Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Stable isotope. eng'

Orientador: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Banca: Alfredo Sampaio Carrijo
Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou determinar o turnover do carbono-13 no Pectoralis major, quilha, tíbia e fígado de frangos de corte em diferentes períodos de crescimento, utilizando a técnica de isótopos estáveis. Foram utilizados 184 pintos de corte, machos, Cobb, distribuídos ao acaso em sete tratamentos com dias de substituição das dietas distintos: 0; 7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 42 dias de idade, denominados: T0-14, T7-21, T14-28, T21-35, T28-42, T35-49 e T42-56 respectivamente. Para mensurar o turnover do carbono-13 (diluição isotópica) nos tecidos em determinado intervalo de tempo, foram utilizados o modelo sigmoidal de regressão de Boltzmann ou função exponencial do tempo. Os valores de meias-vidas foram: 2,5; 2,8; 2,9; 4,9; 5,1; 5,5 e 6,0 dias para músculo peitoral; 2,7; 2,9; 3,1; 4,6; 5,3; 4,1 e 8,0 dias para quilha; 4,4; 3,6; 5,4; 5,8; 4,3; 5,2 e 6,3 dias para tíbia e 1,3; 1,9; 1,4; 1,5; 1,9; 1,7 e 2,1 dias para fígado, nos tratamentos T0-14, T7-21, T14-28, T21-35, T28-42, T35-49 e T42-56 respectivamente. Dessa forma, a meia-vida dos tecidos estudados, em geral, aumentou de acordo com o avanço da idade de avaliação. Dentre os tecidos estudados, a tíbia apresentou maiores valores de meia-vida, indicando lenta incorporação do carbono-13 e o fígado, os menores, sugerindo rápida incorporação. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a tíbia apresenta turnover e metabolismo lento indicando o sinal isotópico das dietas iniciais da criação dos frangos de corte; e o fígado, turnover e metabolismo rápido, indicado para refletir a dieta próxima da fase de avaliação.
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate carbon-13 turnover on Pectoralis major, keel, tibia and liver of poultry at different life stages using the carbon stable isotopes technique. In this trial, 216 male chick lings (Cobb) were allocated in 36 galvanized iron cages with gutter-like feeders and nipple-like water dispensers. The trial was conduced in a totally random distribution consisting on seven treatments with distinct days for diet substitution (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days old). Either Boltzmann sigmoid regression or the exponential time function was used in order to measure the carbon-13 turnover (isotopic dilution) in a specific period of time. The values of half-life was: 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 4.9, 5.1, 5.5 and 6.0 days for muscle tissue, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 4.6, 5.3, 4.1 and 8.0 days for keel, 4.4, 3.6, 5.4, 5.8, 4.3, 5.2 and 6.3 days for tibia; and 1.3, 1.9, 1.4, 1.5, 1.9, 1.7 and 2.1 days for liver, on T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 treatments, respectively. Generally, the half-life of the studied tissues increased along with the increase on the evaluated ages. The half-life of tibia was higher than the other tissues, indicating the slow carbon- 13 incorporation. The half-life of liver presented the smallest value indicating fast incorporation of carbon-13. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that tibia has slow metabolism and it may indicate the isotopic signature of initial broiler diets, and the liver, fast metabolism tissue, is appropriated to reflect the diets fed at a closer evaluation period.
Mestre

Orientador: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho
Banca: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: Marcelo Zacharias Moreira
Banca: Iraê Amaral Guerrini
Banca: João Batista de A. e Silva
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia para quantificar a proporcao de malte e adjunto utilizada na elaboracao de cervejas do tipo Pilsen. Alem disso, verificou-se a possivel ocorrencia de fraude nas cervejas comerciais fabricadas no Brasil e foi avaliada a correlacao entre o percentual de malte com o preco de varejo da bebida. Para isso, foi testada a metodologia de isotopos estaveis atraves dos elementos quimicos carbono (13C) e nitrogenio (15N). Materias-primas cervejeiras (malte, grits de milho, quirera de arroz, xarope de maltose (HMCS) e acucar de cana), oriundas de diferentes regioes geograficas, foram usadas para a producao de mostos puros e misturas destes, a fim de produzir fermentados padroes de referencia para a construcao de gretas de calibracao-h, a partir das quais se propos um modelo de comportamento para a populacao de cervejas, atraves de analise de regressao linear invertida. Tambem foi calculado um intervalo de confianca ao nivel de 90% para a quantificacao do percentual mais provavel (PMP) de malte presente nas cervejas. Posteriormente, foram feitas analises isotopicas e fisico-quimicas de cervejas comerciais de dezessete estados brasileiros produtores da bebida. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a cevada e o malte assemelham-se entre si para os dois isotopos analisados, nao sendo possivel sua diferenciacao. As analises de Â13C sao mais indicadas para 2 se calcular o PMP de malte para cervejas elaboradas com malte e adjunto proveniente de planta de ciclo fotossintetico C4, enquanto que as analises de Â15N sao recomendadas para o calculo do PMP de malte em amostras de cerveja elaboradas com malte e arroz (C3). Foram analisadas 161 amostras de cervejas, sendo que 91,3 % utilizaram malte e adjuntos derivados de planta de ciclo C4 em sua formulacao, 4,3 % apresentaram arroz... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a methodology to quantify the proportion of malt and the adjunct used in the Pilsen beer brewing, to verify the possible occurrence of fraud in beer brewed in Brazil and to evaluate the correlation between the percent of malt with the beer retail price. Therefore, the methodology of stable isotopes using the chemical elements carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) was tested. Raw material of beer (malt, corn grits, rice, high maltose corn syrup and sugar cane) coming from different geographical regions, were used for the production of pure worts and their mixtures. These mixtures turned fermented standards of reference to make calibration straight lines, from which a model was proposed by inverted linear regression analysis, that to conduct for all Pilsen beer. Also a range of trust was calculated at a level of 90 % to quantify the most likely percentage (MLP) of malt present in beer. After that, stable isotopic analyses and physical-chemical analyses were made of brewing beer from seventeen Brazilian States brewers of beer. The results showed that barley and malt are similar in the two analyzed isotopes, not being possible to separate them. The analysis of ä13C presented the MLP of malt in brewed beer with malt and the adjunct coming from the C4 plant, and the analysis of ä15N provided the MLP of malt in beer brewed with malt and rice (both C3 plant). One hundred sixty one samples of Brazilian beer were analyzed, from which 91,3 % used malt and adjuncts of the C4 plant in its formulation, 4,3 % showed rice, 4,3% were classify like pure malt beer. From the total, 28,6 % were in the doubt range as for the MLP of malt... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, a viabilidade da metodologia para avaliação da translocação e alocação de fotoassimilados, utilizando o isótopo estável do carbono-13 como marcador, assim como, avaliar a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. Após 24 horas, os diferentes órgãos presentes nas plantas foram coletados no experimento órgãos drenos, nas demais plantas seguiu-se a experimentação tempo de alocação, onde as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores de enriquecimento relativo de 13C - 27,92‰, alocando acima de 90% da massa seca e do carbono total nas partes lenhosas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que figueira se caracteriza como uma planta do ciclo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The work have planned be quizzed, the feasability of the methodology for evaluation of the fhotosynthates translocation and allocation, using the carbon 13 stable isotope a marker, evaluate the source-sink relation in the different organs and, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined time periods, in Ficus carica L. plants in reproductive stadium. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the different organs present in the plants were collected in the drains organs experiment, in the other plants followed the allocation time experimentation where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Sarita Leonel
Coorientador: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues
Banca: Marco Antonio da Silva Vasconcellos
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, a viabilidade da metodologia para avaliação da translocação e alocação de fotoassimilados, utilizando o isótopo estável do carbono-13 como marcador, assim como, avaliar a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. Após 24 horas, os diferentes órgãos presentes nas plantas foram coletados no experimento órgãos drenos, nas demais plantas seguiu-se a experimentação tempo de alocação, onde as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores de enriquecimento relativo de 13C - 27,92‰, alocando acima de 90% da massa seca e do carbono total nas partes lenhosas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que figueira se caracteriza como uma planta do ciclo...
The work have planned be quizzed, the feasability of the methodology for evaluation of the fhotosynthates translocation and allocation, using the carbon 13 stable isotope a marker, evaluate the source-sink relation in the different organs and, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined time periods, in Ficus carica L. plants in reproductive stadium. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, the different organs present in the plants were collected in the drains organs experiment, in the other plants followed the allocation time experimentation where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: No presente trabalho determinou-se no primeiro capítulo o crescimento através dos parâmetros: diâmetro do ramo, comprimento do ramo, número de folhas, número de entrenós e número de frutos a cada 21 dias, em plantas da figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos' utilizando cobertura morta, composta por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar triturado, e irrigação, na área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu-SP. E no segundo capítulo objetivou-se avaliar o tempo de translocação, a relação fonte-dreno nos diferentes órgãos bem como, saber em que órgão se encontraria o carbono-13 após determinados intervalos de tempo, em plantas em estádio reprodutivo e em formação da espécie Ficus carica L. Para tanto, uma folha da figueira considerada adulta através da caracterização fotossintética com um medidor portátil de fotossíntese IRGA-6400, foi colocada dentro de uma câmara de acrílico construída para este fim, e submetida a um ambiente com enriquecimento de 13CO2 por 30 minutos. No experimento tempo de alocação, as plantas de Ficus carica L. foram arrancadas ao longo das horas: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. Após o tempo especificado as partes (meristema apical, folhas, ramos, caule e sistema radicular) das plantas em estudo foram coletados e imediatamente imersos em nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC), para evitar que os tecidos permanecessem vivos e conseqüentemente pudessem consumir os fotoassimilados no processo da respiração. As amostras, previamente identificadas foram secas em estufa de circulação forçada a 65º C por 72 horas, em seguida moídas em moinho criogênico, para que houvesse uma perfeita homogeneização, sendo posteriormente analisadas no espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica, para a determinação do enriquecimento relativo de 13C. Naturalmente a planta apresenta valores ...
