Journal articles: 'Stainless steel components'

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Negi, B. S. "Case Studies on Field Repairs of Stainless Steel Components in Refinery." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.375.

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Stainless steels (SS) possess excellent corrosion, creep and high temperature oxidation resistance and are invariably used in refinery for construction of heater tubes, tube supports, Heat exchanger bundles, piping and internal lining of pressure vessels. Ferritic stainless steel type 405 is used for column strip-lining, martensitic stainless steel type 410 is used for column trays and heater tubes and austenitic stainless steel family is used very extensively for lining, piping, heat exchanger, heater tubes and tube supports. On-stream and turnaround condition monitoring of plant and equipment are carried out for health assessment and mitigation of premature failure. However, catastrophic failures of stainless steel due to stress corrosion cracking, thermal fatigue and stress relaxation cracking are encountered in addition to bulging and cracking of strip-lining. Field repairs of these components are required to be done. Stainless steels are difficult to weld due to low thermal conductivity, higher coefficient of thermal expansion, fissuring and solidification cracking problem during welding. Lower heat input and fast cooling facilitate the welding process. Welding of service exposed stainless steels is more challenging, as it has already undergone metallurgical degradation. Welding of stainless steels is carried out using TIG and SMAW process with matching electrode after establishing the welding specification procedures and welders qualification. Field repairs of stainless steels components are also attempted with original procedures and in case of difficulties, a buttering layer of inconel (ERNiCr3) or ER 309Mo is provided on the welding surface before using matching electrodes. Quality assurance of weld joint is ensured by stage-wise inspection and non-destructive testing. Dye penetrant test of root run and radiographic examination of final weld joint are most common. Post weld heat treatment is done as per code requirement. This Paper highlights three case studies on field repairs of stainless steel components in refinery. 1. Welding procedure followed for repair of bulged and cracked SS 316 strip-lining and cladding on carbon steel backing material. It is a dissimilar welding of SS 316L with degraded carbon steel. 2. Field welding of SS 347 Piping components, which has undergone thermal relaxation cracking at fillet joints. 3. Welding repair of SS 310 cast heater tube support conforming to A 297 Gr HK 40. The Paper also presents brief failure analysis with reasons and remedies.

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Lopez, Juan Manuel Salgado, María Inés Alvarado, Hector Vergara Hernandez, José Trinidad Perez Quiroz, and Luis Olmos. "Failure of Stainless Steel Welds Due to Microstructural Damage Prevented by In Situ Metallography." Soldagem & Inspeção 21, no. 2 (2016): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/si2102.03.

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Abstract In stainless steels, microstructural damage is caused by precipitation of chromium carbides or sigma phase. These microconstituents are detrimental in stainless steel welds because they lead to weld decay. Nevertheless, they are prone to appear in the heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure of stainless steel welds. This is particularly important for repairs of industrial components made of austenitic stainless steel. Non-destructive metallography can be applied in welding repairs of AISI 304 stainless steel components where it is difficult to ensure that no detrimental phase is present in the HAZ microstructure. The need of microstructural inspection in repairs of AISI 304 is caused because it is not possible to manufacture coupons for destructive metallography, with which the microstructure can be analyzed. In this work, it is proposed to apply in situ metallography as non-destructive testing in order to identify microstructural damage in the microstructure of AISI 304 stainless steel welds. The results of this study showed that the external surface micrographs of the weldment are representative of HAZ microstructure of the stainless steel component; because they show the presence of precipitated metallic carbides in the grain boundaries or sigma phase in the microstructure of the HAZ.

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Hariharan, Ramakrishnan, Balasundaram Rathinam, Baskar Neelakandan, Radhakrishnan Beemaraj, and Chellamuthu Kannan. "Surface modification method of duplex type stainless steels by the pack boriding process." Chemical Industry 75, no. 3 (2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind210103019h.

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This work presents the investigation of a boriding process on two grades of stainless steel namely UNS32750 super duplex stainless steel and UNSS31803 duplex stainless steel in order to improve material properties and possibly to reduce catastrophic failure of industrial components. Usage of duplex stainless steels has become customary in the fields of oil and refinery, marine and pipeline applications due to increased corrosion resistance; however, these materials exhibit low wear characteristics. To overcome this problem, in this work the pack boriding process was employed. Evaluation of effects of the boriding process on the microstructure and mechanical properties was performed using scanning electron and optical microscopy, Vickers hardness tests and wear tests. It was shown that the 4 h process resulted in the greatest boriding layer thickness yielding the maximum surface hardness of 1407 HV in the super duplex stainless steel UNS32750 while this value was 1201 HV in the duplex stainless steel UNSS31803. Wear resistance of borided materials were up to 6-fold greater than those of non - treated materials. Also, the borided duplex materials were shown to be more suitable for industrial applications for valve and shaft components as compared to the boronized super duplex stainless steel.

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Bogie, K. D., D. Alexander, and R. Kirk. "Ageing of cast stainless steel components." International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 50, no. 1-3 (1992): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-0161(92)90036-f.

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Kida, Katsuyuki, Koretoko Okamoto, Masayuki Ishida, Koshiro Mizobe, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Observation of Corrosion Resistance of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo Stainless Steel Quenched by Induction Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 597 (July 2014): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.140.

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13%-Cr martensitic stainless steels are widely used in the production of many mechanical components that require high hardness and good corrosion resistance. In the present work, 20mm-diameter 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo steel bars were quenched by induction heating (IH) method and after that tempered in a farness. 240 hours corrosion test of the bars was carried out using a salt spray testing method (JIS Z 2371:2000). The results were compared to two stainless steels, SUS304 and SUS440C. Their inner hardness distributions were measured. It was found that the hardness of IH-quenched and farness-tempered 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel is almost the same as that of the SUS440C. The 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo steel has the same corrosion resistance as the SUS304 steel.

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Ene, Anna, Ioan Both, Ovidiu Abrudan, Aurel Stratan, Horia Florin Daşcău, and Nicușor Alin Sîrbu. "Experimental Investigation of Monotonic and Cyclic Behaviour of High-Performance Steels." Key Engineering Materials 953 (August 25, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k0xked.

