Journal articles: 'Stack PEMFC'

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Dudek, Magdalena, Bartłomiej Lis, Andrzej Raźniak, Mariusz Krauz, and Michał Kawalec. "Selected Aspects of Designing Modular PEMFC Stacks as Power Sources for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020675.

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Two types of air-cooled modular polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stacks with full equipment were constructed and investigated as components of hybrid power sources. The first, a 2-kW PEMFC stack, was assembled from two 1-kW PEMFC modules electrically connected in parallel and compared with a commercial PEMFC stack built from one 2-kW PEMFC module. The second, a 500-W PEMFC stack, was assembled with three modules connected in parallel. It was found that the two-module PEMFC stack was capable of operation with nominal power of 2 kW. Analysis of the distribution of the air cooling system in both modules was also conducted. The two-module PEMFC stack reduced hydrogen consumption compared to the reference 2-kW PEMFC stack consisting of only one module. The elaborated two-module PEMFC stack was successfully tested in a propulsion system designed to supply an electrical engine with a propeller. The electrical performance of the three-module PEMFC stack was tested separately as well as in a hybrid system in connection with a 5 s Li-Pol battery. It was found that the elaborated PEMFC stack was capable of operation with nominal power of 500 W and variable rapid dynamic electrical loads. It was also successfully tested as a power source to supply servomechanisms and other auxiliary devices.

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Zhang, Hao, Dai Jun Yang, Bing Li, Fei Jie Wang, and Jian Xin Ma. "The Design and Development of a PEMFC Testing System." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1484.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered a promising energy generation device. Testing is critical for evaluating the performance and durability of PEMFC stacks. In this paper, a PEMFC testing system was designed and developed, which consisted of hydrogen fueling subsystem, air supplying subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. The operation conditions were optimized through a series of experiments. Test was taken with a 47-cell PEMFC stack, and the system efficiency reached 44% when the stack output power was 4.2kW.

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Maekawa, Akira, and Tsutomu Aoki. "PEMFC Stack Field Experiences." ECS Transactions 1, no. 8 (December 21, 2019): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2214571.

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Dudek, Magdalena, Andrzej Raźniak, Maciej Rosół, Tomasz Siwek, and Piotr Dudek. "Design, Development, and Performance of a 10 kW Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack as Part of a Hybrid Power Source Designed to Supply a Motor Glider." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174393.

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A 10 kW PEMFC (polymer exchange membrane fuel cell) stack consisting of two 5 kW modules, (A) and (B), connected in series with a multi-function controller unit was constructed and tested. The electrical performance of the V-shaped PEMFC stack was investigated under constant and variable electrical load. It was found that the PEMFC stack was capable of supplying the required 10 kW of electrical power. An optimised purification process via ‘purge’ or humidification, implemented by means of a short-circuit unit (SCU) control strategy, enabled slightly improved performance. Online monitoring of the utilisation of the hydrogen system was developed and tested during the operation of the stack, especially under variable electrical load. The air-cooling subsystem consisting of a common channel connecting two 5 kW PEMFC modules and two cascade axial fans was designed, manufactured using 3D printing technology, and tested with respect to the electrical performance of the device. The dependence of total partial-pressure drop vs. ratio of air volumetric flow for the integrated PEMFC stack with cooling devices was also determined. An algorithm of stack operation involving thermal, humidity, and energy management was elaborated. The safety operation and fault diagnosis of the PEMFC stack was also tested.

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Pei, Feng Lai, Zhuang Yun Li, and Su Zhou. "A Study on PEMFC Faults Diagnosis Based on Wavelet Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.770.

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The study of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) faults mechanism and diagnosis can afford theoretical and technical supports for the future mass production and applications of PEMFC stacks and systems, which need modularization and high reliability. Most of the existing fault diagnosis methodologies, such as Cell Voltage Monitoring (CVM) method, require the knowledge of numerous parameters which may lead to a special inner parameter monitoring setup. The corresponding devices increase the cost and are not suitable for stack modularization and system application. In this paper, a simple and low-cost PEMFC faults diagnosis method using discrete wavelet transform is described. The method only uses the stack information for signal feature extraction. After that, by faults identification and classification, several typical faults including temperature fault, inlet flow inefficiently supplying fault and membrane dehydration fault have been distinguished. A semi-empirical distributed parameter stack model is employed for simulating typical faults that may occur. The simulation results demonstrate that the application of wavelet theory to PEMFC diagnosis is feasible, reliable and promising.

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Chiang, Hsiu Lu, Teng Lang Feng, Ay Su, and Zhen Ming Huang. "Performance Analysis of an Open-Cathode PEM Fuel Cell Stack." Advanced Materials Research 939 (May 2014): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.939.630.

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Hydrogen is known to be an ideal fuel that provides zero-emission energy. Fuel cells have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for fuel-efficient and emission-free vehicle power generation. PEMFC stacks require liquid cooling which can be operated in an open-cathode mode with air supplied by one or several fans, thus reducing the overall complexity of the PEMFC system. In this study, an open cathode PEMFC is used as the dependable power source and experiments are carried out to investigate the temperature characteristic of open cathode PEMFC. Combined with the using of oxidant and cell stack cooling, the optimal air fan supply voltage is 9.0V, and the maximal power can be obtained is 355W.

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Dhathathreyan, K. S., N. Rajalakshmi, K. Jayakumar, and S. Pandian. "Forced Air-Breathing PEMFC Stacks." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/216494.

