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Di Domizio, Marco, and Raul Caruso. "Hooliganism and Demand for Football in Italy: Attendance and Counterviolence Policy Evaluation." German Economic Review 16, no. 2 (2015): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12051.
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Abstract This paper empirically investigates the relationship between stadium attendance, hooliganism and counter-violence policy measures in Italian Serie A. In particular, this paper analyses the impact of counter-hooliganism policies adopted in 2007 on the quantity of game tickets sold. The counter-hooliganism measures, grounded on an entry card, namely a ‘fidelity card’, were designed to keep out hooligans from stadiums so favouring the attendance of either occasional spectators or uncommitted fans. According to our econometric investigation the expected substitution between committed fans and uncommitted fans did not take shape. In sum, the ‘fidelity card’ did not turn to be successful if evaluated on the average attendance perspective.
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Kowalska, Jolanta E. "Prevention of hooligan behavior at football stadiums." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 9, no. 11 (2019): 206–16. https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2019.09.11.018.
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<strong>Kowalska Jolanta E. Prevention of hooligan behavior at football stadiums. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(11):206-216. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2019.09.11.018</strong> <strong>https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2019.09.11.0</strong><strong>18</strong> <strong>https://zenodo.org/record/3556631</strong> <strong>The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019.</strong> <strong>© The Authors 2019;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of </strong><strong>Nicolaus Copernicus </strong><strong>University in </strong><strong>Torun, </strong><strong>Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: </strong><strong>0</strong><strong>5.1</strong><strong>1</strong><strong>.2019. Revised: </strong><strong>2</strong><strong>4.11.2019. Accepted: </strong><strong>28</strong><strong>.11.2019</strong><strong>.</strong> <strong>Prevention of hooligan behavior at football stadiums </strong> <strong>Jolanta E. Kowalska<sup><sup>1</sup></sup></strong> <strong>Keys words</strong>: supporters, stadium hooligans, prevention, project method <strong>Abstract</strong> This study attempts to present the problem of hooligan behavior at football stadiums in the context of the Council of Europe guidelines, preventive measures (including project method experience). 1 University of Lodz, <strong>Faculty of Educational Sciences, The Department of Physical and Health Education,</strong> mail: jolanta.kowalska@uni.lodz.pl
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Gumusgul, Osman, and Mehmet Acet. "The Open Sore of Football: Aggressive Violent Behavior and Hooliganism." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 71, no. 1 (2016): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2016-0015.
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AbstractAggression and violence have been a customary part of life that mankind has had to live with from the beginning of time; it has been accepted by society even though it expresses endless negativity. Aggression and violence can find a place in sports events and football games because of the social problems of the audience watching the competitions or games, which sometimes fall into the category of hooliganism. Turkey is one of the countries that should consider this problem to be a serious social problem. Even during 2014 and 2015, a relatively short period of time, there were significant hazardous acts committed by hooligans. In February 2014, one supporter was killed after a game between Liverpool and Arsenal in England; in March 2014, a game between Trabzonspor and Fenerbahce was left half-finished because of violent acts in the stadium that caused players in the pitch to believe that they could not leave stadium alive, although they finally left after a few hours; in another incident in March 2014, one supporter was killed after a game between Helsingborg and Djugarden in Sweden; in November 2014, one supporter was killed and 14 supporters were injured before the game between Atletico Madrid and Deportivo in Spain. These are all examples of aggression, violence, and hooliganism in football. This paper aims to discuss aggression, violence, and hooliganism in football, especially in recent years, and investigate what can be done to prevent these acts from occurring again in the future by examining them in hindsight.
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Sikora, Kazimierz. ""Żydy" i "psy" w stadionowym języku nienawiści." LingVaria 14, no. 27 (2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.14.2019.27.05.
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Żydy ‘Jews’ and Psy ‘Dogs’ in Stadium Hate SpeechThe paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.
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Kossakowski, Radosław. "Chuligaństwo czy figuracja w procesie cywilizowania? Recepcja szkoły Leicester a świat polskich kibiców piłkarskich". Kultura i Społeczeństwo 59, № 1 (2015): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2015.59.1.9.
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The main aim of this article is to consider the topicality of the theoretical achievements of the Leicester School, formed by the students and continuers of Norbert Elias’s ideas, with Eric Dunning at their head. The author presents the main theses on stadium hooliganism which Dunning and his team formulated on the basis of a socio-historical analysis. The English researchers connect the behaviour of football fans with their class origins, with patterns of ‘street’ socialization, with masculinism, and with violence constituting an important aspect of daily life. They show that the social environment from which the majority of hooligans originate has not been included in the broader stream of the civilizational process. Then the author, in describing Polish football fans, makes use of certain elements of Norbert Elias’s process sociology (constituting Dunning’s analytical tool). History shows that the sub-culture of football fans is ‘becoming civilized’, although not in a uniform manner. The concept of figuration could be a valuable analytical tool for describing the community of football fans, as it is not a society separated from the outside world, but remains in a specific interdependence with it. In the analysis, the dichotomy between ‘settlers’ and ‘outsiders’ is also helpful.
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Montolio, Daniel, and Simón Planells-Struse. "Measuring the negative externalities of a private leisure activity: hooligans and pickpockets around the stadium." Journal of Economic Geography 19, no. 2 (2018): 465–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx041.
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Brentin, Dario. "Ready for the homeland? Ritual, remembrance, and political extremism in Croatian football." Nationalities Papers 44, no. 6 (2016): 860–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1136996.