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As a new trend in modern structural design, the high-performance steels are increasingly used in steel structures, due to their superior mechanical properties, which could have decisive impact on the resistance and deformation capacity of structural components. High-performance steels include stainless and high-strength steels. The higher proof stress of the high-strength steels allows using thinner sections and material economy for those structural elements that do not experience stability problems. Austenitic stainless steel shows a series of advantages, including low maintenance costs and an excellent toughness at low temperatures. But the main characteristic which matters especially in seismic design, is the higher ductility, larger strain hardening and elongation at fracture in comparison with carbon steels. In this paper, the analysis of the behaviour of 1.4404 austenitic stainless steel and of S690 high-strength steel, in comparison with a reference S235 mild carbon steel is presented. This paper presents the assessment of the monotonic and cyclic performance of these steel grades, as well as the failure pattern, in order to assess the potential use in structural applications.

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Júnior, Francisco Alves de Lima, Ricardo Artur Sanguinetti Ferreira, and Rômulo Rocha de Araújo Lima. "Study for Performance Increase of a Extractor Device by Steel Replacement of AISI 304 Steel for AISI 420 Steel." Materials 15, no. 1 (2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010280.

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The performance of an extractor device used in the food industry was studied from the development of structural analysis through computational modeling based on finite elements. These analyses considered the mechanical properties of AISI 304 and 420 stainless steels, in addition to the tribological aspects of the device in operation. Initially, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out according to the ABNT NBR 6892 standard and hardness tests were carried out according to ASTM E384, E92, and E18 standards. From the mechanical tests, structural analyses were carried out numerically on each of the components of the extractor device. After analyzing all the components, the device was assembled to be tested in operation. The wear and service life of devices made from these two materials were evaluated. From this study, it could be concluded that the extractor device made with AISI 420 stainless steel, in addition to having a lower manufacturing cost, suffered less wear and had an increase in service life of up to 650% compared to the extractor device made with steel stainless steel AISI 304.

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Wang, Li Jun, and Chun Ming Liu. "Martensitic Stainless Steel as Alternative for Hot Stamping Steel with High Product of Strength and Ductility." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.37.

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Though more and more structural and safety automobile components are manufactured using hot stamping technology for the advantage of excellent shape accuracy while producing ultra high strength parts without any springback.Fewer hot stamping steels are developed except 22MnB5 steel, which exhibits ultra-high strength but limited ductility. Inspired by the application of quenching and partitioning C-Mn-Si steel, the microstructure and properties of a 30Cr13 steel subjected to quenching and partitioning treatment were studied to evaluate the possibility of martensitic stainless steel as alternative for hot stamping steel with high product of strength and ductility. The experiment result shows that, enhanced mechanical properties of Rel=1350MPa, Rm=1740MPa, and A=17.5% can be achieved through appropriate treatment. Due to the unique phase transformation conditions of martensitic stainless steel, processing parameters and corresponding equipments for automobile components manufacturing have to been investigated.

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Song, Quan Ming, and David Wert. "State of the Art Stainless Steel Provides Improved Properties for Widely Varying Applications." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.341.

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Carpenter Technology Corporation’s Custom 465® stainless steel is a state-of-the-art alloy which has seen its applications expanding at a rapid rate. This alloy is a premium double vacuum melted (VIM/VAR) martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel that offers an excellent combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. With its exceptional properties, design engineers have specified the alloy for high-performance components in various industries, such as aerospace, industrial, energy, consumer and medical. The high strength, greater than 250 ksi (1722 MPa) typical, and toughness of the alloy have allowed Custom 465 stainless to be used as a high-strength upgrade to conventional PH stainless steels such as 13-8 and 17-4. The addition of corrosion resistance to the high strength and toughness properties has allowed the alloy to be used as a stainless alternative to non-stainless steels such as AISI 4340 and 300M. This paper will compare mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Custom 465 stainless steel to those of other PH stainless steels such as 17-4, 15-5, and 13-8, as well as to those of other aerospace alloys such as 300M and AerMet® 100 alloy. In addition, examples of the varied uses of the alloy will be provided, these examples will highlight the benefits obtained by the use of Custom 465 stainless steel over the previous alloys of choice for the applications.

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Nakahara, Masao. "Degradation/Damage Modes and their Control Measures for Stainless Steel Components in Chemical Plants." Advanced Materials Research 794 (September 2013): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.794.681.

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Safe and continuous operation of chemical plants is the most important issue for sustainability of chemical enterprises. The control and prevention of degradation/damage on components used in chemical plants are indispensable for this purpose. Although varied types of material, such as stainless steels, Ni-based alloys and reactive metals, are in use to control these phenomena in plants, various cases of degradation/damage have actually been experienced and the accidents caused by such degradation have occasionally been reported. In order to prevent such uncontrolled degradation, it is thought necessary to predict the likelihood of degradation of materials under actual operating conditions, to use compatible materials, to detect the degradation by inspection in advance and to apply proper countermeasures based on realistic life estimation of the plant concerned. In order to follow these processes properly, extensive accumulation and orderly organization of knowledge about the mechanisms on degradation/damages, characteristics of materials, inspection technics and methods of plant life estimation are thought of vital importance. As stainless steel is the commonly used material in chemical plants, sufficient accumulation of informattion and knowledge about the stainless steel components to be used is considered the most important subject to prevent the degradation/damage in chemical plants. This paper enumerates the characteristics of commonly encountered modes of degradation with stainless steel components in chemical plants and presents some cases of the degradation/damage on stainless steel equipment in plants, together with control measures required to prevent such degradation. The present-day problems of materials engineering relating to the reliability of chemical plants and the countermeasures against degradation/damage are also presented.

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Hagarová, Mária, Janette Brezinová, Gabriela Baranová, Ján Viňáš, and Pavlo Maruschak. "Degradation of Components in Cars Due to Bimetallic Corrosion." Materials 14, no. 12 (2021): 3323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123323.

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This paper deals with the determination of the basic corrosion characteristics of metallic materials used as components in car construction to achieve a lighter vehicle with higher rigidity, a more complex “hybrid” of diverse materials is needed for the car body structure. Due to the different types of material used in the manufacture of components and their interactions, the issue of assessing the impact of bimetallic corrosion is currently relevant. Based on the potential difference at the end of the corrosion test, it was possible to determine the “anode index”, which determines the risk of degradation of materials due to bimetallic corrosion. In our case, a hot-galvanized steel sheet/Al alloy EN AW-6060 couple in deicing salt and hot-galvanized steel sheet/steel S355J0 couple in simulated acid rain solution (SARS) has proven to be “safest” and usable even for more aggressive environments. Hot-galvanized steel sheet/Al alloy EN AW-6060 in SARS solution is suitable for slightly aggressive environments. Stainless steel AISI 304/silumin A356 in deicing salt, stainless steel AISI 304/Al alloy EN AW-6060 in deicing salt, and stainless steel AISI 306/Al alloy EN AW-6060 in simulated exhaust gas environment (SEG solution) are not suitable for non-aggressive environments.

