Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stabilité des agrégats du sol'
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Le, Guillou Cédric. "Effets combinés de la qualité des résidus de culture et de disponibilité en azote minéral sur la stabilisation de la structure du sol par les microorganismes." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARD061.
Full textSoil aggregate stability is an important soil physical property as it is a determinant factor of agricultural and environmental soil functions. The incorporation of fresh crop residues in soils improves this soil property but we still need knowledge on the factors affecting its effects. The aim of this PhD thesis was (i) to determine the interactive effect of soil mineral N and crop residue quality on soil aggregate stability and (ii) studying the role of microbial communities. We studied, under controlled conditions, the effect of soil mineral N availability on soil aggregate stability during high-C/N crop residue decomposition. The effect of decomposing crop residues on soil aggregate stability followed two phases: (i) a first phase (7 days) with a rapid increase in soil aggregate stability related to intrinsic residue quality and (ii) a second phase (day 7 to 56) where soil aggregate stability was negatively influenced by the soil mineral N. We evaluated the role of microbial communities in controlling the soil aggregate stability dynamics observed. We showed that early changes were related to an increase of the total microbial biomass. Our results suggest that the dynamics in the second phase was associated to binding agents (microbial polysaccharides) production or consumption and related to some bacterial and fungal population stimulation. In a field-experiment over winter, we confirmed that the effect of high-C/N crop residue inputs on soil aggregate stability was high when soil mineral N content was low. Our study further showed that the effects of high-C/N crop residue addition on soil aggregate stability can be equal to those from a low-C/N crop residue. Winter climatic conditions did not modify the hierarchy nor the dynamics of soil aggregate stability related to crop residue quality, but rather decreased the extent of the effect
Puget, Pascale. "Distribution des matières organiques dans des agrégats de sols limoneux cultivés : conséquences sur la stabilité structurale des agrégats et sur la biodégradation des matières organiques." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120035.
Full textMinville, Audrey-Kim. "Comparaison de cultures intercalaires pour la répression des adventices et la stabilité des agrégats du sol dans la vigne semi-rustique en implantation au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70315.
Full textNon-hardy grapevine varieties require winter protection in southern Quebec because temperature can drop to –35 °C and cause irreversible frost damage. Winter protection is provided either by geotextiles or hilling, the latter generating intensive soil disturbance twice a year. These constraints limit the adoption of intercrops because 1) their establishment and growth are concurrent with the crop, 2) hilling destroys intercrops every fall, and 3) the use of geotextiles allows the adoption of perennial intercrops but is more expensive. Although it can control weeds and mitigate soil erosion, intercropping in Quebec vineyards is limited. Moreover, grapevine response to intercropping is poorly documented under Quebec's continental climate. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted (2018-2020) to compare mechanical weeding to two grass mixture intercrops (annual vs perennial), during vineyard establishment. Variables tested included weed control and diversity, soil aggregate stability, vine growth, and grape yield. A weedy control was also included. Cultivation was more efficient at controlling weeds than both intercrops but decreased plant species richness and diversity in comparison to other treatments. Weed density did not decrease over time and weed cover was relatively high (> 50% at the end of the growing season) under intercrops. Nevertheless, weed shoot biomass was lower under intercrops than in the weedy control during the first two years. Cultivation was also detrimental to soil structure, it showed lower aggregate stability compared to vegetated treatments by the end of the season. None of the interrow management methods had an impact on vine yield fruit quality.
Czarnes, Sonia. "Adhésion sol : racine et biophysique de la rhizosphère du maïs." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10118.
Full textRazafimbelo, Tantely. "Stockage et protection du carbone dans un sol ferrallitique sous systèmes en semis direct avec couverture végétale des Hautes Terres malgaches." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00772088.
Full textLeguédois, Sophie. "Mécanismes de l'érosion diffuse des sols : modélisation du transfert et de l'évolution granulométrique des fragments de terre érodés." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00516390.
Full textDemenois, Julien. "Quelle influence des symbioses mycorhiziennes et des traits racinaires sur l'érosion des sols tropicaux ? Application à la restauration écologique des écosystèmes forestiers dégradés de Nouvelle-Calédonie sur Ferralsols développés sur substrats ultramafiques." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0011.
