Journal articles: 'Stadium Events'

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Liu, Ying, Zheng Zheng Tang, and Hong Peng Xu. "The Effect of Specific Vomitory Width in Stadiums on Evacuation Efficiency Based on Virtual Crowd Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.243.

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Stadium vomitory width plays a very important role in the evacuation process of large number of spectators. The current estimation method of vomitory minimum width in China building codes often brings architects misunderstanding in the egress design and evacuation performance of stadiums. Therefore, this paper investigates the composition of spectator crowds in different events hosted in stadiums, their movement capability and way-finding behaviors, build a typical unit of terraced stand based on the parameters given by building codes, use agent-based model STEPS to simulate and analyze the effect of vomitory width on stadium evacuation efficiency. The simulated results show that the vomitory width affects stadium evacuation efficiency very differently. Architects should organize the circulation system reasonably and provide guidance for spectator crowds while designing the stadiums, not blindly increase the vomitory.

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Uhrich, Sebastian, and Martin Benkenstein. "Sport Stadium Atmosphere: Formative and Reflective Indicators for Operationalizing the Construct." Journal of Sport Management 24, no. 2 (March 2010): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.2.211.

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This article reports the findings of an investigation into the atmosphere in stadiums during live team sports. Experiencing this special atmosphere represents an essential part of the total service provided by the organizers of sport events. However, existing research into the concept of atmosphere focuses on the retail environment. Our first step was therefore to define sport stadium atmosphere as a theoretical construct, drawing on theories from environmental psychology. We then developed a mimic (multiple indicator-multiple cause) model to measure the construct. To specify the mimic model, we generated and selected formative measures by means of a delphi study (N= 20), qualitative expert interviews (N= 44), and an indicator sort task (N= 34). The results indicate that various physical and social aspects of the stadium environment are causal indicators of sport stadium atmosphere. Following this, we conducted phenomenological interviews with spectators at sport events (N= 5) to identify typical affective responses to stadium environment (representing the reflective indicators of the mimic model). These interviews revealed that fans’ experience of stadium environment is characterized by high levels of arousal and pleasure. In addition to our findings, the mimic model developed in this study represents a useful tool for future research into sport stadium atmosphere.

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Lefterov, V., O. Servachak, and K. Alexentseva-Timchenko. "Psychological aspects of holding of the mass events on the modern sport buildings." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 3 (40) (2018): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2018.40.26-29.

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The article is devoted to the psychological aspects of holding mass sport events on the modern sport stadiums. On the basis of analyzing of the modern practice of organization and holding European and World football championships the psychological peculiarities of holding mass sport events on the modern mega stadiums are found. The article outlines the results of the empiric research of the psychological peculiarities of a person and the activity of stadium staff. The necessity of the psychological support system for organization and holding mass sport events is proved.

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Zale, PhD, Joslyn, Bandana Kar, PhD, and David Cochran, PhD. "Optimizing stadium evacuation by integrating geocomputation and affordance theory." Journal of Emergency Management 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2018.0357.

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Football is culturally and economically important in the United States, and football stadiums are part of the country's critical infrastructure, thus receiving government protection against hazard events. In this project, an agent-based evacuation model was implemented to optimize evacuation time from The University of Southern Mississippi's M.M. Roberts Stadium (football) by accounting for evacuees’ age, gender, physical fitness, alcohol consumption, and prior experience with hazard events. The findings revealed that (i) the age and gender of an individual impact his/her locomotion speed and (ii) evacuation route choice is influenced by evacuees’ perception of its safety and effectiveness. The estimated evacuation times for all evacuees to exit only the stadium and the stadium plus the surrounding campus were 20.82 and 165.01 minutes, respectively. Both of these times were shorter than the evacuation times determined by models employing location-unspecific locomotion speeds. One-way analysis of variance revealed that there were statistically significant differences between use of location-specific and location-unspecific within-stadium evacuation times (p ≤ 0.001 with α = 0.05). These results suggest that using local data is vital to accurately estimate evacuation time.

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Jones, Calvin. "A Level Playing Field? Sports Stadium Infrastructure and Urban Development in the United Kingdom." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 33, no. 5 (May 2001): 845–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a33158.

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A number of cities in the United Kingdom have recently placed a policy focus on the ability of sports events and stadia to stimulate economic and physical regeneration. Such development is most often justified from a development and regeneration perspective. Under this paradigm, the urban redevelopment which occurs consequent on stadium construction creates benefits which ‘trickle down’ from property developers, sports teams, and stadium operators to the wider community—largely in the form of employment growth. However, the attraction of the hallmark events which are (in the United Kingdom) the major revenue stream of the stadium can be reread in the context of the constant competition evidenced between cities and between regions to draw in mobile capital resources via a programme of public subsidy for private business. Under such a paradigm, the potential for the stadium to contribute to uneven development, both within and between cities, is problematic. The author examines the arguments for and against stadium development in terms of the likely effects on the economic and social fabric of the city, and identifies likely winners and losers. The role of mobile capital, political elites, and growth coalitions in driving changes in the structure and use of common space in the urban core is examined with the aid of a case study of Cardiff and the Millennium Stadium.

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McTier, Alexander John. "The emergence and conceptualisation of community stadia in the UK." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, no. 8 (December 2020): 747–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02690942211003055.