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Wischnowskii, Frank, and Andre Kuhn. "Stainless steel alloys strengthen critical centrifuge components." Filtration & Separation 39, no. 9 (2002): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(02)80243-9.

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Heise, G., C. M. Black, R. Smith, B. R. Morrow, and W. M. Mihalko. "In vitro effects of macrophages on orthopaedic implant alloys and local release of metallic alloy components." Bone & Joint Journal 102-B, no. 7_Supple_B (2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.102b7.bjj-2019-1556.r1.

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Aims This study aimed to determine if macrophages can attach and directly affect the oxide layers of 316L stainless steel, titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (CoCrMo) by releasing components of these alloys. Methods Murine peritoneal macrophages were cultured and placed on stainless steel, CoCrMo, and Ti6Al4V discs into a 96-well plate. Cells were activated with interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Macrophages on stainless steel discs produced significantly more nitric oxide (NO) compared to their control counterparts after eight to ten days and remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. Results On stainless steel, both nonactivated and activated cell groups were shown to have a significant increase in metal ion release for Cr, Fe, and Ni (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, and p = 0.020 respectively) compared with medium only and showed macrophage-sized corrosive pits on the stainless steel surface. On titanium alloy discs there was a significant increase in aluminum (p < 0.001) among all groups compared with medium only. Conclusion These results indicated that macrophages were able to attach to and affect the oxide surface of stainless steel and titanium alloy discs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(7 Supple B):116–121.

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Mohamad Basir, Muhamad Hafizuddin, Bulan Abdullah, and Siti Khadijah Alias. "Wear Properties of Paste Boronized 316 Stainless Steel Before and After Shot Blasting Process." Scientific Research Journal 11, no. 2 (2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v11i2.5425.

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This research investigates and analyzes wear properties of 316 stainless steel before and after applying paste boronizing process and to investigate the effect of shot blasting process in enhancing boron dispersion into the steel. In order to enhance the boron dispersion into 316 stainless steel, surface deformation method by shot blasting process was deployed. Boronizing treatment was conducted using paste medium for 8 hours under two different temperatures which were 8500C and 9500C. Wear behaviour was evaluated using pin-on-disc test for abrasion properties. The analysis on microstructure, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and density were also carried out before and after applying boronizing treatment. Boronizing process that had been carried out on 316 stainless steel increases the wear resistance of the steel compared to the unboronized 316 stainless steel. The effect of boronizing treatment together with the shot blasting process give a greater impact in increasing the wear resistance of 316 stainless steel. This is mainly because shot blasted samples initiated surface deformation that helped more boron dispersion due to dislocation of atom on the deformed surface. Increasing the boronizing temperature also increases the wear resistance of 316 stainless steel. In industrial application, the usage of the components that have been fabricated using the improved 316 stainless steel can be maximized because repair and replacement of the components can be reduced as a result of improved wear resistance of the 316 stainless steel.

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Babaev, Artem, Vladimir Promakhov, Nikita Schulz, Artem Semenov, Vladislav Bakhmat, and Alexander Vorozhtsov. "Processes of Physical Treatment of Stainless Steels Obtained by Additive Manufacturing." Metals 12, no. 9 (2022): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12091449.

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With a vista of available stainless steel grades at our disposal, it is possible to manufacture items for a wide range of industries. These include chemicals production, medicine, and pharmacology, aerospace, power engineering, etc. Stainless steels are widely used mostly due to their unique property set, both mechanical and physicochemical ones, achieved by alloying various components. Stainless steel workpieces are usually obtained by melting, alloying, casting, and subsequent rolling to the desired shape. The experience in the study of the microstructure and processes of physical treatment of steel accumulated to the present day mainly concerns the machinability (blade, abrasive, laser, etc.) of such steels obtained by conventional techniques. Meanwhile, approaches to the production of workpieces from stainless steels by additive manufacturing (AM) methods are actively developing. In their turn, additive manufacturing technologies allow for producing workpieces that are structurally as close as possible to the final product shape. However, the use of AM workpieces in the manufacturing of functional products brings questions related to the study of the treatability of such steels by mechanical and physical processes to achieve a wide range of functional characteristics. This article discusses the issues of treatability and the characteristics and properties of stainless steels obtained by AM.

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Korb, Matias de Angelis, Raimundo Nonato Ferreira Linhares Junior, Eduardo Etzberger Feistauer, et al. "Ceramic Coating Based on La, Sr and Co on Ferritic Stainless Steel for ITSOFC Interconnects." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.522.

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Ferritic stainless steels have been used to produce interconnects for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFC) due to their appropriate properties. Ferritic stainless steel presents mechanical stability, much higher thermal and electronic conductivities; significantly lower cost, and mechanical resistance than austenitic steels. Besides, it presents a thermal expansion coefficient compatible with the other materials of the cell components. However, in the range of this device operating temperature (600 °C 800 °C) it can occur the formation of poorly conducting oxide (Cr2O3) reducing the fuel cell performance. The aim of this work was to obtain oxide coatings starting with La, Sr and Co nitrates applied by spray-pyrolysis technique on a stainless steel AISI 430 substrate. The coatings obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. The oxidation resistance of the ferritic stainless steel, coated with a perovskite (La0,6Sr0,4CoO3) film, was investigated by isothermal oxidation. The results showed that the coating obtained promoted the increase of the ferritic stainless steel oxidation resistance. However, after the oxidation test, it was observed a Cr enrichment and a very pronounced Sr enrichment, near to the alloy/coating interface, which can be associate to the decomposition of La0,6Sr0,4CoO3 film.

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Ma, Guo Jun, Yi Fang, and Hui Tang. "Characteristics and Treatment Technologies of Stainless Steel Slag." Advanced Materials Research 225-226 (April 2011): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.225-226.812.

