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Journal articles on the topic 'Stabilizing selection'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 June 2025

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1

Beaumont, M. A. "Stabilizing selection and metabolism." Heredity 61, no. 3 (1988): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.135.

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2

Zhang, Xu-Sheng, and William G. Hill. "Joint Effects of Pleiotropic Selection and Stabilizing Selection on the Maintenance of Quantitative Genetic Variation at Mutation-Selection Balance." Genetics 162, no. 1 (2002): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.459.

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AbstractIn quantitative genetics, there are two basic “conflicting” observations: abundant polygenic variation and strong stabilizing selection that should rapidly deplete that variation. This conflict, although having attracted much theoretical attention, still stands open. Two classes of model have been proposed: real stabilizing selection directly on the metric trait under study and apparent stabilizing selection caused solely by the deleterious pleiotropic side effects of mutations on fitness. Here these models are combined and the total stabilizing selection observed is assumed to derive simultaneously through these two different mechanisms. Mutations have effects on a metric trait and on fitness, and both effects vary continuously. The genetic variance (VG) and the observed strength of total stabilizing selection (Vs,t) are analyzed with a rare-alleles model. Both kinds of selection reduce VG but their roles in depleting it are not independent: The magnitude of pleiotropic selection depends on real stabilizing selection and such dependence is subject to the shape of the distributions of mutational effects. The genetic variation maintained thus depends on the kurtosis as well as the variance of mutational effects: All else being equal, VG increases with increasing leptokurtosis of mutational effects on fitness, while for a given distribution of mutational effects on fitness, VG decreases with increasing leptokurtosis of mutational effects on the trait. The VG and Vs,t are determined primarily by real stabilizing selection while pleiotropic effects, which can be large, have only a limited impact. This finding provides some promise that a high heritability can be explained under strong total stabilizing selection for what are regarded as typical values of mutation and selection parameters.

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3

Godfrey, P. Brighten, Matthew Caesar, Ian Haken, Yaron Singer, Scott Shenker, and Ion Stoica. "Stabilizing Route Selection in BGP." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 23, no. 1 (2015): 282–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2014.2299795.

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4

Hastings, Alan. "Substitution Rates Under Stabilizing Selection." Genetics 116, no. 3 (1987): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.3.479.

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ABSTRACT Allelic substitutions under stabilizing phenotypic selection on quantitative traits are studied in Monte Carlo simulations of 8 and 16 loci. The results are compared and contrasted to analytical models based on work of M. Kimura for two and "infinite" loci. Selection strengths of S = 4Nes approximately four (which correspond to reasonable strengths of selection for quantitative characters) can retard substitution rates tenfold relative to rates under neutrality. An important finding is a strong dependence of per locus substitution rates on the number of loci.

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5

Zhivotovsky, Lev A., and Freddy Bugge Christiansen. "The Selection Barrier between Populations Subject to Stabilizing Selection." Evolution 49, no. 3 (1995): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410273.

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6

KODRIC-BROWN, ASTRID, and MARLIES E. HOHMANN. "Sexual selection is stabilizing selection in pupfish (Cyprinodon pecosensis)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 40, no. 2 (1990): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01972.x.

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7

Zhivotovsky, Lev A., and Freddy Bugge Christiansen. "THE SELECTION BARRIER BETWEEN POPULATIONS SUBJECT TO STABILIZING SELECTION." Evolution 49, no. 3 (1995): 490–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02281.x.

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8

PLAETKE, ROSEMARIE, JAAKKO LUMME, and WOLFGANG KOEHLER. "Selection on recombination in subdivided populations with stabilizing selection." Hereditas 109, no. 1 (2008): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00183.x.

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9

Charlesworth, Brian. "Stabilizing Selection, Purifying Selection, and Mutational Bias in Finite Populations." Genetics 194, no. 4 (2013): 955–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.151555.