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New professional sports stadia have been widely advanced as flagship developments that can generate jobs and wealth, support place branding and culture-led strategies, and host mega-events. Public funding for new stadia has been secured on these bases but also challenged as stadia costs are under-estimated and the benefits, particularly for lower income communities, exaggerated. Emerging in this context, community stadia are an intriguing phenomenon as they offer the potential for professional sports stadia to deliver on community aims alongside their sporting, commercial and economic development aims. Public funding has followed with a number of community stadia built or planned in the UK, yet with limited critical analysis of the stadium type and its impact. This paper helps to fill the literature gap by learning from two community stadia case studies: The Keepmoat Stadium, Doncaster and The Falkirk Stadium, Falkirk. It finds that community stadia have the potential to deliver across the four aims, with stadia’s association with the world of professional sport facilitating engagement with multiple, diverse and ‘hard to reach’ communities. However, they are also complex phenomena leading the paper to construct a 12-feature conceptualisation of community stadia that can advance practitioner and academic understanding of the phenomenon.

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Potter, Joel M. "Publicly subsidized sports events and stadiums." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-03-2016-0075.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the economics literature of publicly subsidized sports stadiums and mega-events. Let it be noted, however, that the author was unable to find any substantial economics literature in terms of how publicly funded stadiums and events affect income and wealth inequality. Design/methodology/approach This paper was designed for coherent legibility with the intention of reviewing economic literature on the effects of publicly funded sports stadiums and events. However, upon investigation it was found that there is a surprising dearth of relevant literature pertaining to the implications of publicly funded stadiums and sports events and their effects on income and wealth inequality. Findings Although the author discovered research performed by non-economists, they were unable to find research wherein economists explicitly investigate the impact of stadium subsidies on income and wealth inequality. Social implications The social implications of publicly funded sports-related constructions and events, though surprisingly under-reported by economists, can be startlingly extensive in terms of sheer numbers. In all, 1.5 million individuals were purportedly displaced in order to make room for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In total, 250,000 people were likewise forced to move in order to accommodate the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. These numbers warrant further investigation by economists. Originality/value The author was unable to find any literature pertaining to the effects on income or wealth inequality of publicly funded sports stadiums and mega-events. This review would therefore appear to be unique.

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Seifried, Chad, Tiffany E. Demiris, and Jeffrey Petersen. "Baylor University’s Football Stadia: Life Before McLane Stadium." Sport History Review 52, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2020-0020.

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The present study offers a descriptive history of the football grounds at Baylor from 1894 to 2014. The current review identifies important individuals and notable events that impacted the football facilities at Baylor. Moreover, the contextual factors influencing each period of change were recognized, and it was determined if Baylor’s facilities followed the pattern of other regional peers. In the case of Baylor, football ultimately created social anchors for the institution and Waco because the increasing popularity and commercial interest in college football produced spectacles capable of providing a unique campus spirit. Next, the spectacle of football and spirit both established and improved alumni relationships and corresponded with interest in elevating the prestige of the university and city to attract students, visitors, and businesses to operate in the area. Finally, the construction of various Baylor football playing grounds produced significant media attention capable of boosting enrollments and recognition that Baylor was a major university.

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Pritchard, Adrian, David Cook, Andrew Jones, Tom Bason, Paul Salisbury, and Ellie Hickman. "Professional sports teams: going beyond the core." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2018-0056.

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Purpose The addition of products to the core of matches by professional sports teams (PSTs) has received much coverage. However, there has been limited work as to how their stadiums are used to stage non-sporting events. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how clubs in the English Football League (EFL) use their venues to diversify into other markets. Design/methodology/approach Secondary sources were used to categorise the teams who played in the EFL by: average division turnover, stadium capacity and stadium age. Semi-structured interviews were held with a member of the commercial teams of 21 clubs. Findings Clubs use their stadiums to supply a range of products and working with partners is commonplace. These products are targeted at a range of stakeholders, such as supporters, the local community and regionally based organisations. In addition to their own efforts, increased geographical coverage for clubs usually develops in three ways: via internal marketing by local organisations who use the facilities, agents who market the stadium for the club and the EFL who market the league/clubs holistically. Research limitations/implications The use of a stadium allows PSTs to diversify by providing new products for new markets. In this instance it has led to the development of capabilities in areas such as conferencing, funerals and weddings. Originality/value This is one of the first papers to examine the capabilities developed by PSTs that lie outside the staging of matches.

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CICHY, ANDRZEJ. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATION OF SAFE SPIRIT PARTICULAR PARTIES." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XVIII (June 30, 2018): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6002.

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The article describes the legal requirements for the organization of mass sports events, primarily in terms of security. It presents the scope of duties that must be met by the organizer and the requirements concerning his competences, knowledge and experience, as well as the obligations of the participants of the event, that is orders and prohibitions resulting directly from the law on the safety of mass events and regulations of the given facility. The appropriate services were also pointed out, which ensure order and order during such events. In addition, the whole process of staying at the stadium was approximated, i.e. identification of participants, sale of tickets or the issue of entering a match for a minor. The subject of stadium bans was also discussed.

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Yang, Xiao Yan. "Research on Risk Control of Sports Venues." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 6297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6297.

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Process held in sports events and sports facilities is a key concept. Sports is the sports products production base, with the sports event organizing work unceasingly thorough, the focus gradually around the stadium and development, the resources utilization and allocation according to the layout and characteristics of venues need to. Large sports practice management experts gradually realized "venue" not only for the sport games is very important, for the whole event also played a decisive influence directly. Therefore, the stadium to run the risk of control theory research is very necessary.

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Verner, Martin. "Measurement of Vibration Levels on Grandstand Caused by Spectators during Football Match." Advanced Materials Research 1144 (March 2017): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1144.76.

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The paper is described experiment that is measured the level of vibration at a football stadium in Prague's Eden. The vibrations were monitored in the stadium, where is located the most active fans of the home team SK Slavia Praha. Measurement is based on similar experiments, which realized at a football stadium in Letná in Prague and hockey stadium in Pilsen in 2013 and 2015. The main part of the article is nearing the level of vibration grandstand (acceleration and excitation frequency) in characteristic events during the match.