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In the case of Croatia, sport has proved to be a highly politicized form of national expression, functioning as a salient social field in which its “national habitus codes” are most intensively articulated, debated, and contested. An incident emblematizing this argument occurred on 19 November 2013, when the Croatian national football team secured their qualification for the 2014 Football World Cup in Brazil. In front of the 25,000 people at Zagreb's Maksimir stadium, the national team player, Josip Simunić, grabbed the microphone and “greeted” all four stands with a loud chanting of Za dom (For the home(land)), to which the stands thunderously responded spremni (ready), the official salute of the Independent State of Croatia, a fascist WWII quisling-state. This paper argues that the issue extends beyond politically radicalized football hooligans and has to be understood from the standpoint of “social memory.” By focusing on football, the article scrutinizes debates in the Croatian public sphere dealing with the salute Za dom – spremni. Providing an insight into its complex and multi-layered nature, this paper illustrates that Croatian football has to be understood as a field in which social memory is prominently constructed, heatedly articulated, and powerfully disseminated.
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Joanna Sochacka. "Chuligaństwo stadionowe jako samodzielne zjawisko społeczne i przedmiot regulacji prawnych. Zarys problematyki." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXII (January 1, 2010): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2010g.
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The current form of the phenomenon termed stadium hooliganism differs substantially to the form characteristic of 1960-1970s, and even 1980s. This is, on one hand, a result of change in deviant behaviour of spectators, on the other hand a result of material change in what behaviours are labelled, and thus controlled, by the state. While initially hooliganism consisted in acts of violence and vandalism on stadiums and in their immediate vicinity, deviant behaviours of spectators fundamentally changed with time. Re-design of stadiums, introduction of exclusively numbered seats and tickets, spectator video surveillance, ticket sale control systems, and many other technical measures to eliminate the sense of anonymity in the football fans – along with extension of the catalogue of football-related behaviours which are criminalised – resulted in relative safety of European, and to less extent Polish, stadiums. This resulted in transfer of deviant behaviour of spectators outside stadiums. At present, two types of behaviours are commonly considered in relation to stadium hooliganism. First, all deviant behaviours of (some) spectators manifested on the stadium or in its immediate vicinity in strict temporal and spatial relation to a match. Second, all other deviant behaviours of (some) spectators manifested outside stadiums and in less and less strict temporal, emotional and spatial relation to a sport event. Until 1985 penal policy towards stadium hooliganism – on the tier of national regulations, international cooperation, legal acts by European organs and UEFA – was surprisingly uniform in perception of the phenomenon as a social problem which does not require any particular methods or measure of control and which does not require any particular legislation. 1985 was a turning point as far as legal position of the phenomenon is concerned. Accepting in Strasbourg on 19 August 1985 the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events and in particular at Football Matches by Council of Europe initiated an entirely new approach to the policy of prevention of the phenomenon. Since 1985, legal acts concerning stadium hooliganism have been passed both on national and international level. Stadium hooliganism was termed a serious social problem in the area of public order solution of which requires introduction and implementation of particular legal regulations and particular methods of supervision and control. Including stadium hooliganism into the category of social phenomena which carry a risk for functioning of the society as a whole, such as terrorism, delinquency of immigrants, juvenile delinquency or drug addiction is an effect of wider transformations in European penal policy which have been present since the end of 1970s. This is related to emergence of strong tendencies towards politicisation of internal security issues at the time.
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Kossakowski, Radosław. "Where are the hooligans? Dimensions of football fandom in Poland." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52, no. 6 (2015): 693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215612458.
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The present paper aims to outline and explain the social world of the most committed football supporters in Poland. The analysis proceeds from the assumption that such a community is based on a particular culture established by its own discourses, constituting the habitus of individuals who generate strong social bonds and a normative structure, and is a source of social capital. Since this sub-culture can be understood as a multidimensional sphere, the article argues that fans can no longer be adequately described in terms of the ‘hooligan’ discourse. Although hooligan behaviour has not vanished entirely, it has been pushed out of the stadiums and increasingly functions in a niche outside the immediate context of football. The present article is intended as a contribution to the discussion on European football hooliganism/fandom and its transformation.
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Edel, Matthijs. "An extensive analysis of Brazil and the Netherlands determinants of football attendance." Socioeconomic Analytics 2, no. 1 (2024): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51359/2965-4661.2024.260880.
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Understanding attendance at football stadiums holds great significance for sports economists and football clubs. Consequently, extensive research has been conducted to analyze the factors influencing football stadium attendance. However, much of this research has been confined to short-term analyses or focused solely on European countries. This study seeks to broaden the scope by examining long-term trends in the Netherlands and exploring the dynamics in Brazil. In the Netherlands, factors such as unemployment and overall interest in football emerge as significant determinants of stadium attendance. Surprisingly, hooliganism does not appear to have a notable impact, and the influence of leisure time is unclear. In the Brazilian context, stadium capacity and goal difference do not show significant effects on attendance, and the impact of the club's division is ambiguous.
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Hollanda, Bernardo Borges Buarque de. "Spectator Violence in Stadiums." FuLiA/UFMG 6, no. 2 (2022): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2526-4494.2021.20274.
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The study revisits the work of the Leicester School, highlighting the prominent figure of Eric Dunning, disciple of Norbert Elias and systematizer of the ideas of the German sociologist in England, leader in the process of constituting a sociology of modern sports in that country. In the poorly drawn lines that the freedom of the essayistic genre entails, we suggest that Dunning's position as Elias' apprentice soon becomes even and turns into a fruitful partnership. More: as a partner, he rises to the status of master himself, able to train new scholars and organize a series of collections together with his disciples. The broad theme provided by the focus of sports studies is restricted here to a specific agenda for analysis, namely the so-called phenomenon of hooliganism, to which Eric Dunning and his team devoted much of the analytical efforts of interpretation, reviewing assumptions of the first authors dedicated to the theme and carrying out a range of institutional collective research. These, in turn, led to the creation of theoretical and empirical references throughout the 1970s to 2000, with international repercussions among researchers focused on understanding not only British hooligans, but European ultras, Latin American barras, and Brazilian torcidas organizadas. If Dunning's theory and empiricism are not immune to criticism – as in the limit no scientific paradigm is –, in this text, the sociological, anthropological and historiographic contributions made by this admirable English intellectual are reiterated.