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10

Keightley, Peter D., and William G. Hill. "Quantitative genetic variability maintained by mutation-stabilizing selection balance: sampling variation and response to subsequent directional selection." Genetical Research 54, no. 1 (1989): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300028366.

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SummaryA model of genetic variation of a quantitative character subject to the simultaneous effects of mutation, selection and drift is investigated. Predictions are obtained for the variance of the genetic variance among independent lines at equilibrium with stabilizing selection. These indicate that the coefficient of variation of the genetic variance among lines is relatively insensitive to the strength of stabilizing selection on the character. The effects on the genetic variance of a change of mode of selection from stabilizing to directional selection are investigated. This is intended to model directional selection of a character in a sample of individuals from a natural or long-established cage population. The pattern of change of variance from directional selection is strongly influenced by the strengths of selection at individual loci in relation to effective population size before and after the change of regime. Patterns of change of variance and selection responses from Monte Carlo simulation are compared to selection responses observed in experiments. These indicate that changes in variance with directional selection are not very different from those due to drift alone in the experiments, and do not necessarily give information on the presence of stabilizing selection or its strength.

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11

Gavrilets, S., and G. de Jong. "Pleiotropic models of polygenic variation, stabilizing selection, and epistasis." Genetics 134, no. 2 (1993): 609–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/134.2.609.

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Abstract We show that in polymorphic populations many polygenic traits pleiotropically related to fitness are expected to be under apparent "stabilizing selection" independently of the real selection acting on the population. This occurs, for example, if the genetic system is at a stable polymorphic equilibrium determined by selection and the nonadditive contributions of the loci to the trait value either are absent, or are random and independent of those to fitness. Stabilizing selection is also observed if the polygenic system is at an equilibrium determined by a balance between selection and mutation (or migration) when both additive and nonadditive contributions of the loci to the trait value are random and independent of those to fitness. We also compare different viability models that can maintain genetic variability at many loci with respect to their ability to account for the strong stabilizing selection on an additive trait. Let Vm be the genetic variance supplied by mutation (or migration) each generation, Vg be the genotypic variance maintained in the population, and n be the number of the loci influencing fitness. We demonstrate that in mutation (migration)-selection balance models the strength of apparent stabilizing selection is order Vm/Vg. In the overdominant model and in the symmetric viability model the strength of apparent stabilizing selection is approximately 1/(2n) that of total selection on the whole phenotype. We show that a selection system that involves pairwise additive by additive epistasis in maintaining variability can lead to a lower genetic load and genetic variance in fitness (approximately 1/(2n) times) than an equivalent selection system that involves overdominance. We show that, in the epistatic model, the apparent stabilizing selection on an additive trait can be as strong as the total selection on the whole phenotype.

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12

Bailey, Richard I., Fabrice Eroukhmanoff, and Glenn-Peter Sætre. "Hybridization and genome evolution II: Mechanisms of species divergence and their effects on evolution in hybrids." Current Zoology 59, no. 5 (2013): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.5.675.

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Abstract Recent genomic studies have highlighted the importance of hybridization and gene exchange in evolution. We ask what factors cause variation in the impact of hybridization, through adaptation in hybrids and the likelihood of hybrid speciation. During speciation, traits that diverge due to both divergent and stabilizing selection can contribute to the buildup of reproductive isolation. Divergent directional selection in parent taxa should lead to intermediate phenotypes in hybrids, whereas stabilizing selection can also produce extreme, transgressive phenotypes when hybridization occurs. By examining existing theory and empirical data, we discuss how these effects, combined with differences between modes of divergence in the chromosomal distribution of incompatibilities, affect adaptation and speciation in hybrid populations. The result is a clear and testable set of predictions that can be used to examine hybrid adaptation and speciation. Stabilizing selection in parents increases transgression in hybrids, increasing the possibility for novel adaptation. Divergent directional selection causes intermediate hybrid phenotypes and increases their ability to evolve along the direction of parental differentiation. Stabilizing selection biases incompatibilities towards autosomes, leading to reduced sexual correlations in trait values and reduced pleiotropy in hybrids, and hence increased freedom in the direction of evolution. Directional selection causes a bias towards sex-linked incompatibilities, with the opposite consequences. Divergence by directional selection leads to greater dominance effects than stabilizing selection, with major but variable impacts on hybrid evolution.