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The stainless steel slag contains chromium and iron as well as significant levels of heavy metals, such as Cr(VI). Therefore, to efficiently recovery the valuable components in the stainless steel slag has potential environment and economic profit. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties as well as the leaching properties of the stainless steel slag were summarized. In addition, the treatment processes which can recovery or utilize the valuables in the slag and other potential measures to reduce the environmental pollution of the stainless steel slag were also discussed.

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Prasad, Kondapalli Siva, Chalamalasetti Srinivasa Rao, and Damera Nageswara Rao. "A Review on Welding of AISI 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal for Manufacturing Science and Production 14, no. 1 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmsp-2012-0007.

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AbstractAISI 304L is an austenitic Chromium-Nickel stainless steel offering the optimum combination of corrosion resistance, strength, and ductility. These attributes make it a favorite for many mechanical switch components. The low carbon content reduces susceptibility to carbide precipitation during welding. In the present paper a thorough review on welding of AISI 304L austenitic Stainless Steel by various welding processes was made. From the review it is understood that AISI 304L austenitic Stainless Steel is the best material where there is a problem of intergranular corrosion. Also it is one of the best materials frequently used in manufacturing non heat treatable components.

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Antunes, Renato Altobelli, Wagner S. Wiggers, Maysa Terada, Paulo A. P. Vendhausen, and Isolda Costa. "The Corrosion Behaviour of TiN-Coated Powder Injection Molded AISI 316L Steel." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.105.

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The use of AISI 316L stainless steels for biomedical applications as implants is widespread due to a combination of low cost and easy formability. However, wrought 316L steel is prone to localized corrosion. Coating deposition is commonly used to overcome this problem. Ceramic hard coatings, like titanium nitride, are used to improve both corrosion and wear resistance of stainless steels. Powder injection moulding (PIM) is an attractive method to manufacture complex, near net-shape components. Stainless steels obtained from this route have shown mechanical and corrosion properties similar to wrought materials. The literature on the use of PIM 316L steel, either coated or not, as implants is still very scarce. The aim of the present work was to study the corrosion behaviour of PIM 316L in two conditions: TiN-coated and bare. Electrochemical investigations were performed using EIS and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.

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Larios-Galvez, Ana Karen, Roy Lopez-Sesenes, Estela Sarmiento-Bustos, et al. "Corrosion Behavior of Steels in LiBr–H2O–CaCl2–LiNO3 Systems." Metals 12, no. 2 (2022): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020279.

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Conventional absorption and refrigeration systems use a LiBr/H2O mixture, which causes corrosion problems to the metallic components. In order to avoid this and some other problems such as crystallization and vapor pressure, some additives such as CaCl2 and/or LiNO3 are added to the LiBr/H2O mixture. In the present work, the corrosion behavior of 1018 carbon steel as well as of type 304 and 316L stainless steels was evaluated in LiBr/H2O at 80 °C with the addition of CaCl2, LiNO3, and CaCl2+LiNO3. Potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used for this purpose. The results showed that the corrosion current density values of all tested steels decreased with the addition of CaCl2 and/or LiNO3, which induced the formation of a passive film on carbon steel. Both types of stainless steels showed a passive film in all tested conditions, but the passive current density was the lowest, whereas the passive zone was the widest, for 316L steel. The corrosion mechanism remained unaltered for both stainless steels but was changed with the addition of CaCl2 and/or LiNO3 for carbon steel.

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Song, Jian Li, Qi Lin Deng, C. Y. Chen, and De Jin Hu. "Experimental Study on the Laser Direct Fabrication of Stainless Steel Components." Key Engineering Materials 315-316 (July 2006): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.315-316.239.

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Experimental study on the laser direct fabrication (LDF) of stainless steel powder is carried out. Microstructure and properties of the deposited components are analyzed and tested with optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) etc. Cracking generation mechanisms of this material are investigated, corresponding cracking control strategies have been proposed. Finally, fully dense stainless steel components free of defects and with perfect comprehensive mechanical properties have been produced.

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Yu, Yufan. "Research on The Force Analysis and Application of Slender Stainless Steel Column Sections." Transactions on Engineering and Technology Research 4 (December 20, 2024): 351–57. https://doi.org/10.62051/vaq2r828.

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Stainless steel, as a green building material, has many advantages, including aesthetically pleasing shapes, good corrosion resistance, stable mechanical properties, long service life, low cost, and easy maintenance. It is often used in structural construction, such as buildings and infrastructure. One of the typical cross-sectional forms of stainless steel used in construction is the slender stainless steel section. Slender stainless steel columns have high strength, which is consistent with the high material hardness and obvious stress hardening characteristics of stainless steel. Therefore, they are widely used in stainless steel components. Stainless steel has a non-linear stress-strain relationship, and among them, open slender cross-section stainless steel members are more prone to developing local and distortion section instability, so these members have complex non-linear instability behavior. This paper reviews the current status and future prospects of the force analysis and application research of slender stainless steel column sections. This paper analyzes the bending load-bearing capacity and stability analysis results of stainless steel materials using finite element models by several different teams, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the effective width method and direct strength method in section calculation. Finally, the application route of slender stainless steel column is analyzed, and the application prospect in people's production and life in the future is put forward.

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Song, Ren Bo, Yu Pei, Yi Su Jia, Zhe Gao, Yang Xu, and Peng Deng. "Effect of Different Deformation on Microstructures and Properties in 304HC Austenitic Stainless Steel Wire." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.323.

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Two different components of Φ5.5mm 304HC stainless steel wires were drawn at room temperature. After the drawing tests, hard wires of Φ4.5mm, Φ3.8mm and Φ3.45mm were obtained. During the process of drawing, the stacking fault energy of the metastable austenitic stainless steel was low, which have caused strain-induced martensitic transformation. By XRD, TEM, martensitic volume fraction measurement, etc., the results show that the strain-induced martensitic transformations of the two different components were different significantly. When the deformation amount was controlled at 33% or less, a small amount of γ → α ' martensitic transformations of two steels has occurred. While the deformation arrived at 52% or more, a large amount of γ → α ' martensitic transformation has occurred. The stainless steel which has a higher Cu content will have a lower martensite content, which results from the reason that Cu has a strong inhibitory effect on the martensitic formation. In addition, the martensitic transformation can also influence properties. With the accumulation of strain, deformation mainly occurs in martensitic structure, which reduces the plasticity.