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Kowalska, Jolanta E. "The principle of fair play in education of football fans." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 9, no. 9 (2019): 1246–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3551456.
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<strong>Kowalska Jolanta E. </strong><strong>The principle of fair play in education of football fans</strong><strong>. </strong><strong>Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(9):</strong><strong>1246</strong><strong>-</strong><strong>1253</strong><strong>. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI</strong><strong> </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3551456</strong> <strong>http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/7</strong><strong>631</strong> <strong>The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019.</strong> <strong>© The Authors 2019;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: </strong><strong>0</strong><strong>5.0</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>.2019. Revised: 3</strong><strong>0</strong><strong>.0</strong><strong>9</strong><strong>.2019. Accepted: </strong><strong>30</strong><strong>.09.2019.</strong> <strong>The principle of fair play in education of football fans</strong> <strong>Jolanta E. Kowalska</strong><sup><strong><sup>1</sup></strong></sup> <strong>Keys words</strong>: sport fans, stadium hooligans, fair play <strong>Abstract</strong> In this study, an attempt has been made to characterize football fans in the context of the possibility of counteracting undesirable behaviour of audiences by sport education and promotion of the principle of fair play. It was assumed that this idea, as a universal value in sport and life, is understandable to all people and widely accepted. 1<sup></sup> University of Lodz, Faculty of Educational Sciences, The Department of Physical and Health Education mail: jolanta.kowalska@uni.lodz.pl
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Kowalska, Jolanta Elżbieta. "Prevention of hooligan behavior at football stadiums." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 9, no. 11 (2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2019.09.11.018.
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Frosdick, Steve. "Pompey v Saints: A Case Study in Crowd Segregation." International Journal of Police Science & Management 7, no. 3 (2005): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2005.7.3.149.
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In the United Kingdom, spectator violence at sports events, particularly at football (soccer) matches, is an ancient yet current policing problem. ‘Football hooliganism’ has received considerable academic scrutiny, however the main focus has been on who the hooligans are and why they behave as they do. Other salient issues, for example the policing of spectator violence, have received rather less research attention. One aspect of such policing involves the physical segregation of rival sets of supporters. This paper is an empirical case study of the crowd segregation arrangements adopted for the 2003–2004 Derby1 matches between Southampton and Portsmouth football clubs. This case study outlines the concept of segregation and describes the two stadiums. It then gives a participant observer account of the segregation arrangements and incidents at the matches. Finally, the paper suggests six more general conclusions based upon the case study. Segregation remains necessary and is best achieved by management rather than physical measures. The proximity of the visiting fans coach (bus) arrival point is important, and it is easier to manage the staggered arrival of small groups of fans. What happens outside the ground has a direct effect on what happens inside and experienced stewards are more effective at ‘policing’ fans than the public police service.
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Merkelbach, Inge, Malte Dewies, Gera Noordzij, and Semiha Denktas. "No Pyro, No Party: Social factors, deliberate choices, and shared fan culture determine the use of illegal fireworks in a soccer stadium." F1000Research 10 (June 25, 2021): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.53245.1.
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Lighting illegal fireworks inside soccer stadiums is a worldwide and persistent problem. Despite rules and regulations as well as rigorous enforcement, the use of illegal fireworks in football stadium is increasing rather than decreasing. Little is yet known about the causes and predictors of this behavior, preventing the development of effective interventions or communication strategies. We therefore conducted a qualitative study, using semistructured interviews with both supporters of a large Dutch soccer club who participated in lighting fireworks, and with professionals who dealt with illegal fireworks in daily practice. Semi-structures interviews were based on hooliganism literature as well as the COM-B model. We concluded that hooliganism and lighting illegal are distinctly different phenomena, although they share some underlying constructs. From a behavioral perspective, using the COM-B model as a framework, reflective motivation was identified as the strongest facilitator of lighting fireworks, which appeared to be an important part of supporter life and shared culture. Quick interventions that target automatic behavior, such as nudges, will probably thus not be successful in changing this behavior. Supporters suggest compromise between supporters and professionals as preferred future direction. Reported feelings of stigmatization by and feeling unappreciated by professionals, could interfere with successful implementation of this direction. Professionals however contradict negative to have judgements of supporters. Building a bridge between supporters and professionals should be a first step towards a solution.
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van Ours, Jan C. "Common international trends in football stadium attendance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0247761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247761.
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This paper examines long-term developments in stadium attendance in professional football in the Netherlands. As in many other European countries attendance had a U-shaped development with the lowest numbers in the mid-1980s. The developments in the Netherlands do not seem to have been affected by hooliganism but by socioeconomic factors. Furthermore, the association with stadium attendance in other European leagues in particular the English Premier League is very high. This suggests that stadium attendance is affected not only by national developments but also by common international trends in the interest in football matches.
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Bouchet, Patrick, Philippe Castel, and Marie-Francoise Lacassagne. "Comment analyser les relations déviantes potentiellement violentes ou discriminatoires dans le spectacle sportif au stade?" Sport Science Review 20, no. 1-2 (2011): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0051-6.
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Comment analyser les relations déviantes potentiellement violentes ou discriminatoires dans le spectacle sportif au stade? Since ten years, we are witnessing a globalization and diversification of the sport event consumption as well as stadiums dedicated to their event or retransmission. Social contexts associated with this consumption have also become places of constructions and expressions of identity that arise from belonging to groups more or less organized. Although, this situation is not unique, it seems to have assumed considerable proportions in some European countries and in some sports with the emergence of violence (symbolic, verbal, physical) and discrimination (area, race, gender). However, these emergence of deviance seem linked to fans called "traditional" (mainly football) and viewers of a new genre that does not necessarily move to the stadium to support and encourage a team. Faced with these changing phenomena of deviance, based on the work on hooliganism, we wish to propose an innovative framework to study relationships between groups of spectators who travel to these stadiums and can potentially lead to reactions violent or discriminatory. Deriving the communication situation model of Brown and Fraser (1979), this framework allows the study of deviant behaviors, so viewers who sign in a scene that has its frame: "the available spaces in stands", his time "playing time", its observers: "the media and security forces", its goals: "to entertain or support a team or an athlete" and its participants: "individuals or groups interact". This framework can also consider options for a more ethical and responsible consumption of sports entertainment.