Abstract: In this study determined the growth in the first experiment using the parameters: diameter branch, length branch, leaf number, number of internodes and number of fruit every 21 days, plant the fig tree 'Roxo de Valinhos' mulch using, composed of lither sugar cane, and irrigation in the experimental area in the Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, State University of São Paulo. In the second experiment it planned be quizzed, the time of the translocation and allocation of fotoassimilados, as well as, evaluate the relation spring-drain in the different organs like well as, know in that organ would be found the carbon-13 after determined breaks of time, in plants in reproductive stadium of the sort Ficus carica L. A fig tree leaf considered adult through the photosynthetic with a portable meter of photosynthesis IRGA-6400 characterization. Was put inside a acrylic chamber, and submitted to an environment with 13CO2 enrichment for 30 minutes. In experiment time allocation, where the plants of Ficus carica L. were lurches to the long one of the hours: 6, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168, 360. After the time specified the studied plant parts (meristem, sheets, branches, stem and system roots) were collected and immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC), for avoid that the fabrics remained alive and consequently could consume the fhotosynthates in the breath trial. The samples, previously identified were droughts in of circulation forced to 65º C for 72 hours, right away ground in cryogenic mill, for that had a perfect homogenization, being subsequently analyzed in the mass spectrometry of isotopic reason, for the relative enrichment 13C determination. . Naturally the plant presents values of 13C relative enrichment of -27.92 ‰, allocating more than 90% of the dry mass and the total carbon in the woody part. The results obtained indicated that fig tree 'Roxo de ...
Orientador: Sarita Leonel
Coorientador: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: José Albertino Bendassolli
Banca: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro
Banca: Erval Rafael Damatto Júnior
Banca:Antonio Evaldo Klar
Doutor

Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya
Banca: José Fernando Machado Menten
Banca: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade da tilápia do Nilo em 5 balancear sua dieta, quando fornecidas duas misturas de ingredientes, utilizando os 6 isótopos estáveis de carbono. Foram utilizados 225 juvenis de tilápia (peso: 5,0 ± 0,5 g), 7 distribuídos em cinco tanques. Os indivíduos alocados em um dos tanques eram 8 alimentados com uma mistura de alta proteína (MAP; δ13C = -22,62‰), os alocados em 9 um segundo tanque eram alimentados com uma mistura de baixa proteína (MBP; δ13C = 10 -14,34‰) e os animais dos outros tanques tinham acesso livre a ambas, quatro vezes ao 11 dia. Foram realizadas coletas de músculo, fígado e sangue a cada cinco dias por 86 dias, 12 exceto para o grupo alimentado com MBP (alimentado por 120 dias). As amostras 13 foram analisadas em espectrômetro de massa e as proporções consumidas das misturas 14 foram estimadas a partir do enriquecimento isotópico do carbono (δ13C). O 15 balanceamento realizado indicou redução no consumo relativo de proteína. Contudo, 16 esta relação não apresentou padrão definido em relação ao peso dos indivíduos, ou seja: 17 o balanceamento de proteína e energia para tilápia do Nilo está relacionado 18 principalmente à idade dos animais e não é claro se este processo está relacionado 19 também ao seu peso. As estimativas de consumo de um grupo animais desta espécie por 20 meio dos isótopos estáveis de carbono são semelhantes aos obtidos por outras técnicas, 21 portanto este método permite observação da diversidade deste comportamento no 22 autobalanceamento entre os indivíduos que compõe tal grupo.
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the Nile tilapia ability to balance its own diet, 6 when two ingredient mixes were offered, using carbon stable isotopes. In order to 7 accomplish that, 225 Nile tilapia juveniles (average initial weight 5.0g ± 0.5g) were 8 distributed in five tanks, each containing a group of 45 fish. One group of fish were fed 9 exclusively a high protein mix (HPM; δ13C = -22.62‰), a second one fed only a low 10 protein mix (LPM; δ13C = -14.34‰). The other groups had free access to both mixes 11 (free choice system). The fish from all tanks were fed four times a day. Muscle, liver 12 and blood samples were collected at each five days (from 2 fish/tank/collection) for 86 13 days, except for the fish fed with MBP (fed for a 120 days period). The samples were 14 analyzed in a mass spectrometer and proportions of the mixes consumed were estimated 15 through its carbon isotope enrichment (δ13C). The fish diminished their protein intake 16 along the time. However, consumption did not present a clear pattern in relation to the 17 individual weight, i.e.: protein consumption patterns are mainly related to the age of the 18 individuals and it is not clear if it is also correlated to their weight. The consumption 19 estimative through stable isotopes of carbon did not conflict other studies reported in the 20 literature. Additionally this technique allowed observation of consumption among the 21 individuals from an experimental group 22.
