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Books on the topic 'Staged investment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Ermilova, Mariya, Elena Altuhova, Natal'ya Gryzunova, Ol'ga Zhdanova, Yuliya Cerceil, and Sergey Laptev. Investment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079032.

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The textbook includes theoretical material on the basics of investment activity, including the concept and essence of investments and their management, the subjects, objects, sources of financing and risks of investment activity are presented. The methodology for ensuring investment activity in real assets and the implementation of investments in financial assets, as well as the economic analysis of investment alternatives, is disclosed. Questions for self-control and situational tasks that complete each chapter will allow you to master the presented material as effectively as possible. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For full-time, part-time and part-time students in the areas of training 38.03.01 "Economics", 38.03.02" Management", 38.03.04"State and municipal management".

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2

Cowdell, Jane. Banking diploma stage 2: Part B Investment. London (Avenue House,131 Holland Park Avenue,LondonW11 4UT): Financial Training Courses, 1986.

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3

Marr, M. Wayne. Economically targeted and social investments: Investment management and pension fund performance. Charlottesville, Va: Research Foundation of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts, 1995.

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4

The complete idiot's guide to real estate investing. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha Books, 2000.

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5

The complete idiot's guide to real estate investing. 2nd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha, 2003.

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6

Jorgenson, Dale Weldeau. Investment. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996.

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7

Harrington, Brooke. Pop finance: Investment clubs and the new investor populism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.

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8

Backstage Wall Street: An insider's guide to knowing who to trust, who to run from, and how to maximize your investments. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.

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9

Committee, Washington (State) Legislature Legislative Budget. State Investment Board. [Olympia, Wash.]: The Committee, 1992.

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10

Office, General Accounting. Foreign direct investment. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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11

Office, General Accounting. Foreign direct investment. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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12

Trennert, Jason. New markets, new strategies: Wealth-building habits for intelligent investing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

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13

Office, General Accounting. Small Business Investment Companies. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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14

Office, General Accounting. Small Business Investment Companies. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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15

United States. Securities and Exchange Commission. Investment adviser registration package. Washington, D.C: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1991.

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16

Cebrien, Edward G. The Workforce Investment Act. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012.

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17

United States. Securities and Exchange Commission. Investment company examination manual. [Washington, D.C.?: Securities and Exchange Commission, 1992.

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18

Lemke, Thomas P. Regulation of investment companies. New York, NY: M. Bender, 1995.

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19

Roze, Gatis N., and Grayson D. Roze. Tensile Trading: The 10 Essential Stages of Stock Market Mastery. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.

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D, Roze Grayson, ed. Tensile trading: The 10 essential stages of stock market mastery. Wiley, 2016.

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21

Roze, Gatis N., and Grayson D. Roze. Tensile Trading: The 10 Essential Stages of Stock Market Mastery. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.

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22

David W, Rivkin, and Friedman Mark W. 5 Financial Products as Investments under Bilateral Investment Treaties and Other Multilateral Instruments with Consents to Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199687862.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the status of financial products as qualifying investments under bilateral and multilateral treaties that contain protections for foreign investment, including the signatory States' consent to submit investor-State disputes to international arbitration. It first describes how an investor and a State consent to proceed to arbitration under such a treaty. Second, it discusses how a qualifying investment is generally defined for purposes of investor-State treaty arbitration. Third, it addresses significant treaty and case law developments relating specifically to financial products — such as loan agreements, sovereign bonds, and derivatives — as qualifying investments. These developments shed light on the key questions of whether an investment exists; whether the investment was made in the territory of the host State; and whether the investment was made by the claimant investor. The chapter concludes with comments on the trend favouring inclusion of financial instruments within the definition of investment.

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23

Munro, James. Carbon Units as ‘Investments’ under International Investment Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 assesses the extent to which carbon units constitute objects subject to the disciplines of international investment law. While carbon units are capable of constituting ‘investments’ where all parties to an international investment agreement define the units as ‘property’ under their domestic legal systems and where an investor has acquired and owns the units with a requisite degree of durability and permanence related to some other economic activity in the host state, they would be less likely to qualify where one or more parties to an IIA confer no proprietary status on carbon units, or where the units are not acquired in the context of a meaningful economic activity in the host state.

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24

Hoenselaars, Ton. Captive Shakespeare. Edited by James C. Bulman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687169.013.16.

