Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stabilité génétique'
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Xhemalce, Blerta. "Rôle de SUMO dans l'(in)stabilité génétique chez S. Pombe." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077177.
Full textSumoylation represents a conserved mechanism of post-translational modification resulting in the covalent attachment of the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier SUMO protein on target proteins. Here, we have used S. Pombe, a monocellular eukaryotic organism providinq powerfull genetic tools as a model system to elucidate the roles of sumoylation in cellullar processes responsible for the maintenance of the stability of the genome. We showed Pli 1p to be a SUMO E3 Ligase of the Siz/PIAS family implicated in three key nuclear fonctions for genetic stability : the centromeres, the telomères and the repair of DMA damage occurring durina the S phase of genome duplication
Attaiech, Laetitia. "Déterminants de stabilité et de maturation de l'ADN internalisé lors de la transformation génétique naturelle chez Streptococcus pneumoniae." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/707/.
Full textDuring my doctorate, I studied different aspects of genetic transformation in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. This bacterium can naturally develop a transient physiological state, named competence, in which it is able to internalize and integrate exogenous DNA into its chromosome by homologous recombination. We showed that antibiotic treatment can induce competence and transformation, thus enabling genetic plasticity and increasing pathogenicity of S. Pneumoniae (Prudhomme, Attaiech et al. Science 2006). Then, my work concentrates on the fate of DNA after internalization during the process of transformation. First, I have analysed several mutants with the aim of identifying the nuclease(s) that can degrade internalized DNA. So far, I have been unable to identify this nuclease. However, among the tested candidates, CoiA and Pms have been implied in the mismatch repair process and we showed that, despite the original annotation, there is no evidence of a role of RadC in connection with repair and/or recombination. This permitted a revision of the Pfam annotation (Attaiech et al. J. Bact. 2008). Finally, we focused on the protection of internalized DNA and showed that the major protein component of the eclipse complex (EC, a nucleocomplex in which internalized DNA is protected) is the competence-induced protein SsbB (Morrison et al. J. Bact. 2007). I have done further biochemical experiments on the characteristics of EC and show that the support used during purification exhibits strong affinity for a lot of protein. That implies that the real nature of the EC has to be discovered
Louat, Thierry. "Signalisation et (in)stabilité génétique : nouvelles voies de régulation de la réparation de l'ADN." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30102.
Full textCells and DNA are exposed to various endogenous or exogenous genotoxic insults. Cells dispose of six DNA repair mechanisms. Among these, the nucleotide excision repair, NER, corrects a large variety of damage. We focused on the impact of kinase expression, p210BCR-ABL and PKCzeta, in DNA repair activity modulation. P210bcr-abl oncogene transfection in myeloid cells increases NER activity in a kinase activity-dependant pathway. Inversely, p210BCR-ABL expression in a lymphoid cell line represses NER activity and sensitises cells to UVC in a kinase activity-dependant pathway. P210BCR-ABL seems to target the initial steps of the NER process, before XPB recruitment occurs. We also show that ectopic expression of PKCzeta confers cell resistance to UVC, cisplatin and melphalan. PKCzeta overexpression stimulates NER activity by increasing global genome repair and transcription-coupled repair detection complex levels. CSA and CSB proteins are overexpressed by Sp1-mediated transcriptional stimulation. Reasons for XPC/hHR23B overexpression were unable to be elucidated thought transcriptional and direct phosphorylation, however are excluded. PKCzeta interacts with, and phosphorylates, the mismatch detection complex, hMutSalpha. Its phosphorylation prohibits proteasome degradation and increases mismatch repair activity. .
Sossou-Becker, Marguerite. "Etude du rôle de l' interaction entre XRCC1 et APE1 dans la stabilité génétique." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066359.
Full textBombarde, Oriane. "La stabilité télomérique : étude fondamentale et applications thérapeutiques." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/785/.
Full textIn absence of telomerase, telomere decrease during cells divisions, until a limitant length which define the proliferative capacity of cells. Reactivation of telomerase causes a infinite proliferation of cells : it's cell immortalization, a key process of cancerogenesis. ID3-010 molecule had in vitro an affinity 10000 fold high for G-quadruplex (structures formed in telomere) rather than DNA duplex. Despite of a good inhibition of telomerase in vitro, this molecule can't inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Contrary to DNA double strand break (DSB), natural extremities of telomere don't react with ligation or signalization mechanisms. C-NHEJ mechanism (classical non-homologous end-joining) repairs most of DSB in human cells. In the second project of my thesis, I study the inhibition mechanism of C-NHEJ in telomere. I show with ligation and pulldown experiment that inhibition of C-NHEJ is supported by a competition between telomeric proteins TRF2/RAP1 and C-NHEJ proteins KU and DNA-PKcs. Paradoxically, KU and DNA-PKcs are necessary to telomeric stability. Indeed, lack of this proteins causes fusions with a alternative ligation mechanism (B-NHEJ). We propose a model of double protection of telomere against ligation in which TRF2/RAP1 inhibit C-NHEJ via a negative control of KU and DNA-PKcs, themselves inhibit B-NHEJ
Bacquin, Agathe. "Régulation de l’hélicase FBH1 et conséquences sur le maintien de la stabilité génétique chez l’homme." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA11T060.
Full textAlthough Homologous Recombination (HR) is required for error-free repair of double-strand breaks and stalled or collapsed replication forks, it has to be highly regulated to prevent unscheduled genome rearrangements and loss of heterozygosity. In yeast S. cerevisiae, the SUMOylated form of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) recruits the DNA helicase Srs2 at stalled replication forks to prevent unscheduled HR events by disrupting Rad51 nucleoprotein. In our laboratory, previous results showed that PCNA is also SUMOylated in human on lysine 164, especially in translesion polymerase η (Pol η) deficient cells.During my phD, I first studied the localization of SUMO-PCNA and showed that it accumulates at UV-induced DNA damage. It suggests that PCNA is involved in the DNA damage response to this kind of lesions. To characterize the function of this modified form of PCNA, we wondered whether it could recruit an anti-recombinogenic helicase.The human FBH1 helicase was recently thought to act as a functional homolog of Srs2, since it can partially complement Srs2-deficient S. cerevisiae strains. Besides, hFBH1 has an anti-recombinogenic activity and accumulates at sites of DNA breaks or replication stress.To further characterize the function and regulation of hFBH1 in human cells, we examined its subcellular localization in response to several DNA damaging agents. Our results showed that, without external treatment, FBH1 accumulates into replication foci where it colocalizes with PCNA. After genotoxic treatment, FBH1 accumulates early ant transiently to DNA damage. We show that PCNA coordinates the accumulation of FBH1 during replication and after DNA damage through direct interaction via two distinct PCNA interaction motifs: PIP and APIM. However, FBH1 does not interact preferentially with SUMO-PCNA.We also show that FBH1 recruitment is followed by its polyubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. This degradation depends on PCNA and the ubiquitin-ligase CRL4Cdt2 and is required for Pol η proper recruitment to UV-induced DNA damage. These findings suggest that PCNA recruits FBH1 at stalled replication forks or in response to DNA damage to limit unscheduled RAD51-dependent recombination. Then, PCNA and CRL4Cdt2 would promote FBH1 degradation to enable translesion synthesis
Helliot, Bertrand. "Croissance et stabilité génétique des vitroplants de prunier Ferlenain Plumina® après cryoconservation de méristèmes." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10653.