Doutor

Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato
Banca: Carlosw Ducatti
Banca: Valquíria Cação da Cruz
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a capacidade da técnica dos isótopos estáveis em rastrear a farinha de vísceras de aves (FVA), na alimentação de codornas de corte criadas por longo período, após a substituição da dieta com 8% de FVA por dieta vegetal. Foram utilizadas 320 codornas, distribuídas aleatoriamente em oito tratamentos: dieta vegetal (T1) e sete tratamentos com inclusão de 8% de FVA na dieta, um mantendo a dieta até o final do período experimental (T2), e nos demais a dieta foi substituída aos 42; 56; 70; 84; 98; 112 dias; respectivamente, por dieta vegetal. Para coleta das amostras de músculo peitoral foram sacrificadas ao acaso, quatro aves (n = 4) por tratamento, a cada 14 dias, sendo que no T1 e T2 tiveram início aos 42 dias e nos demais a partir da troca das dietas. Os resultados isotópicos obtidos foram submetidos à análise multivariada de variância (MANOVA) com auxílio do procedimento GLM do programa estatístico SAS. Os tratamentos diferiram do vegetal quando as aves foram sacrificadas duas semanas após a troca da dieta; após esse período os tratamentos experimentais tiveram comportamento semelhante ao vegetal, exceto o T3, que se mostrou semelhante ao T1 no abate 14 dias após a troca da dieta; e do T2 que em todos os períodos de comparação diferiu do T1. Conclui-se que a aplicação da técnica dos isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio na rastreabilidade da FVA, na alimentação de codornas de corte criadas por longo período é possível nas aves abatidas 14 dias após a troca de dieta, com exceção das aves sacrificadas aos 56 dias de idade.
Abstract: The present work aimed to evaluate the capability of the stable isotope technique to trace poultry visceral meal (PVM) in the diet of meat quails raised for a long period after substitution of an 8% PVM diet for a vegetable diet. Three hundred and twenty poultries (320) were randomly distributed into eight treatments: vegetable diet (T1) and seven treatments containing 8% PVM in the diet: in one treatment, the same diet was kept until the end of the experimental period (T2), and in the remaining treatments, the diet was substituted at 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 112 days, respectively, for a vegetable diet. To collect chest muscle samples, four poultries (n = 4) per treatment were randomly sacrificed at every 14 days, starting at 42 days in T1 and T2 and from diet substitution in the remaining treatments. The obtained isotopic results were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using the GLM procedure of SAS statistical software. Treatments differed from the vegetable diet when poultries were sacrificed at two weeks following the diet substitution; after such period, the behavior of experimental treatments was similar to that of the vegetable diet, except for T3, which was similar to T1 at slaughtering at 14 days after the diet substitution, and T2 which, in all comparison periods, differed from T1. In conclusion, the technique of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen can be used to trace PVM in the diet of meat quails slaughtered at 14 days after diet substitution, except for poultries sacrificed at 56 days.
Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Banca: José Albertino Bendassolli
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o processo de incorporação da L-[13C1]metionina no plasma (PL), fígado (FI), músculo Pectoralis major (PM) e gordura abdominal (GA) de frangos de corte no período de 35 a 49 dias de idade pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis, bem como determinar dosagem e a melhor forma de administração desse aminoácido enriquecido. Foram utilizados 99 frangos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb®, que receberam doses de 29μmol/kg de peso vivo/h, durante 6h, submetidos à administração via intravenosa (VI) e via oral (VO), de solução contendo L-[13C1]metionina. Nos tempos 0,5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 12; 24; 48; 72; 96; 120; 144; 168; 336h, após a primeira dosagem e no tempo 0h (controle), foram abatidas 3 aves/tempo de coleta/tratamento, para coleta dos tecidos. Os dados relativos à velocidade de incorporação da L-[13C1]metionina, obtidos pela análise isotópica foram analisados por meio do método de equação exponenciais de primeira ordem do software Origin® 6.0 Professional (Microcal Software, 1999). Comparando os resultados dos dois grupos de animais (VI e VO) para os três tecidos estudados (PL, FI e PM), o valor de meia vida encontrado para os animais submetidos à VO foi parecido em relação àqueles recebendo VI, indicando assim semelhança na velocidade de troca de carbono, o que implica em mesma velocidade de enriquecimento dos tecidos. A dosagem de 29 μmol de L-[13C1]metionina/kg de peso vivo/h, durante 6h, em frangos de corte de 35 a 49 dias de idade, é suficiente para enriquecer e determinar a quantidade de metionina nos tecidos estudados, sendo a VO a melhor forma de administração. A metionina fornecida aos frangos nesta idade é aproveitada na proporção de 3; 5 e 24% para síntese de PL, LI e PM, respectivamente. Não há incorporação deste aminoácido na GA. Palavras-chave: aminoácido enriquecido, isótopos estáveis, metodologia.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the L-[13C1]methionine incorporation in plasma (PL), liver (LI), Pectoralis major muscle (PM) and abdominal fat (AF) of broilers from 35 to 49 days of age by stable isotope technique and determine dosage and the best way of administration of this amino acid enriched. A total of 99 male Cobb® broilers, which received doses of 29 μmol/kg body weight/hr, for 6hr, subjected to intravenous (VI) and oral (VO) administration of solution containing L-[13C1]methionine. At the times 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 336hr, after the first dose and at time 0hr (control) were slaughtered 3 broilers/sampled time/treatment for sampled of tissues. The data related to the rate of incorporation of L-[13C1]methionine obtained by isotopic analysis were analyzed by the method of exponential equation of first order the software Origin® 6.0 Professional (Microcal Software, 1999). Comparing the results of two groups of animals (VI and VO) for the three tissues studied (PL, LI and PM), the value of half life found in animals subjected to VO was similar for those receiving VI, thus indicating similarity in rate of exchange of carbon, which implies the same rate of enrichment of tissues. The dosage of 29 μmol L-[13C1]methionine/kg body weight/h, 6h in broilers from 35 to 49 days of age, is enough to enrich and determine the amount of methionine in the tissues studied, VO being the best form of administration. Methionine given to chickens at this age is exploited in the proportion of 3; 5 and 24% for synthesis of PL, LI and PM, respectively. There is no incorporation of this amino acid in AF.