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Sowrirajan, M., S. Vijayan, M. Arulraj, and J. Sundaresan. "Metallurgical assessments on 316L stainless steel thin walled plate fabricated through GMAW based typical Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing." YMER Digital 21, no. 02 (2022): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.02/23.

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is developing trendy process for the fabrication of metal components nowadays. In the present study, the concept of WAAM is employed but typical concept is used for fabricating a thin walled plate sample using AISI 316L grade of stainless steel. The plate size is limited for ease up to laying only three weld beads in traverse direction rather than vertically as in the case of additive manufacturing. The chemical composition of fabricated sample is analysed for checking the use of WAAM for metal component fabrication. The ferrite number is also found and reported for supporting the fabricated component to withstand the corrosion. The low carbon steel was used as a parent metal to deposit the fabricating stainless steel thin plate. Microstructure of interface between base metal and fabricating metal is also revealed for confirming defect free component fabrication. These results are found to be satisfactory enough and thus the WAAM shall be used for the fabrication of desired components also especially in stainless steels.

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Mosca, Cristina, Christian Paglia, and Albert Jornet. "The Degradation of the most Common Stainless Steels: Real Case Issues." Materials Science Forum 1066 (July 13, 2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0fs6pa.

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Stainless steel may be susceptible to localized corrosion. Despite this fact, still too many infrastructures are planned with an inadeguate metal chemical composition or placed in wrong environments. In most cases, a clear underestimation of these factors affects the stainless steel durability. These unexpected issues cause a significant technical and economical impact. In this work, several case studies of Inox exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions are presented. A wide range of structures, such as house handles, a swimming pool, a parapet, an industry plant and a waste water collection tank are investigated with respect to the corrosion behavior. Temperature and humidity cyclic variation, promote the enrichments of aggressive agents and lead to degradation. A too low Molybdenum content of the steels is inadequate for some type of structures and service conditions. The weldability changes depending on the steel type and along the thermally affected zones, intergranular corrosion may appear. In addition, a galvanic contact of the stainless steel with existing low alloyed steels components promotes the deterioration of the latter.

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Duan, Zhen Kai, and Rui Wang. "Research of the Stainless Steel-Concrete-Carbon Steel Circular Concrete-Filled Double Skin Steel Tubes under Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1349.

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Concrete-Filled Steel Tube with high capacity, good ductility and toughness, convenient construction, good fire resistance and other advantages. Currently[1] . Concrete-Filled Steel Tube structure has been widely used in the basic components and the overall structure of behavioral research has made many achievements. There are many advantages of concrete pipe above, but it also has fatal flaws, Stainless steel steel that is the difference[2]. The stainless steel has a beautiful appearance, durability, corrosion resistance, low maintenance costs, good fire resistance and other advantages. New stainless steel pipe concrete structure has both ordinary steel concrete good mechanical properties and excellent durability of stainless steel, can be widely used in buildings and bridges of the marine environment as well as some of the high durability and aesthetic requirements important building structures. Based on the outer stainless steel hollow sandwich - the carbon steel pipe shaft of light pressure test concrete results of load and displacement of the structure, variation of load and strain, and the impact of the empty heart of these parameters.

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Butkovic, Samir, and Emir Saric. "EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WELD JOINTS BETWEEN SINTERED NB MODIFIED HK30 STAINLESS STEEL AND WROUGHT/CAST STAINLESS STEELS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 11 (2021): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13715.

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Very important property of powder metallurgy parts is ability to join to components produced by different manufacturing technologies or dissimilar materials. Properties of powder metallurgy Nb modified HK30 components are highly influenced by conditions applied during sintering. Weldability of sintered components can be improved using favorable sintering conditions. In this regard, effect of sintering parameters on fusion weldability of Nb modified HK30 is presented in this paper. Investigation of weld joints between HK30, produced by different sintering conditions, and cast HK30 stainless steel is performed. In addition, examination of welds between sintered HK30 and wrought 304 stainless steel is also performed. Microstructural examination and hardness testing of fusion zones and heat affected zones were done for different combinations of base material.

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Lee, Ho Sung, Jong Hoon Yoon, Joon Tae Yoo, and Yeng Moo Yi. "Superplastic Forming of Combustion Chamber." Applied Mechanics and Materials 87 (August 2011): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.87.132.

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The major advantage of superplastic forming (SPF) technology is that it can form integral and complex components in simple operation, since it is possible to form one or more sheets of superplastic grade metal into single surface tools by relatively low gas pressure. Duplex steel contains two phases in nearly equal proportions which can suppress grain growth at a high temperature, like superplastic Ti-6Al-4V, and many duplex stainless steels with fine grained microstructures show superplastic behavior. In this study, superplastic forming technology was developed to fabricate a duplex stainless steel sheet for the outer surface of liquid propellant combustion chamber. Superplasticity of this alloy was investigated and forming methodology was analyzed and developed. The experimental results show a complex configuration of aerospace component was successfully fabricated by superpalstic forming of a sheet of duplex stainless steel.

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Fang, Wei, Qiuling Wen, Jiaxin Hu, et al. "Experimental Study on Surface Polishing of SLM-316L Stainless Steel via Laser Treatment and Mechanical Grinding." Micromachines 16, no. 6 (2025): 634. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16060634.

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The 316L stainless steel material boasts exceptional corrosion resistance and plasticity, among other benefits, and finds extensive application in automotive components, molds, aerospace parts, biomedical equipment, and more. This work focuses on the surface polishing of selective laser melting (SLM) 316L stainless steel using 1064 nm nanosecond laser processing and mechanical grinding. The influence of laser processing parameters on the surface roughness of SLM-316L stainless steel was investigated using an orthogonal experiment. After laser processing, the surface roughness of SLM-316L stainless steel was reduced from 7.912 μm to 1.936 μm, but many randomly distributed irregular micro-cracks appeared on the surface. EDS and XRD detections illustrated that iron oxides were generated on the surface of SLM-316L stainless steel after laser processing. Mechanical grinding was further performed to achieve a nanometer surface finish and remove the metal oxides and micro-cracks generated on the surface of SLM-316L stainless steel after laser processing. The AFM measurement results indicate that the surface roughness of SLM-316L stainless steel was reduced to approximately 3 nm after mechanical grinding. Moreover, the micro-cracks and iron oxides on the surface of laser-processed SLM-316L stainless steel were completely removed. This work provides guidance for the precision polishing of SLM-316L stainless steel.