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Air-breathing fuel cells have a great potential as power sources for various electronic devices. They differ from conventional fuel cells in which the cells take up oxygen from ambient air by active or passive methods. The air flow occurs through the channels due to concentration and temperature gradient between the cell and the ambient conditions. However developing a stack is very difficult as the individual cell performance may not be uniform. In order to make such a system more realistic, an open-cathode forced air-breathing stacks were developed by making appropriate channel dimensions for the air flow for uniform performance in a stack. At CFCT-ARCI (Centre for Fuel Cell Technology-ARC International) we have developed forced air-breathing fuel cell stacks with varying capacity ranging from 50 watts to 1500 watts. The performance of the stack was analysed based on the air flow, humidity, stability, and so forth, The major advantage of the system is the reduced number of bipolar plates and thereby reduction in volume and weight. However, the thermal management is a challenge due to the non-availability of sufficient air flow to remove the heat from the system during continuous operation. These results will be discussed in this paper.

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Bvumbe, Tatenda J., Piotr Bujlo, Ivan Tolj, Kobus Mouton, Gerhard Swart, Sivakumar Pasupathi, and Bruno G. Pollet. "Review on management, mechanisms and modelling of thermal processes in PEMFC." Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 1, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfc-2016-0001.

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AbstractIn an effort to reduce the environmental impact of the energy sector that is mostly based on fossil fuels, researchers are looking for a clean alternative of our existing energy sources. Hydrogen Energy and Fuel Cells, and in particular Polymer ElectrolyteMembrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) have emerged as a leading candidate for transportation as well as stationary and portable applications. Due to the irreversibility of the electrochemical reactions and ohmic heating in the fuel cell components, the PEMFC produces a significant amount of heat and this heat has to be removed in order to avoid cell or stack overheating. In this paper, a review of the key heat transfer mechanisms and the various cooling strategies that are available for heat removal from PEMFCs are presented. Due to the interrelated nature and difficulty of conducting in-situ thermal measurements on the operating PEMFCs, computational modelling provides a fast and efficient way of designing PEMFC cooling systems and understanding the heat transfer mechanisms. Therefore PEMFC thermal modelling is also highlighted together with present challenges and potential areas for further research and development works.

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Miftah, Kurniawan, Wan Ramli Wan Daud, and Edy Herianto Majlan. "Study Effect of Stress in the Electrical Contact Resistance of Bipolar Plate and Membrane Electrode Assembly in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: A Review." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.775.

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Stress applying in the stack of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) effects the performance of PEMFC. High pressure in the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) can reduce electrical contact resistance between bipolar plate and MEA. Nevertheless, too high pressure in the PEMFC can destroy MEA. Performance of PEMFC can be optimized by make proportional stress in the assembly of PEMFC. Finite element analysis (FEA) is one of method that can be used for analysis of stress in the PEMFC stack. However, setting of parameter in the analysis using FEA still became one of problem if realistic result must be desired. This paper reports setting of parameters in the stress analysis of PEMFC assembly using FEA method and study relationship of stress analysis with electrical contact resistance.

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Mulyazmi, Wan Ramli Wan Daud, and Edy Herianto Majlan. "Design Models of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.554.

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One important aspect to develop fuel cell design is to use the concept of computational models. Mathematical modeling can be used to help research complex, estimates the optimal performance of fuel cells stack, compare several different processes, save costs and time in the investigation. This paper focuses on several reviews of research models to develop the system design of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). Purposes of this study are to determine the factors that affect system performance include: stack of PEMFC system, water management system and Supply of reactants to the PEMFC stack.

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Nguyen, Huu Linh, Jeasu Han, Xuan Linh Nguyen, Sangseok Yu, Young-Mo Goo, and Duc Dung Le. "Review of the Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell in Long-Term Operation: Main Influencing Parameters and Testing Protocols." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134048.

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Durability is the most pressing issue preventing the efficient commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stationary and transportation applications. A big barrier to overcoming the durability limitations is gaining a better understanding of failure modes for user profiles. In addition, durability test protocols for determining the lifetime of PEMFCs are important factors in the development of the technology. These methods are designed to gather enough data about the cell/stack to understand its efficiency and durability without causing it to fail. They also provide some indication of the cell/stack’s age in terms of changes in performance over time. Based on a study of the literature, the fundamental factors influencing PEMFC long-term durability and the durability test protocols for both PEMFC stationary and transportation applications were discussed and outlined in depth in this review. This brief analysis should provide engineers and researchers with a fast overview as well as a useful toolbox for investigating PEMFC durability issues.

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Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Hung Chen, Ti-Ju Lee, John-Shong Cheong, Yi-Cheng Liu, and Yu-Chun Chen. "Flexible Five-in-One Microsensor for Real-Time Wireless Microscopic Diagnosis inside Electric Motorcycle Fuel Cell Stack Range Extender." Micromachines 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12020103.