Full textConservation of Prunus germplasm is important for the preservation of biodiversity for this genus. Traditional germplasm conservation technologies present a number of disadvantages which may be overcome by the complementary use of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (-196°C). We developed a cryopreservation procedure for plum meristems incorporating both vitrification solution and slow freezing. In vitro-grown plantlets were cold acclimated for 24h at 4°C, then meristems were excised and pretreated for 24h at 4°C on MS medium supplemented with 5% DMSO and 20% proline. Meristems were transferred to modified PVS-2 solution containing 5% proline for 45 minutes at 4°C, then frozen at 5°C/min to -40°C, and plunged into liquid nitrogen. Thawing was in a +40°C water bath. This procedure allowed us to reach 50-60% of regrowth rate. Study of the genetic stability of plants recovered from cryopreservation and different control in vitro-grown plants was instituted to determine if temperature variations during the freeze-thaw cycle or chemical cryoprotectants, like DMSO, affected plant DNA. RAPD and AFLP techniques were used to detect polymorphism between the control and frozen plants. We observed a significant increase in DNA rearrangement in the cryopreserved plants compared to the different control in vitro-grown plants
Langlois, de Septenville Anne. "Rôle des hélicases et des protéines de la recombinaison lors des collisions entre la réplication et la transcription." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066515.
Full textMajed, Zeina. "Elaboration d'un nouveau modèle pour la caractérisation de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans la stabilité des sites fragiles." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON1T022.
Full textCommon fragile sites are chomosomal regions involved in recurrent breaks, which are "expressed" under various physiological stresses, most of them are known to disturb DNA replication. A direct link between fragile sites and emergence of various types of chromosomal rearrangement has been established, even in early stages of tumorigenesis. However, only few genes involved in genome stability at fragile sites have been identified. The aim of this study is to identify new genes involved in the expression of fragile sites and to elucidate molecular processes that affect their stability. We established a cell based system on a mismatch repair deficient background. 20 candidate genes were targeted in this study. We examined the incidence of frameshift mutations in 32 mononucleotide repeats of these genes. 17 frameshift mutations were found. We demonstrate that frameshift mutations affecting coding mononucleotide repeat of ATR, inactivate one of the two alleles leading to formation of breaks at fragile sites. This collection of clones gives us a unique cellular model to study precisely the maintenance of genome stability at fragile sites. Furthermore, we have investigated the effects of the deregulation of the expression of MCPH1/BRIT1 on common fragile site stability. MCPH1/BRIT1 acts as a regulator of both the intra-S and G2/M keckpoints. We show that deregulation of the expression of MCPH1/BRIT1 increase H2AX phosphorylation suggesting the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. This leads to formation of breaks at fragile sites. These findings demonstrate a critical role for the MCPH1/BRIT1 in regulating chromosome stability, and in particular, common fragile site
Henri, Julien. "Etudes structurales et fonctionnelles d'acteurs de la terminaison de la traduction et de la stabilité des ARN messagers eucaryotes." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112138.
Full textGene expression is an essential function which level, fidelity and efficiency are tightly controlled. During my thesis I have focused on the actor of translation termination efficiency Tpa1, on its partner Ett1 and on the complex Dom34-Hbs1 involved in the RNA quality-control mechanisms NGD and NRD. We have solved the crystal structure of each of these proteins and realized a biochemical functional characterization
Debin, Arnaud. "Formation et stabilité des triples hélices purines : études in vitro et dans les cellules de mammifères." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T013.
Full textTriplex-Forming Oligonucleotides (TFOs) are short nucleic acid fragments able to recognize selectively double-stranded DNA sequences. In this thesis, we have studied the formation and stability of triples helices using purine TFOs (composed of Guanines and Adenines). Firstly, we have selected double-stranded DNA sequences capable offorming stable triplexes at 20 or 5. Q. °C with corresponding 13mer purine oligonucleotides. This selection was obtained by a double aptamer approach where both the starting sequences of the oligonucleotides and the target DNA duplex were random. The results of selection were confirmed by a cold exchange method and the influence ofthe position of a 'mismatch' on the stability ofthe triplex was documented in several cases. The selected sequences obey two rules: (i) they have a high G content; (ii) for a given G content the stability of the resulting triplex is higher if the G residues lie in stretches. Secondly, triplex formation was studied in conditions mimicking potassium concentrations and temperatures in cells. In presence of 1OmM Mgcl2, KCl concentrations up to 150 mM significantly lowered both efficiency (triplex: initial duplex) and rate constants of triplex formation. For 20 mer TFO, no dissociation of triplex was observed during 24 hours either in the absence of monovalent cations or in the presence of 150 mM KCl. In this case, the negative effect of the KCl is probably due to the self-association of the oligonucleotide in competitive structures. This negative effect may be overcome by the prior formation of a short duplex either on the 3 '-or 5'- end of the 20mer TFO. We refer to these partial duplexes as 'zipper' TFOs. It was demonstrated that a 'zipper' TFO could forma triplex over the full lengh of the target, thus unzipping the short complementary strand. Thirdly, triplex stability and formation was studied in live mammalian cells. Ex vivo DMS footprint analysis after electroporation of the pre-formed into the cell have shown the presence of the triple helix inside the cells. However we were unable to show triplex formation inside cells using various methods of oligonucleotide delivery, and using various target sequences. Our results show that neither (i) chromatinization of the DNA target, (ii) intracellular K+ concentration nor (iii) cytoplasmic versus nuclear separation of the TFO and DNA target are responsible for the intracellular arrest of triplex formation. We suggest the existence of a cellular mechanism, based on a compartmentalization of TFOs and/or TFO trapping, which separates oligonucleotides from the DNA target. Further work is needed to find oligonucleotide derivatives and means for their delivery to overcome the problem of triplex formation inside cells
Brunel, Brigitte. "Stabilité phénotypique et génétique de souches bactériennes introduites dans le sol : cas du Bradyrhizobium japonicum, microsymbiote du soja." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10149.
Full textMatot, Béatrice. "Etude de la structure quatemaire de la protéine Rap1 impliquée dans le maintien de la stabilité des télomères chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066210.
Full textCumenal, Delphine. "Cycline G, contrôle de la transcription et stabilité du développement." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066298.
Full textDuring development, cells progressively acquire their identity by establishing specific transcriptional profiles that will be maintained throughout successive cell divisions by epigenetic mechanisms. Despite numerous sources of developmental variability - whether environmental, genetic or stochastic, living organisms exhibit uncannily stereotyped phenotypes, suggesting the existence of regulation processes tending to developmental homeostasis. In Drosophila, Cyclin G could participate in developmental stability, which buffers stochastic developmental variation. Moreover, this cyclin is a transcriptional regulator and interacts with two Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP): ASX and Corto, both involved in transcriptional gene silencing and activation. By studying the transcriptome of Drosophila imaginal wing discs overexpressing Cyclin G, we have identified its transcriptional targets. We determined that the ETP-interacting domain of Cyclin G (which binds ASX and Corto) may be involved in developmental stability. Our results show that a functional interaction between Cyclin G and two Polycomb group complexes involved in transcriptional gene silencing (PR-DUB and PRC1), may control the expression of genes required for developmental stability. Additionally, Cycling G might participate indevelopmental stability through functional interactions with splicing factors. Altogether, our results suggest that Cyclin G deregulation may induce an increase in transcriptional noise, resulting in heightened developmental variation
Maes, Alexandre. "Rôle et mécanismes de la polyadénylation dans l'expression génétique chez Escherichia coli." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077054.