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Fedchak, James A., Julia Scherschligt, Daniel Barker, Stephen Eckel, Alex P. Farrell, and Makfir Sefa. "Vacuum furnace for degassing stainless-steel vacuum components." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 36, no. 2 (2018): 023201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.5016181.

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Bos, Marcus J. "Case hardening of austenitic stainless steel pump components." World Pumps 1998, no. 378 (1998): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(99)80557-4.

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Faccoli, M., G. Cornacchia, D. Maestrini, G. P. Marconi, and R. Roberti. "Cold Spray Repair of Martensitic Stainless Steel Components." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 23, no. 8 (2014): 1270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-014-0129-7.

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ELMER, JOHN W., GORDON GIBBS, JOHN S. CARPENTER, et al. "Wire-Based Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steel Components." Welding Journal 99, no. 1 (2020): 8s—24s. http://dx.doi.org/10.29391/2020.99.002.

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Three different wire-fed additive manufacturing (AM) processes were employed to evaluate differences between laser, arc, and electron beam heat sources used for high-deposition-rate AM on the order of 1 kg/h. Optimum weld and build parameters were developed independently to match the characteristics of each heat source using 308L stainless steel welding wire as the feedstock. Laser-wire AM was made with the lowest energy per unit length of weld and had the best control of the melt pool and surface finish. Wire arc-based AM had an intermediate energy per unit length of weld of approximately 5× that of the laser process, while electron beam wire AM had the highest energy per unit length of weld at approximately 10× that of the laser process. Analysis of the parts that were built included evaluation of mechanical properties and microstructures, and these properties are discussed with respect to the difference in input energy and cooling rates. Results show that all three processes build parts with properties that exceed those of annealed 304L wrought stainless steel. How-ever, significant differences exist between the processes, and the results presented here can be used to help select the best wire-fed process for a given high-deposition-rate application.

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Ben Saada, Fatma, and Khaled Elleuch. "Damage of Stainless Steel Components by Olive Paste." Tribology Transactions 59, no. 5 (2016): 856–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2015.1115569.

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Vazdirvanidis, A., G. Pantazopoulos, and A. Rikos. "Corrosion investigation of stainless steel water pump components." Engineering Failure Analysis 82 (December 2017): 466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.09.009.

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Volkov, R. B., V. A. Kuznetsov, and A. Yu Prokop’ev. "Cutting of Special Stainless Steel Thrust-Bearing Components." Russian Engineering Research 43, no. 3 (2023): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x23040342.

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Anirudh, Dhiraj M., Durga Adithya, Revanth Kumar, Preetham Reddy, and Sravan Sashank. "Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Joining of 304 ASS: A Review." E3S Web of Conferences 430 (2023): 01294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001294.

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The mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar joining of 304 stainless steel (SS) and other alloys have been extensively studied in recent years. Stainless steel is a widely used material in various industries such as aerospace, chemical processing and transportation. The austenitic Chromium-Nickel stainless steel AISI 304 provides the best balance of corrosion resistance, endurance, and ductility. Due to the low carbon content, carbide precipitation during welding is less likely. The dissimilar welding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel using various welding techniques with various materials was thoroughly reviewed in the current paper. According to the review, the optimum material to use when intergranular corrosion is a concern is AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel. It is also among the best materials usually utilised in the production of components that cannot be heated.

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Bodewig, Alexander Heinrich, Florian Pape, and Gerhard Poll. "Optimizing Stainless Steel Bearings: Enhancement of Stainless Steel Bearing Fatigue Life by Low-Temperature Forming." Metals 14, no. 5 (2024): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14050512.

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A proposed low-temperature forging method is presented to enhance stainless steel bearings by creating a martensitic subsurface layer, significantly boosting bearing fatigue life due to increased surface hardness. This technique induces beneficial residual stresses, particularly in axial bearings, streamlining their construction and improving machine elements. Challenges persist, especially with radial bearings, but simplicity in axial bearing forging promotes compact, resource-efficient facility construction. Future research will focus on applying this technique to axial bearing washers, potentially replicating success in other bearing components. Despite the energy expenditure on cooling during forging, the substantial increase in bearing fatigue life offsets this, enhancing overall durability and reliability of critical machine components. Integration of this forging technique into bearing fabrication appears seamless, offering a promising trade-off between energy use and enhanced performance.

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Muigai, Magdaline N., Fredrick M. Mwema, Esther T. Akinlabi, et al. "TIG Welding Methods of Repairing Steel Components with Stainless Steel Coatings." Tribology in Industry 44, no. 3 (2022): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/ti.1177.08.21.04.

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Medaglia, Serena, Ángela Morellá-Aucejo, María Ruiz-Rico, et al. "Antimicrobial Surfaces: Stainless Steel Functionalized with the Essential Oil Component Vanillin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 22 (2024): 12146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212146.

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Pathogenic microorganisms can adhere to solid surfaces, leading to the formation of biofilms, thus building a physical barrier hindering the penetration and diffusion of antimicrobial compounds. In this context, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds, such as essential oil components, as substitutes for common synthetic antimicrobials in the fight to prevent antimicrobial resistance is explored. As stainless steel is one of the most widely used surfaces in different industries, we have developed an innovative antimicrobial treatment for stainless steel surfaces based on a multi-step functionalization process, in which the stainless steel surface is coated with a silica layer to which a vanillin derivative is covalently attached. The surface was analyzed by microscopy studies, indicating the correct immobilization on the surfaces. Antimicrobial studies (viability and bacterial adhesion assays) were performed against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections. The results of the microbiological studies showed that vanillin-functionalized stainless steel surfaces reduce the bacteria viability by 100% and the biofilm formation on the stainless steel surface by 75% compared with non-functionalized surfaces, highlighting the contact-killing and adhesion resistance properties of the developed surface. Additional cycles using the functionalized surfaces showed good maintenance of the antimicrobial coating efficacy. Moreover, the surfaces coated with an intermediate silica layer demonstrated much greater antimicrobial activity than surfaces in which the active molecule was directly functionalized on the stainless steel surface.

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Zitelli, Folgarait, and Di Schino. "Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Stainless Steel Grades: A Review." Metals 9, no. 7 (2019): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070731.