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The focus of research and development on electric motorcycle range extender are system integration and energy regulation and management but the present fuel cell stack range extender still has defects, such as large volume, heavy weight and high cost. Its volume and weight will have a strong impact on the endurance of electric motorcycle. The bipolar plate takes most volume and weight of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack and it is the key component influencing the overall power density and cost. Therefore, how to thin and lighten the bipolar plate and to enhance the performance and life of PEMFC stack is an urgent research subject to be solved for the moment and will be the key to whether the PEMFC stack range extender can be put in the electric motorcycle or not. In addition, the internal temperature, humidity, flow, voltage and current in the operation of PEMFC stack will influence its performance and life and the overall performance and life of fuel cell stack will be directly influenced by different external operating conditions. As nonuniform distribution of temperature, humidity, flow, voltage and current will occur in various regions inside the fuel cell stack, this study will use micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to develop a flexible five-in-one microsensor, which is embedded in the PEMFC stack range extender for real-time wireless microscopic diagnosis and the reliability test is performed, so that the actual operating condition inside the fuel cell stack range extender can be mastered instantly and correctly and the internal information is fed back instantly, the fuel cell stack range extender control system can be modified to the optimum operating parameters immediately, so as to enhance the performance and prolong the lifetime effectively.

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Lin, Zhen, Chang Hui Wang, and Yu Liu. "The Fault Analysis and Diagnosis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.705.

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In order to find the reason of the weak performance of a H2/O2 proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, a series of fault analysis and diagnosis tests were conducted. According to the test data, the problematic points were focused, and the fault types of the specific single cells were analyzed. It is found that a minimum of three groups of diagnosis tests based on three relatively high load resistances and a voltmeter could judge the working condition of the PEMFC stack and confirm the fault types of its single cells. The method is useful for quick detecting and handling of PEMFC stack in Industrial field and home usage.

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Li, Chun Hua, Xin Jian Zhu, Qing Jun Zeng, and Yun Long Wang. "Dynamic Modeling of the Air Supply System for PEMFC Stack." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1371.

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The dynamic model of the air supply system for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack is developed in this paper. The PEMFC cathode/anode, and air supply system including a compressor, a motor, and a supply manifold(SM) are modeled; the compressor performance map is identified based on a fuzzy neural network (FNN). The PEMFC air supply system is simulated by using Matlab environment. The simulation results show that the proposed models can effectively represent the dynamic characteristics of the system components, and lay the foundation for the control strategy design of the PEMFC air supply flow.

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Fu, Li Bin, Lu Lu, Hong Feng Xu, Hong Zhao, and Rui Ming Ren. "The Study on the Dynamic Response Performance of PEMFC Stack with Electrodeposited Pt/C-RuO₂·xH₂O Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 2263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.2263.

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Dynamic response performance of PEMFC affects its durability and reliability significantly. So improving on dynamic performance of PEMFC has become the key for prolonging PEMFC life in fuel cell vehicles application. In this study, in order to promote the PEMFC dynamic response performance, RuO2·xH2O was prepared by solgel method and then sprayed onto catalyst layers. The RuO2·xH2O prepared was characterized by TEM, which shows the average particle size of RuO2·xH2O was 8 nm and particulates were well distributed. A 10-cell stack using MEAs with and without RuO2·xH2O was assembled and studied under different relative humidity. It was found that added with RuO2·xH2O dramatically improves the dynamic response performance, which revealing that RuO2·xH2O can buffer the voltage undershoot and improve the stability and lifetime of PEMFC stack.

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Toghyani, Somayeh, Seyed Ali Atyabi, and Xin Gao. "Enhancing the Specific Power of a PEM Fuel Cell Powered UAV with a Novel Bean-Shaped Flow Field." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092494.

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One of the marketing challenges of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for various applications is enhancing flight durability. Due to the superior characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), they have the potential to reach a longer flight time and higher payload. In this regard, a numerical assessment of a UAV air-cooled PEMFC is carried out using a three-dimensional (3-D), multiphase, and non-isothermal model on three flow fields, i.e., unblocked bean-shaped, blocked bean-shaped, and parallel. Then, the results of single-cell modeling are generalized to the PEMFC stack to provide the power of 2.5 kW for a UAV. The obtained results indicate that the strategy of rising air stoichiometry for cooling performs well in the unblocked bean-shaped design, and the maximum temperature along the channel length reaches 331.5 K at the air stoichiometric of 30. Further, it is found that the best performance of a 2.5 kW PEMFC stack is attained by the bean-shaped design without blockage, of which its volume and mass power density are 1.1 kW L−1 and 0.2 kW kg−1, respectively. It is 9.4% lighter and 6.9% more compact than the parallel flow field. Therefore, the unblocked bean-shaped design can be a good option for aerial applications.

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Simon Araya, Samuel, Sobi Thomas, Andrej Lotrič, Simon Lennart Sahlin, Vincenzo Liso, and Søren Juhl Andreasen. "Effects of Impurities on Pre-Doped and Post-Doped Membranes for High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Stacks." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 2994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14112994.

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In this paper, we experimentally investigated two high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) stacks for their response to the presence of reformate impurities in an anode gas stream. The investigation was aimed at characterizing the effects of reformate impurities at the stack level, including in humidified conditions and identifying fault features for diagnosis purposes. Two HT-PEMFC stacks of 37 cells each with active areas of 165 cm2 were used with one stack containing a pre-doped membrane with a woven gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the other containing a post-doped membrane with non-woven GDL. Polarization curves and galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for characterization. We found that both N2 dilution and impurities in the anode feed affected mainly the charge transfer losses, especially on the anode side. We also found that humidification alleviated the poisoning effects of the impurities in the stack with pre-doped membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) and woven GDL but had detrimental effects on the stack with post-doped MEAs and non-woven GDL. We demonstrated that pure and dry hydrogen operation at the end of the tests resulted in significant recovery of the performance losses due to impurities for both stacks even after the humidified reformate operation. This implies that there was only limited acid loss during the test period of around 150 h for each stack.