Mestre

Orientador: Antenor Zanardo
Banca: Jorge Silva Bettencourt
Banca: Roberto Peres Xavier
Banca: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho
Banca: Maria Margarita Torres Moreno
Resumo: A Mina Granusso está situada nas proximidades de Cordeirópolis/SP e constitui uma fonte importante de matéria-prima para o Pólo Cerâmico de Santa Getrudes. No local aflora uma sucessão de rochas da Formação Corumbataí (Permiano Superior) constituída na base por lamitos maciços que gradam para ritmitos siltosos, passando para um horizonte psamo-pelítico e culminando em uma seqüência de ritmitos siltoarenosos. Uma feição particular é a presença de zonas de alteração hidrotermal, associadas a veios quartzo-carbonáticos e fraturas, que impuseram às rochas alterações químicas, mineralógicas e texturais. Estudos petrográficos, químicos e de DRX indicam que após a compactação mecânica houve injeção de fluidos diagenéticos em um sistema de fraturas originando veios de quartzo de baixa cristalinidade e enriquecimento de sílica de horizontes silto-arenosos. Uma nova injeção fluidal impulsionada pela ação do magmatismo basáltico acelerou a formação de albitas e deu origem a veios com calcita, quartzo, clorita e pirita. Os dados de d18O e d13C mostram que os carbonatos se precipitaram de um fluido isotopicamente homogêneo sem variações drásticas de temperatura. Valores de d13C entre -8,1 a -4,5 (PDB) indicam uma fonte profunda para o CO2 que deu origem a calcita enquanto que valores de d18O entre +18,9 e +24,1 (SMOW) sugere interações sucessivas do fluido com a rocha hospedeira e abaixamento de temperatura.
Abstract: The Granusso mine is located near the Corderopolis city and constitutes an important source of raw material to the Santa Gertrudes Ceramic Cluster. Late Permian sedimentary rocks of the Corumbataí Formation outcrops in the area. The litological succession comprises a sequence of massif, banded to laminate siltstone topped by carbonate to sandy siltstone. Hydrothermal alteration is an important feature generally associated with host rock whitening. A large basaltic sill intruded the sequence and affected the evolution of the diagenetic and hydrothermal process. Petrographic, chemical and XRD dates suggest that after the mechanical compaction a fluid injection caused the precipitation of low-cristalinity quartz and silica enrichment of sandy-siltstone horizons. A new fluid injection driven by the Serra Geral magmatism triggered albite formation and gave rise to the pyrite-chlorite-quartzcalcite veins. Carbon and oxygen isotope studies of the host rocks and veins show that carbonate precipitated from a homogeneous fluid without strong changes in temperatures along hydrothermal conducts. d13C values of -4,5 to -8,1 (PDB) indicate a CO2 deep-source while d18O of +18,4 to +24,1 (SMOW) and the positive correlarion beetween d18O and d13C values suggest a temperature-dependent trend accompanied by a progressively increasing of fluid/rock interaction.
Doutor

Orientadora: Léa Silvia Sant'Ana
Banca: Carlos Ducatti
Banca: Newton Castagnolli
Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: Maria Célia Martins de Souza
Resumo: O Brasil é dos países líderes na importação de peixes salgados e secos. Em 2008, importou da Noruega cerca de 30 mil toneladas destes produtos, a um custo de aproximadamente 190 milhões de dólares. O bacalhau é um produto salgado e seco bastante apreciado no país, mas espécies afins, de menor valor comercial, são também utilizadas na fabricação de peixes salgados secos e muitas vezes comercializadas como o bacalhau do Atlântico (Gadus morhua). A variação da razão de isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e de nitrogênio (15N/14N) é medida com alta precisão por espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS) e nos últimos 20 anos tem aumentado significativamente a aplicação desta tecnologia na avaliação de fraudes e adulterações dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar isótopos estáveis de 15N e 13C na identificação de bacalhau e espécies afins. Utilizando a análise isotópica, em músculos e ossos, foi possível diferenciar o bacalhau (do Atlântico e do Pacífico) de Ling, Zarbo e Saithe (p < 0,01), que são três produtos salgados e secos de menor valor comercial. Com a pele não foi possível tal distinção entre bacalhau do Pacífico e Ling (p > 0,05). A combinação de análises de valores de 15N de diferentes tecidos - músculo, pele e ossos - possibilitou a separação das espécies. A comparação gráfica de valores de 15N de músculo vs. pele, músculo vs. ossos e pele vs. ossos permite estabelecer três regiões de confiança: uma com bacalhau do Atlântico e bacalhau do Pacífico; outra com Ling e Zarbo; e finalmente, uma terceira região com o Saithe isolada de todos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a metodologia é viável para a distinção entre bacalhau e outros peixes salgados secos. No entanto, conclusões mais seguras serão obtidas com uma base de dados, para que, isotopicamente, se faça um histórico da origem desses peixes