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Anderson, Bill. "What Gramsci Can Tell Sport Communication Scholars About How Civic Leaders Sell Sports to Their Communities: A Look at the Braves’ Move to Atlanta." International Journal of Sport Communication 9, no. 3 (September 2016): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0033.

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Antonio Gramsci argued that ruling classes stayed in power as much through cultural hegemony as through economic hegemony or brute force. Gramsci maintained that the dominant class established and maintained this cultural hegemony through negotiation and persuasion. Gramsci’s theory offers much to sport communication scholars who try to ascertain why certain communities (especially their civic leaders) build stadiums to attract major-league sports teams and events despite mounting economic evidence that these ventures often fail to yield the financial benefits touted by their advocates. This paper uses Gramsci’s theory to examine how the civic leaders of Atlanta enticed the populace and sporting press to use public funds to build a new sports stadium in the mid-1960s. Atlanta’s leaders used the sports stadium not only to lure a Major League Baseball team to the city but also to persuade the city’s populace that this move made the metropolis “big league.”

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Serra Grima, Ricard, María J. Carreño, Lluís Tomás Abadal, Vicens Brossa, Carmen Ligero, and Joan Pons. "Acute Coronary Events Among Spectators in a Soccer Stadium." Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) 58, no. 5 (May 2005): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1885-5857(06)60735-4.

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Levallet, Nadège, Norm O’Reilly, Elizabeth Wanless, Michael Naraine, Ethan Alkon, and Wade Longmire. "Enhancing the Fan Experience at Live Sporting Events: The Case of Stadium Wi-Fi." Case Studies in Sport Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2018-0015.

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While live sport event attendance remains a pervasive and progressing issue for university athletic programs, athletic directors should consider strategies to boost perceptions of stadium innovativeness. Professional sport leagues have pursued the adoption of Wi-Fi capabilities much more aggressively than their collegiate sport counterparts. This case introduces the Wi-Fi adoption issue for collegiate sport including a conversation surrounding the foundational technical aspects of Wi-Fi and cellular data for sport venues, the current status of Wi-Fi for collegiate athletics in comparison with professional leagues, and the benefits and drawbacks of Wi-Fi adoption. Case participants are asked to evaluate the merits of Wi-Fi adoption for a “Power Five” institution from the position of the athletic director. Participants will address adopting functional technology for the rise in college esports, Wi-Fi inclusion for indoor and outdoor venues, and comparative analyses among connected and disconnected stadiums.

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Goldberg, Scott A., Jeremy Maggin, Michael S. Molloy, Olesya Baker, Ritu Sarin, Michael Kelleher, Kevin Mont, Adedeji Fajana, and Eric Goralnick. "The Gillette Stadium Experience: A Retrospective Review of Mass Gathering Events From 2010 to 2015." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2018): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.7.

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AbstractObjectiveMass gathering events can substantially impact public safety. Analyzing patient presentation and transport rates at various mass gathering events can help inform staffing models and improve preparedness.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients seeking medical attention across a variety of event types at a single venue with a capacity of 68,756 from January 2010 through September 2015.ResultsWe examined 232 events with a total of 8,260,349 attendees generating 8157 medical contacts. Rates were 10 presentations and 1.6 transports per 10,000 attendees with a non-significant trend towards increased rates in postseason National Football League games. Concerts had significantly higher rates of presentation and transport than all other event types. Presenting concern varied significantly by event type and gender, and transport rate increased predictably with age. For cold weather events, transport rates increased at colder temperatures. Overall, on-site physicians did not impact rates.ConclusionsAt a single venue hosting a variety of events across a 6-year period, we demonstrated significant variations in presentation and transport rates. Weather, gender, event type, and age all play important roles. Our analysis, while representative only of our specific venue, may be useful in developing response plans and staffing models for similar mass gathering venues. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:752-758).

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Smith, Wayne P., Heather Tuffin, Samuel J. Stratton, and Lee A. Wallis. "Validation of a Modified Medical Resource Model for Mass Gatherings." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 1 (October 26, 2012): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12001471.

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AbstractIntroductionA modified Medical Resource Model to predict the medical resources required at mass gatherings based on the risk profile of events has been developed. This study was undertaken to validate this tool using data from events held in both a developed and a developing country.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted utilizing prospectively gathered data from individual events at Old Trafford Stadium in Manchester, United Kingdom, and Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa. Both stadia are similar in design and spectator capacity. Data for Professional Football as well as Rugby League and Rugby Union (respectively) matches were used for the study. The medical resources predicted for the events were determined by entering the risk profile of each of the events into the Medical Resource Model. A recently developed South African tool was used to predetermine medical staffing for mass gatherings. For the study, the medical resources actually required to deal with the patient load for events within the control sample from the two stadia were compared with the number of needed resources predicted by the Medical Resource Model when that tool was applied retrospectively to the study events. The comparison was used to determine if the newly developed tool was either over- or under-predicting the resource requirements.ResultsIn the case of Ellis Park, the model under-predicted the basic life support (BLS) requirement for 1.5% of the events in the data set. Mean over-prediction was 209.1 minutes for BLS availability. Old Trafford displayed no events for which the Medical Resource Model would have under-predicted. The mean over-prediction of BLS availability for Old Trafford was 671.6 minutes. The intermediate life support (ILS) requirement for Ellis Park was under-predicted for seven of the total 66 events (10.6% of the events), all of which had one factor in common, that being relatively low spectator attendance numbers. Modelling for ILS at Old Trafford did not under-predict for any events. The ILS requirements showed a mean over-prediction of 161.4 minutes ILS availability for Ellis Park compared with 425.2 minutes for Old Trafford. Of the events held at Ellis Park, the Medical Resource Model under-predicted the ambulance requirement in 4.5% of the events. For Old Trafford events, the under-prediction was higher: 7.5% of cases.ConclusionThe medical resources that are deployed at a mass gathering should best match the requirement for patient care at a particular event. An important consideration for any model is that it does not continually under-predict the resources required in relation to the actual requirement. With the exception of a specific subset of events at Ellis Park, the rate of under-prediction for this model was acceptable.SmithWP, TuffinH, StrattonSJ, WallisLA. Validation of a modified medical resource model for mass gatherings. Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(1):1-7.