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13

Brooks, Robert, John Hunt, Mark W. Blows, Michael J. Smith, Luc F. Bussiére, and Michael D. Jennions. "EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR MULTIVARIATE STABILIZING SEXUAL SELECTION." Evolution 59, no. 4 (2005): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01760.x.

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14

Nourmohammad, Armita, Stephan Schiffels, and Michael Lässig. "Evolution of molecular phenotypes under stabilizing selection." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2013, no. 01 (2013): P01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2013/01/p01012.

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15

Sznajd-Weron, K., and A. Pȩkalski. "Evolution under stabilizing selection through gene flow." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 252, no. 3-4 (1998): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(97)00638-9.

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16

Wehr, Paul, Kevin MacDonald, Rhoda Lindner, and Grace Yeung. "Stabilizing and directional selection on facial paedomorphosis." Human Nature 12, no. 4 (2001): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-001-1004-z.

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17

Tachida, Hidenori, and C. Clark Cockerham. "Variance components of fitness under stabilizing selection." Genetical Research 51, no. 1 (1988): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300023934.

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SummaryVariance components of fitness under the stabilizing selection scheme of Wright (1935) for metric characters are calculated, extending his original analysis to the case with any number of alleles and multiple characters assuming additivity of gene effects. They are calculated in terms of the moments of the effects of alleles at individual loci for the metric characters. From these formulas, the variance components of fitness are evaluated at the mutation–selection equilibria predicted by the ‘Gaussian’ approximation (Lande, 1976), which is applicable if the per locus mutation rate is high, and the ‘House of Cards’ approximation (Turelli, 1984), which is applicable if the per locus mutation rate is low. It is found that the additive variance of fitness is small compared to non-additive variance in the ‘Gaussian’ case, whereas the additive variance is larger than non-additive variance in the ‘House of Cards’ case if the number of loci per character and the number of characters affected by each locus are not too large. With the assumption that a significant portion of fitness is due to this type of stabilizing selection, it is suggested that the real parameters are in the range where the ‘House of Cards’ approximation is applicable, since available data on variance components of fitness components in Drosophila show that the additive variance is far larger than the non-additive variance. It is noted that the present method does not discriminate the two approximations if the average values of the metric characters deviate from the optimum values. Other limitations of the present method are also discussed.

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18

Brooks, Robert, John Hunt, Mark W. Blows, Michael J. Smith, Luc F. Bussière, and Michael D. Jennions. "EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR MULTIVARIATE STABILIZING SEXUAL SELECTION." Evolution 59, no. 4 (2005): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/04-662.

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19

Zeng, Zhao-Bang, and William G. Hill. "THE SELECTION LIMIT DUE TO THE CONFLICT BETWEEN TRUNCATION AND STABILIZING SELECTION WITH MUTATION." Genetics 114, no. 4 (1986): 1313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.4.1313.

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ABSTRACT Long-term selection response could slow down from a decline in genetic variance or in selection differential or both. A model of conflict between truncation and stabilizing selection in infinite population size is analysed in terms of the reduction in selection differential. Under the assumption of a normal phenotypic distribution, the limit to selection is found to be a function of κ, the intensity of truncation selection, ω 2, a measure of the intensity of stabilizing selection, and σ 2, the phenotypic variance of the character. The maintenance of genetic variation at this limit is also analyzed in terms of mutation-selection balance by the use of the "House-of-cards" approximation. It is found that truncation selection can substantially reduce the equilibrium genetic variance below that when only stabilizing selection is acting, and the proportional reduction in variance is greatest when the selection is very weak. When truncation selection is strong, any further increase in the strength of selection has little further influence on the variance. It appears that this mutation-selection balance is insufficient to account for the high levels of genetic variation observed in many long-term selection experiments.