Full textEucaryotic polyadenylation's stabilizing model has been established for a long while, bacterial one is not. In E. Coli, and others bacteria, poly(A) tails are short and lead to degradation of structured RNA by numerous exoribonucleases. Poly(A) RNA Library and 2D gels proteins permit to establish targets of the bacterial poly(A) polymérase and its effect on proteins synthesis. MRNA fragments, antisense RNA but also stable RNA and non coding RNA are polyadenylated. Polyadenylation in E. Coli permits not only to degrade non functionnal structured RNA fragments but also modulates genetic expression throught tRNA quality control or ncRNA stability, modulating proteins synthesis like GlmS, stimulating bacterial mobility or heat shock response. Poly(A) dependant mechanism in E. Coli are often complex and play major roles in cellular coordination and bacterial adaptation
Taty, Taty Gemael Cedrick. "Rôle des modifications de la chromatine dans la réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN et la stabilité génétique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30190/document.
Full textThe human genome is constantly targeted by DNA damaging agents. These damages are many and varied, such as single and double strand breaks (DSBs). The DSB are highly toxic lesions whose origin can be multiple. Mammalian cells mainly use two DNA repair pathways to repair DSB, homologous recombination (RH), which is dependent on the presence of the intact homologous copy (the sister chromatid) and on the cell cycle stage and the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which is cell cycle independent and performs direct ligation of the two DNA ends. The repair of DNA damage takes place in a chromatin context that needs to be remodeled to give access to damaged sites. During my work, I studied the chromatin remodeler p400 and the histone variant H2A.Z both involved in chromatin remodeling, to understand their role in DSB repair and genome stability. p400, an ATPase of the SWI2/SNF2 family is involved in the incorporation of H2A.Z in chromatin. I have shown that H2A.Z depletion in the osteosarcoma cell line U2OS and in immortalized human fibroblasts did not alter DSB repair. These results are correlated with the lack of H2A.Z recruitment at DSB observed after local laser irradiation or Chromatin Immunoprecipitation. However, H2A.Z depletion affects cell proliferation and the cell cycle distribution. In addition, I have shown that the chromatin remodeler p400 is a brake to the use of alternative End Joining (alt-EJ) which is a highly mutagenic repair process. The increase in alt-EJ events observed in p400-depleted cells is dependent on CtIP- mediated resection of DNA ends. Moreover, p400 depletion leads to the recruitment of poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) and DNA ligase 3 at DSB, leading to selective cell killing by PARP inhibitors. Altogether these results show that p400 acts as a brake to prevent alt-EJ dependent genetic instability and underline its potential value as a clinical marker
Cilas, Christian. "Stabilité des caractères dans le temps chez les plantes pérennes : étude génétique de la capacité productive chez Coffea spp." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112032.
Full textWith perennial plants, the efficiency of genetic improvement is limited by particular constraints associated with the economic life span of the crops. Although ways of estimating genetic parameters have been improved, the characters on which analyses are based do not always have a very precise biological sense. For exemple, when considering fruits or seeds, as in the case of coffee trees, how many years of observations does it take to define the "production" character? How can variations in characters over time be integrated with a view to defining a breeding objective in which frequent reference is made to stability and sustainability. After an initial section characterizing competition between fruit production and vegetative growth, two complementary approaches have been taken to try and answer these questions. The first consisted in analysing different trials and mating designs for the species Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. The particularity of those trials, notably for C. Canephora, lay in the way they were monitored, over a large number of years (14 years). It was found that first cycle production (before coffee trees are cut back for the first time) was not always sufficient for predicting the production of the following cycles. In addition, indexes are proposed for characterizing how planting material distributes its annual yields over time. The second approach consisted in identifying architectural characters able to predict the production capacity of the coffee trees. Thus, the squat coffee trees, with short inter nodes, constitute the morphotypes to be promoted
Azaiez, Aida. "Implication des gènes de réparation de l'ADN dans la stabilité du génome d'Arabidopsis thaliana - Étude de l'instabilité des microsatellites." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18033.
Full textThe present study allowed us to develop a reporter system based on a bacterial gene encoding for β-glucuronidase (GUS), in order to measure microsatellite instability in Arabidopsis thaliana. Microsatellites are particular regions of the genome undergoing frequent mutations during replication. A correlation between length of the repetitive tracts and microsatellite instability was demonstrated. Besides, the orientation of the microsatellite influenced its instability. In two later studies, we have also studied the effect of mismatch repair genes (MMR) on microsatellite instability. Mismatch repair system corrects errors that occur during the replication of microsatellites. We showed that inactivation of AtPMS1 and AtMSH2 genes increased tracts instability, hence the importance of these genes in the maintenance of microsatellite stability and genome stability in general.
Rasheed, Fahad. "Composantes de l'efficience de transpiration du peuplier : diversité génétique, stabilité avec l'âge et changement d'échelle de la feuille à la plante entière." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01057801.
Full textLenain, Christelle. "Identification et caractérisation de la nucléase Apollon comme facteur de protection des télomères humains." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSL0397.
Full textCevallos, Almeida María Belén. "Salmonella en filière porcine : dynamique d’infection, pouvoir colonisateur et virulence." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B013/document.
Full textSalmonella is the second leading cause of human zoonoses in the European Union and represents a major challenge for the pork industry. Serovars S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, implicated in human salmonellosis, are highly prevalent in pigs and also in human. The objectives of this research were to establish the infection dynamics in pigs by Salmonella under conventional and experimental rearing conditions, to evaluate pig colonization ability and pathogenicity in humans of the three serovars. In conventional farms, the serological monitoring of Salmonella antibodies allowed to evaluate the average age of seroconversion at 137 days and to identify a "farm effect" on the age of seroconversion. The first trial under experimental conditions revealed that pigs inoculated with the monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium excreted this serovar continuously in the feces. At autopsy dates 21, 49 or 84 days after inoculation, Salmonella were found in the different parts of the intestine, in the lymph nodes and at very high levels in the tonsils. After passage through the digestive tract, different MLVA profiles from that of the inoculated strain were identified suggesting that the genome of the strain has evolved. The second attempt to compare the colonizing ability in the pigs of the three serovars showed that the dynamics of excretion and colonization were similar regardless of the serovar. However, the amount excreted was significantly different: higher with the monophasic variant compared to S. Typhimurium. The pathogenicity in humans of 15 strains of porcine origin belonging to the 3 serovars was evaluated in vivo on an insect model Galleria mellonella, and in vitro on Caco-2 cells. The strains were found to be potentially virulent. On Caco-2, the monophasic variant had the highest cell adhesion percentage and Derby, the lowest. Different levels of virulence were observed between strains of the same serovar. This work brought new knowledge on the Salmonella issue in the pig sector
Goebels, Carolin. "Novel mechanisms of gene expression regulation in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077086.
Full textCryptococcus neoformans is an environmentally harboured, opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections mainly in immunocompromised individuals. As such it is constantly exposed to changing conditions, in its natural habitat as well as when encountering a human host. This requires considerable adaptive capacity of which the underlying regulatory network has yet to be fully explored. Candidate gene and global experimental approaches were pursued during this thesis to delineate the role of introns on gene expression regulation. Genome analysis of an important reference strain revealed a rather complex transcriptome structure. The impact of introns on gene expression was addressed by studying the fate of transcripts derived from an intronless allele. Earlier studies in the lab had shown that most tested genes require introns for their proper expression and identified the nuclear poly(A)-binding protein Pab2 as implicated in this regulatory process. The involvement of several additional components in this pathway and their interconnection were investigated here and finally led to the proposition of two partially redundant pathways that control nuclear degradation of non-spliced mRNAs by the exonucle¬ases Rrp44p and Xrn2p, the latter depending on Pab2p. A global analysis of Pab2p function by transcriptomics and proteomics approaches was initiated for the characterisation of a Pab2p interaction network. In parallel, extensive phenotypic studies of exonucleolytic mutants revealed their concerted contributions to virulence and mating in C. Neoformans
Lauth, Jérémie. "Conflits et stabilité évolutive dans un mutualisme tripartite plante - fourmis- champignon." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0622/document.