Abstract: Brazil is the leading country in the importation of salted dried fish. In 2008, Brazil imported from Norway about 30 thousand tones of this products, at a cost of approximately US$ 190 million. The cod is one of the most popular salted dry product in this country, but related species of lower commercial value, are also used in the manufacture of salted dried fish and often commercialized as the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). The variation of the stable isotopes ratio of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) is measured with high precision mass spectrometry isotope ratio (IRMS), and in the last 20 years there was a significant increase of this technology, applied in the evaluation of frauds and food adulterations. The aim of this work was to utilize stable isotope of 15N and 13C in identification of codfish and related species. Utilizing the isotopic analysis in muscles and bones, it was possible to differentiate cod (Atlantic and Pacific) from Ling, Zarbo and Saithe (p < 0.01), which are three salted dried products of lower commercial value. Through the skin it was not possible to distinguish between Pacific cod and Ling (p > 0.05). The combination of analysis 15N values of different tissues - muscle, skin and bones - enable the separation of species. The graphic comparison of the 15N values of muscle vs. skin, muscle vs. bones and skin vs. bones allow to establish three regions of confidence: one with Atlantic cod and Pacific cod; another with Ling and Zarbo; and finally, one third region with Saithe isolated of all. The results obtained demonstrate that the methodology is feasible to distinguish between cod and other salted dried fish. Nevertheless, a more secure conclusions will be obtained with a database, to do a historic of isotopic origin of these fishes
Doutor

The late Cambrian-early Ordovician transition contains several trilobite extinctions. The first of these extinctions (the end-Marjuman) is thought to coincide with the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion or SPICE, a large and rapid excursion in the marine carbon isotope record. This excursion, which is expressed in sedimentary successions globally, is thought to represent a large perturbation to the carbon cycle during this time. Additionally, a limited amount of carbon isotope data from the Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills of South Dakota suggests the possibility of a small negative ẟ¹³C excursion near the extinction and preceding the SPICE. Previous high-resolution biostratigraphy has identified an expanded record of extinction event within the Nolichucky Formation of the Southern Appalachians making it an excellent candidate for the study of the precise relationship between the extinction and changes in the carbon cycle. This investigation confirms the onset of the SPICE occurs at the extinction boundary however no negative ẟ¹³C excursion occurs at the extinction boundary. Further there is no systematic relationship between local facies changes and ẟ¹³C or the extinction interval across the basin, which suggests that global environmental changes were responsible for both the ẟ¹³C record and the extinction event.
Master of Science

The primary aim of this thesis was to assess the value of foraminifera in downcore studies of shelfsea stratification using both assemblage and geochemical characteristics. An examination of the modern distribution of foraminifera in the context of stratification in the Celtic Sea and comparison of these distributions with measured environmental variables was undertaken to this end. In addition, several species were examined for their stable oxygen and carbon isotopic composition with reference to the ambient bottom and porewaters. Cruises were run to the Celtic Sea in July, 1995 and July-August, 1996, during which hydrographic data, water and surface sediment samples were collected from 138 stations. Fifty-three samples were subsequently analysed for grainsize, geochernical and foraminiferal properties, while the water samples were analysed for oxygen isotopic composition. A total of six multicores were extracted and sectioned. Each section was analysed for porewater carbon isotopic composition and foraminiferal content. Selected foraminifera from both the surface and subsurface samples were analysed for the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of their test calcite. Statistical analyses of the foraminiferal data indentifed four distinct assemblages which have potential for palaeostratification studies. The mixed-type assemblage included Cibicides lobatulus, Ammonia beccarfi, Quinqueloculina seminulum, Textularia bockii and Spiroplectammina, wrightfi. The stratifiedtype assemblages included Bulimina marginata, Hyalinea balthica, Nonionella turgida and Adercotryma glomeratum while Stainforthis fusiformis was diagnostic of the front. Bulimina gibba, Elphidium excavatum forma selseyensis and Eggerelloides scabrus defined an eastern asseblage. It is believed that the true controls on these assemblages are oxygen and food supply. Ammonia beccarii precipitated its test in oxygen isotopic equilibrium while Q. seminulum was consistently, negatively offset by approximately 0.5 O/oo. This demonstrates the potential of these species in palaeo-temperature and particularily, palaeo-stratifcation studies. The 'microhabitat effect' was examined for several species of foraminifera but was not observed.