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Edyta Drzazga. "O kontroli chuligaństwa futbolowego w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sytuacyjnej prewencji uwag kilka." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXV (January 1, 2013): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2013g.
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The development of international measures of football hooliganism control has been proceeding along several paths and included a number of different aspects of broadly understood control over the phenomenon. One can define 4 periods differing in the football hooliganism control paradigms applied: the first period - stretching from 1960s to 1985, second - between 1985 and 1997, third - 1997 to 2000 and fourth - from 2000 up to the present day. Consider-ing the issue of situational prevention of football hooliganism, control measures could be divided into two groups, or levels. The first level was mostly concerned with 'hard' means, i.e. such based on activities that rendered breaking the law or upsetting the public order more challenging. This was done with simple techniques of isolating opposing groups of supporters from each other by police cordons, fencing out sections of stadiums, putting up barriers, or 'cages' for visiting fans. Other popular 'hard' means aimed at increasing the perpetrator's risk of being subject to negative consequences, which mostly meant intensified police presence at a stadium. The progression to level 2 control was triggered by results brought by research on crowd management techniques conducted after the 2000 European Championship. The new trend involved gradual balancing out the 'hard' and 'soft' means, the latter having the purpose of limiting provocation and excuses (promoting the atmosphere of a joyful festival at football events, avoiding 'arming' and confrontation by security personnel, employment of surveillance and emergency services, etc.). A comparison of the ways in which football hooliganism situational prevention developed with the integrated model of situational crime prevention brings an interesting insight into the effectiveness of the new situational trend, which is a method broadly employed in Western Europe to counter football hooliganism. According to R. Wortley, while the notion of opportunity reduction assumes that there already is an offender who is motivated or at least ambivalent and ready to commit a crime, the fact is that motivation to commit a crime may occur as a result of particular situational factors. Wortley defined 4 types of factors motivating a perpetrator to commit a crime, or the so-called precipitators: prompts, pressures, permissibility, and provocations. The integrated concept of situational prevention discussed in the article is a merger of the traditional methods of limiting crime opportunities, or the so-called 'hard' means, with a complementary set of techniques minimizing other situational factors proposed by R. Wortley, i.e. 'soft' means. D.B. Cornish and R.V. Clarke proposed a combination of the two approaches, which resulted in vastly broadened array of situational crime prevention techniques.
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Mirosława Melezini and Andrzej Sakowicz. "Środek karny zakazu wstępu na imprezę masową w systemie prawa karnego." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXII (January 1, 2010): 249–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2010h.
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The publication discusses the nature, premises, and methods of sentencing a penal measure consisting in prohibition of entry to mass events. The first part shows legal solutions accepted in the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events and in particular at Football Matches accepted on 19 August 1985 by Council of Europe. It is recognised at one of the most important international documents providing for the fight with stadium hooliganism. Although the Convention’s aim is to prevent and control incidents by football spectators, provisions of the Convention apply also to other disciplines which might posit the risk of acts of violence and incidents by spectators (article 1 paragraph 12 of the Convention). Subsequently, there follows an analysis of legal solutions accepted in the current Act of 20 march 2009 on Mass Events Safety and the former Act of 22 January 1997 on Mass Events Safety. In particular, the focus was placed on the evolution of the prohibition of entry to a mass event and the definition of a legal mass event which at present is no longer based on the number of participants predicted by the organiser but on the number of places made available by the organiser. It is a result of common malpractice practice of organisers who used to omit the requirements by declaring less people than were actually expected. 2. Second part of the publication presents statistical data concerning contraventions related to mass sport events between 1999 and 2009 in Poland. The data show that there is a decreasing tendency in mass contraventions and hooligan incidents. At the same time, the data bring the conclusion that most hooligan incidents were committed during mass events. This may prove that objects where such events are organised are still ill-equipped but also that the organisers fail to observe their duties, imposed on them by the Act on Mass Events Safety. This part of publication also drafts a profile of the perpetrators of hooligan events. The study shows they are unmarried males between 15 and 25 with primary or secondary education and without a previous criminal record. 3. Part three of the publication is an analysis of normative solutions of the penal measure consisting in prohibition of entry to mass events. It includes provisions of Criminal Code, Petty Offences Code and Act of 20 march 2009 on Mass Events Safety. The analysis brings a conclusion that introduction of mass entry event ban served the purpose of increasing the safety of mass events and excluding persons who posit a risk to said safety. Thus, introduction of such legal solution to Polish law should be undisputable. Doubts can be raised only if particular solutions are examined, for instance the interpretation of “personal appearance” in a police station during a mass event.
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Canning, Patricia. "‘No ordinary crowd’: Foregrounding a ‘hooligan schema’ in the construction of witness narratives following the Hillsborough football stadium disaster." Discourse & Society 29, no. 3 (2017): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926517734665.
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This article examines the linguistic appropriation and deflection of blame in the witness testimonies and evidence-gathering processes of the South Yorkshire Police (SYP) following the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. It specifically focuses on patterns of stylistic features, such as negation and syntactic foregrounding, which, it is argued, function to encode alternative institutionally congruent stories. It employs schema theory to explore how a ‘hooligan’ narrative was readily invoked and accepted by the SYP. Moreover, it addresses instances of both self-incrimination and the upgrading of police efficacy within statements produced by the South Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service (SYMAS), and offers a linguistic analysis that points to police involvement in the construction of the SYMAS testimonies.