Full textTropical forest ecosystems cover nearly half of the world's forest area. These ecosystems provide basic services for the well-being of our societies (e.g. regulation of material flows, soil preservation) are particularly affected (loss and degradation of forests) by global changes. New Caledonia, and its ultramafic substrates, is no exception to this trend. Mining and fires are responsible for forest regression, fragmentation, degradation and soil erosion. The archipelago is ranked among the hotspots of global biodiversity and the ecological restoration of these ecosystems is a major challenge. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the ecological restoration of the forests of New Caledonia in order to limit the erosion of soils on ultramafic substrates and is part of the disciplinary field of the ecology of restoration. The scientific objective is to study the influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and root traits on the erosion of Ferralsols developed on ultramafic substrates through a multi-scale approach. In the first part, we highlight the floristic and structural characteristics of plant communities on ultramafic substrates. These suggest an increased expression of the root traits of dominant species in monodominant forests. The central place of fire and cyclones in the dynamics of plant succession is also emphasized, as well as mycorrhizal symbioses in maintaining the monodominance of Nothofagus aequilateralis. In the second part, our work suggests the existence of a biotic threshold between degraded ligno-herbaceous maquis and ligno-herbaceous maquis. Repeated fires would be the main cause of crossing this threshold. The increase in plant biomass would be the key factor contributing to the stability of the aggregates between these two stages. Thus, fire protection combined with the promotion of plant successions through the use of potentially facilitating species such as Costularia arundinacea could be an efficient strategy for limiting erosion of Ferralsols. In addition, the influence of plant (e.g. floristic composition) and fungal communities (e.g. biomass) on the stability of aggregates is clearly highlighted. The third part aims to evaluate the ability of plant species, combined with mycorrhizal fungi, to increase the stability of aggregates, but also to identify root traits and mycorrhizal associations contributing to this increase. In this section, we demonstrate that the combination of high values for “Root Mass Density - Root Length Density – percentage of fine roots” is effective in increasing aggregate stability. Moreover, the efficacy of this combination of root traits is enhanced by mycorrhizal symbiosis. Thus, of the three plant species evaluated, Costularia arundinacea would be the most effective tool species for increasing the stability of aggregates. This work allowed us to highlight the influence of root traits and mycorrhizal symbiosis on the stability of soil aggregates on Ferralsols on ultramafic substrates, at the scale of plant communities or at the level of plant species. To our knowledge, these results are the first to be acquired on this type of soil. These results make it possible to formulate proposals for the ecological restoration of forest ecosystems in New Caledonia in order to limit soil erosion on ultramafic substrates, but also to sketch new avenues of research
Leygnier, Jérôme. "Stabilité des petits agrégats d'alcalins : dissipation de leur énergie par évaporation." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112353.
Full textManil, Bruno. "Etudes de la stabilité de nano-objets complexes chargés : agrégats et systèmes moléculaires d'intérêt biologique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00192617.
Full textUn des principaux résultats de ces études concerne les agrégats moléculaires de fullerènes, qui sont en principe des agrégats de type van der Waals, donc faiblement liés et surtout électriquement isolants. Nous avons montré que les espèces stables multiplement chargées, formées suite à des collisions avec des ions lents multichargés, qui ne subissent par ailleurs aucune modification structurelle profonde suite à leur chargement par impact d'ions, deviennent contre toutes attentes de bons conducteurs électriques !
Les autres observations majeures obtenues dans ces recherches sont reliées la compréhension des mécanismes responsables à l'échelle moléculaire, en phase gazeuse, de l'endommagement de systèmes moléculaires d'intérêt biologique, suite à une irradiation avec des ions. Ces études ont notamment montré : d'une part, que certains mécanismes de reconnaissance moléculaire persistent en phase gazeuse, et d'autre part, que même la présence d'un environnement biochimique simplifié modifie fortement la dynamique de l'instabilité de la charge de ces molécules d'intérêt biologique.
Delahaye, Emilie. "Synthèse de nanoparticules hybrides organiques-inorganiques a propriété non linéaire quadratique et bi stabilité optique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112129.
Full textThis PhD deals with the synthesis and characterization of Hybrid Inorganic-Organic nanoparticles possessing strong second-order Optical Non-Linearity and a lesser extent of nanoparticles exhibiting optical bistability. The strategy for building up NLO materials is based on a “bottom-up” approach of the synthesis of layered inorganic intercalation compounds of the MPS3 type (M=Mn2+, Ni2+) containing push-pull organic guest chromophores. The thesis is a continuation of previous work carried out in our laboratory on traditional “bulk” crystalline materials, which had shown that juxtaposing on the molecular scale centrosymmetric MPS3 host slabs and stilbazolium derivatives gave birth to second Harmonic Generation due to the formation of J aggregates between the inorganic slabs, that were responsible for the non-centrosymmetric arrangement of the push-pull chromophores. Two different procedures were used to obtain nanoparticles : a first with reverse micelles (surfactants) and a second with cation exchange resin
Dormieux, Luc. "Influence de la houle sur la stabilité d'un massif sous-marin." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529413.