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Wang, Le Ping, Lian Hong Zhang, and Jun Peng Jiang. "Experimental Study of Assembly Clamping Pressure on Performance of PEM Fuel Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2399.

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The compression induced by the assembly of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells causes partial deformation of the gas-diffusion layers (GDLs) and, consequently, influences the performance of PEM fuel cells. In order to investigate how assembly pressure affects electric efficiency of PEMFC, performance of PEMFC experiments with a miniature self-humidifying, breathing PEMFC stack are conducted under different clamping pressures. The polarization and power efficiency curves of PEMFC under different clamping pressures show that the best performance can be obtained at the allowable lower limit of working parameters. The research shows that the effect of assembly clamping pressure is significant, and the low clamping pressure is beneficial to improve the performance of the PEMFC stack while keeping sealing. The experimental results indicate that a clamping pressure of 1MPa improves the fuel cell performance in this paper.

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Chen, T., Y. F. Gu, C. P. Li, and Y. Q. Qiao. "Stamping and Springback of PEMFC Metal Bipolar Plate." Advanced Materials Research 215 (March 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.215.1.

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Recently, the key obstacle of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) development is the higher manufacturing cost. In a PEMFC stack, bipolar plate is a main and multifunctional component, which accounts for the 60%-80% of total weight and 30%-45% of stack cost. So the forming cost of bipolar plate will influence the entire PEMFC manufacturing costs. Metal bipolar plate, which can satisfy the requirement, can be used for mass production to reduce the cost. Finite element analysis (FEA) of stamping and springback for metal bipolar plate is studied by ANSYS/LS-DYNA to be feasible.

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Whiston, Michael M., Inês L. Azevedo, Shawn Litster, Kate S. Whitefoot, Constantine Samaras, and Jay F. Whitacre. "Expert assessments of the cost and expected future performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells for vehicles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (February 25, 2019): 4899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804221116.

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Despite decades of development, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) still lack wide market acceptance in vehicles. To understand the expected trajectories of PEMFC attributes that influence adoption, we conducted an expert elicitation assessment of the current and expected future cost and performance of automotive PEMFCs. We elicited 39 experts’ assessments of PEMFC system cost, stack durability, and stack power density under a hypothetical, large-scale production scenario. Experts assessed the median 2017 automotive cost to be $75/kW, stack durability to be 4,000 hours, and stack power density to be 2.5 kW/L. However, experts ranged widely in their assessments. Experts’ 2017 best cost assessments ranged from $40 to $500/kW, durability assessments ranged from 1,200 to 12,000 hours, and power density assessments ranged from 0.5 to 4 kW/L. Most respondents expected the 2020 cost to fall short of the 2020 target of the US Department of Energy (DOE). However, most respondents anticipated that the DOE’s ultimate target of $30/kW would be met by 2050 and a power density of 3 kW/L would be achieved by 2035. Fifteen experts thought that the DOE’s ultimate durability target of 8,000 hours would be met by 2050. In general, experts identified high Pt group metal loading as the most significant barrier to reducing cost. Recommended research and development (R&D) funding was allocated to “catalysts and electrodes,” followed in decreasing amount by “fuel cell performance and durability,” “membranes and electrolytes,” and “testing and technical assessment.” Our results could be used to inform public and private R&D decisions and technology roadmaps.

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Porstmann, Wannemacher, and Richter. "Overcoming the Challenges for a Mass Manufacturing Machine for the Assembly of PEMFC Stacks." Machines 7, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7040066.

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One of the major obstacles standing in the way of a break-through in fuel cell technology is its relatively high costs compared to well established fossil-based technologies. The reasons for these high costs predominantly lie in the use of non-standardized components, complex system components, and non-automated production of fuel cells. This problem can be identified at multiple levels, for example, the electrochemically active components of the fuel cell stack, peripheral components of the fuel cell system, and eventually on the level of stack and system assembly. This article focused on the industrialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack components and assembly. To achieve this, the first step is the formulation of the requirement specifications for the automated PEMFC stack production. The developed mass manufacturing machine (MMM) enables a reduction of the assembly time of a cell fuel cell stack to 15 minutes. Furthermore the targeted automation level is theoretically capable of producing up to 10,000 fuel cell stacks per year. This will result in a ~50% stack cost reduction through economies of scale and increased automation. The modular concept is scalable to meet increasing future demand which is essential for the market ramp-up and success of this technology.

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AbouOmar, Mahmoud S., Hua-Jun Zhang, and Yi-Xin Su. "Fractional Order Fuzzy PID Control of Automotive PEM Fuel Cell Air Feed System Using Neural Network Optimization Algorithm." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2019): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081435.

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The air feeding system is one of the most important systems in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, which has a great impact on the stack performance. The main control objective is to design an optimal controller for the air feeding system to regulate oxygen excess at the required level to prevent oxygen starvation and obtain the maximum net power output from the PEMFC stack at different disturbance conditions. This paper proposes a fractional order fuzzy PID controller as an efficient controller for the PEMFC air feed system. The proposed controller was then employed to achieve maximum power point tracking for the PEMFC stack. The proposed controller was optimized using the neural network algorithm (NNA), which is a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the structure and operations of the artificial neural networks (ANNs). This paper is the first application of the fractional order fuzzy PID controller to the PEMFC air feed system. The NNA algorithm was also applied for the first time for the optimization of the controllers tested in this paper. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed controller by improving the transient response providing a better set point tracking and disturbance rejection with better time domain performance indices. Sensitivity analyses were carried-out to test the robustness of the proposed controller under different uncertainty conditions. Simulation results showed that the proposed controller had good robustness against parameter uncertainty in the system.