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Kossakowski, Radoslaw. "From Communist Fan Clubs to Professional Hooligans: A History of Polish Fandom as a Social Process." Sociology of Sport Journal 34, no. 3 (2017): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0019.
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The main aim of this article is to present the history of Polish football fandom as a social process which has coincided with the processes of transformation of Polish society over the last few decades. The fan movement in Poland dates back to the early 1970s when the communist authorities attempted to channel the activity of supporters. The 1980s, however, brought the development of a spontaneous movement with strong accents of hooliganism. The post-1989 transformation led to an economic and social crisis, with the rule of anarchy in football stadiums. Along with the formation of the democratic order, the fan movement evolved into different sections focused on particular aspects of activity. The paper is also devoted to the ideological dimension of fan culture, related to the conflict with the government at the turn of the 2010s.
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Rodríguez Blanco, César. "The origins of casual culture: hooliganism and fashion in Great Britain." Culture & History Digital Journal 8, no. 1 (2019): 016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2019.016.
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This dissertation attends to the study of football hooligans’ subcultures. In particular, it addresses a general synthesis of the beginnings of casual culture in Great Britain, within the context of the cultural transition process of the 1980s, and within a political, social and cultural context greatly influenced by the new Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. It makes a chronological review of the stylistic evolution and the attitudes of the casuals, based on the concept one-upmanship, facing the different realities that happened in approximately a decade. From the birth of the punk movement in the late seventies to the emergence of rave and club cultures at the end of the following decade. It also includes the element of violence in football, both inside and outside the stadiums, through several events that exemplify the level of violence achieved in those years. Throughout the text it tries to record the relevance of the study of youth expressions and activities for a better understanding of wider historical and cultural processes.
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Tóth, Nikolett Ágnes. "Sports Policing Tools in a Changing World." Magyar Rendészet 18, no. 3 (2018): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2018.3.15.
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Based on the research into the relationship between sport and policing we can say that sports policing is a specific part of sports administration. The paper seeks answers to the following questions: What are the reasons for football hooliganism? What previous events, stadium disasters have happened in the last few decades that focussed the attention of those concerned with securing events on the fact that the established practice needed to be changed and new legal norms had to be established? Lord Justice Peter Taylor was the first to point out all these issues, after, in co-operation with a committee, he had conducted a detailed analysis of the problems. His proposals radically changed the image of both modern British and European soccer, as well as the related Hungarian rules and regulations.
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Tóth, Nikolett Ágnes. "Sports Policing Tools in a Changing World." Magyar Rendészet 18, no. 3 (2018): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2018.3.15.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the research into the relationship between sport and policing we can say that sports policing is a specific part of sports administration. The paper seeks answers to the following questions: What are the reasons for football hooliganism? What previous events, stadium disasters have happened in the last few decades that focussed the attention of those concerned with securing events on the fact that the established practice needed to be changed and new legal norms had to be established? Lord Justice Peter Taylor was the first to point out all these issues, after, in co-operation with a committee, he had conducted a detailed analysis of the problems. His proposals radically changed the image of both modern British and European soccer, as well as the related Hungarian rules and regulations.
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Binbelov, Kamen. "Football Fans Antisocial Acts during The First League Matches in Season 2022/2023 and Bulgarian Football Union’s Sanctions." Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika 31, no. 5s (2023): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/str2023-5s-8-foo.
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The football hooliganism matter has been a problem of the present day in our society for quite a lot of years. But the already frequent acts of violence at the stadiums lately in our country make the matter topical. The purpose of study is to trace the security issues during the matches of the First League 2022/2023. To analyze the stewards' role at the stadiums and how far they can deal with the acts of violence. The sanctions, which the Bulgarian Football Union imposed on all 16 teams of the elite division, will be presented in a table view. In the study, a connection will be searched for between the teams’ positions in the final ranking and their classification in terms for imposed sanctions for acts of violence on behalf of their fans. In the report, the matter of the regulatory base will be discussed as well, and to what degree the Regulation for Championships and Tournaments of the BFU meets in its completeness the imposing of penalties and sanctions for the various offenses. The topicality of the studied matter in the prepared report is due to the fact that data will be provided from the season, which just ended.
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Testa, Alberto. "The All-Seeing Eye of State Surveillance in the Italian Football (Soccer) Terraces: The Case Study of the Football Fan Card." Surveillance & Society 16, no. 1 (2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v16i1.6796.
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The football (soccer) stadium in Italy has been, since its origin, not only a ludic space but also a symbolic setting that has often reflected national socio-political issues such as the country’s north/south economic and political divide, the existence of organized crime, the promotion of radical political ideologies, and, concomitantly, racism and homophobia. In such a milieu, the spectacle of football can suddenly shift to symbolic and factual violence. One of the main tools of the complex Italian counter hooliganism model (CHM) is the Tessera del tifoso, a compulsory fan ID scheme adopted in 2009 to curb football spectator violence. This paper attempts to systematically evaluate this scheme for the first time, adopting as its conceptual frame Giorgio Agamben’s concepts of the state of exception, bare life, the (concentration) camp, and dispositivo (apparatus). It is argued that the Tessera del tifoso serves as a most prominent example of a CHM based on a permanent state of exception manifested by an increase in State surveillance, control, and regulation of fans’ lives with potential implications for their civil liberties and freedom.
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Segura, Fernando, John Williams, David Wood, Flávia Alchuffi, Vitor Gomes, and Luiz Rodrigues Lemes. "Football Fan Groups and Police." FuLiA/UFMG 7, no. 1 (2022): 158–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2526-4494.2022.26353.
