Journal articles: 'Stabilization/solidification technique'

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Rani M., Yamuna. "Treatment of Hazardous Solid Waste Using Solidification and Stabilization Technique." American Journal of Environmental Protection 6, no. 4 (2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20170604.13.

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Long, Richard P., and Xinguo Zhang. "Treating Lead-Contaminated Soil by Stabilization and Solidification." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (January 1998): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-10.

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Soil in and near transportation facilities often is contaminated with lead because lead once was used as a base for gasoline and paint. Dealing with contaminated soil is difficult because the toxic material must be treated to protect the public from direct exposure. Stabilization and solidification is a promising technique for protecting the public from toxic materials in soils by decreasing the possibility of human exposure and decreasing the mobility of the contaminant. The results of a laboratory investigation of the feasibility of stabilization and solidification of contaminated soil using cement in combination with various additives are presented. Mobility of lead and other contaminants was measured by dynamic diffusion and compared with the standard test results of the toxic characteristic leaching procedure. Several additives were tried. Apatite and sodium silicate were found to be the most effective in reducing the mobility of the lead. The compacted dry density of the solidified soil had a great effect on the leaching characteristics. The leaching of lead from deteriorated solidified soil was simulated by crushing a sample containing apatite and conducting a dynamic diffusion test on the crushed sample. The diffusion coefficient was used to compare the effect of additives and other treatments.

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Slijepcevic, Natasa, Dragana Tomasevic-Pilipovic, Aleksandar Dosic, Djurdja Kerkez, Dunja Radjenovic, Miladin Gligoric, and Stefan Djordjievski. "Efficiency of application the solidification/stabilization technique on mine tailings from the Bor." Zastita materijala 58, no. 3 (2017): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zasmat1703317s.

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Chen, Kangxin, and Houfa Shen. "Modeling of macrosegregation benchmarks using a stabilized finite element algorithm based on a semi-implicit pressure correction scheme." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 918–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-10-2018-0544.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to simulate two macrosegregation benchmarks with a newly developed stabilized finite element algorithm based on a semi-implicit pressure correction scheme. Design/methodology/approach A streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) stabilized finite element algorithm is developed for the coupled conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy and species. A semi-implicit pressure correction method combined with SUPG stabilization technique is proposed to solve the convection flow during solidification. An analytically derived enthalpy method is adopted to solve the energy conservation equation. The nonlinearities of the energy and species equations are tackled by Newton–Raphson method. Two macrosegregation benchmarks considering the solidification of an Al-4.5 per cent Cu alloy and a Sn-10 per cent Pb alloy are simulated. Findings A very good agreement is achieved by comparison with the classical finite volume method and a novel meshless method for the Al-4.5 per cent Cu alloy solidification benchmark. Moreover, a unique reference numerical solution has been obtained. Besides, it is demonstrated that the stabilized finite element algorithm can capture the flow instability and channel segregation during solidification of the Sn-10 per cent Pb alloy. Originality/value A semi-implicit pressure correction method combined with SUPG stabilization technique is adopted to develop robust stabilized finite element algorithm for the macrosegregation model. A new enthalpy formulation for heat transfer problems with phase change is derived analytically.

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Rađenović, Dunja, Đurđa Kerkez, Dragana Tomašević Pilipović, Miloš Dubovina, Nenad Grba, Dejan Krčmar, and Božo Dalmacija. "Long-term application of stabilization/solidification technique on highly contaminated sediments with environment risk assessment." Science of The Total Environment 684 (September 2019): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.351.

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Gonçalves, Sayeny de Avila, Rafaela Cristina Sanfelice, and Kassia Graciele dos Santos. "Multi-response optimization of the stabilization/solidification process of industrial hazardous waste." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 4 (March 21, 2020): e144942997. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i4.2997.

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Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) is an important technique used in waste treatment, due its low cost and easily processing. The aim of this study was to optimize and standardize the S/S process in a Brazilian company. The packing of the dangerous residue was done using a mixture of different solidifying agents, such as: clayey soil; superabsorbent polymer (SAP)/cellulose pulp (fluff) and sanding powder. It was evaluated the effect of different amount of solidifying agent over the volume of packed mixture, the final moisture and the cost of the S/S process, using a Central Composite Design. The results showed a minimum cost for the S/S operation of R$ 192.89/ton of liquid waste, using about 71.69 tons of clay soil for each ton of untreated residue, allowing a highly packed residue with a moisture up to 20% (w.b.).

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Mohammed, Sarah Hashim, Khitam Abdulhussein Saeed, and Nagam Obaid Kariem. "Evaluation the Efficiency of Stabilization Technique of Organic Soil by Comparison Between the Two Stabilizers." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September 5, no. 9 (September 25, 2020): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20sep275.

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Sewage treatment plants produce large quantities of sewage sludge as by-products, as the sludge contains elements harmful to environment. Such study investigated of utilizing different percentages of sewage (7, 14 and 21%) of soil weight. The stabilization / solidification process was used to improve the properties of the organic soil and meet its requirements. This technique was the use of traditional and nontraditional additives such as cement and styrene acrylic. The major objective of that research is to evaluate efficiency of stabilized soils through comparison of stabilizers. The organic soil was prepared and stabilizers were added in different proportions (3, 6 and 9%) for the purpose of the tests. Mechanical tests (Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Hardness) were used for the soil sample to estimate the best mixing and obtaining higher strength. Through outcome of the UCS and hardness tests, cement was most effective agent of styrene in terms of improving the properties, strength and hardness of the organic treated soil.