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20

Gimelfarb, A. "Pleiotropy and multilocus polymorphisms." Genetics 130, no. 1 (1992): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.1.223.

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Abstract It is demonstrated that systems of two pleiotropically related characters controlled by additive diallelic loci can maintain under Gaussian stabilizing selection a stable polymorphism in more than two loci. It is also shown that such systems may have multiple stable polymorphic equilibria. Stabilizing selection generates negative linkage disequilibrium, as a result of which the equilibrium phenotypic variances are quite low, even though the level of allelic polymorphisms can be very high. Consequently, large amounts of additive genetic variation can be hidden in populations at equilibrium under stabilizing selection on pleiotropically related characters.

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21

Gavrilets, S., and A. Hastings. "Maintenance of genetic variability under strong stabilizing selection: a two-locus model." Genetics 134, no. 1 (1993): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/134.1.377.

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Abstract We study a two locus model with additive contributions to the phenotype to explore the relationship between stabilizing selection and recombination. We show that if the double heterozygote has the optimum phenotype and the contributions of the loci to the trait are different, then any symmetric stabilizing selection fitness function can maintain genetic variability provided selection is sufficiently strong relative to linkage. We present results of a detailed analysis of the quadratic fitness function which show that selection need not be extremely strong relative to recombination for the polymorphic equilibria to be stable. At these polymorphic equilibria the mean value of the trait, in general, is not equal to the optimum phenotype, there exists a large level of negative linkage disequilibrium which "hides" additive genetic variance, and different equilibria can be stable simultaneously. We analyze dependence of different characteristics of these equilibria on the location of optimum phenotype, on the difference in allelic effect, and on the strength of selection relative to recombination. Our overall result that stabilizing selection does not necessarily eliminate genetic variability is compatible with some experimental results where the lines subject to strong stabilizing selection did not have significant reductions in genetic variability.

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22

Zhivotovsky, L. A., and M. W. Feldman. "On models of quantitative genetic variability: a stabilizing selection-balance model." Genetics 130, no. 4 (1992): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.4.947.

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Abstract A model of stabilizing selection on a multilocus character is proposed that allows the maintenance of stable allelic polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium. The model is a generalization of Lerner's model of homeostasis in which heterozygotes are less susceptible to environmental variation and hence are superior to homozygotes under phenotypic stabilizing selection. The analysis is carried out for weak selection with a quadratic-deviation model for the stabilizing selection. The stationary state is characterized by unequal allele frequencies, unequal proportions of complementary gametes, and a reduction of the genetic (and phenotypic) variance by the linkage disequilibrium. The model is compared with Mather's polygenic balance theory, with models that include mutation-selection balance, and others that have been proposed to study the role of linkage disequilibrium in quantitative inheritance.

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23

Mitchell-Olds, T., and J. Bergelson. "Statistical genetics of an annual plant, Impatiens capensis. II. Natural selection." Genetics 124, no. 2 (1990): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.2.417.

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Abstract Measurement of natural selection on correlated characters provides valuable information on fitness surfaces, patterns of directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection, mechanisms of fitness variation operating in nature, and possible spatial variation in selective pressures. We examined effects of seed weight, germination date, plant size, early growth, and late growth on individual fitness. Path analysis showed that most characters had direct or indirect effects on individual fitness, indicating directional selection. For most early life-cycle characters, indirect effects via later characters exceed the direct causal effect on fitness. Selection gradients were uniform across the experimental site. There was no evidence for stabilizing or disruptive selection. We discuss several definitions of stabilizing and disruptive selection. Although early events in the life of an individual have important causal effects on subsequent characters and fitness, there is no detectable genetic variance for most of these characters, so little or no genetic response to natural selection is expected.