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This article analyzes interactions among fan groups (locally called torcidas organizadas), police and other actors involved in the professional football in the city of Goiânia, capital of the state of Goiás (Brazil). In a context where violent incidents and deaths related to football have grown, the initial focus of this research was the perceptions of football fans and the military police of Goiás from a global perspective of the hooliganism problem. The study was based on systematic ethnography at stadiums and data collected from 300 questionnaires. Initial access to the Police Unit of Events was complemented by extensive contacts with supporters, as well as the observation of policing. Given the different forms of abuse indentified in an environment characterized by a denial of established actors about the prevailing violent atmosphere; this work asks what possible changes could be implemented? Accordingly, the paper ends with some notes for possible new approaches.
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Seabra, Daniel. "Importance and Limitations of the Leicester Group Theory towards the Comprehension of Delinquent Behaviour of Ultra Groups of Oporto." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 49, no. 1 (2010): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-010-0019-8.
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Importance and Limitations of the Leicester Group Theory towards the Comprehension of Delinquent Behaviour of Ultra Groups of OportoWith this paper and the communication that will be presented, I will produce the results of an investigation about four Ultra groups that support the top three football clubs of Oporto, known in Portugal as claques. I intend to state the main reasons that allow me to consider the Leicester Group theory the best in order to understand the hooliganism and delinquent behaviour of some members of Ultra groups in Oporto. The main points of the theory will be compared with the corresponding empirical data that confirms it. There are 47 neighbourhoods in Oporto, which makes it the Portuguese city with the greatest number of these neighbourhoods. More than 20,000 people - 20% of the population of Oporto - live in this type of well-identified territory in urban space. Quantitative and qualitative data, obtained through participant observation, interviews, life stories and inquiry by questionnaire, reveal the presence of a social configuration that the Leicester Group proposes in order to explain football hooliganism. This data also allows me to confirm that delinquent behaviour and some violence that could be observed in a football context can be seen as a social reproduction of a delinquent course already present in everyday life. The limitations of the Leicester Group theory will also be considered. This investigation has found that these supporters have a strong sense of belonging to their community and to their city, which is also symbolically reproduced in football stadiums. Finally, I will propose the concept of social experience as an adequate concept to study this kind of social phenomenon.
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Seabra, Daniel. "Portoan Ultra Group Members’ Social Representation of Lisbon and Sport Lisboa and Benfica and Its Influence on the Discourses and Practices of the Portoan Ultra Groups and Their Members." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 73, no. 1 (2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0005.
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Abstract The following text relates to a more recent approach to the problem of hooliganism and the Ultra Movement. It does not focus on a broad theory aimed to explain these two phenomena, but rather concentrates on the use of concepts that are relevant for a multifaceted understanding of them. Therefore, this text is the result of an investigation carried out on the four Ultra groups who support clubs in Oporto.It aims to demonstrate how the social representation of Lisbon as the capital of Portugal and one of its clubs, Sport Lisboa and Benfica, influences not only the discourse used by the members of the four Portoan Ultra groups and the allusive clothing that they wear, but also the practices of their own groups inside and outside football stadiums. Included in these practices are the choreographies and banners that the Ultra groups display, as well as the chants they sing.The research also showed that the social representation mentioned above legitimizes a strong rivalry towards with Sport Lisboa and Benfica and has the capacity to suspend conflicts between the Portoan Ultra groups and unite them in collective action, sometimes violent, against the Ultra groups and members of this club.
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Yogadhita, Gde, and Widiana Agustin. "Football Stampede in Kanjuruhan Stadium from the Perspective of Disaster Preparedness on Mass Casualty Incident: A Case Study of Mass Gathering Event." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (2023): s78—s79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23002273.
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Introduction:The lack of planning and coordination by the mass gathering event organizers involving other stakeholders, especially from the health sector, caused mass casualty incidents which could not be managed in a timely manner and resulted in many victims. This was worsened by the fact that the nearest health facilities to the mass gathering event did not have a disaster management plan such as a hospital disaster preparedness plan which, if any, was not operational. No firm regulation forced, monitored, and evaluated the necessity of high-risk mass gathering events to have such a preparedness plan yet in Indonesia.Method:Using a case study qualitative research method by conducting media observations and listening to webinars on experiences with health workers involved in handling the social disaster of the Kanjuruhan tragedy. Supported by analysis of policy reviews and in-depth interviews with the involved stakeholders on the field.Results:This is ongoing research, the results have not been finalized. However, from the information that has been obtained so far, it can be concluded that there is no synergy between the plans prepared by the football match organizing committee, police, local government, and nearest referral health facilities. This was identified by the absence of a medical director at the referral health facility, the absence of in and out access for the medical team to the mass gathering event location, and the absence of crowd management at the site of the incident resulted in 720 injured and 135 of them dead. This made the incident the second worst football stampede incident in history.Conclusion:Specific mass gathering regulation specific to football matches is required as Indonesia has a risk of hooliganism in some areas. This will be mandatory for the organizing committee to comply with and involve relevant stakeholders, especially the local health sector.
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Montolio, Daniel, and Simmn Planells. "Measuring the Negative Externalities of a Private Leisure Activity: Hooligans and Pickpockets Around the Stadium." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2606271.
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Konrad, Buczkowski, and Jankowski Michał. "Postępowanie w sprawach o przestępstwa "stadionowe" – trudności z ustalaniem sprawstwa oraz ich wpływ na sprawność procesu." July 30, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7824905.
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Artykuł porusza zagadnienie postępowań w sprawach o przestępstwa „stadionowe”. W powszechnym odbiorze naruszenia spokojnego przebiegu tego rodzaju wydarzeń o charakterze masowym łączone są z ekscesami osób zakłócających imprezy o charakterze sportowym, a w szczególności meczy piłki nożnej. Badanie, którego wyniki są przedstawione w niniejszym opracowaniu, objęło sprawy prawomocnie zakończone na podstawie art. 59 – 61 ustawy o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych w roku 2011 w zakresie występków o których mowa w art. 64 ustawy - pod kątem sprawności przebiegu postępowania w tych sprawach. Opis uzupełniono o analizę przepisów art. 59 – 61 ustawy oraz wskazanie najważniejszych problemów sygnalizowanych w literaturze, związanych z postępowaniem przyspieszonym prowadzonym w sprawach o naruszenie bezpieczeństwa imprez masowych
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Konrad, Buczkowski, and Jankowski Michał. "Przeciwdziałanie naruszeniom zakazu wstępu na imprezę masową." February 3, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7825564.