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Li, Yu Ming. "Study and Prediction on the Development Trend of Chinese Sports Venues on the Basis of Grey Prediction Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1588.

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The grey forecasting method in most of the existing prediction, there are little research on the problem of interval prediction. This paper presents the concept of synthesis of grey number and grey theory, describes the properties of the synthetic ash gray because the grey prediction model is proposed the importance to build the stadium for the first time. On this basis, the thesis analyze the research background and significance, then describes some scene at home and abroad, and then analyzes the important characteristics of large-scale sports events and sports stadium construction, at last, the paper does some prediction about the construction of the stadium. This paper mainly uses the literature investigation method combined with a survey method.

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Jonge, Wessel de. "The Helsinki Olympic Stadium in Transition." Modern Africa, Tropical Architecture, no. 48 (2013): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/48.a.d0alsau8.

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Many 20th century sports facilities are in need of upgrading according to present standards and the 1938 (1952) Olympic Stadium of Helsinki is no exception to the rule. The international sports federations increase their requirements and security issues become more prominent by the year. Finland’s largest stadium is mainly used in summer for soccer matches, athletics, rock concerts and other events, and additional usage throughout the year would be welcome in order to strengthen the venue’s financial position and to pay for the extensive maintenance and renovations. At the same time the stadium is a popular historic site that plays an important role in the collective memory of the Finns and needs to retain its character as cultural heritage. Many delegates have visited this outstanding example of Modern Movement Heritage during the last docomomo International Conference that took place in Helsinki last August. Now, the building needs to be improved.

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Patrich, Joseph. "The carceres of the Herodian hippodrome/stadium at Caesarea Maritima and connections with the Circus Maximus." Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019929.

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The Herodian hippodrome/stadium at Caesarea was exposed between 1992 and 1998. It runs parallel to the shore between the Herodian harbour and the theatre, at the location specified by Josephus. Josephus refers to the structure as an amphitheatre but it is clear from him and from the archaeological evidence to be described below that equestrian events were an integral part of the games held in it. In the very late Republic and early Empire, the term amphitheatre was used indifferently to designate a stadium or a hippodrome rather than the traditional Roman oval amphitheatrum. Josephus also calls this building ‘the great stadium’ in conjunction with events at the time of the procurator Pontius Pilate in A.D. 26, and it was still known by that name in the 4th c. It was inaugurated in 10/9 B.C. The games held included athletics (gymnika), horse- and chariot-races (hippika), and Roman spectacles (munera gladiatorum and venationes), so the structure had to serve the needs of the contestants and spectators of all these events. The present article is a preliminary report that focuses on the carceres excavated by the team from the University of Haifa, but it will first be helpful to summarize the history of the building as a whole as known from the adjacent work by the Israel Antiquities Authority.

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Lyu, Seong Ok, and Jinsoo Hwang. "A Discrete Choice Experimental Approach to Understand Sports Event Tourists’ In-Stadium Beer Consumption Preferences." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 45, no. 7 (February 8, 2021): 1324–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348021992099.

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While drinking beer is an important component of sports event tourists’ ceremonial behaviors, there is surprisingly limited information regarding what features of beer service offerings at professional sporting events are most preferred. Using a sample of sports event tourists attending South Korean professional baseball games, the main purpose of this study is to provide an opportunity for improved knowledge regarding how spectators show their willingness to pay for in-stadium beer services. Applying a discrete choice experiment, we also intend to identify spectators’ heterogeneous preference systems, which vary depending on their levels of everyday alcohol use. Results suggest that respondents place great importance on serving temperatures and waiting time in line for purchasing beer at concession stands. The two drinker groups segmented based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores show different tastes for beer services. Several management implications are discussed to improve in-stadium entertainment and prevent alcohol-fueled misbehaviors.

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Jacke, Christoph. "Locating Intermediality: Socialization by Communication and Consumption in the Popular Cultural Third Places of the Music Club and Football Stadium." Culture Unbound 1, no. 2 (December 21, 2009): 331–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.09120331.

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Based on two different case studies in the realm of popular culture, my contribution will clarify the mechanisms involved in the (symbolic) production and consumption of space. The music club and the soccer stadium function much in the same way, as interfaces between producers and consumers of places, prompting “prosumption of space” (Raumprosumenten). A loss of function in such “third places” cannot be linked to the transition from informal cellar clubs to (soberly designed) regional discos outside the city – or from the national-league stadium to the World Cup arena (also outside the city). Nor can it be attributed to the mediatization of these spaces by technology. On the contrary, we find an exponentiation of what third places had always already been, spaces of “intermediality” (between work and leisure, between seriousness and play, between young people and adults). In the World Cup stadium, unique events, experiences and communicative propensities are produced in a highly consistent manner by means of communication on different levels in series. In such cases, the spectators in the stadium, just like visitors to music clubs, rarely behave as passive consumers of what is staged, yet both groups contribute by their presence and symbolic activity to the success of such productions in the stadium and the club.

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Sarnin, Suzi Seroja, Mohd Yusdee Yusoff, Mohamad Yazid Mohamad, Nani Fadzlin Naim, and Norsuzila Yaacob. "Multibeam RF Antenna Performance for Indoor Coverage in Stadium." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp203-208.