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Maciel, Elenize Ferreira, Feliciane Andrade Brehm, Marlova Piva Kulakowski, and Claudio de Souza Kazmierczak. "Environmental Evaluation of Stabilized and Solidified Products in Brazil: A Review." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.756.

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The diversity of industrial solid waste has grown exponentially in recent years, requiring waste management strategies focused on the reduction of associated environmental impacts. The solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique is increasingly used in the disposal or recycling of this waste. The Brazilian standard about the leaching of hazardous compounds in waste is being used to evaluate S/S products in their end disposal in landfills, with no description of any protocol to investigate performance during their life cycle, as observed when they are used as admixture to building materials. In this context, this study describes a qualitative review of leaching methods in use to assess S/S products in Brazil, in comparison with the main techniques adopted in other countries.

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Villabona-Ortiz, Ángel, Candelaria Tejada-Tovar, Ángel Gonzalez-Delgado, Adriana Herrera-Barros, and Gina Cantillo-Arroyo. "Immobilization of Lead and Nickel Ions from Polluted Yam Peels Biomass Using Cement-Based Solidification/Stabilization Technique." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019 (March 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5413960.

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Nowadays, biomass has been employed to prepare biosorbents for heavy metals uptake; however, further disposal of polluted material has limited its application. In this work, nickel and lead removal was performed using yam peels and the resulting polluted biomass was mixed with concrete to produce bricks. The biomass was characterized by FT-IR analysis for testing functional groups diversification before and after adsorption process. The effect of adsorbent dosage, temperature, and initial solution concentration was evaluated to select suitable values of these parameters. Adsorption results were adjusted to kinetic and isotherm models to determine adsorption mechanism. Desorption experiments were also performed to determine the appropriate desorbing agent as well as its concentration. Immobilization technique of cement-based solidification/stabilization was applied and the polluted biomass was incorporated to concrete bricks at 5 and 10%. Mechanical resistance and leaching tests were carried out to analyze the suitability of heavy metals immobilization. The suitable values for dosage, temperature, and initial solution concentration were 0.5 g/L, 40°C and 100 ppm, respectively. The kinetic model that best fitted experimental results was pseudo-second order indicating a dominant physicochemical interaction between the two phases. The highest desorption yields were found in 52.47 and 74.84% for nickel and lead ions. The concrete bricks exhibited compression resistance above 5 MPa and all the leachate reported concentrations below the environmental limit. These results suggested that nickel and lead immobilization using concrete bricks is a good alternative to meet disposal problems of contaminated biomass.

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SHIBATA, Yasunori. "Study on Solidification and Stabilization Technique by Steam Treatment of the Coal Ash from Fluidized-bed Combustion Boilers." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 77, no. 8 (1998): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.77.793.

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Yan, Han Dong. "The Experimental Analyses on the Solidified Effect of Heavy Metals in the Ceramsite Calcined by the Composite Materials of Electroplating Sludge and Seabeach Sludge." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.42.

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The electroplating sludge is a kind of solid waste material in the process of handling electroplating waste water, which has indefinite amount of harmful heavy metals hard to dissolute. The electroplating factory must seek economical and valid technology to deal with the sludge harmlessly, along with the reinforcement of the country law administer power to the discharge of the solid wastes. Since the last ten years, the handling technique to electroplating sludge has rapid advance, which mainly include solidification or stabilization technique[1], filling into the sea or pile-up, creature method, recycling heavy metal[2,3], iron-oxygen method, burning brick[8,9] and agriculture function and so on. A key handling technique is the recycling heavy metals from electroplating sludge in recent years, whose research fruits are no mature quietly from an area of technique view[2] and the oddments still need to cope with harmlessly come from recycling heavy metals. This is a kind of technique of low economic yield ratio, low scale benefit and higher production costs from a point of economic view. It is difficult to accept for a mass of small electroplating enterprise in China if there is not encouragement and support from the government. The solidification method is the final handling method for harmful and dangerous waste in west country in recent years[1]. Cementing solidification method is adopted the most effectively at present[6]. It is satisfied with the aim of harmlessly handling electroplating sludge but unsatisfied with the requirement of utilizing electroplating sludge as a resource and disadvantageous to build recycling type economics. Making use of the electroplating sludge to product building materials may be an economical and valid approach to handle it harmlessly as a resource[7]. The solidified effects on heavy metals of electroplating sludge at 1200°C high temperature burnt were analyzed in the paper, at the basis of feasible studies on the technology of burning ceramsite by the composite of electroplating sludge and seabeach sludge.

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Ahmadi, Soheil, Saeid Gitipour, Samaneh Marzani, and Nasser Mehrdadi. "Microsilica-Cement Stabilization of Organic Contaminated Soil: Leaching Behaviour of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Current World Environment 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.1.03.

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In this study, Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil were collected from Ray Petrochemical industry and treated by Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) which is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Since organic compounds interfere with cement hydration process, S/S technology will have difficulties while trying to immobilize organic contaminants. The treatment process was conducted using Portland Cement (PC) as the main binder and Microsilica (MS) as an additive to improve the effect of PC in immobilization of organic contaminants. Specimens were divided in two groups with constant cement percentage of 25% and 35%. Each group were again divided to three subgroups with 0%, 4% and 8% of MS. The efficiency of using MS in leaching behaviour of S/S samples was assessed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Lowest leach percentage of 14.66% for total PAHs in the paste contained 25% of cement and 8% of MS were obtained. The results indicated that the presence of MS in cement pastes had positive effect on reduction in concentration of contaminant in leachate.