Full textMutualisms, defined as interspecific interactions where each partner receives net benefices from their interactions, are central to the organization of earth biodiversity. Although globally beneficial for each partner, such interactions do not modify the inherent selfishness of species for their survival and reproduction, generating conflicts of interests between species. Thus understanding the ecological and the evolutionary processes maintaining positive outcomes in mutualisms is fundamental to understand how mutualisms shape earth biodiversity. However, scientific research on mutualisms has most of the time focused on interaction between pairs of species. Such knowledge is thus partial as mutualisms are embraced in a community context. My doctoral thesis takes place in this conceptual framework. I focused my research on the integration of a third fungal partner in protective interactions between ants and plants to evaluate its consequences on the ecological and evolutionary outcomes of such mutualisms, taken as multispecies interactions. I first focused my researches in defining the mutualistic interaction linking the fungal partner with its two other associates and in revealing any conflict of interests and their regulation that may emerge from such tripartite interactions. The interactions between the ants and the fungi can be qualified as a case of non-food fungiculture. The ants protect, provide food and disseminate the fungus, and the latter, thanks to its structural properties, allows the elaboration of galleries used that are then used as trap to capture preys. This phenomenon creates a conflict of interest in the allocation of the worker force, altering host plant benefits through a decrease of worker patrolling activity and consequently leaves protection and thus fitness. However, the role of the fungus in the nutrient transfers between ants and plants added to evolutionary responses from the plant allows regulating this conflict, stabilizing the net benefits towards the plant. Then I have concentrated my researches in understanding how evolutionary factors would modulate the ecological outcomes of such interactions. Taking into account the multispecific character of mutualisms changes radically the vision on the evolution of mutualisms when pair of species are considered. While it is widely accepted that specialization of mutualist species through coevolution reinforce the stability of the interaction and the net benefit of each partner, the multispecific context seems to deviate these predictions. Conversely, I show that specialization between three mutualistic partners can drive instability and decrease of benefits. Finally, the results of this thesis join the gap between two previously opposed concepts: diffuse coevolution and pairwise coevolution. I show that coevolution can happen between more than two species simultaneously and that it can drive mutlispecific specialization. Opposed to the diffuse coevolution, I show that contrasting selective pressures on a same trait from different partner can promote specialization of species
Etourneaud, Laure. "Impact de la lamine B1 sur la stabilité du génome." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS301.
Full textA close link exists between genome stability and nuclear architecture. Lamins, major component of the nuclear envelope, are involved in many nuclear processes, such as replication, transcription and nuclear architecture. It has been reported than lamins A/C are involved in double strand break repair and telomere stability. However, few studies have been conducted on B-type lamins. Interestingly, it was observed that the accumulation of lamin B1 is found in different tumors. Nevertheless, consequences of its deregulation on genome stability remain poorly documented.During my PhD, I analysed the impact of deregulation of lamin B1 on genome maintenance, including double-strand breaks repair and telomere stability. We were able to demonstrate that overexpression of lamin B1 leads to defect of NHEJ, associated with decrease of the 53BP1 recruitment to DNA damage. We have also shown that lamin B1 interacts directly with 53BP1, a protein involved in the choice of the repair pathway, and that this interaction is regulated upon DNA damage. Indeed, the association between these two proteins is disrupted after damage, in endogenous condition, in contrast this dissociation is not observed after lamin B1 overexpression. The defect of 53BP1 recruitment to DNA damage could account for the decrease in the NHEJ efficiency. Moreover, I have identify the protein domains involved in this interaction. It is interesting to note that overexpression of the interaction domain mimics the overexpression of the full lamin B1. Instead, lamin B1 deleted from this domain has no impact on 53BP1 recruitment and on DNA damage persistence. These data support our hypothesis about the sequestration 53BP1 after overexpression of lamin B1.In parallel, we have demonstrated that the lamin B1 overexpression causes the appearance of diplochromosomes concurrent to an increase of senescence. This phenomenon of endoreduplication can be induced by telomere defects such as dysfunctional or deprotected telomeres. Interestingly, I have observed that lamin B1 overexpression leads telomere damages. We also established that lamin B1 interacts with TRF2, a protein of "shelterin" complex involved in the protection against the DNA damage signaling at telomere. The putative retention TRF2 by lamin B1 could cause telomere defects observed after overexpression of the latter.This study identifies new roles of lamin B1 in maintaining genome stability, including through its interactions with two key proteins in the repair of double-strand breaks and stability of telomeres. This opens up new ways of research that will enable a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and in particular on the relationship between the integrity of the nuclear architecture and genome stability
Rey, Laurie. "L'ADN polymérase eta humaine est requise pour la stabilité des séquences particulières de l'ADN en absence de stress exogène : rôle dans la réplication et/ou dans la réparation par recombinaison homologue?" Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/510/.
Full textReplication of the eukaryotic genome requires the cooperation of a large number of DNA polymerases. The accurate replicative DNA polymerases are responsible for the majority of DNA synthesis but are slowed down or blocked when they encounter a DNA lesion induced by exogenous agents such as UV radiations. Specialised DNA polymerases are then recruited to bypass these lesions by Translesion Synthesis. The importance of the ability of these specialised polymerases to maintain genomic stability is illustrated by the human disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variant, which arises in consequence of mutations in DNA polymerase eta (Pol eta). Pol eta prevents skin cancer susceptibility by promoting accurate TLS past sunlight-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Despite the established requirement for Pol eta in processing DNA damage, its role in maintaining genome stability in absence of external damage has not been extensively explored, especially for the stability of endogenous structured DNA regions, which also impede the replication fork progression. We have demonstrated that i) Pol eta could function to process G-rich sequences able to form G4 structures, frequently found in telomeric domains in human cells, ii) Pol eta is important for the stability of common fragile sites, which are frequently rearranged in tumours. The mechanism involved has also been investigated and the first results suggest a direct role of Pol eta in the replication of these particular sequences or in the restart of blocked replication forks at these sites. Together, these results reveal a new role of Pol eta in maintaining genomic stability during unperturbed S-phase and in preventing breakage at common fragile sites. They challenge the current concept of the unique involvement of Pol eta in tolerance and repair pathways after external stress
Di, Paolo Aurélie. "Fonctions de BRCA1 dans le maintien de la stabilité chromosomique lors de la progression mitotique." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1317/.
Full textBRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene whose inactivating mutations predispose to breast and ovary cancers. BRCA1 encodes a multifunctional protein, involved in the response to DNA damage such as the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and the signal transduction leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. The known functions of BRCA1 were mainly described in interphase. To date, very few works have studied its involvement in mitosis. Recent data have shown its role in the control of the mitotic progression and have suggest that BRCA1 is important for the proper segregation of chromosomes. The main objective of my work was to characterize the molecular mechanism (s) involving the loss of BRCA1 in the acquisition of a chromosomal instability during the mitotic progression in cells. My results have shown the presence of BRCA at mitotic centromeres and have suggest that BRCA1 could play a protective role towards centromeres by participating in their cohesion by a mechanism which remains to be specified. My experiments also indicate that BRCA1 is involved in the repair of DNA damages localized at mitotic centromeres and suggest that BRCA1 is required for maintaining the genomic integrity of these complexes during mitosis. This work allowed us to precise some of the functions of BRCA1 during the mitotic progression. At particular, our results show the important role of BRCA1 in the maintenance of the structural and genomic integrity of mitotic centromeres
Drogat, Julie. "Rôle des protéines Ssl3 et Ssl38 dans la transmission des chromosomes chez Schizosaccharomyces Pompe." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21497.