Full textNigen, Michaël. "Interactions et assemblages entre l'alpha lactalbumine et le lysozyme: mécanismes, structures et stabilité." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438402.
Full textSanches, Leonardo. "Résonance sol des hélicoptères : modélisation dynamique, analyse paramétrique de la robustesse et validation expérimentale." Toulouse, ISAE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ESAE0014.
Full textLe, Bihan Vincent. "Interactions de nano-objets luminescents (agrégats ou nano-films) avec leurs environnements : effets structuraux et diélectriques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00332025.
Full textDans une première partie, nous analysons le comportement d'agrégats de Gd2O3:Eu3+ élaborés par la technique d'évaporation laser assistée par un jet d'hélium, au contact de matrices sol-gel de Gd2O3 et de TiO2. On observe après traitements thermiques, la diffusion des agrégats dans leurs environnements. Dans une matrice de TiO2, il y a formation du composé cristallisé Gd2Ti2O7:Eu3+ de structure pyrochlore. Nous avons alors comparé deux méthodes d'élaboration de ce composé, sous forme de film mince, basées sur l'interdiffusion de couches manométriques d'oxydes: une couche sol-gel ou d'agrégats de Gd2O3:Eu3+ piégée entre deux couches de TiO2. Le composé ternaire cristallise à plus basse température dans le premier cas mais le film est mieux cristallisé dans le second. Les propriétés des nano-systèmes dépendent donc fortement des méthodes d'élaboration.
Dans une seconde partie, nous nous intéressons à la relation reliant la durée de vie d'émission d'un émetteur à l'indice de réfraction de son environnement. Pour la première fois, nous avons mesuré la distance limite d'influence de cet effet en enregistrant les durées de vie d'émission d'une nano-couche de Gd2O3:Eu3+ en fonction du nombre de couche de TiO2 recouvrant la couche luminescente. Lorsque l'épaisseur de TiO2 augmente, la durée de vie radiative diminue jusqu'à saturation. Le rayon de la sphère d'influence de l'indice de réfraction est alors estimé à 150 nm, soit un quart de la longueur d'onde d'émission. Cette distance correspond à la dimension critique où la définition de l'indice de réfraction à l'échelle macroscopique doit être considérée à l'échelle manométrique.
Abiven, Samuell. "Relations entre caractéristiques des matières organiques apportées, dynamique de leur décomposition et évolution de la stabilité structurale du sol." Rennes, Agrocampus, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NSAR0044.
Full textDegradation of soil physical quality is a common problem that occurs in many different agrosystems. This is for example the case in vegetable cropping systems in Brittany, France, Soil structure degradation has agronomic (gaseous and water dynamics, germination and rooting of crops, pathogenic agents propagation) and environmental (erosion and runoff) consequences. µAdding organic matter as amendment is a possible method of improvement for degraded sistuations. However, the effect of the organic inputs depending of their initial characteristics is still to better understand. The objective of this project is to study relationships between initial quality of organic inputs and their effects on soil structural stability, physical property that definites the structural resistance of soil to physical stress
Sequeira, Nunes Antao Armando Manuel. "Analyse de la stabilité des ouvrages souterrains par une méthode cinématique régularisée." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529362.
Full textLi, Decheng. "Étude par analyse d'images en 2D des processus d'agrégation et d'évolution des porosités dans les sols sous l'influence des cycles d'humectation et séchage." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066452.
Full textBottinelli, Nicolas. "Évolution de la structure et de la perméabilité d’un sol en contexte de non labour associé à l’apport d’effluent d’élevage." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546269.
Full textConservation tillage practices are increasingly being used by the farmers; however, their impacts on soil physical properties remain poorly documented, especially when they are combined to manure fertilization. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of reduced tillage and manure fertilization on soil structure and its permeability, particularly in relation with earthworm activity. This study was conducted at the Kerguéhennec experimental station, established in 2000, located in Brittany, France. Three tillage treatments were compared (moldboard plowing, surface tillage and no-tillage) along with two types of fertilizers (poultry manure and mineral). In the first part of this work, we were interested on methodologies to quantify earthworm biostructures (burrows and casts) and the impact of cultural practices on their abundance. In a second part, we have measured the combined effect of cultural practices and earthworm biostructures on the structural stability of aggregates, macroporosity and permeability of soil during one growing season
Brunel, Brigitte. "Stabilité phénotypique et génétique de souches bactériennes introduites dans le sol : cas du Bradyrhizobium japonicum, microsymbiote du soja." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10149.