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Mariele, Lunkes, C. Koste Emilie, P. Kulakowski Marlova, and A. Brehm Feliciane. "Leaching of Chromium in Red Ceramic Monolith by Immersion and Irrigation." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.307.

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The use of waste to improve sustainability of construction materials has increased in recent years. However, in Brazil no specific official standard has been issued on the solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique for construction materials. Similarly, no leaching methodology to evaluate products that include waste, under common use conditions, has been developed. As a result, both waste and products developed based on the S/S technique are assessed following the same official standard, which considers the landfill as the only final disposal condition. This study presents a leaching methodology to analyze the S/S approach in construction materials. Red ceramic sample blocks were manufactured with the addition of 0.05% Cr2O3. Two leaching approaches were conceived: immersion and irrigation. Tests were carried out in four 7-day cycles. Total experimental time was shorter than the period stipulated in a Dutch standard for this purpose. The results had low coefficient of variation and proved the usefulness of the technique to simulate intense and prolonged contact with a leaching agent, as in floods, and exposure to acid rain.

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Villabona-Ortiz, Angel, Candelaria Tejada-Tovar, and Angel Gonzalez-Delgado. "Application of Cement-based Solidification/ Stabilization Technique for Immobilizing Lead and Nickel Ions after Sorption-desorption Cycles using Cassava Peels Biomass." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 45 (December 1, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i45/131552.

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Vaidya, Rucha, Kisan Kodam, Vikram Ghole, and K. Surya Mohan Rao. "Validation of an in situ solidification/stabilization technique for hazardous barium and cyanide waste for safe disposal into a secured landfill." Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 9 (September 2010): 1821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.04.002.

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Sahnoune, Rachid, and Karim Moussaceb. "Treatment and remediation by the stabilization/solidification process based on hydraulic binders of soil contaminated by heavy metals." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2019-0019.

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Abstract Nature and the environment are affected by various human industrial and/or urban discharges. Remediation for this problem requires first and foremost an in-depth analysis and an overall characterization of the intrinsic properties of the pollution-receiving environments. Secondly it is necessary to predict in these environments the behavior of dangerous chemical species (here particularly heavy metals) in the long term. This study focuses mainly on a detailed characterization of 4 soil samples sampled in vicinity of wild dump-BOULIMAT located 15 km west of the city of Bejaia-Algeria. The samples were characterised by atomic absorption spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fluorescence X and Infrared spectroscopy. The data showed high concentrations of metallic elements especially Zn (2,651.8 mg.kg−1) and Ni (163.44 mg.kg−1) in the soil samples. For their remediation, the stabilization/solidification (S/S) process with hydraulic binders appeared promising in reducing the polluting power of metal. This approach has considerably reduced the content of pollutants; 98 % removal was obtained for Ni and 99 % for Zn. The XRD analysis technique revealed the occurrence or absence of metallic elements in the crystallized phases.

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Bergese, P., I. Colombo, D. Gervasoni, and Laura E. Depero. "Assessment of the X-ray diffraction–absorption method for quantitative analysis of largely amorphous pharmaceutical composites." Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, no. 1 (January 21, 2003): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980201926x.

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Determination of the residual weight fraction of a crystalline drug in a largely amorphous pharmaceutical composite is still a challenging question. None of the quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) methods found in the literature is suitable for these inclusion systems. The composite's diffraction patterns present a structured amorphous halo (arising from the amorphous matrix and drug molecular clusters) in which the crystalline drug peaks rise up. Moreover, the matrix traps a non-negligible quantity of water (which cannot be directly detected by X-ray diffraction) and the crystal structure of the drug may be unknown. In this work, a development of the QXRD analysis based on the diffraction–absorption technique is presented. The method is standardless, avoids the interpretation of the amorphous halo and the knowledge of the crystal structures of the phases, and takes into account the absorbed water. Results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The general features of the technique open its application to other classes of largely amorphous composite materials, like glass systems generated in the stabilization/solidification of toxic waste.

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Abdul Rani, A. L., N. A. Rashid, M. A. H. Abdullah, M. F. Omar, A. S. Salim, and N. A. I. Anuar. "Studies on factors affecting unconfined compressive strength of industrial rubber sludge containing heavy metals treated using ordinary Portland cement via stabilization/solidification technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 932 (December 18, 2020): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/932/1/012046.

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Kerkez, Djurdja, Milena Becelic-Tomin, Milena Dalmacija, Dragana Tomasevic, Srdjan Roncevic, Gordana Pucar, and Bozo Dalmacija. "Leachability and physical stability of solidified and stabilized pyrite cinder sludge from dye effluent treatment." Chemical Industry 69, no. 3 (2015): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140304036k.

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This work is concerned with exploring the possibilities of using solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment for toxic sludge generated in dye effluent treatment, when pyrite cinder is used as catalytic iron source in the modified heterogeneous Fenton process. S/S treatment was performed by using different clay materials (kaolin, bentonite and native clay from the territory of Vojvodina) and fly ash in order to immobilize toxic metals and arsenic presented in sludge. For the evaluation of the extraction potential of toxic metals and the effectiveness of the S/S treatment applied, four single-step leaching tests were performed. Leaching test results indicated that all applied S/S treatments were effective in immobilizing toxic metals and arsenic presented in sludge. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of pozzolanic products, and compressive strength measurement proved the treatment efficacy. It can be concluded that the S/S technique has significant potential for solving the problem of hazardous industrial waste and its safe disposal.