Full textIn all eukaryotes, the genome stability relies on accurate chromosome segregation throughout mitotic divisions. During early mitosis, each duplicated chromosomes condense into a pair of tightly linked sister chromatids and centromeres capture spindle microtubules. At the metaphase to anaphase transition, cohesion between sister chromatids is removed, triggering their migration towards the opposite spindle poles. Sister chromatid cohesion is ensured by cohesin, a proteinaceous complex loaded onto chromosomes in G1 and maitained chromosomally bound until anaphase onset. The mechanisms through which cohesin is loaded onto chromosomes and ensures cohesion are ill defined. In most eukaryotes, centromeres are made of heterochromatin : a specialized form of chromatin whose assembly and maintenance rely on the RNAi pathway. Mutations affecting structural components of heterochromatin, such as Swi6/HP1 in fission yeast, impair chromosome segregation. In order to investigate the biological functions of Swi6, its functional partners were sought through a genetic screen. Here I report on the study of ss13 and ss138 (swi6 synthetic lethal). The ss13 gene encodes a cohesin loading factor, whose function in G1 in evolutionarily conserved. Unexpectedly, ss138 encodes a spliceosome component. Experimental data indicate that ss138 is essential for centrometric heterochromatin integrity and accurate chromosome segregation. The biological significance of a link between Ss138, RNA modifications and the assembly of centrometric heterochromatin is discussed
Bétous, Rémy. "Rôle de l'ADN polymérase Kappa dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome au cours de la phase S ; impact de sa dérégulation sur l'instabilité génétique des cellules tumorales." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/414/.
Full textDuring the tumoral process, the adaptation of malignan cells comes from a strong genetic intability. Recent studies indicate that this instability is mainly generated during S-phase in hyperplasia cells, an early stage of tumorigenesis, by a défective replication program, but the related molecular bases are not still well understood. This PhD work has investigated the potential role in this process of the translesional or specialized DNA polymerase Kappa whose expression is finely tuned in human cells and which is described at the present time as a repair or an adaptative factor after DNA injuries. By the RNA interferance approach, we have demonstrated that Pol kappa is a replication factor in absence of any external genetic stresses, particularly for the replication of chromosomic DNA sequences which are able to form secondary structures (Non-B DNA, fragil sites. . . ) as well as for the activation of Chk1, the main kinase effector of the S-phase checkpoint. Then we have shown that positive or negative deregulation of Pol kappa, frequently observed in human cancers leads in both case to a replication stress (at the forks speed and origins density levels), which is a source of DNA breaks and chromosomic instability. In Cance cells, the negative misregulation of Pol kappa appears to be critical since it triggers genetic instability, by preventing the activation of the main S-phase checkpoint kinase Chk1 which is required to maintain genomic stability. This work highlighted an unexpected role for a human DNA polymerase and open new insights on our understanding of the replicative stress in cancer cells
Tuduri, Sandie. "La topoisomérase I : un rôle essentiel dans le maintien de la stabilité des génomes." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T038.
Full textGelot, Camille. "Rôle du complexe de cohésion sur la ligature d'extrémités d'ADN non homologues et la stabilité du génome." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066300/document.
Full textDNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair is essential for genome stability/diversity, but can also generate genome rearrangements. Although non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is required for genome stability maintenance, the joining of distant double strand ends (DSE) should inexorably lead to genetic rearrangements. We analyzed the efficiency and accurency of close or distal EJ repair. Our data show that global end-joining is more efficient on close ends (34bp) compared to distal ends (3200bp) and that C-NHEJ is favored on close ends, resulting in more accurate outcome, compared to distal ends where more mutagenic A-EJ events takes place. In addition, the joining of distal ends favors the insertion/capture of DNA sequences. These data show only few kb distances between two DSEs are sufficient to jeopardize DSB repair efficiency and accuracy, leading to complex scars at the re-sealed junctions, and cell response is sufficiently sensitive to differently process such distal ends. We next addressed the question of the mechanisms preventing the joining of distant DSE. We show that depletion of the cohesin complex proteins specifically stimulates the end-joining of I-SceI-induced DSBs distant of 3200bp, while the joining of close DSEs (34bp) remained unaffected. Consistently, exome sequencing and cytogenetic analysis revealed that RAD21 ablation generates large chromosome rearrangements and a strong induction of replication stress-induced chromosome fusions. These data reveal a role for the cohesin complex in the protection against profound genome rearrangements arising through ligation of distant DSEs
Cahn, Alice. "Fonction et régulation de l’ADN polymérase spécialisée eta dans la stabilité des régions intrinsèquement difficiles à répliquer." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL061.
Full textComplete and accurate DNA replication is crucial to transfer correct genetic information to the daughter cells. Various obstacles can interfere with the progression of the replication machinery, threatening genome integrity. Specialized error-prone translesion DNA polymerases (TLS polymerases) assist the replicative polymerases to replicate across DNA lesions. During my PhD I characterized the contribution of TLS pol eta (polη), best known for its role in preventing UV-induced mutagenesis, during unperturbed replication. Polη was shown to promote the stability of the common fragile sites and associates with the replisome in unchallenged S phase. However, the kind of replication barriers requiring pol eta and the consequences of its absence on the replication of these regions were unclear. My results show that polη is recruited at a subset of replication forks all along the S phase and that polη defect modifies the replication timing of genomic regions enriched in large transcribed genes, where transcription-replication conflicts (TRCs) are more likely to occur. Overall, I show that polη recruitment at the replication fork is transcription-dependent, and that pol eta plays a role in the coping with TRCs. Altogether, these results highlight a new role for an error-prone DNA polymerase in protecting the genome stability
Labadie, Thomas. "Stabilité du virus de la grippe dans l'environnement : influence des protéines virales." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC274/document.
Full textThe transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAV), either airborne in mammals or oro-faecal in aquatic birds, submits viral particle to a wide range of environmental conditions. These environmental conditions modulate IAV survival outside the host, which is also dependent on the viral subtype or strains. To date, the molecular drivers of IAV environmental persistence remain to be identified. In order to identify IAV molecular drivers of the environmental persistence, we generated different reassortant viruses between two H1N1 viruses that do not have the same stability outside the host. To this purpose, we performed survival kinetic and compared the inactivation slope of generated reassortant viruses in our controlledenvironment, using a real time cell analysis system. Our results demonstrate that the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) are the main viral segments driving IAV environmental persistence. In addition, mutations driving viral stability in the environment were identified in the HA and NA amino-acid sequences. We also demonstrated that synonymous mutations introduced in the HA, using a codon-optimization strategy, drive the environmental persistence of IAV. The HA stability at low pH, HA surface expression levels in infected cells and the number of calcium binding sites of the NA were alternately changed by the mutations described in our study, indicating that these are stability determinants of IAV survival outside the host. Then, the sequential events of viral entry were analysed with fluorescence microscopy assays, showing that viral particles being exposed for a long period in saline water at 35°C are still able to bind their cellular receptor whereas the HA-mediated fusion within the endosome is not possible anymore. These two steps of the viral cycle are mainly mediated by the HA protein. Altogether, these result highlight the importance of the HA and the NA proteins, driving the environmental persistence of IAV. Given the known diversity of these two proteins in nature, this arouses interest in studying IAV environmental persistence at a more global scale. Such study could improve our knowledge on IAV ecology and epidemiology. Epidemiologic and climatic data analyse of human seasonal influenza viruses during 5 years and from 13 countries revealed that H1N1 virus and H3N2 virus distribution differs according to the mean weekly temperature in these countries. We then compared the H1N1 virus and H3N2 virus persistence on stainless steel surface at 4 °C and 20 °C, and the preliminary results suggest that IAV seasonal subtypes distribution might be partly regulated by their stability according to the temperature
Rodrigue, Amélie. "Rôles des paralogues de RAD51 humains dans la recombinaison homologue et le maintien de la stabilité du génome en mitose." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27916/27916.pdf.