Full textTardy, Vincent. "Lien entre la diversité microbienne, la stabilité des communautés microbiennes et le turnover des matières organiques du sol." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS081/document.
Full textSoil microbial communities act as important agents of the biological soil functioning, particularly through their involvements in the transformations of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P…). In agro-ecosystems, the diversity of these communities is affected by perturbations associated to agricultural practices, and the significance of these modifications in terms of preservation of biological functioning and sustainability of agricultural systems has emerged as a central issue in the environmental sciences. Whereas the role of biodiversity has been well studied for macroorganisms, in particular for plants; the biodiversity/activity relationship is still largely unknown for soil microorganisms. However, in the current agro-ecological movement, this knowledge is needed to define new agricultural practices including a best management of microbial diversity for the sustainable use of agro-ecosystems. In this context, the objective of this Phd was to test the significance of microbial diversity for the stability (resistance/resilience) and the activity of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) involved in the turnover of soil organic matter, a major function for soil fertility, environment quality and global changes. From an experimental point of view, these issues were addressed by coupling laboratory with field experiments. In a first work, by manipulating microbial diversity in laboratory condition, we have shown that the stability of both microbial genetic structure and activity in response to different perturbations is positively linked to microbial diversity (i.e. number of species). This link was then validated by a sampling based on a field experiment that allowed us to demonstrate that (i) the soil microbial diversity can be modulated (increased or decreased) depending the intensity of land use management, and (ii) the mineralization of organic matter is more intense in the soil with the highest level of diversity. Finally, thanks to an experiment carried out in the field (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), we showed that the response of bacterial and fungal communities to wheat residues supply in terms of successions of microbial populations and activities of organic matter mineralization depends on the soil management history. These works provide new insights into the significance of microbial diversity (richness, composition) for the stability and the activity of communities involved in the soil organic matter turnover. They also suggest that the modulation of the diversity of soil microbial communities by agricultural practices, past or present, can significantly affect the turnover of soil organic matter
Chevallier, Marie. "Stabilisation des émulsions laitières aux cours des traitements technologiques : action combinée des agrégats de protéines de lactosérum et des caséines." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARB294/document.
Full textDairy emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems, which have to be resistant to the technological treatments (heating, freezing/thawing) applied during their manufacture or use. Whey protein-rich emulsions are particularly sensitive to technological treatments and instabilities are currently tackled by the use of non-dairy additives. With aim to offer products that are more natural to consumers (additive-free), the preparation of whey protein-rich emulsions without additive and stable during technological treatments constitutes a major challenge for dairy companies. The strategy adopted during this thesis was to combine the properties of the whey proteins aggregates and caseins in order to stabilize emulsion during technological treatments in a large range of protein concentrationsEmulsions were prepared with various whey protein aggregates and various whey protein aggregates/caseins ratio. Whatever the whey protein aggregates, their presence at the fat droplet surface destabilize the emulsions (gelation/phase separation) whereas they are stable in the continuous phase of the emulsions during technological treatments. In contrast, emulsions are extremely stable during technological treatments when caseins fully cover the fat droplet surface. The results obtained highlighted the possibility of modulating the stability during technological treatments of whey protein-rich emulsions by combining the properties of the whey protein aggregates and the caseins and by controlling their repartition between the fat droplet surface and the continuous phase of the emulsion
Wertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Full textChiavacci, Leila Aparecida. "Formation, stabilité et stucture des sols, gels et poudres obtenues par acidification de solutions aqueuses d'oxychlorure de zirconium." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112302.
Full textIn this work we have studied a sol-gel system prepared from ZrOCl2. 8H2O aqueous solutions modified be HCl and H2SO4. The first step was to build up an equilibrium diagram Zr-S-Cl by changing the molar ratio Zr/SO4 and Zr/Cl for theses systems. Macroscopically, we can distinguish 3 different regions in this diagram. In the first one (R=Zr/SO4<1) the formation of precipitates before dialyses does not occurs. In the second one, we observe the formation of precipitates during the addition of ZrOCl2-HCl solutions to the H2SO4 ones, when 12. 5, colloidal suspensions are formed, defining a third region. In this third region, we have observed that for 2. 5<=R<5, suspensions present a thermoreversible sol-gel transition, uncommon for inorganic systems. In the region of precipitates formation, the samples are formed by a mixture of zirconium sulfate
ABIVEN, Samuel. "Relations entre caractéristiques des matières organiques apportées, dynamique de leur décomposition et évolution de la stabilité structurale du sol." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de renneS, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008500.