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24

Bürger, Reinhard, and Alexander Gimelfarb. "Genetic Variation Maintained in Multilocus Models of Additive Quantitative Traits Under Stabilizing Selection." Genetics 152, no. 2 (1999): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.2.807.

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Abstract Stabilizing selection for an intermediate optimum is generally considered to deplete genetic variation in quantitative traits. However, conflicting results from various types of models have been obtained. While classical analyses assuming a large number of independent additive loci with individually small effects indicated that no genetic variation is preserved under stabilizing selection, several analyses of two-locus models showed the contrary. We perform a complete analysis of a generalization of Wright’s two-locus quadratic-optimum model and investigate numerically the ability of quadratic stabilizing selection to maintain genetic variation in additive quantitative traits controlled by up to five loci. A statistical approach is employed by choosing randomly 4000 parameter sets (allelic effects, recombination rates, and strength of selection) for a given number of loci. For each parameter set we iterate the recursion equations that describe the dynamics of gamete frequencies starting from 20 randomly chosen initial conditions until an equilibrium is reached, record the quantities of interest, and calculate their corresponding mean values. As the number of loci increases from two to five, the fraction of the genome expected to be polymorphic declines surprisingly rapidly, and the loci that are polymorphic increasingly are those with small effects on the trait. As a result, the genetic variance expected to be maintained under stabilizing selection decreases very rapidly with increased number of loci. The equilibrium structure expected under stabilizing selection on an additive trait differs markedly from that expected under selection with no constraints on genotypic fitness values. The expected genetic variance, the expected polymorphic fraction of the genome, as well as other quantities of interest, are only weakly dependent on the selection intensity and the level of recombination.

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25

Hansen, Thomas F. "Stabilizing Selection and the Comparative Analysis of Adaptation." Evolution 51, no. 5 (1997): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411186.

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26

McGuigan, Katrina, Julie M. Collet, Scott L. Allen, Stephen F. Chenoweth, and Mark W. Blows. "Pleiotropic Mutations Are Subject to Strong Stabilizing Selection." Genetics 197, no. 3 (2014): 1051–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165720.

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27

Swann, Alan C. "Selection of a first-line mood stabilizing agent." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (1998): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199801000-00024.

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28

Berry, R. J., and J. H. Crothers. "Stabilizing selection in the dog-whelk (Nucella lapillus)." Journal of Zoology 155, no. 1 (2009): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb03027.x.

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29

Cherdantsev, V. G., and O. V. Grigorieva. "Developmental canalization with no part of stabilizing selection." Paleontological Journal 50, no. 13 (2016): 1492–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030116130049.

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30

Hommes, Cars, Tatiana Kiseleva, Yuri Kuznetsov, and Miroslav Verbic. "IS MORE MEMORY IN EVOLUTIONARY SELECTION (DE)STABILIZING?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 16, no. 3 (2011): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510051000060x.

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We investigate the effects of memory on the stability of evolutionary selection dynamics based on a multinomial logit model in a simple asset pricing model with heterogeneous beliefs. Whether memory is stabilizing or destabilizing depends in general on three key factors: (1) whether or not the weights on past observations are normalized; (2) the ecology or composition of forecasting rules, in particular the average trend extrapolation factor and the spread or diversity in biased forecasts; and (3) whether or not costs for information gathering of economic fundamentals have to be incurred.

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31

Willensdorfer, Martin, and Reinhard Bürger. "The two-locus model of Gaussian stabilizing selection." Theoretical Population Biology 64, no. 1 (2003): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-5809(03)00049-2.

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32

Foley, P. "Molecular clock rates at loci under stabilizing selection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84, no. 22 (1987): 7996–8000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.22.7996.

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33

McGuigan, Katrina, Locke Rowe, and Mark W. Blows. "Pleiotropy, apparent stabilizing selection and uncovering fitness optima." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, no. 1 (2011): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.10.008.