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Mazariegos Pablos, Javier, Eduvaldo Paulo Sichieri, and Mário Sérgio de Andrade Zago. "Study for Utilization of Industrial Solid Waste, Generated by the Discharge of Casting Sand Agglomeration with Clay and of Blast Furnace Slag, in Concrete Composition." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.611.

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This research project accomplished a study on the technical feasibility of recycling industrial solid waste generated by the discharge of casting sand agglomeration with clay and blast furnace slag. For this, the plan proposed a methodology that initially establishes a process of solid waste encapsulation, by using solidification/stabilization technique on Portland cement matrices, in which the residuals act as small and large aggregates on the composition of concrete, and later it presents the possibility of using this concrete in the manufacture of concrete pieces (concrete blocks) for paving. The results obtained in this research achieved the objective set with great success, regarding the manufacturing of concrete pieces (blocks) for paving urban roads, whenever there is special vehicle traffic or demands capable of producing accentuated abrasion effects (surpassing the 50 MPa required by the regulation), which probes the technical practicability of using waste from sand casting agglomeration with clay and blast furnace slag used in this study, unlocking usage possibilities for construction.

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Nayanthara, Pahala Ge Nishadi, Anjula Buddhika Nayomi Dassanayake, Kazunori Nakashima, and Satoru Kawasaki. "Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation Using a Native Inland Bacterium for Beach Sand Stabilization in Nearshore Areas." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 3201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153201.

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Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) via urea hydrolysis is an emerging sustainable technology that provides solutions for numerous environmental and engineering problems in a vast range of disciplines. Attention has now been given to the implementation of this technique to reinforce loose sand bodies in-situ in nearshore areas and improve their resistance against erosion from wave action without interfering with its hydraulics. A current study has focused on isolating a local ureolytic bacterium and assessed its feasibility for MICP as a preliminary step towards stabilizing loose beach sand in Sri Lanka. The results indicated that a strain belonging to Sporosarcina sp. isolated from inland soil demonstrated a satisfactory level of enzymatic activity at 25 °C and moderately alkaline conditions, making it a suitable candidate for target application. Elementary scale sand solidification test results showed that treated sand achieved an approximate strength of 15 MPa as determined by needle penetration device after a period of 14 days under optimum conditions. Further, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imagery revealed that variables such as grain size distribution, bacteria population, reactant concentrations and presence of other cations like Mg2+ has serious implications on the size and morphology of precipitated crystals and thus the homogeneity of the strength improvement.

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Abdul Rani, A. L., N. A. Rashid, M. A. H. Abdullah, and M. F. Omar. "Evaluation on physical and chemical properties of treated industrial wastewater sludge containing latex and heavy metals using ordinary Portland cement via stabilization / solidification technique." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 864 (July 10, 2020): 012174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/864/1/012174.

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Venâncio, Caroline, Janaíde Cavalcante Rocha, and Malik Cheriaf. "Evaluation of the Influence of Heavy Metals in the Hydration Process of Mortars through Electric Measurements." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.271.

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The building materials are evaluated for their mechanical behavior, durability and most recently, about the risk of environmental contamination. Some heavy metals can be found in the waste added in cementitious matrices. The techniques of introducing the wastes in cementitious matrices allow the stabilization and solidification of the contaminants. However, this immobilization should be monitored and the effectiveness of this method is investigated by carrying out leaching tests, among other procedures. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of heavy metals in the hydration process of cementitious matrices by way of tank tests carried out on mortar, previously contaminated with the heavy metals Zn2+, Cr3+ and Pb2+ at a concentrations of 20, 40, 80 and 160 ppm and to propose the use of electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) coupled to represents the leaching mechanisms. In the electric test was used an alternating current, varying the frequency of 200 kHz to 2 MHz. For assess the leaching behavior were performed the tank test (NEN 7375). The results showed that the heavy metals how the zinc and lead, can retard the setting time of the mortars and this was observed in the impedance spectrums throughout cure time of mortars. During the tank test the electrical impedance of the contaminated mortars were lower than the reference mortar and the output of portlandite caused an increase in the electrical impedance values. The electrical test is a not destructive technique, faster than the leaching tests and in the future, it can be performed to aid environmental testing.

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Kerkez, Djurdja, Dunja Radjenović, Dragana Tomašević Pilipović, Milena Bečelić-Tomin, Nataša Slijepčević, Srđan Rončević, and Božo Dalmacija. "Leachability and Microstructural Analysis of Clay and Lime Stabilized/Solidified Polluted Sediment – Long-Term Performance." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.13403.

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The objective of this study is to enable a better understanding of the effectiveness of solidification/stabilization (S/S) technique in treating polluted sediment, and provide the much needed validation of the longevity of the technology. In this research kaolinite and montmorillonite, with a certain proportion of lime, were used for S/S treatment of sediment polluted with metals. Leachability of metals was examined using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the German standard leaching test (DIN 3841-4 S4) prescribed in national legislative. Results indicated successful S/S treatment using both clays and lime, from the aspect of all leached metals even with pH variations over time and slight changes in structural integrity of specimens. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses and porosity measurement were also performed on the prepared monolithic matrices. XRD qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis proved hydration and pozzolanic product formation with increase in their content and finer crystallites formation over time. SEM analysis confirmed the presence of morphologically dense and stable structures while pore size distribution indicated on mesoporous matrices with ongoing compaction over time. Generally, structural microanalysis indicated the formation of hardened matrices over time and hydration process has been fully completed and further carbonation took place. Unconfined compressive strength measurement gave the satisfying results and matured monolite with 30 % of montmorillonite and 10 % of lime can be considered potentially applicable as non-load-bearing material. In summary, all results indicated that this kind of S/S treatment can achieve satisfactory durability and represent reliable and economically feasible technique for long-term remediation of metal polluted sediment.