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This chapter considers productions of Shakespeare’s plays put on in captivity, especially during the First and Second World Wars. It studies the phenomenon of productions of the plays performed at prisons by visiting companies or by the prisoners ‘behind bars’ themselves. It analyses and contextualizes productions of Shakespeare’s plays staged ‘behind barbed wire’ in POW camps and civilian camps, prison camps and transit camps, labour camps and refugee camps during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. In so doing, it seeks to use such Shakespearean investment as key to reconstructing the individual experiences of the prisoners. Just as the worldwide practice of Shakespeare staged behind bars has begun to assume a unique position in movies and docudramas, the performance of Shakespeare behind barbed wire has also developed to become a fertile motif in post-war Shakespeare productions and in new post-conflict plays written by dramatists in the ‘free’ world.

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25

Abby Cohen, Smutny, Polášek Petr, and Farrell Chad. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 23 The MFN Clause and Its Evolving Boundaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses from early references in trade agreements to contemporary references in investor-state arbitrations. MFN clauses originated in early international trade practice and have continued to be incorporated in modern trade and investment treaties, both bilateral and multilateral. Their intended purpose is to lessen discrimination and encourage the growth of trade and foreign investment by ensuring that certain defined benefits accorded to one set of States (or their nationals, investments, goods, etc.) are extended to other States (or their nationals, investments, goods, etc.). In the investment treaty context, some commentators have observed that the right to a favourable dispute settlement mechanism is the primary concern of foreign investors, and investors often invoke MFN clauses to secure procedural rights that might otherwise be unavailable to them.

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26

Andrea K, Bjorklund. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 21 The National Treatment Obligation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0021.

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Most investment agreements contain a national treatment obligation, which requires that a host State treat foreign-owned investments at least as well as similarly situated national investments, or foreign investors as well as domestic investors. This chapter first explores the historical development of the national treatment obligation. It then addresses national treatment in practice, with particular reference to the investment treaty practice of the last decade and a half. As part of that examination, it sets forth the difficult and unresolved issues in the national treatment jurisprudence, including the hurdles that claimants face in establishing a national treatment claim. Finally, it addresses some of the reservations to national treatment that States have included in their investment treaties.

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27

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 8 Investment Promotion, Admission, and Establishment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0008.

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This chapter begins with a brief discussion of how states exercise their sovereign authority to develop policies and laws that govern the admission and operation of foreign investment. States have complete legislative jurisdiction to determine to what extent foreign nationals and companies may undertake investments, which sectors and industries they may or may not enter, and whether or not they must fulfil additional conditions in order to undertake and operate an investment within state territory. The chapter then explains treaty provisions on investment promotion, admission, and establishment, by which the treaty movement has sought to achieve one of its aims, ie reducing internal barriers to foreign investment.

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28

Nigel, Blackaby, Partasides Constantine, Redfern Alan, and Hunter Martin. 8 Arbitration under Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198714248.003.0008.

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This chapter describes the arbitration process under international investment treaties, in particular under the Washington Convention of 1965. This Convention aimed primarily to create a new arbitral forum for the resolution of disputes between investors and states by means of the inclusion of arbitration clauses in state contracts. The travaux préparatoires of the Convention also made clear that the consent of the state to arbitration could be established through the provisions of an investment law, which prompted many states to develop a programme of bilateral treaties for the promotion and protection of investments, so-called bilateral investment treaties (BITs), which set out protections in favour of foreign investment. The dramatic growth of BITs since the mid-1980s has led to the adoption of similar provisions in the ‘investment chapters’, or collateral agreements, to multilateral economic cooperation treaties, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Comprehensive Investment Agreement.

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29

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 3 The Foundations of International Investment Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the state of customary international law governing international investments, that is, the law that exists in the absence of an applicable treaty. Following World War II, such law for most investors was incomplete, vague, contested, and without an effective enforcement mechanism, meaning that investors and their home governments needed to find another way to protect investments of their nationals. This would lie in negotiating investment treaties. Topics covered include state and investor interests shaping international investment law; the sources of international law; customary international law and general principles of law governing international investment; customary international law on expropriation and breach of state contracts; challenges to Western views on international investment law; and deficiencies of customary international law on investment.