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34

Hansen, Thomas F. "STABILIZING SELECTION AND THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ADAPTATION." Evolution 51, no. 5 (1997): 1341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01457.x.

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35

Gavrilets, Sergey, and Alan Hastings. "Maintenance of multilocus variability under strong stabilizing selection." Journal of Mathematical Biology 32, no. 4 (1994): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00160162.

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36

Cattelan, Silvia, Andrea Di Nisio, and Andrea Pilastro. "Stabilizing selection on sperm number revealed by artificial selection and experimental evolution." Evolution 72, no. 3 (2018): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13425.

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37

Gu, Xun. "Stabilizing selection of protein function and distribution of selection coefficient among sites." Genetica 130, no. 1 (2006): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-006-0022-5.

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38

Kondrashov, A. S., and M. Turelli. "Deleterious mutations, apparent stabilizing selection and the maintenance of quantitative variation." Genetics 132, no. 2 (1992): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/132.2.603.

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Abstract Apparent stabilizing selection on a quantitative trait that is not causally connected to fitness can result from the pleiotropic effects of unconditionally deleterious mutations, because as N. Barton noted, "...individuals with extreme values of the trait will tend to carry more deleterious alleles...." We use a simple model to investigate the dependence of this apparent selection on the genomic deleterious mutation rate, U; the equilibrium distribution of K, the number of deleterious mutations per genome; and the parameters describing directional selection against deleterious mutations. Unlike previous analyses, we allow for epistatic selection against deleterious alleles. For various selection functions and realistic parameter values, the distribution of K, the distribution of breeding values for a pleiotropically affected trait, and the apparent stabilizing selection function are all nearly Gaussian. The additive genetic variance for the quantitative trait is kQa2, where k is the average number of deleterious mutations per genome, Q is the proportion of deleterious mutations that affect the trait, and a2 is the variance of pleiotropic effects for individual mutations that do affect the trait. In contrast, when the trait is measured in units of its additive standard deviation, the apparent fitness function is essentially independent of Q and a2; and beta, the intensity of selection, measured as the ratio of additive genetic variance to the "variance" of the fitness curve, is very close to s = U/k, the selection coefficient against individual deleterious mutations at equilibrium. Therefore, this model predicts appreciable apparent stabilizing selection if s exceeds about 0.03, which is consistent with various data. However, the model also predicts that beta must equal Vm/VG, the ratio of new additive variance for the trait introduced each generation by mutation to the standing additive variance. Most, although not all, estimates of this ratio imply apparent stabilizing selection weaker than generally observed. A qualitative argument suggests that even when direct selection is responsible for most of the selection observed on a character, it may be essentially irrelevant to the maintenance of variation for the character by mutation-selection balance. Simple experiments can indicate the fraction of observed stabilizing selection attributable to the pleiotropic effects of deleterious mutations.

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39

Barton, N. H. "Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation." Genetics 124, no. 3 (1990): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.773.

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Abstract It is widely held that each gene typically affects many characters, and that each character is affected by many genes. Moreover, strong stabilizing selection cannot act on an indefinitely large number of independent traits. This makes it likely that heritable variation in any one trait is maintained as a side effect of polymorphisms which have nothing to do with selection on that trait. This paper examines the idea that variation is maintained as the pleiotropic side effect of either deleterious mutation, or balancing selection. If mutation is responsible, it must produce alleles which are only mildly deleterious (s approximately 10(-3)), but nevertheless have significant effects on the trait. Balancing selection can readily maintain high heritabilities; however, selection must be spread over many weakly selected polymorphisms if large responses to artificial selection are to be possible. In both classes of pleiotropic model, extreme phenotypes are less fit, giving the appearance of stabilizing selection on the trait. However, it is shown that this effect is weak (of the same order as the selection on each gene): the strong stabilizing selection which is often observed is likely to be caused by correlations with a limited number of directly selected traits. Possible experiments for distinguishing the alternatives are discussed.