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Kang and Shin. "Analytical Study of Tri-generation System Integrated with Thermal Management Using HT-PEMFC Stack." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 15, 2019): 3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163145.

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Recently, extensive studies on power generation using clean energy have been conducted to reduce air pollution and global warming. In particular, as existing internal combustion engines lose favor to power generation through hydrogen fuel cells, the development of tri-generation technology using efficient and reliable fuel cells is gaining importance. This study proposes a tri-generation thermal management model that enables thermal control and waste heat utilization control of a high-temperature PEMFC stack that simultaneously satisfies combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) load. As the high-temperature PEMFC stack operates at 150 °C or more, a tri-generative system using such a stack requires a thermal management system that can maintain the operating temperature of the stack and utilize the stack waste heat. Thus, to apply the waste heat produced through the stack to heating (hot water) and absorption cooling, proper distribution control of the thermal management fluid (cooling fluid) of the stack is essential. For the thermal management fluid control design, system analysis modeling was performed to selectively design the heat exchange amount of each part utilizing the stack waste heat. In addition, a thermal management system based on thermal storage was constructed for complementary waste heat utilization and active stack cooling control. Through a coupled analysis of the stack thermal management model and the absorption cooling system model, this study compared changes in system performance by cooling cycle operation conditions. This study investigated into the appropriate operating conditions for cooling operation in a tri-generative system using a high-temperature PEMFC stack.

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Liang, Jingming, and Zefeng Wu. "Simulation and Optimization of Air-Cooled PEMFC Stack for Lightweight Hybrid Vehicle Application." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/738207.

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A model of 2 kW air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack has been built based upon the application of lightweight hybrid vehicle after analyzing the characteristics of heat transfer of the air-cooled stack. Different dissipating models of the air-cooled stack have been simulated and an optimal simulation model for air-cooled stack called convection heat transfer (CHT) model has been figured out by applying the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, based on which, the structure of the air-cooled stack has been optimized by adding irregular cooling fins at the end of the stack. According to the simulation result, the temperature of the stack has been equally distributed, reducing the cooling density and saving energy. Finally, the 2 kW hydrogen-air air-cooled PEMFC stack is manufactured and tested by comparing the simulation data which is to find out its operating regulations in order to further optimize its structure.

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Xu, Yu, Anton Kukolin, Daifen Chen, and Wei Yang. "Multiphysics Field Distribution Characteristics within the One-Cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack with Typical Interdigitated Flow Channels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061190.

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Generally, the manufacturing technology of fuel cell units is considered to satisfy the current commercialization requirements. However, achieving a high-performance and durable stack design is still an obstacle in its commercialization. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is considered to have performance characteristics that are distinct from the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks. Within the SOFC stack, vapor is produced on the anode side instead of the cathode side and high flow resistance within the fuel flow path is recommended. In this paper, a 3D multiphysics model for a one-cell SOFC stack with the interdigitated channels for fuel flow path and conventional paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path is firstly developed to predict the multiphysics distribution details. The model consists of all the stack components and couples well the momentum, species, and energy conservation and the quasi-electrochemical equations. Through the developed model, we can get the working details within those SOFC stacks with the above interdigitated flow channel features, such as the fuel and air flow feeding qualities over the electrode surface, hydrogen and oxygen concentration distributions within the porous electrodes, temperature gradient distribution characteristics, and so on. The simulated result shows that the multiphysics field distribution characteristics within the SOFC and PEMFC stacks with interdigitated flow channels feature could be very different. The SOFC stack using the paralleled line-type rib channels for air flow path and adopting the interdigitated flow channels for the fuel flow path can be expected to have good collaborative performances in the multiphysics field. This design would have good potential application after being experimentally confirmed.

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Chen, Fengxiang, Liming Zhang, and Jieran Jiao. "Modelling of Humidity Dynamics for Open-Cathode Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030106.

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The durability and output performance of a fuel cell is highly influenced by the internal humidity, while in most developed models of open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cells (OC-PEMFC) the internal water content is viewed as a fixed value. Based on mass and energy conservation law, mass transport theory and electrochemistry principles, the model of humidity dynamics for OC-PEMFC is established in Simulink® environment, including the electrochemical model, mass flow model and thermal model. In the mass flow model, the water retention property and oxygen transfer characteristics of the gas diffusion layer is modelled. The simulation indicates that the internal humidity of OC-PEMFC varies with stack temperature and operating conditions, which has a significant influence on stack efficiency and output performance. In order to maintain a good internal humidity state during operation, this model can be used to determine the optimal stack temperature and for the design of a proper control strategy.

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Kang, Hyun Sung, Myong-Hwan Kim, and Yoon Hyuk Shin. "Thermodynamic Modeling and Performance Analysis of a Combined Power Generation System Based on HT-PEMFC and ORC." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236163.