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<p>The objective of the proposal is to address the demand on data over the services provided by telecommunication industries during major events held in Malaysia especially in stadiums. Previously, during most of the events, users will experience bad services in both data and voice transactions. It is not only slow or delayed but almost failed to access the network to connect them to the world. Besides a few solutions that have been introduced such as IBC (In-Building Coverage) and Small Cells, this proposed solution Multibeam RF Antenna, is one of them to address the demand. This solution has been chosen as it is fast in deployment, easy to maintain and cost effective even if it may not cover the whole targeted areas.<br />This paper will provide analysis, evaluation and actual Walk Test (WT) to show the effectiveness of the Multibeam RF Antenna</p>

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Kukulski, Bartłomiej. "Exposure to noise during a football match." Occupational Safety – Science and Practice 561, no. 6 (June 22, 2018): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0967.

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This article presents the problem of legal regulations on noise at mass events. It also presents the results of noise measured during a football match. The study was carried out on October 22, 2017 in Kraków, during a match between Wisła Kraków and Legia Warszawa. Changes in sound pressure level values were recorded during the whole event. Then specific fragments were analyzed. Noise was measured at three points inside the stadium. Calculated values of the LCpeak, LAFmax and LAeq parameters were compared with permissible values in the work environment; a frequency analysis of selected match events was made.

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INOUE, Toshiya. "The Vision of the Stadium for the Mega Sports Events in Japan." Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry 27, no. 1 (2017): 1_61–1_64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5997/sposun.27.1_61.

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Sroka, Robert. "Mega-projects and mega-events: evaluating Vancouver 2010 stadium and convention infrastructure." Journal of Sport & Tourism 25, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.1881590.

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CAO, Shengmin. "Intelligent Lighting Control System in Large-Scale Sports Competition Venues." Volume 26, Number 4, 2018, no. 04-2018 (December 2018): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2018-127.

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This paper mainly studies the application of intelligent lighting control system in different sports events in large sports competition venues. We take the Xiantao Stadium, a largescale sports competition venue in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province as an example, to study its intelligent lighting control system. In this paper, the PID (proportion – integral – derivative) incremental control model and the Karatsuba multiplication model are used, and the intelligent lighting control system is designed and implemented by multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Finally, the paper evaluates the actual effect of the intelligent lighting control system. The research shows that the intelligent lighting control system designed in this paper can accurately control the lighting of different sports in large stadiums. The research in this paper has important practical significance for the planning and design of largescale sports competition venues.

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Megheirkouni, Majd, Amarachi Amaugo, and Shehu Jallo. "Transformational and transactional leadership and skills approach." International Journal of Public Leadership 14, no. 4 (November 12, 2018): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpl-06-2018-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the required leadership styles and skills for stadium management, and examine the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership styles and the skills approach: technical, human and conceptual skills. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methods approach was used to gather the data, using a sample of 212 registered individuals in stadium settings. Findings The results revealed that there are significant relationships between leadership styles and the skills approach: technical, human and conceptual skills. More importantly, leadership styles were found to be equally important even though the effect between these styles and the skills approach: technical, human and conceptual skills, varied in the three levels of management. Further details have been reported in the results. Research limitations/implications The paper provides an insight into the relationship between leadership styles and the required skills, using a quantitative methods approach. While this is an appropriate method, in-depth interviews are needed to understand why/why questions in stadium settings. Practical implications Managers should be carefully selected in the three levels of management because unqualified people can have negative consequences on the reputation of a stadium and the hosting of major events. An effective selection program focusing on mid-level managers is essential. Originality/value This research represents the first attempt to investigate and understand the relationship between leadership styles and the required skills, using evidence from stadium settings.

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Nielsen, Morten, and Mikkel Bunkenborg. "Monumental Misunderstandings." Social Analysis 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2020.640302.

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A statue of stainless steel cast in China and placed at the entrance of the new National Stadium in Mozambique sparked controversy between Chinese donors and Mozambican recipients in the period leading up to the stadium’s 2011 inauguration. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among the Mozambican and Chinese nationals involved in the project, we explore the multiple misunderstandings surrounding the statue and show how they came to define Sino-Mozambican relations. Entextualized through materiality, the misunderstandings assumed a monumental form in the statue, and the message of mutual incomprehension continued to reverberate across the social terrain of Sino-Mozambican relations long after the statue itself had been removed. Misunderstandings, we argue, should not be dismissed as ephemeral communicative glitches, but seen as productive events that structure social relations.

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Chen, Chen-Yueh, Yi-Hsiu Lin, and Hui-Ting Chiu. "Development and psychometric evaluation of sport stadium atmosphere scale in spectator sport events." European Sport Management Quarterly 13, no. 2 (April 2013): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.759602.

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Taylor, Ian. "Putting the Boot into a Working-Class Sport: British Soccer after Bradford and Brussels." Sociology of Sport Journal 4, no. 2 (June 1987): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.4.2.171.

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This paper presents an account of the two disastrous events that occurred in the final month of the 1984-85 season of the English Football League: the lethal fire at the stadium of Bradford City and the fan violence at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels on the occasion of the 1985 European Cup Final between Liverpool and Juventus. Some 57 people died in the Bradford fire, and 38 people (mainly supporters of the Italian champions, Juventus) died in Brussels. The two connected purposes of this paper are (a) to interpret and to challenge the conflation of these two, quite different, events in the government enquiry into the Bradford fire, as well as in the ongoing discourse of the mass media, and (b) to provide a critical rebuttal of the increasingly confident and influential writings of radical right journalists and “intellectuals” as to the meaning of soccer violence in Britain in the late 1980s.

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Namethe, Katlego, Vinessa Naido, and Cornelius Hendrik van Heerden. "Students’ Motivation for Attending Varsity Football Matches." April 2021, Volume 10(2) (April 30, 2021): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.122.