Full textL'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les relations entre les caractéristiques initiales des matières organiques exogènes et leur effet sur la stabilité structurale du sol, propriété physique du sol définissant la résistance de la structure aux contraintes physiques.
Une première partie de cette étude a consisté à établir les relations entre évolution de la stabilité structurale mesurée selon la procédure proposée par Le Bissonnais (1996) et différents agents agrégeants biologiques (polysaccharides extraits à l'eau chaude, longueur d'hyphes, biomasse microbienne) au cours de la décomposition de produits organiques en conditions contrôlées. La stabilité structurale évolue au cours du temps en fonction du test utilisé pour mesurer la stabilité structurale et des produits en cours de décomposition. La concentration en polysaccharides extraits à l'eau chaude est particulièrement corrélée avec la stabilité structurale à l'humectation lente. La longueur des hyphes mycéliens est reliée à la stabilité structurale à l'humectation rapide et à la désagrégation mécanique. Les produits induisant une forte activité biologique de décomposition ont un effet plus important sur la stabilité structurale que les produits se décomposant peu.
Dans une deuxième partie, nous mettons en relation les caractéristiques initiales des produits organiques, les dynamiques de décomposition et les évolutions des facteurs agrégeants et de la stabilité structurale. La qualité des matières organiques apportées sont mesurées par différentes méthodes (analyse proximale Van Soest, Pyrolyse GC/MS, attaque enzymatique, C/N, sucres solubles). A partir de cette description, une expression de la stabilité structurale à l'humectation lente a été proposée à partir de la concentration en lignine Van Soest, hémicellulose + cellulose Van Soest et sucres solubles.
L'évolution de la stabilité structurale est ensuite mesurée au cours de la décomposition des mêmes produits organiques utilisés au laboratoire, cette fois dans les conditions d'un essai au champ pendant 2 années. La hiérarchie entre les produits est respectée entre le laboratoire et le champ, bien que les effets soient moins importants. On observe aussi des arrières effets importants la seconde année d'étude.
Dans la dernière partie de cette étude, nous proposons un modèle de prédiction de la stabilité structurale à l'humectation lente à partir des caractéristiques initiales des produits organiques. Ce modèle prend en compte les facteurs climatiques et la disponibilité de l'azote minéral dans le sol et simule l'effet d'un apport organique sur la stabilité structurale à un pas de temps journalier pour des conditions de plein champ. Il permet de bien décrire les résultats
Samain, Adriane. "Importance du réseau trophique du sol dans la stabilité du fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens soumis au changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200709_SAMAIN_874d384dot728sctlgd405ox_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on trophic interactions between soil biota (microorganisms, detritivorous and predators) in three forests from South of France (pine forest, downy and holm oak forests) and how climate change expected in the Mediterranean region (via amplified drought) could affect these relationships. We reported that the soil organisms’ communities were strongly influenced by the litter identity of and by the forest type. Downy oak litter favored the abundance of all soil communities while holm oak forest was unfavorable for many groups of organisms. In a climate change context, experimentally amplified drought alters the soil food web with distinct responses according to trophic group and forest type. These results suggest that within the same Mediterranean region, climate change could differently modify the soil biota with consequences on their contribution to the litter decomposition process
Blaise, Philippe. "Dynamique moléculaire quantique : méthodes numériques et étude physique de la structure, de la thermodynamique, de la stabilité et de la fragmentation des agrégats métalliques de sodium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10110.
Full textBouchou, Paul. "Quantification et éléments de paramétrisation du dépôt sec de l'ozone à l'interface sol/végétation-atmosphère au-dessus de trois écosystèmes méditerranéens (programme ESCOMPTE)." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30051.
Full textCalleja, Gérard. "Poly(ferrocényldialcoxysilanes) : synthèse, propriétés et introduction dans des matrices inorganiques. Nouvelle voie d'accès à des agrégats de silicium à surface fonctionnalisée." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20017.