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Recently, the need for energy-saving and eco-friendly energy systems is increasing as problems such as rapid climate change and air pollution are getting more serious. While research on a power generation system using hydrogen energy-based fuel cells, which rarely generates harmful substances unlike fossil fuels, is being done, a power generation system that combines fuel cells and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is being recognized. In the case of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) with an operating temperature of approximately 150 to 200 °C, the importance of a thermal management system increases. It also produces the waste heat energy at a relatively high temperature, so it can be used as a heat source for ORC system. In order to achieve this outcome, waste heat must be used on a limited scale within a certain range of the temperature of the stack coolant. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the waste heat of ORC system reflecting the stack thermal management and to establish and predict an appropriate operating range. By constructing an analytical model of a combined power generation system of HT-PEMFC and ORC systems, this study compares the stack load and power generation performance and efficiency of the system by operating temperature. In the integrated lumped thermal capacity model, the effects of stack operating temperature and current density, which are important factors affecting the performance change of HT-PEMFC and ORC combined cycle power generation, were compared according to operating conditions. In the comparison of the change in power and waste heat generation of the HT-PEMFC stack, it was shown that the rate of change in power and waste heat generation by the stack operating temperature was clearly changed according to the current density. In the case of the ORC system, changes in the thermal efficiency of the ORC system according to the operating temperature of the stack and the environmental temperature (cooling temperature) of the object to which this system is applied were characteristic. This study is expected to contribute to the establishment of an optimal operation strategy and efficient system configuration according to the subjects of the HT-PEMFC and ORC combined power generation system in the future.

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28

Liu, Zhixiang, Zongqiang Mao, Cheng Wang, Weilin Zhuge, and Yangjun Zhang. "Numerical simulation of a mini PEMFC stack." Journal of Power Sources 160, no. 2 (October 2006): 1111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.001.

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29

Scholta, Joachim, Robert Kuhn, Stefan Wazlawik, and Ludwig Jörissen. "Startup-Procedures for a HT-PEMFC Stack." ECS Transactions 17, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3142762.

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30

Shekhar Das, Himadry, Chee Wei Tan, AHM Yatim, and Nik Din Bin Muhamad. "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Emulator Using PI Controlled Buck Converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i1.pp462-469.

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Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.

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31

Lyons, Karen Swider, and Benjamin D. Gould. "Lightweight Titanium Metal Bipolar Plates for PEM Fuel Cells." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.613.

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Bipolar plates (BPPs) serve multiple roles in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). When assembled in a stack, they provide the structural backbone of the stack, plus serial electronic connections. They also provide gas (air and fuel) and coolant distribution pathways. Traditionally, bipolar plates have been made of carbon, but these are being replaced in favor of metal bipolar plates made of stamped foils. The Naval Research Laboratory has explored making titanium metal BPPs using 3D printing methods (direct metal laser sintering – DMLS) and superplastic forming, and then using a gold/TiO2 surface layer for corrosion resistance. The 3D printed plates are made as one piece with the coolant flow internal to the resulting 2-mm thick structure. Their surface roughness requires smoothing prior to coating to increase their cell-to-cell conductivity. We found that 3D printed cells with 22 and 66 cm2 active areas are slightly warped, preventing the robust sealing of the stacks. The formed plates are made in separate pieces and then joined. Despite the high temperatures required for superplastic forming, the resulting plates are thin and lightweight, making them highly attractive for lightweight compact PEMFC stacks.

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Akimoto, Yutaro, Yuta Minei, and Keiichi Okajima. "Evaluation of Impurity Concentration Process and Mitigation Operation in Fuel Cell System for Using Biogas." Reactions 2, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions2020010.

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For a low-carbon society, it is necessary to extract hydrogen for fuel cells from biogas rather than from fossil fuels. However, impurities contained in the biogas affect the fuel cell; hence, there is a need for system and operation methods to remove these impurities. In this study, to develop a fuel cell system for the effective utilization of biogas-derived hydrogen, the compositional change and concentration of impurities in the hydrogen recirculation system under actual operation were evaluated using process simulation. Then, the mitigation operation for performance degradation using simple purification methods was evaluated on the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stack. In the process simulation of the hydrogen recirculation system, including the PEMFC stack, the concentration of impurities remained at a level that did not pose a problem to the performance. In the constant voltage test for a simulated gas supply of biogas-derived hydrogen, the conditions for applying the methanation reforming and air bleeding methods were analyzed. As a result, methanation reforming is more suitable for supplying biogas-containing CO to the PEMFC stack for continuous operation.

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33

Wang, Haojie, Ruiqing Wang, Sheng Sui, Tai Sun, Yichang Yan, and Shangfeng Du. "Cathode Design for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Automotive Applications." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00148-y.

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AbstractAn advanced cathode design can improve the power performance and durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), thus reducing the stack cost of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Recent studies on highly active Pt alloy catalysts, short-side-chain polyfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer and 3D-ordered electrodes have imparted PEMFCs with boosted power density. To achieve the compacted stack target of 6 kW/L or above for the wide commercialization of FCVs, developing available cathodes for high-power-density operation is critical for the PEMFC. However, current developments still remain extremely challenging with respect to highly active and stable catalysts in practical operation, controlled distribution of ionomer on the catalyst surface for reducing catalyst poisoning and oxygen penetration losses and 3D (three-dimensional)-ordered catalyst layers with low Knudsen diffusion losses of oxygen molecular. This review paper focuses on impacts of the cathode development on automotive fuel cell systems and concludes design directions to provide the greatest benefit.

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Tian, Ying, Qiang Zou, and Jin Han. "Data-Driven Fault Diagnosis for Automotive PEMFC Systems Based on the Steady-State Identification." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071918.