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Haque, M. Aminul. "A Statistical Comparison of Mathematical Models for Heavy Metal Leaching Phenomena from Solidified Landfill Waste Mortar." Chemical Product and Process Modeling 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2015-0046.

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Abstract In this research, landfill solid waste was solidified as cement-waste matrix to protect the environment from excessive intrusive contaminants like Fe, Cu and Ni and minimize the waste load. Within this context, ingredients of cement-waste mortar were characterized to determine their physical properties. Long-term feasibility study was conducted to examine the metal contents stabilization by employing the standard mass transfer-leaching test. The cumulative leaching concentration of Fe, Cu and Ni were found to be 1.29 mg/l, 0.18 mg/l and 0.63 mg/l respectively up to 180 days static leaching test period that satisfied the surface water quality standard. Mechanical strength test was also conducted to characterize the solidification technique. Five well-established non-linear mathematical Models were conducted to evaluate the mechanisms of Fe, Cu and Ni migration. Goodness of fit statistical parameter analysis and visual examination indicated that polynomial equation Model is better for explaining the experimentally generated data. Moreover, parameter of polynomial equation was extended from five to nine for examining the best calibration profile to the observations. In context of slope-intercept and visual observation analysis resulted that polynomial equation based Model bearing five parameters with 0.5 power interval of each parameter describes the leaching phenomena quite similar with the experimental observations whereas goodness of fit parameters and information criterion shows reverse. It was found that the studied immobilized landfill waste mortar have acceptable mechanical performance that confirms to be used as construction material.

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Hashemi, Sajedeh Sadat Ghazizadeh, Hilmi Bin Mahmud, Tan Chee Ghuan, Ang Bee Chin, Carsten Kuenzel, and Navid Ranjbar. "Safe disposal of coal bottom ash by solidification and stabilization techniques." Construction and Building Materials 197 (February 2019): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.123.

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Yang, Zhongping, Yao Wang, Denghua Li, Xuyong Li, and Xinrong Liu. "Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles and Binder Dosage on the Engineering Properties of Compound Solidified/Stabilized Lead-Contaminated Soils." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 8, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031077.

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The solidification/stabilization (S/S) method is the usual technique for the remediation of soils polluted by heavy metal in recent years. However, freeze–thaw cycles, an important physical process producing weathering of materials, will affect the long-term stability of engineering characteristics in solidified contaminated soil. In addition, it is still questionable whether using large dosages of binders can enhance the engineering properties of solidified/stabilized contaminated soils. In this study, the three most commonly used binders (i.e., cement, quicklime, and fly ash), alone and mixed in different ratios, were thus added to lead-contaminated soil in various dosages, making a series of cured lead-contaminated soils with different dosages of binders. Afterward, unconfined compression strength tests, direct shear tests, and permeability tests were employed on the resulting samples to find the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), secant modulus ( E 50 ), internal friction angle ( φ ), cohesion ( c ), and permeability coefficient ( k ) of each solidified/stabilized lead-contaminated soil after 0, 3, 7, and 14 days of freeze–thaw cycles. This procedure was aimed at evaluating the influence of freeze–thaw cycle and binder dosage on engineering properties of solidified/stabilized lead-contaminated soils. Results of our experiments showed that cement/quicklime/fly ash could remediate lead-contaminated soils. However, it did not mean that the more the dosage of binder, the better the curing effect. There was a critical dosage. Excessive cementation of contaminated soils caused by too much binder would result in loss of strength and an increase in permeability. Furthermore, it was found that UCS, E 50 , φ , c , and k values generally decreased with the increase in freeze–thaw cycle time—a deterioration effect on the engineering characteristics of solidified lead-contaminated soils. Avoiding excessive cementation, 2.5% cement or quicklime was favorable for the value of E 50 while a 2.5% fly ash additive was beneficial for the k value. It is also suggested that if the freeze–thaw cycle continues beyond the period supported by excessive cementation, such a cycle will rapidly destroy the original structure of the soil and create large cracks, leading to an increase in permeability. The results also showed that the contaminated soils with a larger dosage of binders exhibited more significant deterioration during freeze–thaw cycles.

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Wang, He Ming, Liang Shen, and He Li Wang. "Technology Research for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Municipal Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1353.

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Heavy metal pollution is one of the main obstacles of municipal sewage treatment plant sludge for agricultural use. This paper gives an overview of four kinds of commonly used techniques for heavy metals removal in sewage sludge: chemical extraction, bioleaching, electrokinetic technology and solidification - stabilization, also analyzed the future direction of development.

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Paria, Santanu, and Pak K. Yuet. "Solidification–stabilization of organic and inorganic contaminants using portland cement: a literature review." Environmental Reviews 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 217–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a06-004.