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In this paper, the capability of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) systems to process stainless steel alloys is reviewed. Several classes of stainless steels are analyzed (i.e., austenitic, martensitic, precipitation hardening and duplex), showing the possibility of satisfactorily processing this class of materials and suggesting an enlargement of the list of alloys that can be manufactured, targeting different applications. In particular, it is reported that stainless steel alloys can be satisfactorily processed, and their mechanical performances allow them to be put into service. Porosities inside manufactured components are extremely low, and are comparable to conventionally processed materials. Mechanical performances are even higher than standard requirements. Micro surface roughness typical of the as-built material can act as a crack initiator, reducing the strength in both quasi-static and dynamic conditions.

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Kino, Yuki, Shinya Kato, and Yoshinao Hoshi. "Anodic Dissolution of Stainless Steel Covered with Oxide Thin Film in PEFC Simulated Environment." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (2024): 4572. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674572mtgabs.

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Stainless steels have been considered for the bipolar plate materials in fuel cell stack components to reduce the cost of the fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). However, the contact resistance between the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and bipolar plates fabricated by the stainless steels may show large values due to the formation of passive film on the stainless steels 1,2). Further, the anodic dissolution of stainless steels may occur in FC operation, leading to the increase of the contact resistance between the GDL and bipolar plates. In the present study, we developed the surface treatment method for bipolar plates fabricated by the stainless steels using oxide thin film. The dissolution behavior of stainless steels with oxide thin film was investigated in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) simulated environment. In addition, the contact resistance between the GDL and stainless steels with oxide thin film was evaluated before and after corrosion test. In the present study, the stainless steel sheets covered with oxide thin film were fabricated by the vacuum evaporation. The dissolution behavior of these samples was investigated by an electrochemical measurement by a three-electrode system. To simulate PEFC environment, the test solution containing 3 ppm NaF and 10 ppm NaCl was used as the electrolyte solution. The pH of the test solution was adjusted at pH 3. The stainless steel sheet or stainless steel sheet covered with oxide thin film was used as the working electrode. The platinum wire and the KCl-saturated Ag/AgCl electrode were used as the counter electrode and reference electrode, respectively. The potentiostanic polarization was performed at an arbitrary potential. The electrochemical impedance was measured under potentiostanic polarization. In this measurement, the AC potential amplitude was 10 mV and the frequency range was 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz at 5 frequencies per decade. The potentiostatic polarization of the stainless steel sheets and stainless steel sheet covered with oxide thin film was carried out at an arbitrary potential to evaluate the corrosion behavior of each sample. In the stainless steel sheet, the increase and the decrease in the current density were observed under potentiostatic polarization, implying the dissolution of Fe ions or the dissolution and repassivation of the passive film. The time variation of the current density for stainless steel sheet covered with oxide thin film under potentiostanic polarization suggested that the dissolution rate of Fe ions was small under potentiostatic polarization. Based on these results, we measured the impedance spectra of the stainless steel sheet covered with oxide thin film under potentiostanic polarization. In this case, the time variation of impedance was investigated by 3D plots of impedance to determine the instantaneous impedance at arbitrary measurement time 3,4). The charge transfer resistance of each sample, which was estimated by curve fitting using equivalent circuit, at arbitrary measurement time was discussed to examine the corrosion mechanisms. References (1) A.Miyazawa, T. Himeno, A. Nishikata, J. Power Sources, 220, 199 (2012). (2) A.Miyazawa, E Tada, A. Nishikata, J. Power Sources, 231, 226 (2013). (3) Z.B. Stoynov, B.S. Savova-Stoynov, J. Electroanal. Chem. 183, 133 (1985). (4) Y.Hoshi et al., Corros. Sci., 232, 112018 (2024). Acknowledgement This is based on results obtained from a project, JPNP20003, subsidized by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

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Chaudhary, Kanta, and Dr Niraj Bala. "Exploring the Wear Resistance Behaviour of Chromium and Titanium Oxides on 17-4 PH SS in 3D-Printed vs. Cast Structures." International Journal of Basic Sciences and Applied Computing 11, no. 8 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijbsac.h0533.11080425.

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This study investigates impact of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings on 17-4 PH stainless steel components, comparing samples produced through Additive manufacturing and Conventional manufacturing methods. SEM analysis is performed to evaluate the impact of coatings on performance of 17-4 PH stainless steel components. The study examined the microstructure and wear behavior of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings on precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH), which is widely used in the oil and gas industries. Macro Hardness test is also performed on both AM and CM with Chromium oxide and Titanium dioxide Coatings and they are compared with noncoated samples. The use of titanium dioxide and chromium oxide coatings significantly improved these properties in both instances. SEM and EDS were used to analyse the microstructure of material and its wear mechanisms. XRD study also done to obtained information about phase composition of feedstock powders. The wear tests were conducted utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with pins that had various coatings. The wear resistance exhibited considerable variation attributed to the differing coatings on the pins. The study provides insights into optimizing stainless steel components for enhanced durability in harsh environments.

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Sreevatsava, P. Bharath, E. Vara Prasad, A. Sai Deepak Kumar, Mohammad Fayaz Anwar, Vadapally Rama Rao, and Vanitha Chilamban. "Effects of temperature and load during hot impression behavior of Cr-Ni stainless steel." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 27, no. 4 (2021): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/745.

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Austenitic Stainless steels are majorly used because of their high resistance to aqueous corrosion and high temperature properties. Some major applications of stainless steels at high temperatures include engine and exhaust components in aircrafts, recuperators in steel mills, and pulverized coal injection lances for blast furnaces. In all the above said applications, the components are constantly subjected to loads and high temperatures. This makes the study of their creep behavior very important to decide the life of the component. Cr-Ni stainless steel was used as a starting material, and hot impression creep test was performed on cylindrical samples of 10 mm height and 15 mm diameter for a dwell time of 150 min at two different loads of 84 and 98 MPa and at two different temperatures 450 and 500 °C. The time vs. indentation depth was plotted, and creep rate was calculated in each case. It was observed that with an increase in time, creep rate increased in the primary creep region and remained almost constant in the secondary creep region irrespective of temperature and load. The indentation depth and creep rate increased with an increase in load and temperature.

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Alvarez-Armas, I., and Suzanne Degallaix. "Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior and Microcracks Nucleation on Duplex Stainless Steels." Key Engineering Materials 378-379 (March 2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.378-379.17.