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It is important to understand what motivates members from a specific community to attend sports events. The objective of this study was to determine the factors that motivate students at a university of technology to attend Varsity Football matches at the university’s main stadium. Twelve items of the fan motivation questionnaire relating to fan attendance at college soccer matches in the USA were adopted in this study. A principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed on Likert scale data gathered from 329 respondents. Items clustered into three factors, namely enjoyment, friendship and relaxation, fandom, and belonging and self-esteem. The instrument used in this study had acceptable validity and reliability. The value of the research results from this study confirms the following: Promotional campaigns to draw students to Varsity Football matches should focus on excitement and emotions because attendance is motivated by the vibe at the stadium and to spend time with their friends. The university should build the brand of the football team. A vibrant crowd at a Varsity Football match provides advantages to the sponsors of the events, it contributes to the image of the university, and it contributes to the viewing experience of the television audience that watches the matches. The results confirm that event sponsors, organisers and host universities should understand the motivational factors that attract fans to attend football matches.

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Valente, Luís. "The FC Porto Museum project and the challenges of a new reality." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 12, no. 6 (December 3, 2020): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-07-2020-0077.

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Purpose This paper aims to explain how FC Porto positioned its museum and stadium as touristic and cultural attractions of reference in Porto. The current international situation demands a reflection on how to behave in relation to the market in the near future. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on information drawn from official sources and relevant FC Porto data. Findings FC Porto Museum has an extensive program of cultural events that is offered every month to the locals. Public and private partnerships have also been celebrated by welcoming all kinds of audiences from schools to universities and tour operators. Practical implications Now that everyone is living in unprecedented and challenging times, sharing experiences on how to evolve and create new opportunities to the public is even more essential. Originality/value FC Porto Museum and Dragão Stadium are among the most visited attractions in Porto. Although cultural attractions are often more popular, during the past six years the impact of the museum and stadium on the tourism sector in the eastern area of the city and the local community cannot be underestimated.

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Erickson, Timothy B., Max Koenigsberg, E. Bradshaw Bunney, Brian Schurgin, Paul Levy, Jacob Willens, and Logan Tanner. "Prehospital Severity Scoring at Major Rock Concert Events." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 12, no. 3 (September 1997): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00037602.

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AbstractIntroduction:Rock and contemporary music concerts are popular, recurrent events requiring on-site medical staffing.Study objective:To describe a novel severity score used to stratify the level of acuity of patients presenting to first-aid stations at these events.Methods:Retrospective review of charts generated at the first-aid stations of five major rock concerts within a 60,000 spectator capacity, outdoor, professional sports stadium. Participants included all concert patrons presenting to the stadiums first-aid stations as patients. Data were collected on patient demographics, history of drug or ethanol usage while at the concert event, first-aid station time, treatment rendered, diagnosis, and disposition. All patients evaluated were retrospectively assigned a “DRUG-ROCK” Injury Severity Score (DRISS) to stratify their level of acuity. Individual concert events and patient dispositions were compared statistically using chi-square, Fisher's exact, and the ANOVA Mean tests.Results:Approximately 250,000 spectators attended the five concert events. First-aid stations evaluated 308 patients (utilization rate of 1.2 per 1,000 patrons). The most common diagnosis was minor trauma (130; 42%), followed in frequency by ethanol/illicit drug intoxication (98; 32%). The average time in the first-aid station was 23.5±22.5 minutes (± standard deviation; range: 5–150 minutes). Disposition of patients included 100 (32.5%) who were treated and released; 98 (32%) were transported by paramedics to emergency departments (EDs); and 110 (35.5%) signed-out against medical advise (AMA), refusing transport. The mean DRISS was 4.1 (±2.65). Two-thirds (67%) of the study population were ranked as mild by DRISS criteria (score = 1–4), with 27% rated as moderate (score = 5–9), and 6% severe (score >10). The average of severity scores was highest (6.5) for patients transported to hospitals, and statistically different from the scores of the average of the treated and released and AMA groups (p <0.005).Conclusion:The DRISS was useful in stratifying the acuity level of this patient population. This severity score may serve as a potential triage mechanism for future mass gatherings such as rock concerts.

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Ristea, Alina, Justin Kurland, Bernd Resch, Michael Leitner, and Chad Langford. "Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Crime Events around a Football Stadium from Georeferenced Tweets." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7020043.

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Margaritis, George, Mateusz Rozmiarek, and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mosko. "Tangible and Intangible Legacy of the 19th Century Zappas Olympics and their Implications for Contemporary Sport Tourism." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 74, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0008.

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AbstractAs has been shown in the article, the Zappas Olympics generously contributed to the revival of the Olympic Games in the nineteenth century. The course of these competitions has been described, and a brief summary of Zappas’s work, which does not often attract a lot of attention in, for example, Polish academics, has also been made. The fact that the Zappas Olympics mainly enhanced the national identity of the Greeks following Turkish captivity has also been highlighted. The Zappas Olympics allowed the Greeks to become more familiar with sports and fair play. The knowledge that the Greeks acquired from the organization of this event was useful for the organization of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. These days, material remains of this event serve touristic and cultural functions. The significance of such facilities as the Zappeion and the Panathenaic Stadium have also been underlined. For example, the Zappeion and the Panathenaic Stadium host cultural events and welcome tourists interested in sports history or Greek culture. These are the authorities responsible for touristic policy in Greece and they may decide whether such historic sites and sporting facilities will be included in thematic routes for tourists. According to the authors of the present paper, these sites may effectively compete with mass and recreational attractions in Greece.

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Duda, Jacek. "Kibice, polityka, wojna – wydarzenia na stadionie Maksimir w Zagrzebiu w relacjach prasy jugosłowiańskiej." Slavia Meridionalis 10 (August 31, 2015): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2010.007.