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The treatment of hazardous wastes using cement-based solidification–stabilization (S–S) is of increasing importance as an option for remediating contaminated sites. Indeed, among the various treatment techniques, S–S is one of the most widely used methods for treating inorganic wastes. To enhance the application of S–S and to further develop this technology for site remediation, particularly for organic contaminants, it is important to have a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process. The primary objective of this review is to survey the current knowledge in this subject, focusing on (i) cement chemistry, (ii) the effects of inorganic (heavy metals) and organic compounds on cement hydration, and (iii) the mechanisms of immobilization of different organic and inorganic compounds. For heavy metals, cement-based S–S technology has been shown to be effective in immobilizing the contaminants, even without any additives. In applying cement-based S–S for treating organic contaminants, the use of adsorbents such as organophilic clay and activated carbon, either as a pretreatment or as additives in the cement mix, can improve contaminant immobilization in the solidified–stabilized wastes. The concept of degradative solidification–stabilization, which combines chemical degradation with conventional solidification–stabilization, seems promising, although further study is required to assess its technical and economic feasibility.Key words: cement, contaminated soil, immobilization, organics, precipitation, adsorption.

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Yao, Liwei, Xiaobo Min, Hui Xu, Yong Ke, Yanjie Liang, and Kang Yang. "Hydrothermal Treatment of Arsenic Sulfide Residues from Arsenic-Bearing Acid Wastewater." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091863.

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Arsenic sulfide residue (ASR), a by-product from the treatment of arsenic-bearing acidic wastewater, is abundantly generated but not properly disposed of in China. The utilization of such high-content arsenic waste residue is limited by the market. The traditional methods of stabilization/solidification (S/S) by lime cement or iron salt have a large mass/volume addition, high dumping cost and secondary pollution risk. In this paper, hydrothermal technology was used to treat three kinds of ASRs obtained from different smelters to minimize waste. The leaching toxicity and chemical speciation of the generated products was also evaluated by TCLP and BCR analyses. It was found that the hydrothermal treatment could greatly reduce the volume and moisture content of the ASRs. TCLP tests showed that the leachability of arsenic and heavy metals significantly decreased after the treatment. According to the BCR analysis, most of the unstable As, Cd and Cr transformed into a residual fraction. Finally, XRD, SEM, Raman and XPS techniques were carried out to reveal the mechanism. As a result, hydrothermal treatment can efficiently achieve the dehydration, volume reduction and stabilization/solidification of ASRs.

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Xiao, Wei, Xiao Yao, and Fuyang Zhang. "Recycling of Oily Sludge as a Roadbed Material Utilizing Phosphogypsum-Based Cementitious Materials." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (May 23, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6280715.

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Oily sludge is a hazardous waste containing emulsified petroleum hydrocarbons, water, heavy metals, and solid particles. The objective of this work is to employ solidification/stabilization (S/S) techniques to utilize oily sludge as a roadbed material with ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF) as binders and phosphogypsum (PG) as a stabilizer. The efficacy of the S/S process is assessed mainly through an unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and a toxicity leaching test. Road performance, including water stability, freeze-thaw resistance, and volume stability, is also tested on the solidified samples. The mineralogical compositions, microstructures, and pore structure are characterized through X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results show that the addition of 20% binders (OPC : FA : SF = 1 : 0.7 : 0.8) in combination with phosphogypsum to the oily sludge not only increases the 28-day compressive strength of the solidified samples and remarkably decreases the release of heavy metals but also refines the pore structure and compacts the microstructure. The solidified body had sufficient strength and good water stability performance, freeze-thaw resistance, and volumetric stability. This solidification/stabilization (S/S) process, which combines oily sludge treatment and phosphogypsum resource utilization, significantly enhances environmental protection and renders the solidified product economically profitable.

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Athanasiou, N. S. "Structural Instability and Superconductivity of the Defect Cubic Structure δ-MoC1-x." Modern Physics Letters B 11, no. 21n22 (September 20, 1997): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984997001158.

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In this work we report the formation, characterization and superconducting transition temperatures (T c ) of homogeneous and single-phase ternary crystalline molybdenum-carbon based compounds. The required samples were prepared by conventional solidification (arc-melting). The stabilization of the cubic δ- MoC 1-x phase was successfully done by substituting Mo or C by small additions (about 1–5 at.%) of B, Ti, Zr, Ru, Hf, W, Re or Os. All substitutions of B or transition metals to pure δ- MoC 1-x phase result in a decrease of the transition temperature. The transition temperature of the single-cubic δ- MoC 1-x phase (prepared by different techniques for comparison reasons) increases from 10.15 K to 14.7 K with increasing C/Mo ratio in the homogeneity range of 0.65 ≤ C/Mo ≤ 0.75.

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McDonagh, Madeleine, John Abbott, Richard Swannell, Erich Gundlach, and Atle Nordvik. "HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF OILY WASTE FROM OIL SPILLS AT SEA." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-589.

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ABSTRACT Disposal of recovered oil and debris following an oil spill at sea can present a real challenge to the spill response team: many technical issues and options are involved. The mainly oil component should be kept separate from the mainly debris component of the waste as far as possible. This not only reduces handling problems, but also provides a better opportunity to wash or aerate the debris to allow it to be classified as nonhazardous. Nonhazardous waste landfill remains a potentially cheap option where regulations allow it. Solidification or stabilization techniques may be useful in the future to convert waste oil and debris to a suitable form for landfill. Reclamation of recovered oil is attractive in principle, particularly for large spills; but the presence of contaminants makes it difficult, in practice, for the oil to be recovered. Incineration is technically feasible and mobile/transportable systems are potentially attractive, provided permits can be obtained. A number of biological methods including land farming appear to have promise. Further development work is needed to determine possible techniques for this application.