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Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu przedstawienie reakcji na naruszenia zakazu wstępu na imprezę masową, orzekanego na podstawie przepisów ustawy z dnia 20 marca 2009 r. o bezpieczeństwie imprez masowych (art. 65 u.b.i.m.) oraz kodeksu karnego (art. 41b k.k.). Naruszenie zakazu, niezależnie od tego, czy został orzeczony za przestępstwo, czy wykroczenie, jest zawsze przestępstwem – określonym bądź w art. 244 k.k. (niestosowanie się do samego zakazu), bądź – niejako pomocniczo - w art. 244a § 1 k.k. (niestosowanie się do orzeczonego w związku z takim zakazem obowiązku przebywania w miejscu stałego pobytu lub obowiązku stawiennictwa w jednostce organizacyjnej policji lub w miejscu określonym przez właściwego (...) komendanta (...) policji, w czasie trwania imprezy masowej), bądź wreszcie w art. 244a § 2 k.k. (udaremnianie lub utrudnianie kontrolowania (...) w systemie dozoru elektronicznego, orzeczonego (...) obowiązku).
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Abdulaziz Ali Al Salman. ""Hooliganism" from Students' Point of View of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University." Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture 33 (May 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.722.
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The research aims to identify the hooliganism of sports intolerance and the most important factors of a social and economic nature affecting the events of acts of intolerance in Saudi sports stadiums from the point of view of the students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University in Dammam by answering the following two questions: What is the hooliganism of sports intolerance? And what are the most important factors of a social and economic nature affecting the events of acts of intolerance in Saudi sports stadiums from the point of view of the students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University in Dammam. The researcher used the descriptive approach (survey studies) for its relevance to the study. The descriptive approach (survey studies) was used for its suitability and the nature of the study procedures. The study sample consists of (500) students from Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University in Dammam, who were randomly selected from among the various collages of the university for the scientific and humanitarian major for the academic year 2021/2022. A questionnaire was designed to identify the actual reality of hooliganism of sports intolerance from the point of view of the students at Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University in Dammam. Researcher presented the questionnaire in its initial form to (10) experts in the field of sports psychology and sports management in order to identify the validity of the content of the questionnaire through the arbitrators, as well as to identify the appropriateness of the questionnaire phrases. The results shows that the difference in the technical level of referees from one to another, and that the sports media, visual or audio, have a major and vital role in the hooliganism of sport, and the culture of the individual and his social upbringing and the lack of public awareness of good sports and sportsmanship affect sports hooliganism.
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Maciej, Wronkowski, Kostencka Alicja, E. Kowalska Jolanta, and Molesztak Aldona. "Life Satisfaction of Polish football fans." November 30, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2532132.
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Introduction: As the popularity and the importance of positive psychology is growing, the level of life satisfaction of people of different backgrounds has been more and more often put to analysis, including life satisfaction of football fans. The issue of football fans’ life satisfaction seems to be interesting not only with regard to all football fans in general, but also to members of different football fan groups in the Polish stadiums. Thus, the present study attempts to determine the level of life satisfaction among Polish football fans and the differences between their groups. Material and methods: The research used the method of a diagnostic online survey and was conducted on a sample of 775 people (148 women and 627 men) who actively participate in sports events as football fans. The respondents in the survey were divided into 4 groups depending on their declared affiliation to the fan group: Supporters (so called “Pikniki” or Picnicking Fans), Ultras, Hooligans and Hardcore Football Fans (Kibole). Results: The life satisfaction level of Polish football supporters is medium or high across all fan groups: Supporters, Ultras, Hardcore Football Fans as well as Hooligans. Therefore, it may be concluded that their life satisfaction is on a similar level. Considering the absence of statistically significant differences between particular groups regarding life satisfaction, it is likely that some determinants of happiness vital for the group of Hooligans as fanatic supporters of football and their ‘own’ football club may be also characteristic for other groups of supporters.
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Zizi, Ouafaê, and Mohamed Jiddane. "Who's responsible? an immersive study to understand the violence in the Moroccan stadiums." December 26, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10433672.
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This article delves into the intricate world of stadium violence in Moroccan football, weaving a tapestry of historical analysis and insights drawn from interviews with ultras members, football federation representatives, and law enforcement officers. Through a meticulous examination, the study unravels the complex web of causes and perspectives surrounding stadium violence, shedding light on the self-perception of ultras, the challenges faced by law enforcement, and the crucial role played by the football federation. Going beyond analysis, the study proposes original and actionable recommendations, aiming to make a substantial contribution to the prevention and mitigation of stadium violence in Morocco. These recommendations, rooted in on-the-ground research and insights from key stakeholders, offer a unique and practical perspective, providing a holistic approach to addressing this multifaceted issue. In essence, the article not only illuminates the underlying dynamics of stadium violence but also seeks to pave the way for tangible solutions informed by the voices and experiences of those directly involved in the football culture of Morocco.
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Halici, Alperen, and Emre Can Iğdir. "Examining the personalities of football fans according to their typologies." International Review for the Sociology of Sport, October 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10126902241286893.