Full textDupé, Aurélien. "Étude des éléments régulateurs « cis » et « trans » impliqués dans la stabilité du transcrit de l'amastine au stade intracellulaire chez « Leishmania »." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30205/30205.pdf.
Full textThe Leishmania genus encompasses protozoan parasites which are transmitted through the bite of an insect vector and are responsible for leishmaniasis. The Leishmania life cycle alternates between promastigote forms within the gut of the insect vector and amastigotes which multiply in the phagolysosomal vacuoles of the mammalian host’s macrophages. Delta-amastins are part of a multigenic family of membrane proteins that potentially act in parasite virulence. One of the delta-amastin's exclusive expression in the intracellular stage is mediated by mRNA accumulation and translation stimulation, both taking place in the amastigote stage. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the mechanisms implicated in the differential expression of delta-amastin mRNA. Leishmania splits early in evolution from other eukaryotes and this split correlates with many functional differences, including the absence of transcriptional control of gene expression. Our hypothesis is that the presence of a uridine-rich element (URE) within the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) of the transcript might be implicated in an mRNA decay mechanism. We reveal that the URE is responsible for a fast mRNA decay only in the promastigote stage, performed by an unusual deadenylation-independent pathway. We next identified an Alba domain protein, LiAlba20, which binds to the delta-amastin mRNA in a region flanking the URE. Depletion of this protein leads to a reduced mRNA accumulation in the amastigote stage specifically. Therefore, we identified two complementary mechanisms taking part in the transcript’s differential expression. The Leishmania genome encodes a second Alba domain protein, LiAlba13. These proteins interact together, but LiAlba13 does not affect the delta-amastin mRNA level during the parasite life cycle. Alba domain proteins have a remarkable evolution, being involved in DNA stabilization in Archaea and subunits of the RNAses P/MRP complexes in higher eukaryotes. In addition, our data show that these proteins regulate stage-specific protein expression, which is in agreement with recent works in other protozoan parasites. Alba domain proteins are constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of both parasite life cycle stages. Nevertheless, during the differentiation, those proteins accumulate in flagellar and nucleolus compartments, respectively described as sensor and stress response coordinators in higher eukaryotes. Our work suggests that the flagellum is implicated in the coordination of stage-specific transcript expression in response to stress in Leishmania.
Cunha, Silveira Sandra. "Voies de sauvetage du pool des pyrimidines et du NAD : des alliés inattendus dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLET011.
Full textBloom syndrome (BS) is a rare human autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in both copies of the BLM gene, encoding BLM, a 3’-5’ RecQ DNA helicase. BS cells present a strong genetic instability and BS patients are predisposed to a wide range of cancers that commonly affect the general population. BLM depletion leads to the downregulation of cytidine deaminase (CDA), an enzyme of the pyrimidine salvage pathway that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of cytidine (C) and deoxycytidine (dC) to uridine (U) and deoxyuridine (U), respectively. CDA defect leads to an excess of cellular dC and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) in either BS cells or BLM-expressing cells, that jeopardizes genome stability. Indeed, this nucleotide pool disequilibrium leads to a significant reduction of basal Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activity. The resulting low levels of PARP-1 activity disturb Chk1 activation and decrease the efficiency of downstream checkpoints, leading to the accumulation, during mitosis, of unreplicated DNA at some “difficult-to-replicate” loci in the genome, such as centromeres, fragile sites, leading to excess ultrafine anaphase bridge (UFB) formation. The objective of my PhD project was to decipher the mechanism leading to the reduction of basal PARP-1 activity in the absence of CDA. We performed a metabolomic study that revealed an increase in nicotinamide (NAM) levels, the substrate of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), and a decrease in nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) levels, the product of NAMPT. We confirmed the reduction of the nuclear NAMPT activity in CDA-deficient cells. We found that the siRNA-mediated NAMPT knockdown or the chemical NAMPT inhibition reproduce the reduction of basal PARP-1 activity in CDA-proficient cells, but not in CDA-deficient cells. Moreover, expression of exogenous wild type NAMPT, but not of the NAMPT catalytic mutant, fully rescued the reduction of basal PARP1 activity, and the subsequent increase in UFB frequency in CDA-deficient cells. These results indicate that the reduced basal PARP-1 activity in CDA-deficient cells is due to a reduced NAMPT activity. We propose a model in which the intracellular accumulation of dC/dCTP resulting from CDA deficiency might impair the nuclear NAMPT activity, resulting in an intracellular accumulation of NAM, a known natural inhibitor of PARP-1, that consequently reduces PARP-1 activity. Our results highlight for the first time a link between cytidine deaminase deficiency and nicotinamide metabolism, a pathway essential for the maintenance of cell integrity
Fischer, Gilles. "Variabilité des régions terminales de l'ADN chromosomique linéaire de streptomyces ambofaciens : implications évolutives de l'instabilité génétique." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10240.
Full textSayadi, Sami. "Stabilisation génétique des microorganismes à ADN recombiné et maintien d'une forte productivité en catéchol 2,3-dioxygénase par immobilisation des cellules d'E. Coli." Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPD118.
Full textPlasmids are powerful tools in producing peptides enzymes and metabolites in recombinant DNA technology. However, the major disadvantage of these plasmids was their potential instability when plasmid containing cells were grown in continuous cultures without selection pressure. Several approaches to overcome plasmid instability have been proposed but are not efficient. A novel method for ensuring plasmid stability is the use of immobilized plasmid-containing cells. The aim of the research work carried out for this study is to develop this approach for maintaining a high genetic stability of "host-vector” system and high productivity of catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (encoded by xyl E gene). This study highlights the possibility of using the cell immobilization method for the improvement of stability of several plasmids in different strains of E. Coli. Furthermore, the influence of some parameters (dilution rate, nutritional limitationsl temperature inoculums size, gel and volume concentrations) on plasmid stability and cloned gene expression have been carried out in continuous cultures of free and immobilized cells. We showed that the increase of plasmid stability in immobilized cells is due neither to plasmid transfer not to not increase of plasmid copu number (in LB medium) but essentially due to the mechanical properties of the qel bead system that allow only a limited number of cell division (which carried with the inoculums size) to occur in each clone of cells before the clone escapes from the gel bead. Moreover, phenomena such as fluctuation or genetic modifications which occurred in free continuous system could be avoided throughout cell immobilization
Beral, Aurore. "Déterminisme génétique et écophysiologique de la variabilité des masses de grains individuels chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum)." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC039.