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Li, Xiao Ming, Shang Jie Wang, Jun Xue Zhao, Ya Ru Cui, and Su Bo Hou. "A Review on the Treatments and Minimization Techniques of Stainless Steel Pickling Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2072.

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Pickling sludge is the deposits that generated from the neutralization of pickling waste water with calcium hydroxide in stainless steel pickling process. The main composition of pickling sludge is CaF2, CaSO4, Me(OH)n (M:Fe,Cr,Ni). Solidification /stabilization method is believed to a most economical way to dispose these wastes at present. But the process caused serious compatibilization, it not only took up the scarce land resource, but also wasted nickel, chromium and other resources, in addition, the potential harm of Cr6+ to the environment still existed. A new thought to recycle the sludge was as following. After drying the sludge, it contained mainly calcium fluoride and metal oxides. The calcium fluoride could replace fluorspar, so the sludge could be used as a raw material for AOD process, where the metal oxides were reduced into the bulk of the metal. This would not only save fluorite, but also could reduce metal oxide of sludge. With more stringent environmental demands and increasingly output of the sludge, the most effective way to reduce the sludge from source is recycling the valuable elements from waste water directly. Solvent extraction combined with vacuum evaporation, spray evaporation and resin absorption coordination were all the effective methods. The resin adsorption process would be another promising method as ion exchange resin was continuously successfully developed. It had been found that treating the waste water with positive resin can remove the metal ions, but how to completely resolve the metal from the resin was still a problem.

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IMAI, DAIZO. "Growth of Young Short-Necked Clam in the Artificial Tidal Flat created by using Solidification/Stabilization Techniques with Paper Sludge Ash-based Coagulants." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 65, no. 11 (2011): 1180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.65.1180.

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Durn, Goran, Nediljka Gaurina- Med¯imurec, Heinz Fro¨schl, Ivan Meandzˇija, Boris Veronek, and Sanja Mesic´. "The Geochemical and Mineralogical Assessment of Lime Stabilized Waste from the Petroleum Industry in Croatia." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 126, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1715102.

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The aim of this study was to geochemically and mineralogically assess materials from two already closed pits. Total testing and leachate testing (Equilibrium Leach Test and Sequential Leach Test) of topsoil, waste stabilized with lime and underlying rock was performed on composite samples. An analysis of underground water from underlying rock was also accomplished. Major pollutants in stabilized waste from investigated locations differ. High total values of some heavy metals in stabilized waste from one of the investigated locations can probably be attributed to high barite content (mercury, zinc and cadmium) and pipe dope (lead). Mercury, zinc and cadmium are enriched in the organic-sulfide fraction that might indicate they are tied up as sulfide impurities in barite. In distilled water lecheate of stabilized waste from this location higher concentrations of Pb, Hg and TOC were observed. In the stabilized waste from the second location high total values of total oils and mineral oils, PAH and BTEX were detected, while distilled water lecheate is enriched with Hg, total oils and mineral oils, AOX and TOC. This investigation shows that stabilization with lime is not always a suitable method for treatment of wastes from the petroleum industry, particularly those that are contaminated with both organic and inorganic contaminants. Proper characterization of the waste material to be processed is needed in order to select the most appropriate method of treatment. Our ongoing research study uses different pretreatment techniques and different absorbents (organophilic clay, calcined siliceous earth, etc.) to preferentially absorb organic contaminants that can be used before stabilization/solidification.

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Nguyen, Tien Vinh, Paripurnanda Loganathan, Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, Srirama Krupanidhi, Thi Thu Nga Pham, and Huu-Hao Ngo. "Arsenic waste from water treatment systems: characteristics, treatments and its disposal." Water Supply 14, no. 6 (July 16, 2014): 939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.073.

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As with other water treatment systems, arsenic treatment creates not only quality water but arsenic waste as well. Management of arsenic waste is now becoming a major public concern due to its harmful effects on the surrounding environment, including serious health problems such as skin cancers and various internal carcinomas. The main aim of this paper is to review: (i) the characteristics of arsenic waste produced by arsenic treatment systems; and (ii) the treatment and disposal methods of this waste. Arsenic waste type or its characteristics play an important role in choosing the best method of treatment and disposal. Currently, encapsulation of arsenic waste through solidification/stabilization (S/S) techniques is considered to be the most attractive solution and this method is the focus of this review. A number of studies have used cement by itself and in combination with additives such as lime, iron, silicates, or fly ash in the S/S process. Although there is a lack of systematic investigations and differing procedures for testing the effectiveness of the treatment methods, it was agreed that incorporating additives could increase the effectiveness of the S/S process depending on the type and dose of additives.

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Imai, Daizo, Satoshi Kaneco, Kiyoyuki Egusa, Hideyuki Katsumata, Kiyohisa Ohta, Tohru Suzuki, and Ahmed H. A. Dabwan. "Growth of Young Short-Necked Clam in the Artificial Tidal Flat Created by Using Solidification^|^frasl;Stabilization Techniques with Paper Sludge Ash-based Coagulants." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 65, no. 11 (2011): 1189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.65.1189.