Orientador: Waldemar Gastoni Venturini Filho
Banca: Léa Silva Santana
Banca: Ricardo Figueira
Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia isotópica para detectar possíveis adulterações em bebidas comerciais de maracujá. A análise isotópica foi feita nas matérias-primas (suco concentrado de maracujá e açúcares comerciais) e aditivos (acidulante, antioxidante, e aromatizante), polpa, suco tropical adoçado e néctares. Também foram realizadas análises químicas como Brix, pH, acidez titulável e ratio nas matérias-primas e nas bebidas à base de maracujá. Foram fabricados em laboratório produtos conforme os padrões de identidade e qualidade estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e produtos adulterados, com concentrações de carbono C3 e C4 conhecidas, para que a precisão do método fosse avaliada. Foi verificada a influência da presença de aditivos alimentares nas mensurações de W13C das bebidas. Além disto, foram feitos gráficos (oBrix vs. % fonte C3) para determinar a legalidade das bebidas a base de maracujá encontradas no mercado brasileiro
Abstract: The present work had as objective develops methodology isotopic to detect possible adulterations in commercial beverage of passion fruit. The isotopic analysis was made in the raw materials (passion fruit and commercial sugars) and addictive, pulp, sweetened tropical juice and nectars. Also chemical analyses were accomplished like Brix, pH, acidity titulável and ratio in the raw materials and in the drinks to the passion fruit base. They were manufactured in laboratory products conforms the identity patterns and quality established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) and adulterated products, with concentrations of carbon C3 and known C4, so that the precision of the method was evaluated. The influence of the presence was verified of addictive alimentary in the mensurações of 13C of the drinks. Besides, they were done graphic (oBrix vs. % source C3) to determine the legality of the drinks the passion fruit base found at the Brazilian market
Mestre

Il est probable que les changements climatiques futurs diminuent la croissance forestière en région tempérée. Cette vulnérabilité des espèces face aux contraintes du climat peut être étudiée via les cernes des arbres. Ces derniers sont en effet des archives du carbone utilisé par les arbres pour leur croissance, en lien avec les caractéristiques spécifiques de gestion du carbone et de réponse au climat. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer, à partir des cernes, les réponses fonctionnelles de trois essences forestières tempérées (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea et Pinus sylvestris) aux variations climatiques. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une approche expérimentale en étudiant deux proxys (ou indices climatiques) : la croissance et la composition isotopique en 13C (δ13C) des cernes, à deux échelles temporelles : interannuelle et saisonnière. A l'échelle interannuelle, sur la période 1960-2007, une étude dendrochronologique a été réalisée sur les trois essences et a été complétée par l'analyse du δ13C des cernes (en relation avec le climat). A l'échelle saisonnière, nous avons déterminé précisément, sur une année (2009), les dynamiques de croissance du cerne et les variations de δ13C intra-cerne. Nos résultats mettent en évidence une sensibilité de la croissance et du δ13C des cernes des trois essences aux sécheresses estivales. Grâce à la complémentarité des proxys et des échelles temporelles, nous avons également trouvé des réponses climatiques contrastées entre espèces. La croissance du Hêtre est la plus réactive au climat d'une année à l'autre. Cette croissance ainsi que le δ13C des cernes sont fortement sensibles aux températures de juillet, en plus des précipitations printanières et estivales. Cette réponse immédiate au climat peut être expliquée par une forte dépendance de la croissance au fonctionnement foliaire et une faible utilisation des réserves carbonées pour assurer le début de la croissance. Le Chêne présente lui des arrières-effets climatiques sur sa croissance, via une forte sensibilité aux sécheresses de l'automne précédent, contrairement aux deux autres espèces. Ce résultat est à mettre en relation avec l'utilisation importante de réserves carbonées par rapport aux assimilats pour la croissance du bois initial, cette dernière étant très rapide, comme nous l'avons observé grâce à l'analyse saisonnière de la croissance. Concernant le Pin, la croissance, parce qu'elle dure plus longtemps que celle des décidues, est influencée par les températures et les précipitations de juin jusqu'à août. Le δ13C des cernes de pins est celui qui enregistre le plus la réponse au VPD, aussi bien à l'échelle saisonnière qu'interannuelle, probablement du fait d'une forte sensibilité de la conductance stomatique à ce paramètre. Les informations fournies par les cernes permettent d'appréhender la survie des espèces face aux changements climatiques futurs et peuvent être utilisées pour comprendre le dépérissement lié à ces changements.

Ce manuscrit présente les premiers résultats d'études élémentaires et isotopiques du Zn, du Sr et du Pb, réalisées dans les principaux types d'échantillons liés aux gaz volcaniques (gaz, sublimés, eaux thermales, roches), ainsi que deux nouvelles méthodologies d'échantillonnage des émanations volcaniques. Les variations isotopiques du Zn observées au Merapi suggèrent que les processus de changement de phase (fluides/solides) peuvent provoquer des fractionnements isotopiques significatifs des éléments trace métalliques. L'étude couplée Sr/Pb réalisée à Vulcano indique que les compositions en éléments trace métalliques des fumerolles et des eaux thermales sont influencées par les sources naturelles et anthropiques. Ce travail a aussi permis la mise au point de nouvelles méthodologies d'échantillonnage et d'analyse des gaz et des panaches volcaniques, permettant d'accéder à la composition chimique complète de ces manifestations gazeuses de manière simple et efficace.