Full textMaillard, Emilie. "Impacts à moyen terme (20 ans) de traitements sylvicoles intensifs sur la séquestration et la stabilité du carbone du sol." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26170/26170.pdf.
Full textMaillard, Émilie. "Impacts à moyen terme (20 ans) de traitements sylvicoles intensifs sur la séquestration et la stabilité du carbone du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20734.
Full textAlgayer, Baptiste. "Variabilité à court terme de la stabilité structurale des sols et processus physico-chimiques associés." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844812.
Full textRameau, Hugues Georges. "Influences de la pluviométrie sur la stabilité de talus routiers: méthodologie adaptée pour l'évaluation du profil hydrique temporel du sol et sa prise en compte dans les calculs de stabilité en Haïti." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210025.
Full textBien qu’il existe plusieurs publications scientifiques traitant de pluies qui ont conduit à des glissements de terrain (Lim et al. 1996 ;Cho et al. 2001 ;Kim et al. 2004 ;Xue et al. 2007 ;Gavin et al. 2008), les incidences des infiltrations résultant de pluies successives sur le comportement des couches superficielles des sols non saturés ne sont généralement pas prises en compte. Les modèles permettant le calcul de la stabilité de talus des massifs de sols non saturés exigent beaucoup de paramètres parfois difficiles à évaluer et se rapportent ordinairement aux cas d’instabilité provoqués par une remontée du niveau piézométrique des nappes phréatiques.
Sur la base des essais réalisés en laboratoire, une méthodologie adaptée permettant d’évaluer la variation spatio-temporelle de la teneur en eau du sol en fonction d’une suite de pluies a été développée. Cette méthodologie facilite la prise en compte des effets cumulés des taux d’infiltration associés aux évènements pluvieux et permet d’en déduire le profil de succion ainsi que celui de la cohésion apparente à utiliser en vue de calculer, pour une inclinaison β du talus, l’intervalle de variation du coefficient de sécurité Fs. La méthodologie développée présente un intérêt particulier dans le cas de budgets et infrastructures limités.
ABSTRACT
Roads are normally equipped with drainage systems sized and implemented in accordance with the rules of art to evacuate as quickly as possible to the right of way, water precipitation to be considered on the basis of return periods taken into account. However, there are often water flows at the slope side and sometimes in the shoulders and / or running surfaces that are not waterproof. A succession of rain causes a certain amount of water infiltration, which varies according to climatic conditions and depending on the soil texture and structure. Such infiltrations have resulted in reduced safety factor of slopes.
Although there are several scientific publications on rainfall leading to landslides (Lim et al. 1996; Cho et al. 2001, Kim et al. 2004; Xue et al. 2007; Gavin and al. 2008), impacts resulting from infiltration of successive rains on the behavior of surface layers of unsaturated soils are usually not taken into account. Models for calculating the slope stability of unsaturated soils require many parameters that can be, in certain circumstances, difficult to assess and refer generally to cases of instability caused by a rise in groundwater level.
Based on laboratory tests, a suitable methodology for assessing the spatial and temporal variation of soil water content induced by a set of rains has been developed. This methodology facilitates the inclusion of the cumulative effects of the infiltration rates associated with rain events and infers from them the profile of suction and that of the apparent cohesion to be used to calculate, for a slope angle β, the range of variation of the safety factor Fs. This methodology is particularly relevant in the case of limited budgets and infrastructures.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Curat, Aurélien. "Elaboration de phases stationnaires à haute stabilité thermique à base de liquide ionique pour la chromatographie en phase gazeuse." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES043.
Full textCriscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066574/document.
Full textCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
Houel, Amélie. "Revêtements polyesters hybrides organiques-inorganiques par voie sol-gel." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821407.
Full textLe, Fur Cyril. "Evaluation et compréhension du devenir photochimique de composés organiques émergents en solution aqueuse et à la surface du sol." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22632/document.