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30

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part II Ambit of Protection, 6 Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 explores the central concept of ‘investment’. It first considers the core question of the definition of ‘investment’ under the ICSID Convention and under investment treaties. It then takes up four important issues: (1) the time when an investment is made in relation to the temporal scope of the treaty protections; (2) the extent to which pre-contract investment may obtain treaty protection; (3) the place of an investment; and (4) the role of host State law in defining ‘investment’. It then analyses a set of problems that arise out of indirect investments: the relation between the losses suffered by a subsidiary in the host State and the investor’s investment; the rights of minority shareholders; claims brought by holding companies; corporate restructuring as a means to gain the advantage of investment treaties; the position of ultimate beneficiaries; and the position of portfolio investments.

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31

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 2 The Nature and Significance of International Investment. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0002.

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This chapter explains the nature and significance of international investments and investors, and the fact that investment is fundamental to economic growth and to the provision of needed goods and services in any society. Topics covered include the meaning of investment; forms of investment; the nature of investors; the role of return and risk; the nature of international investment; forms of international investment; the nature and goals of international investors; and state interests in international investment. The chapter concludes by stating that government officials, corporate executives, and lawyers must approach investments not just within the framework of narrow investor interests but within the broader framework of international economic cooperation.

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32

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 16 The Consequences of Treaty Violations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0016.

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This chapter examines the consequences of treaty violations for states and the remedies available to an investment when a host state fails to provide the treatment it has promised. It first considers the fact that most investment treaties do not specifically state the consequences of a state’s breach of treaty provisions. However, on issues not specifically covered by treaty, all investment treaties authorize tribunals to apply customary international law in making decisions, including determining compensation for investments affected by the breach of treaty provisions. The chapter then discusses the application of customary international law on state responsibility and investment treaty remedies in general, citing the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties in particular. Finally there is a discussion of valuation techniques used to determine the amount of damages.due to injured investors.

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33

St John, Taylor. Conversion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789918.003.0008.

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This chapter analyzes the purposes that American officials ascribe to investor–state arbitration in their investment treaties, using internal documents from all pre-NAFTA American investment treaty negotiations. Officials drafting the initial US model treaty in the late 1970s saw ISDS as a narrow tool to protect investment, but a decade later, it was reimagined as a way to lock in domestic liberalization reforms in former Soviet or Latin American states. Similarly, the American investment treaty program was not intended to facilitate outward investments, but rhetoric has changed: in the early 1990s, additional investment was implied to treaty partners, before and after these years officials noted that treaties and ISDS do not necessarily lead to additional investment. Finally, while access to arbitration became a pillar of American policy, at first investor access to ICSID caused the State Department frustration and endangered US strategic interests.

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34

Ortino, Federico. The Origin and Evolution of Investment Treaty Standards. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842637.001.0001.

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This book provides a conceptual and legal analysis of the core of investment protection guarantees that emerge from international treaties signed since 1959 for the promotion and protection of foreign investment. It focuses on both the origin and evolution of investment treaty standards. In terms of origin, the work considers the broader context at the time when the first modern investment treaty was concluded. In terms of evolution, the work examines (a) the many decisions of ad hoc arbitral tribunals that have been called upon to apply these treaties in order to resolve the several hundred investor–State disputes, as well as (b) some of the recent investment treaties that in the past ten to fifteen years have attempted to clarify and/or reform the content and scope of investment protection guarantees. This study posits that the key investment protection provisions in investment treaties (and thus much of the related controversy) revolve around three distinct concepts: legal stability, investment’s value and reasonableness. This book advances two main arguments. First, from the very beginning, the protection afforded to foreign investments by modern investment treaties has been an exceptionally broad one and as such restrictive of the host State’s ability to regulate. Second, while a growing number of investment treaty tribunals as well as new investment treaties have to some extent reined in such broad protections, the evolution of key investment protection standards has been (and in many ways still is) marred by inconsistency and uncertainty.

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35

Mark, Feldman. Multinational Enterprises and Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0005.

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Over the past few decades, a few thousand international investment agreements have been concluded. One cornerstone of those treaties has been a straightforward model of foreign investment: an investor based in a home state that has made an investment located in the territory of a host state. Under that model, treaty protections operate reciprocally, protecting the investments of each treaty party’s nationals made in the territory of another treaty party. That model, however, often does not capture current economic reality. Foreign investments by multinational enterprises routinely involve multiple jurisdictions in which inputs are traded and through which capital is channeled. The reliance by multinational enterprises on international production networks and transit investment has challenged the reciprocal foundation of investment treaties. This chapter responds to that risk by developing strategies for policymakers and decision makers to preserve the reciprocal foundation of investment treaties in a twenty-first-century global economy.