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This study aims to determine the typologies of football fans and reveal whether personality traits differ according to typologies. In this context, 353 fans who watched the match of the team they support at least twice from the stadium in the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 Turkish Football Super League and First League were included in the study. Based on these results, 353 fans were included in the study, and related analyses were carried out. “Fan Typology Scale” and “Adjective-Based Personality Test (ABPT)” were used as data collection tools. A two-stage hierarchical clustering analysis was used to reveal the fan typology, and the research questions were tested with analysis of variance and chi-square analyses. As a result, four types of fans were obtained in the study: hooligan, fanatic, classic, and social. When the personality traits of the obtained typologies were analyzed, it was found that extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to innovation scores were high, and emotional instability scores were average. However, it was determined that there were no statistically significant differences in the personality traits of the typologies. It is thought that the fact that the personality traits of hooligan fans showing violent tendencies are similar to the classical, social, and fanatic fans will contribute to the literature as one of the striking results of this study.
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Dirkareshza, Rianda, and M. Rizki Yudha Prawira. "LEGAL LIABILITY OF THE PARTIES TO THE TRAGEDY OF THE MATCH AT KANJURUHAN STADIUM INDONESIA." Syiah Kuala Law Journal 6, no. 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sklj.v6i3.28803.
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Fanaticism towards high football in Indonesia has essentially been embedded in people's lives. The adverse impact of the phenomenon on his travels has evolved into hooliganism. The purpose of this article is to find out the responsibility of the parties to the tragedy of the match at the Kanjuruhan Stadium in Indonesia. The research methods used are Normative Juridical and Socio Phenomena to reveal cases that do not yet have permanent legal force (In Kracht) so that they are classified into a phenomenon, the approaches used are Statue Approach and the case approach. The results of the study revealed first, the organizing committee violated the provisions of Article 19 letter b of the FIFA Legal Handbook which states "firearms or mass control gas must not be carried or used and Article 21 letter c the organizing committee is required to ensure that no door or gate is locked under any circumstances. Second, the Executive Committee of the Police element is indicated to have violated the Regulation of the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2009 concerning the Use of Force in Police Actions which regulates the stages that must be carried out when wanting to use force. Third, the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI) is assumed to be responsible in accordance with 50 paragraphs (1) of Law Number 11 of 2022 concerning Sports.
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Halici, Alperen, and Ahmet Azmi Yetim. "Investigation of Football Fans’ Perceptions of Event Quality According to their Typologies." Sage Open 14, no. 3 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440241271131.
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This research aims to develop a reliable and validated fan typology scale and to examine whether the perception of the quality of a sports event differs according to fan typology. In the first stage of the research, the scale was developed using quantitative research methods. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied to 339 fans, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used on 260 fans. Analysis results show that the structure of the tested scale provides valid and reliable evidence, and the structure consists of 35 items gathered under seven dimensions. After the development of the scale, in the second stage of the research, the relationship between the typologies of the fans and the quality perceptions of the sports event was examined. While Gençlerbirliği and Ankaragücü supporters using the Eryaman Stadium constituted the universe of the research, the sample of the study consisted of 502 fans selected by criterion sampling method. A two-stage hierarchical cluster analysis was used to reveal the fan typology. In addition, the research questions were tested using the t-test, ANOVA, and χ2. It was determined that four types of fans emerged: “hooligan,”“fanatic,”“classical,” and “social.” In addition, it was determined that the perceptions of event quality differed significantly according to the fan’s typologies. In this direction, it can be said that football clubs should develop different communication strategies to improve the perception of all fan types.
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Kowalska, Jolanta E. "The principle of fair play in the aspect of responsibility in the opinion of junior high schools students-supporting sport clubs in Lodz." December 31, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2540537.
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<strong>Kowalska</strong> <strong>Jolanta E.</strong> <strong>The principle of fair play in the aspect of responsibility in the opinion of junior high schools students-supporting sport clubs in Lodz</strong><strong>.</strong> <strong>Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(12):836-848 eISNN 2391-8306. DOI </strong><strong>http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2540537</strong> <strong>http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6471</strong> <strong>https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/898172</strong> <strong>The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017).</strong> <strong>1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7</strong> <strong>© The Authors 2018;</strong> <strong>This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland</strong> <strong>Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.</strong> <strong>(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.</strong> <strong>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.</strong> <strong>Received: 02.10.2018. Revised: 18.10.2018. Accepted: 31.12.2018.</strong> <strong>The principle of fair play in the aspect of responsibility in the opinion of junior high schools students-supporting sport clubs in Lodz</strong> <strong>Jolanta E. Kowalska<strong>[1]</strong></strong> <strong>Keys words</strong>: Fair play, responsibility, education through sport, “I am fair” project <strong>Abstract</strong> <strong>Introduction:</strong> The idea of fair play can play an important role in the education process, especially among students of adolescence (middle school age). In Lodz, this is particularly important because there is a problem of stadium hooliganism, which is particularly acute due to the competition between fans of two sports clubs. Therefore, it was important to undertake such educational activities (implementation of an educational project) so that the youth could understand exactly what the principle of fair play is only in sport, but in life, in all its aspects. After the implementation of the educational project „I am fair” dedicated to lower class of secondary schools’ pupils in Łódź (14-15 y.o.), it was decided to evaluate if and to what extent, students who took part in the project, had changed their awareness and declared behaviour of fair play in the aspect of responsibility in sport and life- among the declaring supporters and non-supporters of the selected football club as well. <strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study was conducted by diagnostic survey using a situational test "Fair play in sport and life". The results were analysed taking into account the change in the responses of students completed the questionnaire twice: before (pre- test) and after (post- test) the implementation of the project, taking into account the all respondents (1,377 people) and variable - the declaration of supporting or not the football, gender. The study was conducted in two waves- in September 2011 (pre- test) and June 2012 (post- test). <strong>Results:</strong> Results of post- test survey proved the improvement of declared behaviour among all tested groups and club supporters - boys, girls. On the one hand, sport contributes to the escalation of undesirable behaviours, on the other hand it becomes an educational tool. Education supported by fair play values brings expected effects and desirable changes, both in sport and in life. [1] University of Lodz, <strong>Faculty of Educational Sciences, The Department of Physical and Health Education</strong> mail: jolanta.kowalska@uni.lodz.pl