Full textThe study undertaken within this thesis concerns the photochemical behavior of the veterinary antibiotics sulfaquinoxaline and pyrimethamine, as well as the antimicrobial triclosan in aqueous solutions and at the surface of kaolin, used as a soil model.The photochemical study on sulfaquinoxaline was performed at 254 and 365 nm. In all cases, an efficient degradation was observed with a quantum yield that depends on the excitation wavelength, pH and the dissolved molecular oxygen concentration. Molecular oxygen acts as an inhibitor which reflects the involvement of the triplet excited state. Sulfaquinoxaline was clearly shown to be a photosensitizer of β-carotene via a triplet-triplet transfer process. From the analytical point of view, several photoproducts were generated and identified by using HPLC/ESI/MS/MS technique through a close analysis of the fragmentation processes. The byproducts that were formed via the singlet as well as the triplet excited states were mainly generated by photohydrolysis, desulfonation, hydroxylation and isomerisation reactions.The photochemical study of pyrimethamine indicates an efficient photoreactivity with the molecular form. The laser flash photolysis study reveals the implication of singlet and triplet excited states. The byproducts were mainly formed through the substitution of the chlorine atom by an hydroxyl group and the hydroxylation of the aromatic moiety.The photochemical study at the surface of soil was undertaken by using kaolin as a model support. Such simple system appears to be a guideline for precise kinetic and analytical studies. The former was performed as a function of several important parameters such as the layer thickness and the initial concentration of the substrate. The first parameter clearly indicates that for a thickness lower than 70 µm, the rate of diffusion is so fast that this process can be neglected when compared to the photochemical process. Thus, the first rate constant at the surface of kaolin was determined. Only the product of desulfonation was observed with sulfaquinoxaline while with triclosan, several byproducts were obtained such as dimers and oligomers suggesting the formation of aggregates at the surface of the solid support. In order to confirm this aspect, molecular dynamics studies were undertaken and indicate that the adsorption of triclosan mainly occurs at the surface of kaolin via hydrogen molecular bonds. The arrangement of the molecules in a cluster is governed by π-stacking type interactions between the aromatic moieties
Nemati, Mohammad-Reza. "Effets de diverses doses de résidus de désencrage sur la stabilité du réseau poral de trois types de sol du Québec, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ39382.pdf.
Full textGrosbellet, Claire. "Evolution et effets sur la structuration du sol de la matière organique apportée en grande quantité." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487882.
Full textVincent, Nadège. "Matériaux hybrides organique-inorganique : Etude de la polycondensation à partir de groupements hydroxy." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20189.
Full textSaenger, Anais. "Caractérisation et stabilité de la matière organique du sol en contexte montagnard calcaire : proposition d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la qualité des sols à l'échelle du paysage." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949074.
Full textGaillard, Sophie. "Implications de la thermodiffusion dans le problème de la stabilité hydrodynamique des fluides en milieu poreux." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1191.
Full textThis research involved experimental, analytical and numerical investigations to characterize the impact of thermal diffusion (mass transport under thermal gradient) on the hydrodynamic stability of fluids in porous media. The METIS code, which solves the mass and heat transport equation in porous medium, was extended to account for thermal diffusion transport in binary and ternary solutions (METSOR code). We verified the numerical results quality on experimental data and analytical results. An experimental program has provided the experimental data on the time evolution and distribution of the solute concentration at stationary state in a porous medium (zircon balls) saturated by binary or ternary solutions and operated under a downward vertical and horizontal thermal gradient. The METSOR outputs are in good agreement with the experimental data with the help of the thermal diffusion coefficient that characterize the solute transport and with the Fontainebleau benchmarking exercise. To investigate the hydrodynamic stability problem, we developed and used some analytical solutions. The Rayleigh numbers, which characterize the marginal state in pure thermal and thermal diffusion problems for binary solutions, are in good agreement. Exploratory modelling with the METSOR code showed that there was no significant change in the chemical composition pattern of the system due to the potential coupling between convection and thermal diffusion, as is the case with an horizontal thermal gradient (thermogravitational coupling). One of the applications of this research is the safety analysis of radioactive waste disposals geologic media for ANDRA
Lours, Thierry. "Etude structurale de la transformation sol-gel : caractérisation des aérogels et étude de leur densification par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20012.
Full textSaenger, Anaïs. "Caractérisation et stabilité de la matière organique du sol en contexte montagnard calcaire : proposition d'indicateurs pour le suivi de la qualité des sols à l'échelle du paysage." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS010/document.