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36

Jonathan, Bonnitcha, Skovgaard Poulsen Lauge N, and Waibel Michael. 2 Foreign Investment: Economic and Legal Foundations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198719540.003.0002.

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This chapter examines two foundational questions relating to foreign investment: why firms engage in foreign investment, and how inward foreign investment affects host states. It then examines the scope of the investment treaty regime’s coverage of different types of ‘investors’ and ‘investments’. The chapter makes a simple yet often overlooked point: whereas different types of foreign investment have different drivers and effects, investment treaties cover practically all forms of investment and all types of foreign investors. This has important implications when considering the effects of the investment treaty regime.

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37

Wisconsin. Dept. of Development. Division of Research and Analysis. Bureau of Research., ed. Analysis of State Investment Board investments to enhance the Wisconsin economy. Madison, Wis. (P.O. Box 7970, Madison 53707): Wisconsin Dept. of Development, Division of Research and Analysis, Bureau of Research, 1987.

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38

Larissa, Silverentand, Sprecher Jasha, and Simons Lisette. Part II Investment Firms and Investment Services, 8 Inducements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the MiFID II inducement rules. During the negotiations on MiFID II, it became clear that inducements were a topic on which there was no easy agreement between the Member States. While certain Member States pressed for a total ban on inducements, others were unwilling to impose such strict rules. The political compromise allowed for deviating rules by those Member States requesting stricter rules. This may seem counter to the European legislator’s general approach to limit Member State options by creating ‘single rulebooks’ and greater regulation. The authors express disappointment that, on such an important topic, the European market will continue to have deviating rules per Member State. The Dutch legislator has already indicated that it will make use of this; according to the authors, other Member States where stricter rules apply may do likewise, leaving an un-level playing field for investment firms regarding the use of inducements.

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39

Hogarth, Terence, and Lynn Gambin. Who Pays for Skills? Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.31.

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Debates about the need to increase investments in education and training in order to improve overall national economic performance quickly result in deliberations about who should pay for those investments. If it is the individual or the employer who are the principal beneficiaries, then there is an expectation that they should share the cost of the investment proportionate to the benefit they obtain. There are, however, a number of barriers which prevent employers and individuals making optimum levels of investment which inevitably means that the State needs to step into the breach. This chapter addresses what economics has to say about who should make the investment in training and how various barriers to those investments being made can be overcome.

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40

Anton, Asoskov. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 12 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0012.

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This chapter looks at the most prominent cases under the Energy Charter Treat (ECT) involving the Russian Federation, and their fate in annulment actions before the Dutch courts. Recently, the ECT became the most discussed international instrument in Russia due to the large-scale arbitrations initiated by the former Yukos shareholders against the Russian Federation. The chapter also discusses the use of some lesser known multilateral investment treaties and analyzes their possible bases for arbitrating energy investment disputes involving the Russian Federation or other states from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It further describes recurrent issues and cases rendered on the basis of BITs signed by the Russian Federation, or specific legislation on the protection of investments existing in the Russian Federation and other CIS states. Finally, the chapter deals with the question as to what extent Russian state-entities may enter into individual investment agreements containing an arbitration clause.

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41

Tietje, Christian, and Kevin Crow. The Reform of Investment Protection Rules in CETA, TTIP, and Other Recent EU FTAs: Convincing? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808893.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the systemic problems that plague provision-dependent investment protection reforms in CETA, TTIP, and other recent EU FTAs. The authors suggest that the current international investment system’s asymmetrical structure precludes effective reforms because reforms that ‘level the playing field’ between state and investor run counter to the logic of a system designed with the purpose of protecting investors and investments, not states. The authors suggest that a new symmetrical international investment dispute settlement structure may provide a more convincing answer to calls for reform. After beginning with a background on the necessity of and problems with ‘vagueness’ in law (both generally and in the international investment system), the chapter analyses the most prominent reforms and reform proposals in the current international investment landscape. The chapter elucidates several of the structural problems that plague these current reform proposals and demonstrates that a symmetrical approach could alleviate these problems.

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42

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 11 Treatment of State Obligations (the ‘Umbrella Clause’). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0011.

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A large number of investment treaties contain provisions, often referred to as ‘umbrella clauses’, that require host states to respect non-treaty commitments and obligations made to foreign investment covered by the treaty. This chapter examines the general nature of umbrella clauses, their historical background, the various forms that they can take, and their application by arbitral tribunals. In view of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence on umbrella clauses, the chapter concludes with a suggested framework of analysis for applying umbrella clauses to specific investments, setting out a number of questions which persons applying umbrella clauses should seek to address.