Full textWheat breeding faces the dual challenge of climate change and changes in agricultural practices. In this context, new breeding strategies based on the search for yield stability in future genetic material are being developed. Wheat grain yield is usually decomposed into yield components: number of spikes/m², number of grains/spike, number of grains/m² and thousand kernel weight (TKW). These components are correlated one with another due to compensations that exist between the different scales of the canopy (m2, plant, spike, grain). Until now, the yield gains achieved by wheat breeders in recent decades mainly occured through increases in grain number per m². However, with increasing occurrences of post-flowering abiotic stress associated with climate change, TKW may become severely limiting and hence a target for breeding. TKW is usually studied at the plot scale as it represents the average mass of a grain. However, this view disregards the large intra-genotypic variance of individual grain mass that exists between- and within spikes. The identification of such intra-genotypic variability and its implication in TKW setting as well as in the response of TKW to post-flowering abiotic stresses remains unexplored. This work therefore aims to evaluate the interest of taking into account explicitly intra-genotypic variability in improving yield through breeding for TKW under post-flowering abiotic stress.The results show that there is a genetic variability of the correlation between the individual grain mass and TKW, i.e. genotypes may have similar TKW from distributions of individual grain masses with different intra-genotypic variability. This intra-genotypic variability is mainly driven by canopy structure (number of grains per m²) but has also a specific genetic determinism. Moreover, considering the single grain scale allowed to refine our understanding of the physiological basis of the genetic variability of TKW by highlighting constitutive genotypic differences in individual grain masses; these differences are independent from the number of grains per m², and vary according to the position of the grain within the spike. This single grain scale also reveals differential responses of individual grains to post-flowering heat stress depending on their position within the spike. These results demonstrate the relevance of considering not only the mean value of the target trait (TKW) but also its variance and offer new perspectives for the search for future genetic material tolerant to post-flowering abiotic stress. To do this, genotypic strategies of grain number establishment and/or the specific genetic variability of the intra-genotypic variance could be targeted. More generally, this thesis is part of a conceptual framework developed in ecology with the aim to understand the role of intra-genotypic variability of traits on the stability of plant canopy performance
Brinkmeier, Julia. "Propriétés biochimiques de la Topoisomérase VI d’Ectocarpus siliculosus et ses facteurs accessoires potentiels." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT002.
Full textDNA topoisomerases (referred to as topoisomerases) are essential enzymes that play crucial roles in biological processes such as DNA replication, transcription, recombination, repair and chromatin remodeling. Many different topoisomerase families exist that manage DNA entanglements by either inducing a transient DNA single strand (type I) or double strand break (type II) followed by a re-ligation step. This PhD project aimed to determine and analyze the biochemical activities of an uncharacterized topoisomerase family in eukaryotes, Topoisomerase VI (TopoVI), and its meiotic homologue TopoVIL. As observed in A. thaliana, in the eukaryote Ectocarpus siliculosus not only TopoVIA and TopoVIB are found but also their meiotic homologues TopoVIA-Like (TopoVIAL), orthologous to SPO11, and TopoVIB-Like (TopoVIBL). We decided to take advantage of the existence of both TopoVI and TopoVIL in E. siliculosus to identify differences and similarities and to get insight into their catalytic activities. For this, tagged recombinant TopoVI and TopoVIL proteins were co-expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells followed by protein complex purification applying a 2-step affinity tag purification and size exclusion chromatography. Furthermore, for TopoVI, I aimed to co-express its potential co-factors, E. siliculosus Bin4 and Rhl1, in bacteria to purify them and ultimately add them in biochemical activity tests. I was able to express and purify both TopoVI and TopoVIL proteins but with a native molecular weight suggesting aggregation. I was able to express tagged recombinant Bin4 but in our bacterial expression system it remains aggregated. The observed protein aggregation might be due to the overexpression and/or to the purification conditions resulting in misfolded proteins. Therefore, I performed a cell-free in vitro translation experiment in collaboration with Lionel Imbert (IBS, Grenoble). From this, I obtained soluble Bin4 which opens for the possibility to perform biochemical assays. Finally, Henri-Marc Bourbon (CBI, Toulouse) has established a phylogeny of TopoVI (and TopoVIL) in eukaryotes. Here, I present complementary data to this study by monitoring the interaction between TopoVIA, Bin4 and Rhl1 in E. siliculosus by a Yeast-two-hybrid experiment
Carnesecchi, Julie. "Régulation réciproque et coopération transcriptionnelle du complexe ERRalpha-LSD1." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0935.
Full textNuclear receptors are transcription factors that cooperate with chromatin associated factors to promote their activities. These transcriptional complexes are able to modulate the chromatin landscape to repress or promote transcription. Interestingly, there is an intricate cross-talk between these complexes and the chromatin environment that can influence each other to coordinate gene expression led by nuclear receptors. Post-translational modifications of histones regulate in part, DNA accessibility and the activities of nuclear receptors. One of these histone modifiers is LSD1, which is known to demethylate lysines 4 (H3K4) and 9 (H3K9) on histone 3. This manuscript focuses on the discovered LSD1-ERRα complex in human cancer cell lines. LSD1 interacts with ERRα, hence, modulates ERRα protein stability via a demethylation independent manner. Moreover, LSD1 is able to demethylate H3K4me2 in vitro but not H3K9me2. Interestingly, we observed that ERRα is able to switch LSD1 activity toward H3K9me2 to promote gene transcription without any additional cofactor in vitro. To confirm this effect in vivo, a transcriptomic analysis on mammary cancer cells was performed and highlights common target genes between ERRα and LSD1. We selected 10 genes activated by both and verified ERRα and LSD1 recruitment on these targets. Moreover, upon knock-down of ERRα or LSD1, the transcriptional start sites of activated genes -bound and regulated by both proteins- are enriched in the repressive mark H3K9me2. Altogether, these results describe a positive regulation of ERRα by LSD1 which in turn, drives the demethylase activity on H3K9me2 to promote transcription. Finally, these data highlight a direct function of ERRα on chromatin landscape
Poulet, Anaïs. "Mise en évidence de nouvelles propriétés de TRF1 et de TRF2 impliquées dans la stabilité de l'ADN télomérique humain." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0566.
Full textTelomeres are nucleoproteic structures that cap the end of eukaryotic chromosomes. TRF2 is a key protein in the dynamic of telomere. Telomeres can fold into t-loops that were proposed to result from the invasion of the 3' overhang of telomeres into duplex DNA. A model for the formation of the t-loop implicates TRF2 : it could facilitate the invasion of the telomeric single strand into the upstream double strand DNA after the telomere folding. Indeed a previous study shows that TRF2 stimulates the telomeric invasion by modifying DNA topology. We reveal here thet TRF2, with its N-terminal basic domain, stabilizes and protects telomeric Holliday junction, a structure that could be formed at the foot of the t-loop. This result could explain the protective role of TRF2 at telomeres. We also demonstrate that TRF1 owns the same intrinsic properties than TRF2, but these properties are modulated by the N-terminal acidic domain of TRF1. The last part of this thesis reports the fact that there is a balance between quantities of TRF2-Apollo and topoisomerase IIα during the replication of telomeric sequences to resolve topological constraints. The results presented here give fresh insight in new TRF2 functions which are not only implicated in the t-loop formation, but also in the resolution of topological problems at telomeres
Fleiss, Aubin. "Impact phénotypique des réarrangements chromosomiques et évolution des génomes de levures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS491.