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Data-driven diagnosis methods for faults of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems can diagnose faults through the state variable data collected during the operation of the PEMFC system. However, the state variable data collected from the PEMFC system during the stack switching between different operating points can easily cause false alarms, such that the practical value of the diagnosis system is reduced. To overcome this problem, a fault diagnosis method for PEMFC systems based on steady-state identification is proposed in this paper. The support vector data description (SVDD) and relevance vector machine (RVM) optimized by the artificial bee colony (ABC) are used for the steady-state identification and fault diagnosis. The density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) and linear least squares fitting (LLSF) are used to identify the abnormal data in datasets and estimate change rates of the system state variables respectively. The proposed method can automatically identify the state variable data collected from the PEMFC system during the stack switching between different operating points, so that the diagnosis accuracy can be improved and false alarms can be reduced. The proposed method has a certain practical value and can provide a reference for further study.

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35

Huang, Pei-Hsing, Jenn-Kun Kuo, and Yuan-Yao Hsu. "Design and Implementation of 8051 Single-Chip Microcontroller for Stationary 1.0 kW PEM Fuel Cell System." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/762954.

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Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted significant interest as a potential green energy source. However, if the performance of such systems is to be enhanced, appropriate control strategies must be applied. Accordingly, the present study proposes a sophisticated control system for a 1.0 kW PEMFC system comprising a fuel cell stack, an auxiliary power supply, a DC-DC buck converter, and a DC-AC inverter. The control system is implemented using an 8051 single-chip microcontroller and is designed to optimize the system performance and safety in both the startup phase and the long-term operation phase. The major features of the proposed control system are described and the circuit diagrams required for its implementation introduced. In addition, the touch-sensitive, intuitive human-machine interface is introduced and typical screens are presented. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the PEMFC system are briefly examined. Overall, the results confirm that the single-chip microcontroller presented in this study has significant potential for commercialization in the near future.

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36

Dudek, Magdalena, Andrzej Raźniak, Bartłomiej Lis, Tomasz Siwek, Bartosz Adamczyk, Dagmara Uhl, Wojciech Kalawa, and Tadeusz Uhl. "Monitoring of the Operating Parameters a Low-Temperature Fuel-Cell Stack for Applications in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Part II." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910801030.

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The second part of the paper is aimed at the analysis of hydrogen fuel demand for the operation of a PEMFC stack. The methodology of hydrogen utilisation for the production of electrical energy and for purging (purification processes) is presented. Based on the laboratory data derived from the electrical and non-electrical parameters recorded in this part of the paper, the design of the monitoring and control system of stack performance was elaborated and the implementation of the system tested. This solution enables not only the monitoring and control of electrical parameters, temperature, and humidity, but also management of the degree of humidification of PEMFC membranes using a short-circuit unit.

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37

Jang, Hye-Soo, Myoung-Hwan Kim, and Sang-Kyun Park. "Development of PEMFC stack model for small ship." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 42, no. 6 (July 31, 2018): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2018.42.6.413.

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38

Scholta, J., N. Berg, P. Wilde, L. Jörissen, and J. Garche. "Development and performance of a 10kW PEMFC stack." Journal of Power Sources 127, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.040.

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39

Le Ny, M., O. Chadebec, G. Cauffet, J. M. Dedulle, and Y. Bultel. "A Three Dimensional Electrical Model of PEMFC Stack." Fuel Cells 12, no. 2 (February 29, 2012): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fuce.201100101.

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40

Zhang, Hao, Daijun Yang, Kan Tao, Xiaoliang Zheng, and Jianxin Ma. "Investigation of PEMFC Stack Operating at Elevated Temperature." World Electric Vehicle Journal 4, no. 3 (September 24, 2010): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj4030481.

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41

Shimpalee, S., M. Ohashi, J. W. Van Zee, C. Ziegler, C. Stoeckmann, C. Sadeler, and C. Hebling. "Experimental and numerical studies of portable PEMFC stack." Electrochimica Acta 54, no. 10 (April 2009): 2899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.11.008.

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42

BENEITO, R., J. VILAPLANA, and S. GISBERT. "Electric toy vehicle powered by a PEMFC stack." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 32, no. 10-11 (July 2007): 1554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.10.049.

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43

Benouioua, D., D. Candusso, F. Harel, and L. Oukhellou. "PEMFC stack voltage singularity measurement and fault classification." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39, no. 36 (December 2014): 21631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.117.

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44

Liang, Jing Ming, and Qi Fei Jian. "Decay Analysis of a 5kW PEMFC Stack in Sightseeing Bus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1826.

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This paper deals with the decay of hydrogen-air proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack, which has been used for three years, installing a 5kW fuel cell stack in a sightseeing bus to do the experiment, including road test and bench test. The results indicate that the hydrogen-air fuel cell stack power performance declines a lot, whose power conspicuously drops from 5kW to nearly 2.5kW, compared with that of a new one. There are many reasons of its decline, such as, proton membrane penetration and electrode destruction etc. It proves that the stack needs reasonable care and maintenance; otherwise, it tends to be easily exhaustive and thus greatly increases costs.

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45

Chesalkin, Artem, Petr Kacor, and Petr Moldrik. "Heat Transfer Optimization of NEXA Ballard Low-Temperature PEMFC." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082182.