Full textMountain soils are major reservoirs of carbon (C), potentially vulnerable to climate and land use changes that affect them significantly. However, the great variability of these soils, their limited accessibility and the lack of appropriate measurement tools restrict our knowledge. Today, our comprehension of the biogeochemistry of mountain soils remains very incomplete regarding stocks, chemistry and reactivity of soil organic carbon (SOC). Yet this information is necessary to understand the evolution of soil carbon in the current context of global change. The objectives of this work were (i) to gain a better understanding of the nature, stability and vulnerability of SOC in a mosaic of ecosystems in a calcareous massif in the Alps (Vercors massif), (ii) to search for fast and reliable characterization tools, suitable for the study and monitoring of COS at the landscape scale, and (iii) to propose indicators for the assessment and monitoring of soil quality in mountain regions. As a first step, we tested the application of Rock-Eval pyrolysis for the study of COS at large-scale on a set of ecosystem units. Then, we compared the Rock-Eval approach to two conventional techniques for soil organic matter (SOM) study: the particle-size fractionation of SOM, and the mid-infrared spectroscopy. These coupled analytical approaches allowed us to quantify C stocks across the study area, and explain the stability and the vulnerability of COS at various angles. Factors responsible for the patterns observed in the different eco-units are discussed. This work also confirmed the relevance of the Rock-Eval tool to achieve our previous objectives. Biological approaches allowed us to assess the significance of microbial pool in these soils. Finally, indices assessing the status of SOM (SOC storage, soil fertility, vulnerability COS) were proposed and constituted interesting management tools for decision-makers
Cambou, Aurélie. "Evaluation du stock et de la stabilité du carbone organique dans les sols urbains." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARD086/document.
Full textSoils are the largest terrestrial pool oforganic carbon and thus play a key role in mitigatingclimate change. The urban soils account for 3% of theworld’s territory and urbanization is currently theprimary cause of land use change. The increase ofartificial areas have led to a growing interest in theurban soil ability to store organic carbon. This workaimed to understand the contribution of urban soils tothe global organic carbon stock and to propose astandardized method for its monitoring. The researchalso focused on studying the stability of organic carbonin urban soils and modeling its dynamics. A databasewas built using data available at the French territorylevel as well as using additional measurements acquired in three French cities.The organic carbon stock in urban open soils aresimilar between cities, and equivalent, or even higherin depth, than that of surrounding forest soils. Thestock in open soils is particularly dependent upon themanagement methods of the urban green spaces,and on the specific site history. Thus, open urban soilsare characterized by a high proportion of labileorganic matter at 0-44 cm depth. Conversely, sealedsoils have very low carbon stocks. They arecharacterized by a high proportion of stable organicmatter whose evolution (storage or mineralization)depends on the dormant state of the microbialcommunities. A conceptual model of carbon dynamicsfor these two soil types has been developed. Finally,recommendations for optimizing carbon monitoringand urban soil management have been proposed
Razafimahatratra, Dominique. "Etude de la stabilité de la variation d'indice de réfraction photoinduite par insolation laser dans les guides d'ondes optiques germanosilicates." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-145.pdf.
Full textLes reseaux inscrits dans les fibres hydrogenees montrent une stabilite thermique inferieure a ceux inscrits dans les fibres non chargees en hydrogene. L'utilisation du bore comme codopant degrade fortement la tenue thermique des reseaux de bragg. Les reseaux de type iia presentent une stabilite thermique largement superieure aux reseaux de type i. Dans la deuxieme partie de ce travail, nous nous sommes propose d'etudier la photosensibilite et la stabilite des reseaux de bragg realises dans les films germanosilicates elabores par voie sol-gel. L'hydrogenation de ces guides a ete necessaire afin d'ameliorer leur photosensibilite. Des etudes de la surface insolee a l'aide de microscope a forces atomiques et du profilometre ont ete effectuees pour mieux comprendre les mecanismes a l'origine de la photosensibilite de ces guides. L'etude de la stabilite thermique des reseaux a ete realisee en utilisant la methode isochrone. Nous avons pu en deduire une estimation de l'amplitude de la variation d'indice photoinduite de l'ordre de 10 3 et les valeurs obtenues sont en accord avec les resultats obtenus dans les verres germanosilicates
Haurie, Jean-Louis. "Géodynamique des cirques de la Réunion : implications géotechniques et stabilité des versants." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10164.
Full textPorokhovoï, Evgueni. "Stabilité à long terme des talus de mines à ciel ouvert dans les massifs de roches basiques et ultrabasiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529344.
Full textKouakoua, Ernest. "La matière organique et la stabilité structurale d'horizons de surface de sols ferrallitiques argileux : effet du mode de gestion des terres." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10016.
Full textTaboada, Miguel Angel. "Soil structural behaviour in flooded and agricultural soils of the Argentine pampas." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7546/1/taboada.pdf.
Full textBottinelli, Nicolas. "Evolution de la structure et de la perméabilité d'un sol en contexte de non labour associé à l'apport d'effluent d'élevage : rôle de l'activité lombricienne." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00546269.
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