Full textThe aim of this work was to assess the impact of chromosomal rearrangements on the evolution of yeast genomes with two approaches. The first approach consisted in retracing past rearrangements during the evolution of Saccharomycotina yeast genomes. We have built a phylogenetic tree of 66 genomes gathered from public databases, then reconstructed the structure of all ancestral genomes of these species. By comparing the structure of reconstructed ancestral genomes, we have inferred 5150 past rearrangements. We showed that depending on the clades, genomes tend to evolve mostly by inversion or by translocation. In addition, we showed that chromosomal rearrangements and non-synonymous mutations tend to accumulate at a coordinated pace during evolution. The second approach aimed at quantifying the phenotypic impact of structural variations of chromosomes (SVs) in terms of vegetative growth and meiotic viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We developed a technique to induce easily targeted SVs in the genome of S. cerevisiae by inducing two chromosomal breaks with CRISPR/Cas9 and providing the cells with chimerical donor oligonucleotides to repair the split chromosomes by homologous recombination. We have then adapted this technique to induce multiple random SVs in a single step. The phenotypic impact of obtained variants on vegetative growth and on spore viability was quantified. These results show that even balanced chromosomal rearrangements that do not affect coding sequence generate a wide phenotypic diversity that contributes to the adaptation of organisms to their environment
Berry-Mortada, Fadwa. "Stabilité des plasmides recombinés en cellules libres et immobilisées : développement d'un système à double réacteur en continu en vue d'une surproduction de catéchol 2,3-dioxygénase." Compiègne, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989COMPD211.
Full textBenseddik, Kahia Khedidja. "Etude des voies de signalisation associées à la stabilité des microtubules et au chimiotactisme induits par le récepteur à tyrosine kinase ErbB2, dans le cancer du sein." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5033/document.
Full textErbB2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase who's over expression in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis. Upon activation, ErbB2 induces numerous signaling pathways. Our aim is to investigate the signaling network associated with ErbB2-driven migration and to determine the contribution of microtubules to migration.ErbB2 recruits a signaling module including the ErbB2 effector Memo, the GTPase RhoA, and the formin mDia1. It represses GSK3 activity, to allow the localization to the plasma membrane of a microtubule capture complex comprising the tumor suppressor APC and the spectraplakin ACF7.Memo/ACF7 pathway is involved in chemotaxis via microtubule capture. PLCγ1, another effector of ErbB2, also participates in microtubule capture. It joins Memo pathway via classic PKCs upstream GSK3, and also acts via aPKCζ. PI3K is involved in chemotaxis through microtubule stabilization. Our results suggested that PI3K-dependent microtubules stabilization involves inhibition of GSK3 activity and phosphorylation of Stathmin via PAK1 activity.Defects in microtubule capture/stability are closely correlated with chemotaxis disturbances and rescue of microtubules within cell protrusion re-establishes cell orientation.We propose a model based on a two-step process to explain regulation of microtubule dynamics downstream of ErbB2. First, microtubules are captured during the formation of cell protrusions. Then they are stabilized at the cell front. These two steps are governed by different signaling pathways that coordinate microtubule capture and microtubule stability to control chemotaxis
Martin, Sophie. "Le composant des granules de stress G3BP : caractérisation phénotypique de souris KO, et identification de son interactome ribonucléoprotéique dans le cerveau de souris." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20247.
Full textRNA binding proteins (RBPs) are essential in the different steps of processing of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs), directing their localization and fate within the cell, and forming with them the ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs). mRNPs can assemble into dynamic cellular structures in which they are routed towards specific functions. RNA granules such as stress granules (SGs) contain translationally silenced mRNPs storing transiently repressed mRNAs.My thesis work consisted in the functional characterization of G3BP (RasGAP SH3 binding protein), an RBP that is expressed ubiquitously in both humans and mice and is involved in the assembly of SGs. Using classical homozygous recombination, viable G3BP1 knock out mice were generated that demonstrated short lifespan.and behavioral defects linked to the Central Nervous System (CNS), notably an ataxia phenotype. Electrophysiology experiments showed an alteration of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of KO mice. Therefore, I used Cross-Linking and Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) to purify from mouse brain a stable complex containing G3BP, and performed High-Throughput Sequencing (HITS-CLIP) to identify associated RNAs. Strikingly, most of the G3BP targets correspond to intron sequence-retaining transcripts and non-coding RNAs. My results also showed that G3BP1 depletion influences the stability of these premature transcripts in the cerebellum, which can be correlated to the ataxia phenotype of the G3BP1 KO mice. This comprehensive analysis suggests a new mechanism of gene regulation based on stabilization of silenced premature transcripts which might be converted to mature transcripts under stress condition and sequestration of G3BP in SGs
Auchter, Morgan. "Implication de la topoisomérase IIIa dans la stabilité chromosomique au cours de la recombinaison télomérique des cellules cancéreuses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4008.
Full textIn somatic cells, telomeres erode with each cell division. This process named « Replicative Senescence » is basically counterbalanced in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the action of telomerase which, while it is inactive in somatic cells of higher eukaryotes is activated in 85 % of cancer cases. Another process of telomere maintenance is involved in 15% of remaining cancer cases and is called Alternative Lengthening of Telomere (ALT). In this process, telomere maintenance is provided by telomeric recombination mechanisms inducing exchange of telomeric sister chromatid (T-SCE).We assessed the existence of an ALT mechanism in B-CLL known to rarely express telomerase. We have shown that 90% of B-CLL patients have a decreased expression of TopoIIIα correlated with largest methylation of CpG islands of the gene promoter region. Our results suggest that in B-CLL, telomere maintenance is defective either by telomerase or ALT mechanism.We investigated the involvement of post- SUMOylation of TopoIIIα/Top3 in mechanisms regulating ALT phenomenon. We have shown that TopoIIIα was SUMOylated in vitro and in vivo in U2-OS ALT cells. We also observed in S. cerevisiae that Top3p might be SUMOylated in absence of telomerase activity. Our results suggested that the SUMOylation of TopoIIIα increased its activity in vitro and in vivo by reducing its affinity for telomeres once recombination occurred and would be required for its accumulation in APBs but not for their formation
Barbottin, Aude. "Utilisation d'un modèle de culture pour évaluer le comportement des génotypes: Pertinence de l'utilisation d'Azodyn pour analyser la variabilité du rendement et de la teneur en protéines du blé tendre." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001262.
Full textGueguen, Erwan. "Étude de la thermosensibilité de transposition de la séquence d'insertion bactérienne IS911." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30183.
Full textBooij, Isabelle. "Recherche de marqueurs biochimiques en vue de la caractérisation variétale chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L. ), et étude de la stabilité de ces marqueurs pendant et après culture "in vitro"." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20099.
Full textJullien, Laurent. "Rôle de la protéine télomérique TRF1 sur la stabilité chromosomique et la longévité des cellules normales humaines." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20216.
Full textTRF1 is a telomere-binding protein which is essential for both telomere stability and telomere length regulation. TRF1 depletion in the context of p53 deficiency promotes tumor development in the mouse, and TRF1 expression is altered in some human cancers. We report here that inhibition of TRF1 in human primary fibroblast results in rapid induction of senescence, which is concomitant with telomeric accumulation of γ-H2AX and phosphorylation of the ATR downstream checkpoint kinase Chk1. Abrogation of p53 and pRb pathways bypasses senescence but leads to accelerated telomere shortening and early onset of chromosomal instability, including sister chromatid fusions and the occurrence of multi-telomeric signals (MTS) related to telomere fragility. MTS are also elevated in TRF1-overexpressing cells and are coincident with the presence of short telomeres. Elevated telomere fragility was associated with greater immortalization potential and resultant cells maintained their telomeres via telomerase reactivation. We propose that changes in TRF1 occupancy at telomeres lead to telomere-fragility driven chromosome instability, which facilitates the reactivation of telomerase and engenders cancer-relevant chromosomal aberrations. These events would occur at early stages of the tumor progression process in the context of an impaired p53 and pRb response