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Hydrogen is one of the modern energy carriers, but its storage and practical use of the newest hydrogen technologies in real operation conditions still is a task of future investigations. This work describes the experimental hydrogen hybrid energy system (HHS). HHS is part of a laboratory off-grid system that stores electricity gained from photovoltaic panels (PVs). This system includes hydrogen production and storage units and NEXA Ballard low-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Fuel cell (FC) loses a significant part of heat during converting chemical energy into electricity. The main purpose of the study was to explore the heat distribution phenomena across the FC NEXA Ballard stack during load with the next heat transfer optimization. The operation of the FC with insufficient cooling can lead to its overheating or even cell destruction. The cause of this undesirable state is studied with the help of infrared thermography and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling with heat transfer simulation across the stack. The distribution of heat in the stack under various loads was studied, and local points of overheating were determined. Based on the obtained data of the cooling air streamlines and velocity profiles, few ways of the heat distribution optimization along the stack were proposed. This optimization was achieved by changing the original shape of the FC cooling duct. The stable condition of the FC stack at constant load was determined.

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46

Ding, Zhou Bo, Li Ping He, Z. Dong, and X. Gao. "An Integrated Numerical Model for a PEM Fuel Cell System." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1742.

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PEM Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system plays an important role in a future hydrogen economy. Numerical modeling is useful to evaluate and optimize PEM fuel cell system. Therefore, this paper developed an integrated numerical model for predicting the power output of PEMFC system and optimizing system operation parameters to achieve the maximal output power. The developed numerical model integrated the models of fuel cell stack itself and its auxiliary systems, which were quantitatively described and analyzed with calculation equations. Furthermore, the newly developed numerical model was applied to a PEMFC powered scooter to estimate the output power a PEMFC system and optimize the operation conditions parameters of its auxiliary systems based on optimization algorithm. This validates that the developed integrated numerical model is useful and reliable for predicting the net output power and achieving maximal net output power through optimizing the operating parameters of a PEMFC system.

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47

Xuan, Dong Ji, Zhen Zhe Li, Tai Hong Cheng, and Yun De Shen. "Optimization of PEM Fuel Cell System Using Dynamic Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 1019–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.1019.

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The output power efficiency of the fuel cell system depends on the anode pressure, cathode pressure, temperature, demanded current, air and hydrogen humidity. Thus, it is necessary to determine the optimal operation condition for maximum power efficiency. In this paper, we developed a dynamic model of fuel cell system which contains mass flow model, membrane hydration and electro-chemistry model. Experiments have been performed to evaluate the dynamical Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) stack model. In order to determine the maximum output power and minimum use of hydrogen in a certain condition, response surface methodology optimization based on the proposed PEMFC stack model is presented. The results provide an effective method to optimize the operation condition under varied situations.

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48

Buchet, Vincent, Lin Fa Peng, Dian Kai Qiu, Xin Min Lai, and Zhong Qin Lin. "Numerical Modelling & Elastomeric Gasket Design for PEMFC Stacks." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3290.

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Gaskets play important role in fuel stack assembly. It influences the assembly stress distribution or causes the risk of fuel leakage. The purpose of this paper is to study the assembly stress on the gasket and the MEA and the gasket development inside a stack of fuel cells. 2D and 3D models are established to explore the ideal behaviour of the couple MEA/gasket. A method is developed to define gasket shape parameters taking the MEA stress restrictions in consideration. Using PEMFC prototype, finite element simulations, pressure film experiments and joint integrity calculation code, an improvement on gasket section shape is performed to decrease the risk of fuel leakages. The design guideline and the analysis method proposed in this study will be helpful for the stack design to obtain high performance.

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Xiao, Yan, Qiu Hong Jia, Chao Li, and Ying Jie Chang. "Performance Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell Using Pulsation Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5188.

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Fuel cell operation with a dead-ended systems anode reduces fuel cell system cost, weight, and volume because the anode external humidification and recirculation hardware can be eliminated. However, water accumulation is one of the key factors which influence the stability of its performance. Generally, the anode flooding of PEMFC with anodic dead-end operating mode can be avoided by using periodic purge process. But such an operating method can lower the utilization efficiency of hydrogen because small amount of hydrogen is expelled out of fuel cell and wasted. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of hydrogen, the pulsating technique at anode has been proposed. In this paper, the investigation of the hydrogen pulsation effects for PEMFC stack has been made, with only continuous hydrogen supply, with between continuous hydrogen and pulsation hydrogen at different positions, such as the inlet or outlet of anode. The results shows that the performance of a PEMFC stack has been improved significantly when the pulsation hydrogen flow introduced from the outlet at anode.

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Zhou, Su, Lan Zheng, Feng Xiang Chen, and Shuang Zhai. "Study of Water Freezing and Thawing Process inside the PEMFC Stacks during Cold Start." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2331.

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Cold start is a necessary function for PEMFC systems. In order to investigate the water freezing and thawing process inside PEMFC stack under subzero temperature, a 2-D transient model containing 40 cells has been developed. This model approximately estimates freezing and thawing time of each cell and shows the spatial distribution of water and ice for the purpose of analyzing the differences between single cells as well. As simulation examples, two processes under 260K ambient temperature have been studied in this paper and the results show as follows: (1)after the stack shut down, first of all, the outermost layer cell of the stack freezes before the inside cells and the freezing duration of each cells is almost the same, secondly, the freezing interval time of the outer cells is longer than the inside cells and the innermost cells almost freeze at the same time; (2) before the stack start up, heating up the membrane under two situations, one with the residual water inside and the other one has been purged after it shut down, the temperature rise of the stack with water is slower than that without water, this result indicates that the residual water would influence the cold start process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stack PEMFC'

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