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40

Zhang, Xu-Sheng, Jinliang Wang, and William G. Hill. "Pleiotropic Model of Maintenance of Quantitative Genetic Variation at Mutation-Selection Balance." Genetics 161, no. 1 (2002): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.419.

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AbstractA pleiotropic model of maintenance of quantitative genetic variation at mutation-selection balance is investigated. Mutations have effects on a metric trait and deleterious effects on fitness, for which a bivariate gamma distribution is assumed. Equations for calculating the strength of apparent stabilizing selection (Vs) and the genetic variance maintained in segregating populations (VG) were derived. A large population can hold a high genetic variance but the apparent stabilizing selection may or may not be relatively strong, depending on other properties such as the distribution of mutation effects. If the distribution of mutation effects on fitness is continuous such that there are few nearly neutral mutants, or a minimum fitness effect is assumed if most mutations are nearly neutral, VG increases to an asymptote as the population size increases. Both VG and Vs are strongly affected by the shape of the distribution of mutation effects. Compared with mutants of equal effect, allowing their effects on fitness to vary across loci can produce a much higher VG but also a high Vs (Vs in phenotypic standard deviation units, which is always larger than the ratio VP/Vm), implying weak apparent stabilizing selection. If the mutational variance Vm is ∼10-3 Ve (Ve, environmental variance), the model can explain typical values of heritability and also apparent stabilizing selection, provided the latter is quite weak as suggested by a recent review.

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41

Ragsdale, Aaron P. "Archaic introgression and the distribution of shared variation under stabilizing selection." PLOS Genetics 21, no. 3 (2025): e1011623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011623.

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Many phenotypic traits are under stabilizing selection, which maintains a population’s mean phenotypic value near some optimum. The dynamics of traits and trait architectures under stabilizing selection have been extensively studied for single populations at steady state. However, natural populations are seldom at steady state and are often structured in some way. Admixture and introgression events may be common, including over human evolutionary history. Because stabilizing selection results in selection against the minor allele at a trait-affecting locus, alleles from the minor parental ancestry will be selected against after admixture. We show that the site-frequency spectrum can be used to model the genetic architecture of such traits, allowing for the study of trait architecture dynamics in complex multi-population settings. We use a simple deterministic two-locus model to predict the reduction of introgressed ancestry around trait-contributing loci. From this and individual-based simulations, we show that introgressed-ancestry is depleted around such loci. When introgression between two diverged populations occurs in both directions, as has been inferred between humans and Neanderthals, the locations of such regions with depleted introgressed ancestry will tend to be shared across populations. We argue that stabilizing selection for shared phenotypic optima may explain recent observations in which regions of depleted human-introgressed ancestry in the Neanderthal genome overlap with Neanderthal-ancestry deserts in humans.

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Sanjak, Jaleal S., Julia Sidorenko, Matthew R. Robinson, Kevin R. Thornton, and Peter M. Visscher. "Evidence of directional and stabilizing selection in contemporary humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707227114.

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Modern molecular genetic datasets, primarily collected to study the biology of human health and disease, can be used to directly measure the action of natural selection and reveal important features of contemporary human evolution. Here we leverage the UK Biobank data to test for the presence of linear and nonlinear natural selection in a contemporary population of the United Kingdom. We obtain phenotypic and genetic evidence consistent with the action of linear/directional selection. Phenotypic evidence suggests that stabilizing selection, which acts to reduce variance in the population without necessarily modifying the population mean, is widespread and relatively weak in comparison with estimates from other species.

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Gavrilets, S., and A. Hastings. "Dynamics of genetic variability in two-locus models of stabilizing selection." Genetics 138, no. 2 (1994): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.2.519.