Human-mediated introductions of non-indigenous species now threaten to homogenize the biota of the Globe, causing huge economic and ecological damage. This thesis studies the ecological role of 3 invasive planktonic crustaceans, the omnivorous copepod Acartia tonsa (western Atlantic and Indo-Pacific) and the predatory cladocerans, Cercopagis pengoi (Ponto-Caspian) and Bythotrephes longimanus (Eurasian). B. longimanus invaded the North American Great Lakes in 1982, C. pengoi the Baltic in 1992 and the Great Lakes in 1999, while A. tonsa has an extensive invasion history that includes the Baltic. We review current knowledge on feeding biology of the predatory cladocerans. A study of stable C and N isotope ratios indicated mesozooplankton as the main food source of C. pengoi in the northern Baltic Sea proper, with young C. pengoi also eating microzooplankton, such as rotifers. Young-of-the-year herring did eat C. pengoi and herring trophic position shifted from 2.6 before the invasion to 3.4 after, indicating that C. pengoi had been “sandwiched” into the modified food web between mesozooplankton and fish. Salinity tolerance experiments on Acartia tonsa and co-occurring Acartia clausi showed the formers euryhaline character and high grazing potential. Energy partitioning between ingestion, production and respiration was rather constant over the tested salinity range of 2 to 33, with small differences in gross growth efficiency and cost of growth, but maximum ingestion at 10-20. Egg hatching in A. tonsa was only reduced at the lowest salinity. Extreme changes in salinity were needed to cause significant mortality of A. tonsa in the field, but its feeding activity could be severely reduced by salinity changes likely to occur in estuaries. A study of a hypertrophic estuary showed that A. tonsa can sustain a population despite very high mortality rates, caused by predation, high pH and low oxygen, helping explain the success of A. tonsa as an invader of estuaries.

Palynology, the study of organic microfossils, is an important tool for improving our understanding of past environments and landscapes. Palynology provides a wealth of information from which climatic and environmental conditions can be inferred. However, inferred climatic and environmental conditions are often open to interpretation. Assumptions made about past climate conditions from pollen assemblages often rely on qualitative understanding of modern-day vegetation distributions, rather than empirical relationships. Historic anthropogenic impact on the environment must also be inferred, and assessments made as to whether vegetation changes are a result of climate change or human impact. This study seeks to address some of the questions that arise through the interpretation of pollen assemblages, by establishing empirical relationships between the geochemistry of modern pollen and climate or environmental controls. It focuses on the pollen of the climatically sensitive montane conifer Cedrus atlantica, which is distributed across the mountains of Morocco and Algeria. The study investigates aspects of modern pollen geochemistry and morphology and finds a strong relationship between the stable carbon isotope composition of modern pollen and mean annual precipitation (r2 = 0.54, p <0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p <0.0001). Furthermore, a stronger relationship exists with aridity measured using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (r2 = 0.86, p <0.0001), suggesting that the stable carbon isotope composition of Cedrus atlantica pollen is influenced by environmental moisture availability. The study also finds there is an increased abundance of ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UACs) in modern Cedrus atlantica pollen with increasing summer UV-B flux. This relationship was evident with samples growing in their native range (r2 = 0.84, p <0.0001), but not with samples from outside this range (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.99), suggesting a possible genetic influence. Lastly, the study finds that grain size of Cedrus atlantica pollen is highly variable within and between samples, and we rule out climatic control on pollen grain size. These results suggest that quantitative relationships can be established between the geochemistry of Cedrus atlantica pollen and environmental and climatic influences. Stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for reconstruction of summer moisture availability, while analysis of UACs in fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for the reconstruction of summer UV-B flux. These proxies will enhance our understanding of climatic and environmental change in Northwest Africa and will complement existing palynological techniques for environmental and climate reconstruction. Palynology, the study of organic microfossils, is an important tool for improving our understanding of past environments and landscapes. Palynology provides a wealth of information from which climatic and environmental conditions can be inferred. However, inferred climatic and environmental conditions are often open to interpretation. Assumptions made about past climate conditions from pollen assemblages often rely on qualitative understanding of modern-day vegetation distributions, rather than empirical relationships. Historic anthropogenic impact on the environment must also be inferred, and assessments made as to whether vegetation changes are a result of climate change or human impact. This study seeks to address some of the questions that arise through the interpretation of pollen assemblages, by establishing empirical relationships between the geochemistry of modern pollen and climate or environmental controls. It focuses on the pollen of the climatically sensitive montane conifer Cedrus atlantica, which is distributed across the mountains of Morocco and Algeria. The study investigates aspects of modern pollen geochemistry and morphology and finds a strong relationship between the stable carbon isotope composition of modern pollen and mean annual precipitation (r2 = 0.54, p <0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p <0.0001). Furthermore, a stronger relationship exists with aridity measured using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (r2 = 0.86, p <0.0001), suggesting that the stable carbon isotope composition of Cedrus atlantica pollen is influenced by environmental moisture availability. The study also finds there is an increased abundance of ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UACs) in modern Cedrus atlantica pollen with increasing summer UV-B flux. This relationship was evident with samples growing in their native range (r2 = 0.84, p <0.0001), but not with samples from outside this range (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.99), suggesting a possible genetic influence. Lastly, the study finds that grain size of Cedrus atlantica pollen is highly variable within and between samples, and we rule out climatic control on pollen grain size. These results suggest that quantitative relationships can be established between the geochemistry of Cedrus atlantica pollen and environmental and climatic influences. Stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for reconstruction of summer moisture availability, while analysis of UACs in fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for the reconstruction of summer UV-B flux. These proxies will enhance our understanding of climatic and environmental change in Northwest Africa and will complement existing palynological techniques for environmental and climate reconstruction.