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The cyclic hardening–softening response, the cyclic stress–strain curve and the substructure evolution of a high nitrogen duplex stainless steel S32750 have been evaluated and the results compared with reference to low and medium nitrogen duplex stainless steels, S32205 and S32900 grades, respectively. The beneficial effects of nitrogen on the cyclic properties of most modern alloys have been analyzed in terms of the flow stress components, i.e. the internal and the effective stress.

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Geană, Alexandru Adrian, Alin Constantin Murariu, Ion Aurel Perianu, Gabriel Socol, and Gianina Florentina Popescu-Pelin. "Innovative Technologies to Improve the Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels." Solid State Phenomena 332 (May 30, 2022): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jd9555.

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Oxidation is one of the main degradation mechanisms that affects most industrial components. Stainless steels are used in components and equipment in the chemical and petrochemical industries (e.g., valves, plates, columns, capacitors and desalination units). Generally, the steels used in these applications have physical, mechanical and chemical properties that give them corrosion resistance. However, contaminants existing in the processed fluids are the main factor causing the increase in corrosion rate, leading to significant financial losses, which requires the development of innovative technologies to protect the metal from the action of aggressive environment. The paper presents two innovative surface protection techniques used to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steels. Thus, Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) and Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) techniques are used to obtain deposition of hybrid nanostructures of binary oxides and porphyrins on W1.4034 martensitic stainless steel, according to EN 10083-3.

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Bin, Wu, Yang Jing, Jiao Jingpin, He Cunfu, and Qi Gaojun. "Ultrasonic multi-view total focusing method for weld defect detection on small-diameter austenitic stainless steel tubes." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 61, no. 11 (2019): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2019.61.11.649.

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Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in the key components of major equipment and the welds can be the weakest parts of equipment made with these materials. Ultrasonic waves propagate in austenitic stainless steel welds with multiple paths and modes. This study employed a multi-view total focusing method using an ultrasonic phased array for defect detection in the welds of small-diameter austenitic stainless steel pipes. The detection capability of four different direct wave modes and eight different half-skip wave modes for typical defects were compared and analysed through numerical simulation. A fusion imaging method was developed using the preferred direct and half-skip wave modes. The process was further verified with a weld defect detection experiment carried out on small-diameter austenitic stainless steel pipes. The results show that the multi-view total focusing method can efficiently detect the defects in the welds of small-diameter tubes. Compared with the single-mode imaging method, the fusion total focusing imaging approach can not only improve the signal-to-noise ratio but can also reduce the number of image artefacts.

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Hellberg, Sebastian, Joana Hummel, Philipp Krooß, Thomas Niendorf, and Stefan Böhm. "Microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar nitinol and stainless steel wire joints produced by micro electron beam welding without filler material." Welding in the World 64, no. 12 (2020): 2159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00991-3.

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Abstract Nitinol is a shape memory and superelastic alloy, respectively, and stainless steels are widely used materials in medical engineering, e.g., for implants and medical instruments. However, due to its high price and poor machinability, there is a high demand for dissimilar welding of nitinol components to stainless steel. During welding of titanium-containing alloys, like nitinol, to ferrous metals like stainless steel, intermetallic phases between titanium and iron may form. These phases are brittle and lead to rapid crack formation and/or inferior mechanical properties of the joint. In this study, superelastic nitinol wires are butt-welded with stainless steel wires by means of micro electron beam welding, providing good quality weld seams. Due to a very accurate beam alignment and fast beam deflection, the composition and the level of dilution in the weld metal can be precisely controlled, resulting in a significant reduction of fraction of intermetallic phases. The experiments show that it is possible to produce sound welds without the presence of any cracks on the surface as well as in the cross sections.

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Nascimento, Jean Victal do, Rafael Adão de Carvalho, Davi Pereira Garcia, Rômulo Maziero, Edelize Angelica Gomes, and Juan Carlos Campos Rubio. "Stainless steel corrosion in instrumentation pipe." Cadernos UniFOA 14, no. 40 (2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v14i40.2940.

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Corrosion, being a destructive process, causes damage in almost all industrial sectors. In this way, it is harmful both from an economic, social and, especially, safety point of view, as it can cause failures in critical equipment and components of an industrial process. At this point, stainless steels are considered the most corrosion resistant metals. The resistance depends on the chemical composition and microstructure, factors that directly influence the passivation of these materials. The resistance is proportionally related to the addition of chromium (Cr) to the mixture, as well as other alloying elements, among which is the molybdenum (Mo), whose main function is to maximize corrosion resistance in the marine atmosphere, as in case of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 which presents in the chemical composition a percentage of the element Mo. Austenitic stainless steels are applied in instrumentation systems in tubing for reliability in severe atmospheres in accordance with ASTM A269 which establishes the materials applicable to this function. Thus, the present work presents, through a review and case study, Pitting Corrosion of tubings of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) coming from the marine atmosphere. The results show that there is no change in the longitudinal and transverse structure for all analyzed tubes, showing a homogeneous austenitic structure, free of intergranular precipitations.

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Nascimento, Jean Victal do, Rafael Adão de Carvalho, Davi Pereira Garcia, Rômulo Maziero, Edelize Angelica Gomes, and Juan Carlos Campos Rubio. "Stainless steel corrosion in instrumentation pipe." Cadernos UniFOA 14, no. 40 (2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47385/cadunifoa.v14.n40.2940.

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Corrosion, being a destructive process, causes damage in almost all industrial sectors. In this way, it is harmful both from an economic, social and, especially, safety point of view, as it can cause failures in critical equipment and components of an industrial process. At this point, stainless steels are considered the most corrosion resistant metals. The resistance depends on the chemical composition and microstructure, factors that directly influence the passivation of these materials. The resistance is proportionally related to the addition of chromium (Cr) to the mixture, as well as other alloying elements, among which is the molybdenum (Mo), whose main function is to maximize corrosion resistance in the marine atmosphere, as in case of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 which presents in the chemical composition a percentage of the element Mo. Austenitic stainless steels are applied in instrumentation systems in tubing for reliability in severe atmospheres in accordance with ASTM A269 which establishes the materials applicable to this function. Thus, the present work presents, through a review and case study, Pitting Corrosion of tubings of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 in the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) coming from the marine atmosphere. The results show that there is no change in the longitudinal and transverse structure for all analyzed tubes, showing a homogeneous austenitic structure, free of intergranular precipitations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stainless steel components'

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