorded. Forecasts increased again, and inflation expectations remained above 3%. Inflationary surprises in the third quarter were significant and widespread, and they are the result of several shocks. On the one hand, international cost and price shocks, which have mainly affected goods and foods, continue to exert upwards pressure on national inflation. In addition to these external supply shocks, domestic supply shocks have also affected foods. On the other hand, the strong recovery of aggregate demand, especially for private consumption and for machinery and equipment, as well as a higher accumulated depreciation of the Colombian peso and its pass-through to domestic prices also explain the rise in inflation. Indexation also contributes, both through the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and through the Producer Price Index (PPI), which continues to have a significant impact on electricity prices and, to a lesser degree, on other public utilities and rent. In comparison with July’s report, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation (excluding food and regulated items) is higher in the forecast horizon, mainly due to exchange rate pressures, higher excess demand, and indexation at higher inflation rates, but it maintains a trend of convergence towards the target. In the case of food, a good domestic supply of perishable foods and some moderation in international processed food prices are still expected. However, the technical staff estimates higher pressures on this group’s prices from labor costs, raw material prices, and exchange rates. In terms of the CPI for regulated items, the new forecast supposes reductions in electricity prices at the end of the year, but the effects of indexation at higher inflation rates and the expected rises in fuel prices would continue to push this CPI group. Therefore, the new projection suggests that, in December, inflation would reach 11.3% and would decrease throughout 2023 and 2024, closing the year at 7.1% and 3.5%, respectively. These forecasts have a high level of uncertainty, due especially to the future behavior of international financial conditions, external price and cost shocks, the persistence of depreciation of the Colombian peso, the pace of adjustment of domestic demand, the indexation degree of nominal contracts, and the decisions that would be made regarding domestic fuel and electricity prices. Economic activity continues to surprise on the upside, and the projection of growth for 2022 rose from 6.9% to 7.9% but lowered for 2023 from 1.1% to 0.5%. Thus, excess demand is higher than estimated in the previous report, and it would diminish in 2023. Economic growth in the second quarterwas higher than estimated in July due to stronger domestic demand, mainly because of private consumption. Economic activity indicators for the third quarter suggest that the GDP would stay at a high level, above its potential, with an annual change of 6.4%, and 0.6% higher than observed in the second quarter. Nevertheless, these numbers reflect deceleration in its quarterly and annual growth. Domestic demand would show similar behavior, with a high value, higher than that of output. This can be explained partly by the strong behavior of private consumption and investment in machinery and equipment. In the third quarter, investment in construction would have continued with mediocre performance, which would still place it at levels lower than those observed before the pandemic. The trade deficit would have widened due to high imports with a stronger trend than that for exports. It is expected that, in the forecast horizon, consumption would decrease from its current high levels, partly as a consequence of tighter domestic financial conditions, lower repressed demand, higher exchange rate pressures on imported goods prices, and the deterioration of actual income due to the rise in inflation. Investment would continue to lag behind, without reaching the levels observed before the pandemic, in a context of high financing costs and high uncertainty. A lower projected behavior in domestic demand and the high levels of prices for oil and other basic goods that the country exports would be reflected in a reduction in the trade deficit. Due to all of this, economic growth for all of 2022, 2023, and 2024 would be 7.9%, 0.5%, and 1.3%, respectively. Expected excess demand (measured via the output gap) is estimated to be higher than contemplated in the previous report; it would diminish in 2023 and could turn negative in 2024. These estimates remain subject to a high degree of uncertainty related to global political tension, a rise in international interest rates, and the effects of this rise on demand and financial conditions abroad. In the domestic context, the evolution of fiscal policy as well as future measures regarding economic policy and their possible effects on macroeconomic imbalances in the country, among others, are factors that generate uncertainty and affect risk premia, the exchange rate, investment, and the country’s economic activity. Interest rates at several of the world’s main central banks continue to rise, some at a pace higher than expected by the market. This is in response to the high levels of inflation and their inflation expectations, which continue to exceed the targets. Thus, global growth projections are still being moderated, risk premia have risen, and the dollar continues to gain strength against other main currencies. International pressures on global inflation have heightened. In the United States, core inflation has not receded, pressured by the behavior of the CPI for services and a tight labor market. Consequently, the U.S. Federal Reserve continued to increase the policy interest rate at a strong pace. This rate is expected to now reach higher levels than projected in the previous quarter. Other developed and emerging economies have also increased their policy interest rates. Thus, international financial conditions have tightened significantly, which reflects in a widespread strengthening of the dollar, increases in worldwide risk premia, and the devaluation of risky assets. Recently, these effects have been stronger in Colombia than in the majority of its peers in the region. Considering all of the aforementioned, the technical staff of the bank increased its assumption regarding the U.S. Federal Reserve’s interest rate, reduced the country’s external demand growth forecast, and raised the projected trajectory for the risk premium. The latter remains elevated at higher levels than its historical average, within a context of high local uncertainty and of extensive financing needs from the foreign sector and the public sector. All of this results in higher inflationary pressures associated to the depreciation of the Colombian peso. The uncertainty regarding external forecasts and its impact on the country remain elevated, given the unforeseeable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, of geopolitical tensions, and of the tightening of external financial conditions, among others. A macroeconomic context of high inflation, inflation expectations and forecasts above 3%, and a positive output gap suggests the need for contractionary monetary policy, compatible with the macroeconomic adjustment necessary to eliminate excess demand, mitigate the risk of unanchoring in inflation expectations, and guarantee convergence of inflation at the target. In comparison with the July report forecasts, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed output level that surpasses the economy’s productive capacity. Headline and core inflation have registered surprising rises, associated with the effects of domestic and external price shocks that were more persistent than anticipated, with excess demand and indexation processes in some CPI groups. The country’s risk premium and the observed and expected international interest rates increased. As a consequence of this, inflationary pressures from the exchange rate rose, and in this report, the probability of the neutral real interest rate being higher than estimated increased. In general, inflation expectations for all terms and the bank’s technical staff inflation forecast for 2023 increased again and continue to stray from 3%. All of the aforementioned elevated the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could heighten widespread indexation processes that push inflation away from the target for a longer time. In this context, it is necessary to consolidate a contractionary monetary policy that tends towards convergence of inflation at the target in the forecast horizon and towards the reduction of excess demand in order to guarantee a sustainable output level trajectory. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its September and October of 2022 meetings, Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR) decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. In September, the BDBR decided by a majority vote to raise the monetary policy interest rate by 100 basis points (bps), and in its October meeting, unanimously, by 100bps. Therefore, the rate is at 11.0%. Boxes 1 Food inflation: a comparison with other countries