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Abstract We study a two locus model, with additive contributions to the phenotype, to explore the dynamics of different phenotypic characteristics under stabilizing selection and recombination. We demonstrate that the interaction of selection and recombination results in constraints on the mode of phenotypic evolution. Let Vg be the genic variance of the trait and CL be the contribution of linkage disequilibrium to the genotypic variance. We demonstrate that, independent of the initial conditions, the dynamics of the system on the plane (Vg, CL) are typically characterized by a quick approach to a straight line with slow evolution along this line afterward. We analyze how the mode and the rate of phenotypic evolution depend on the strength of selection relative to recombination, on the form of fitness function, and the difference in allelic effect. We argue that if selection is not extremely weak relative to recombination, linkage disequilibrium generated by stabilizing selection influences the dynamics significantly. We demonstrate that under these conditions, which are plausible in nature and certainly the case in artificial stabilizing selection experiments, the model can have a polymorphic equilibrium with positive linkage disequilibrium that is stable simultaneously with monomorphic equilibria.

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Verrell, Paul A. "Stabilizing Selection, Sexual Selection and Speciation: A View of Specific-Mate Recognition Systems." Systematic Zoology 37, no. 2 (1988): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2992278.

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Arnold, Stevan J. "Limits on Stabilizing, Disruptive, and Correlational Selection Set by the Opportunity for Selection." American Naturalist 128, no. 1 (1986): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284548.

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Gavrilets, Sergey, and Alan Hasting. "Dynamics of polygenic variability under stabilizing selection, recombination, and drift." Genetical Research 65, no. 1 (1995): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300033012.

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SummaryWe study the transient dynamics of the genotypic variance of an additive trait under stabilizing selection, recombination and random drift. We show how interaction of these factors determines the form and the rates of change of different components of the genotypic variance. Let Vg be the genie variance of the trait and CL be the contribution of linkage disequilibrium to the genotypic variance. We demonstrate that the dynamics of the system on the plane (Vg, CL) are typically characterized by a quick approach to a straight line with slow evolution along this line afterwards. We show that the number of loci, n, and the population size, N, affect the expected dynamics of Vg mainly through the ratio N/n. We use our analytical and numerical results in interpreting the published results of artificial stabilizing selection experiments. The analysis suggests that it is drift and not selection that most likely led to the reduction of genetic variability in most of these experiments. Even very strong stabilizing selection only slowly removes polygenic variability from populations.

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Foley, Patrick. "Small Population Genetic Variability at Loci Under Stabilizing Selection." Evolution 46, no. 3 (1992): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409644.

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Garcia-dorado, Aurora, and Jorge A. Gonzalez. "Stabilizing Selection Detected for Bristle Number in Drosophila melanogaster." Evolution 50, no. 4 (1996): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2410893.

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West, S. A., and E. A. Herre. "Stabilizing Selection and Variance in Fig Wasp Sex Ratios." Evolution 52, no. 2 (1998): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411083.

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Winters, Anne E., Naomi F. Green, Nerida G. Wilson, et al. "Stabilizing selection on individual pattern elements of aposematic signals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (2017): 20170926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0926.

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Warning signal variation is ubiquitous but paradoxical: low variability should aid recognition and learning by predators. However, spatial variability in the direction and strength of selection for individual elements of the warning signal may allow phenotypic variation for some components, but not others. Variation in selection may occur if predators only learn particular colour pattern components rather than the entire signal. Here, we used a nudibranch mollusc, Goniobranchus splendidus , which exhibits a conspicuous red spot/white body/yellow rim colour pattern, to test this hypothesis. We first demonstrated that secondary metabolites stored within the nudibranch were unpalatable to a marine organism. Using pattern analysis, we demonstrated that the yellow rim remained invariable within and between populations; however, red spots varied significantly in both colour and pattern. In behavioural experiments, a potential fish predator, Rhinecanthus aculeatus , used the presence of the yellow rims to recognize and avoid warning signals. Yellow rims remained stable in the presence of high genetic divergence among populations. We therefore suggest that how predators learn warning signals may cause stabilizing selection on individual colour pattern elements, and will thus have important implications on the evolution of warning signals.

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