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Fans, politics and war – the events on the Maksimir stadium in Zagreb seen by the Yugoslavian newspapersThe article is the analysis of the press coverage of the incidents before the football match between Dinamo Zagreb and Crvena Zvezda Belgrade on May 13th, 1990. It emphasizes the significant outburst of the Serbian and Croatian nationalism in the newspapers after the events. According to many, this was considered one of the crucial moments when the façade of official “brotherhood and unity” ideology started to erode leading to the collapse of Yugoslavia. This analysis focuses on language characteristics of the press articles as well as on the social context and impact of the events themselves and the discussion about them.

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Horne, John. "Architects, stadia and sport spectacles: Notes on the role of architects in the building of sport stadia and making of world-class cities." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 46, no. 2 (February 3, 2011): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690210387541.

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From the point of view of the production of consumption this article considers a less often researched aspect of sport spectacles and mega-events: who the agents and institutions are that assemble, build and design the material infrastructure — especially the stadia and facilities. The article seeks to dig below the surface of the reified world of the material infrastructure of global cities to discuss the creators of the emblematic buildings and the leisure and sport spaces constructed to assist in the pursuit or maintenance of ‘world-class’ status. It provides a necessarily brief overview of architects and the architecture field, explores the global spread of stadium and sport facility building and the role of architects in this process. It provides an initial exploration of some issues rather than an account of fieldwork or empirical research.The conclusion summarizes the discussion and identifies future research questions.

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Kim, Se-Woong. "Impact of Customer Events in the Professional Baseball Stadium on Visitors’ Viewing Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions." Joural of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2012.06.6.2.83.

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Irving, Richard. "Mega events in the UK: the effects on fan culture of moving to a new stadium." Soccer & Society 20, no. 5 (May 11, 2019): 744–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2019.1616267.

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Thomas, Samantha, Sophie Lewis, Jenny Duong, and Colin McLeod. "Sports betting marketing during sporting events: a stadium and broadcast census of Australian Football League matches." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 36, no. 2 (April 2012): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2012.00856.x.

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Manni, Mattia, Valentina Coccia, Andrea Nicolini, Guido Marseglia, and Alessandro Petrozzi. "Towards Zero Energy Stadiums: The Case Study of the Dacia Arena in Udine, Italy." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092396.

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The environmental impacts of sport events have been growing during the last decades, which has led to the organizing associations developing adequate countermeasures to both reduce carbon emissions due to construction and operational stages compensate for the emissions. This work aims at proposing an approach to stadiums energy enhancement that includes strategies largely recognized as effective and applicable to several building typologies (residential, commercial, academic, etc.). The selected case study is the Dacia Arena in northern Italy that has been recently refurbished and renovated. The proposed workflow has as a goal minimizing the increment of the operational emissions, caused by new heated areas in the stadium. Firstly, the energy consumption was estimated in dynamic state for Scenario 0 (current state) and Scenario 1 (refurbished state) to quantify the new plant’s energy demand. Secondly, two hypothetical system layouts were proposed and evaluated. In the first, the power for lighting, cooling and heating is supplied by a system that couples photovoltaic panels with heat pump. In the second, the same photovoltaic plant is integrated with a biomass plant and an absorption chiller. The comparison highlights the suitability of those interventions and the environmental advantages deriving from their exploitation.

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Maschke, Jan. "Stadium III Melanom: Können immunologische Nebenwirkungen ein gutes Zeichen sein?" Kompass Dermatologie 8, no. 3 (2020): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509473.

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Alexander Eggermont und Mitarbeiter haben die EORTC 1325/KEYNOTE-054 Studie [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] als Ausgangspunkt für weitere Untersuchungen gewählt. Sie gingen der Frage nach, ob das tumorfreie Überleben (relaps-free survival, RFS) bei Stadium III Melanom Patienten vom Auftreten immunologisch vermittelter unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen (immun-related adverse events, irAE) beeinflusst wird. Die EORTC 1325/KEYNOT-054 Studie vergleicht die Therapie mit dem Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitor (ICI) Pembrolizumab (Pem) zu Placebo. Eingeschlossen wurden nicht vorbehandelte Patienten im Stadium III (AJCC 2009) ohne bekannte Autoimmunerkrankungen, die mindestens eine Mikrometastase von 1mm Durchmesser im Sentinel-Lymphknoten hatten, eine komplettierende regionäre Lymphadenektomie erhalten hatten und bei Studieneinschluss tumorfrei waren. Pembrolizumab (200mg) wurde i.v. alle 3 Wochen für maximal 18 Gaben verabreicht. Von 1011 Patienten begannen 509 mit Pem und 505 mit Placebo , wobei Alter, Body-Mass-Index, Tumorstadien (IIIA, IIIB und IIIC), BRAF-Mutationsstatus und PD-L1 Expression in den Gruppen ohne signifikante Unterschiede waren [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. Die irAE wurden in 3 Gruppen eingeteilt: 1.) endokrine AE (Hypo- oder Hyperthyreoidismus, Thyreoiditis, Hypophysitis, Diabetes mellitus Typ I, Niereninsuffizienz), 2.) Vitiligo und 3.) alle irAE (endokrine AE, Pneumonitis/interstitielle Lungenerkrankung, Sarcoidose, Vitiligo, schwere Hautreaktionen, Kolitis, Pankreatitis, Hepatitis, Nephritis, Uveitis, Myositis oder Myocarditis). Verschiedene statistische Rechenmodelle (z.B. Cox Regressionsmethode mit ergänzenden zeitvariablen Indikatoren) wurden zur Abschätzung der Assoziation vom Auftreten von irAE und RFS bei Patienten im Pem- und Placebo-Arm sowie zur Betrachtung des Einflusses einer systemischen Steroidgabe auf die Zielvariablen verwendet.