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Zha, Fusheng, Dongdong Pan, Long Xu, Bo Kang, Chengbin Yang, and Chengfu Chu. "Investigations on Engineering Properties of Solidified/Stabilized Pb-Contaminated Soil Based on Alkaline Residue." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 19, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8595419.

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Solidification/stabilization (S/S) has been considered as one of the most effective techniques for remediation of the heavy metal-contaminated sites. Among various binders adopted in S/S, alkaline residue (AR) could be considered as a new binder to treat heavy metal-contaminated soil due to its strong adsorptive capacity for heavy metal ions. So in this paper, the strength, leaching, and microstructure characteristics of the solidified/stabilized Pb-contaminated soil by using alkaline residue are systematically investigated. Test results present that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the treated soil will increase, while the leached Pb2+ concentration will decrease, with the increase of the alkaline residue content in the specimen. The UCS increases significantly with the curing time increasing during the initial 28 days, after which the UCS of the specimen becomes stable. The leached Pb2+ concentration decreases significantly at the initial 28 days followed by a stable trend with curing time increasing. The UCS decreases and the leached Pb2+ concentration increases with the increase of the initial Pb2+ concentration in the specimen. The microstructural analysis performed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the increase of the alkaline residue content and curing time will result in more hydration products and densified microstructure, which could effectively improve the engineering properties of the specimen.

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Ouranidis, Andreas, Nikos Gkampelis, Elisavet Vardaka, Anna Karagianni, Dimitrios Tsiptsios, Ioannis Nikolakakis, and Kyriakos Kachrimanis. "Overcoming the Solubility Barrier of Ibuprofen by the Rational Process Design of a Nanocrystal Formulation." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100969.

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Wet media milling, coupled with spay drying, is a commonly proposed formulation strategy for the production and solidification of nanosuspensions in order to overcome the solubility barrier of BCS Class II substances. However, the application of mechanically and thermally intensive processes is not straightforward in the cases of ductile and/or low melting point substances that may additionally be susceptible to eutectic formation. Using ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug with non-favorable mechanical and melting properties, we attempt to rationalize nanocrystal formulation and manufacturing in an integrated approach by implementing Quality by Design (QbD) methodology, particle informatics techniques and computationally assisted process design. Wet media milling was performed in the presence of different stabilizers and co-milling agents, and the nanosuspensions were solidified by spray-drying. The effects of key process parameters (bead diameter, milling time and rotational speed) and formulation variables (stabilizer type and drug/stabilizer ratio) on the critical quality attributes (CQAs), i.e., Z-average size, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ-potential and redispersibility of spray-dried nanosuspensions were evaluated, while possible correlations between IBU free surface energy and stabilizer effectiveness were studied. The fracture mechanism and surface stabilization of IBU were investigated by computer simulation of the molecular interactions at the crystal lattice level. As a further step, process design accounting for mass-energy balances and predictive thermodynamic models were constructed to scale-up and optimize the design space. Contemplating several limitations, our multilevel approach offers insights on the mechanistic pathway applicable to the substances featuring thermosensitivity and eutectic tendency.

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Bawab, Jad, Jamal Khatib, Said Kenai, and Mohammed Sonebi. "A Review on Cementitious Materials Including Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash (MSWI-BA) as Aggregates." Buildings 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050179.

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Waste management is a vital environmental issue in the world today. Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are discarded in huge quantities on a daily basis and need to be well controlled. Incineration is a common method for reducing the volume of these wastes, yet it produces ashes that require further assessment. Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI-BA) is the bulk byproduct of the incineration process and has the potential to be used in the construction sector. This paper offers a review of the use of MSWI-BA as aggregates in cementitious materials. With the growing demand of aggregates in cementitious materials, MSWI-BA is considered for use as a partial or full alternative. Although the physical and chemical properties of MSWI-BA are different than those of natural aggregates (NA) in terms of water absorption, density, and fineness, they can be treated by various methods to ensure suitable quality for construction purposes. These treatment methods are classified into thermal treatment, solidification and stabilization, and separation processes, where this review focuses on the techniques that reduce deficiencies limiting the use of MSWI-BA as aggregates in different ways. When replacing NA in cementitious materials, MSWI-BA causes a decrease in workability, density, and strength. Moreover, they cause an increase in water absorption, air porosity, and drying shrinkage. In general, the practicality of using MSWI-BA in cementitious materials is mainly influenced by its treatment method and the replacement level, and it is concluded that further research, especially on durability, is required before MSWI-BA can be efficiently used in the production of sustainable cementitious materials.

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Ba-Naimoon, Mohammed S., and Abdulrahman M. Hamid. "Stabilization/Solidification (S/S) Technique and Its Applications in Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environment and Sustainability 5, no. 1 (May 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.24102/ijes.v5i1.662.

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"Recycling of coal ash as a building material via a stabilization/solidification method." Issue 4 15, no. 4 (May 21, 2013): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000897.

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<p>This study examines stabilization/solidification (S/S) techniques for coal ash/cement systems that involve the production of construction products while minimizing contamination and recycling the coal ash (CA). In these techniques, the polluted components of coal ash are fixed in a cement body via adsorption and confinement mechanisms, and thus, the possible impact of these pollutants on the environment is minimized. In the first step of this study, the physical, chemical, radioactive and mineralogical properties of the material used were determined. Second, coal ash (CA) was used to replace portland cement (PC) in the following proportions: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40% and 50% of PC by weight. Finally, the usability of coal ash as a construction product and the environmental effects of such usage were determined.</p>

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stabilization/solidification technique'

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