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43

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 13 Other Treatment Standards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0013.

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In addition to the usual treaty standards, individual investment treaties may impose other obligations on host states with respect to their treatment of investments and investors. Although these obligations were rarely the subject of arbitration or litigation in the early years of the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) movement, investors have increasingly alleged their violation in investor–state arbitral proceedings. This chapter discusses these treatment standards, including treatment with respect to performance requirements; the entry and residence of foreign nationals and managerial personnel; compensation for losses due to war, revolution, and civil disturbance; transparency and regulatory due process; and the subrogation obligation.

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44

Jeswald W, Salacuse. The Law of Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.001.0001.

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The rapid growth in investment treaties has led to a burgeoning number of international arbitration decisions that have applied and interpreted treaty provisions in disputes between investors and states concerning their respective rights. This flurry of treaties and arbitral decisions has seen the creation of a new branch of international law - the law of investment claims. In this revised second edition, Jeswald Salacuse examines the law of international investment treaties, specifically in relation to its origins, structure, content, and effect, as well as their impact on international investors and investments, and the governments that are parties to them. Specific topics include conditions for the entry of foreign investment and general standards of treatment of foreign investments; monetary transfers; operational conditions; protection against expropriation; dispossession and compensation for losses; dispute settlement, including negotiation, arbitration, and conciliation; and judicial proceedings.

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45

Jeswald W, Salacuse. The Law of Investment Treaties. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198850953.001.0001.

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Investment treaties grant special international protection to foreign investors, and give them a means to enforce those rights against States in which they have invested. This book examines systematically the law of international investment treaties. Although the precise provisions of investment treaties are not uniform, virtually all investment treaties address the same issues. This book examines those issues in detail, including the scope of application, conditions for the entry of foreign investment, and general standards of treatment of foreign investments. Investment treaty law has continued to evolve rapidly and dramatically since publication of the second edition of this work in 2015. The field has seen considerable growth in the number and scope of investment treaties, now estimated at 3300, and investor-state arbitrations cases, which reached over 1000 in 2020. Beyond growth, the field has also experienced significant changes and reforms. In 2018, eleven Pacific Basin Countries, despite the withdrawal of the United States, forged ahead to conclude the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTTP), a potentially far reaching regional trade and investment agreement. The next year, the three north American nations replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). And in 2020, European Union member states terminated over 100 intra-EU BITs, leaving intra-EU investors to rely on EU law and legal processes alone for protection from unfavourable government acts. This edition incorporates a consideration of all of these and other reforms into its analysis of the body of law created by investment treaties since World War II.

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46

Jeswald W, Salacuse. 4 A History of International Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703976.003.0004.

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Since the inception of international investment, foreign investors have sought assurances from the sovereigns in whose territory they invest that their interests will be protected from negative actions by the sovereign and local individuals. This chapter begins with a historical background of the treatification process, which came about due to the perceived weaknesses of customary international law applying to foreign investments. It then discusses the objectives of the movement to negotiate investment treaties; the primary and secondary objectives of investment treaties; long-term goals of investment treaties; the treaty negotiation process; and the consequences of investment treaties, including the growth in investor–state arbitration cases to settle investment disputes.

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47

Jonathan, Bonnitcha, Skovgaard Poulsen Lauge N, and Waibel Michael. 7 Politics of Investment Treaties in Developed Countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198719540.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on the main factors driving investment treaty policy-making in developed countries. This can only be done based on an understanding of the changing socio-economic environment for foreign investments, and the chapter therefore provides significant historical context to the law and economics of the investment treaty regime. The chapter evaluates four potential explanations for why and how developed countries adopted investment treaties. These are: (i) the promotion of business interests; (ii) de-politicizing investment disputes; (iii) building customary international law; and (iv) using investment treaties for diplomatic and symbolic reasons. The chapter concludes by examining recent developments. These include the rise of investment treaty arbitration against developed country states themselves, which has prompted unprecedented political debate about investment treaties.

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48

Harrington, Brooke. Pop Finance: Investment Clubs and the New Investor Populism. Princeton University Press, 2010.

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49

Harrington, Brooke. Pop Finance: Investment Clubs and the New Investor Populism. Princeton University Press, 2010.

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50

Pop Finance: Investment Clubs and the New Investor Populism. Princeton University Press, 2008.

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