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Cricri, Francesco, Kostadin Dabov, Mikko J. Roininen, Sujeet Mate, Igor D. D. Curcio, and Moncef Gabbouj. "Multimodal Semantics Extraction from User-Generated Videos." Advances in Multimedia 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/292064.

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User-generated video content has grown tremendously fast to the point of outpacing professional content creation. In this work we develop methods that analyze contextual information of multiple user-generated videos in order to obtain semantic information about public happenings (e.g., sport and live music events) being recorded in these videos. One of the key contributions of this work is a joint utilization of different data modalities, including such captured by auxiliary sensors during the video recording performed by each user. In particular, we analyze GPS data, magnetometer data, accelerometer data, video- and audio-content data. We use these data modalities to infer information about the event being recorded, in terms of layout (e.g., stadium), genre, indoor versus outdoor scene, and the main area of interest of the event. Furthermore we propose a method that automatically identifies the optimal set of cameras to be used in a multicamera video production. Finally, we detect the camera users which fall within the field of view of other cameras recording at the same public happening. We show that the proposed multimodal analysis methods perform well on various recordings obtained in real sport events and live music performances.

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Cant, Michael, and Jan Wiid. "Service Quality And Spectator Satisfaction On University Sporting Grounds." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2012): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i12.7411.

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The main aim of this study was to investigate the quality of service experienced by spectators at a sporting event, as well as to establish if there is a relationship between a core sport product and the product servicescape in conjunction with spectator satisfaction. The study also investigated the perceived value that spectators receive from the total sport product, which forms an integral part of the total market offering to spectators. It is important to establish this relationship as it will have an impact on future attendance of these types of events. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a survey was distributed to spectators who watched soccer and basketball games on the grounds of a particular university. The respondents were exposed to the services, staff and activities in and around the stadium before, during, and after the matches to ascertain total satisfaction of the sporting event.

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Cummins, R. Glenn, and Zijian Gong. "Mediated Intra-Audience Effects in the Appreciation of Broadcast Sports." Communication & Sport 5, no. 1 (July 24, 2016): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479515593418.

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Despite its ubiquitous presence in mediated sports, the influence of in-stadium crowd response on media audiences has escaped inquiry. Considerable evidence from both within and beyond the context of sports suggests that a co-spectator’s behavior can generate “intra-audience effects” that enhance perceptions of and response to game events. To test this in the context of broadcast sports, an experiment was conducted whereby participants provided moment-to-moment evaluations of radio broadcasts of soccer where mediated spectator response was systematically altered. Results demonstrate mediated intra-audience effects that yielded both inflated perceptions of the exiting nature of play and increased sense of spatial immersion in the mediated environment. The effect was most pronounced when game events were not intrinsically exciting.

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Santos, Manuel. "An Attendance Behavior Model At Sports Events: Comparison and Constrast of Two Models." Sport Science Review 21, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2012): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-012-0002-x.

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An Attendance Behavior Model At Sports Events: Comparison and Constrast of Two Models The purpose of this research is to improve our understanding of consumer behavior in the context of sporting events by means of the use of two models which are widely used in the marketing literature: one of them is based on the planned behavior theory, the other one is based on the expectation disconfirmation theory. Both models contribute to the research on satisfaction from a cognitive-affective point of view, integrating the study of emotions, motivations and consumer satisfaction. For the study a survey was undertaken at a stadium of a professional sporting entity. The contrast between the proposed hypotheses (n=205) was carried out using factor analysis (FA) and structural equation systems (SEM). The obtained results allow us both to recognize the discriminating and converging validity of the studied dimensions and to learn the important differences in the influence that each of them has on the intentions of future behavior.

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Cant, Michael, and Jan Wiid. "Sporting: Service quality and satisfaction amongst male spectators on university sporting grounds." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 1 (2012): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c2art1.

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The main aim of this study was to investigate the quality of service experienced by male spectators at a sporting event as well as well as to establish if there is a relationship between a core sport product and the product servicescape in conjunction to male spectator satisfaction. The study also investigated the perceived value that male spectators receive from the total sport product which forms an integral part of the total market offering to spectators. It is important to establish this relationship as it will have an impact on future attendance of these type of events. In order to achieve the objectives of the study a survey was distributed to male spectators who watched soccer and basketball games on the grounds of a particular university. The respondents were exposed to the services, staff and activities in and around the stadium before, during and after the matches to ascertain total male satisfaction of the sporting event.

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Isea, Raúl. "Characterizing the Transmission Dynamics of the Cases Registered by Covid-19 in Venezuela According to Epidemic Wave and the Value of the Mantissa." International Journal of Coronaviruses 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3635.

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This work characterizes the transmission dynamics of the cases registered by Covid-19 in Venezuela. The needed input data were obtained from the official gazettes issued by the Government of Venezuela, from March 15 to September 9, 2020. Later, the value of the mantissa was determined, revealing the impact of the different outbreaks with special attention to the events at the baseball stadium in Nueva Esparta State, and the Las Pulgas Market located in Maracaibo. Finally, a mathematical model based on four epidemic waves revealed that the cases are increasing significantly over time after the episode that occurred in the Las Pulgas Market.

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Isea, Raúl. "Characterizing the Transmission Dynamics of the Cases Registered by Covid-19 in Venezuela According to Epidemic Wave and the Value of the Mantissa." International Journal of Coronaviruses 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3635.

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This work characterizes the transmission dynamics of the cases registered by Covid-19 in Venezuela. The needed input data were obtained from the official gazettes issued by the Government of Venezuela, from March 15 to September 9, 2020. Later, the value of the mantissa was determined, revealing the impact of the different outbreaks with special attention to the events at the baseball stadium in Nueva Esparta State, and the Las Pulgas Market located in Maracaibo. Finally, a mathematical model based on four epidemic waves revealed that the cases are increasing significantly over time after the episode that occurred in the Las Pulgas Market.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stadium Events'

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