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Journal articles on the topic 'Stainless steels's etching'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Schultheiß, U., and H. Hornberger. "Comparison of etchants for corrosion-resistant stainless steels in medical engineering." Practical Metallography 62, no. 1 (2024): 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1515/pm-2024-0094.

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Abstract Corrosion-resistant stainless steels are widely used in medical engineering. Today, additive manufacturing techniques are also used for this purpose, in particular for implant steels. Additively processed materials sometimes react differently to etching than conventionally processed ones. The use of etchants for contrasting the microstructure must therefore be adapted. Chemical etching using V2A etchant, Murakami, and anhydrous Kalling solutions, as well as electrochemical etching using nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, and oxalic acid were performed. Etched samples made of conventionall

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2

Acar, Muhammet Taha. "Mutual examination of corrosion and wear resistance of sandblasting and etching surface treatments applied to AISI 316L stainless steel." European Mechanical Science 8, no. 3 (2024): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26701/ems.1470604.

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Since AISI 316L stainless steel has excellent mechanical qualities and resistance to corrosion, it is widely used in many different industries. Surface treatments like etching and sandblasting are frequently used to improve the surface properties for certain uses. It is still difficult to comprehend how these treatments affect the material’s resistance to corrosion and wear, though. In this work, we methodically examine how sandblasting and etching affect AISI 316L stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and wear. We assess the morphological, chemical, and performance changes brought about b

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Ieamsupapong, Supat, Sathapat Boonpia, Kittiwong Wattanakhum, Siriporn Daopiset, and Kok Eng Kee. "Effect of Annealing Time on Pitting, Intergranular Corrosion, and Hardness of Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 1139 (December 18, 2024): 41–47. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-2bbpmq.

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Stainless steels are the material that has chromium as a main component. The chromium content reacts with oxygen in air, subsequently, forms thin chromium oxide film on the surface of stainless steels. Thus, when these steels are exposed to high temperature for a long period of time in many applications, chromium carbide could precipitate along the grain boundary and reduce the corrosion resistance. This project is conducted to study annealing time effect on stainless steels when exposed to high temperature at various exposure time periods. Three different kind of stainless steels, namely, AIS

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Fedorov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, Andrey Igorevich Zhitenev, Darya Andreevna Strekalovskaya, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kur, and Alexey Aleksandrovich Alkhimenko. "Quantitative Description of Duplex Stainless Steels Microstructure Using Selective Etching." Metals 11, no. 11 (2021): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111750.

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The properties of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) depend on the ferrite–austenite ratio, on the content of secondary phases and on the contamination with non-metallic inclusions. To assess the quality of DSSs, it is necessary to use an integrated approach which includes controlling for the volume fraction, the morphology and the distribution of all phases and non-metallic inclusions. Samples of several grades of DSSs were obtained using various heat treatments, such as solution annealing and quenching from 1050 to 1250 °C to obtain different amounts of ferrite and to provoke annealing at 850 °C

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5

Hirano, Mitsuhiro, Koyo Miura, and Naofumi Ohtsu. "Hydrogen-Free Plasma Nitriding Process for Fabrication of Expanded Austenite Layer on AISI 316 Stainless Steel Surface." Materials 18, no. 1 (2025): 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010140.

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The addition of hydrogen to nitrogen facilitates the formation of nitride phases in the plasma nitriding processes of stainless steels, though it also induces the deterioration of their mechanical properties. This study presents a hydrogen-free plasma nitriding process for fabricating a nitrogen-expanded austenite phase (γN) on an AISI 316 stainless steel surface. The steel substrate was nitrided in N2-Ar plasma with various gas compositions discharged by radio frequency (RF) and direct current (DC) modes. The process using the RF mode enabled the fabrication of a layer composed of a γN phase

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6

Irgolič, Tomaž, David Potočnik, Mirko Ficko, and Peter Kirbiš. "Microstructural characterization of laser cladded AISI 316 stainless steel on a carbon steel substrate." Advanced Technologies & Materials 44, no. 2 (2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/atm-2019-2-001.

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Laser engineering net shaping (LENS) is a method of depositing metals into fully shaped parts or for the production of clad layers of noble or wear resistant metals on construction grade steels. In the current work stainless steel was deposited using different combinations of processing parameters such as speed, layer thickness and laser power. The resulting microstructures within the clad layers were then characterized using different etching techniques. Microstructures formed during the SLM process are comprised of columnar grains with a cellular, cellular/dendritic substructure. The exact s

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7

David, Charles, Fiona Ruel, Florent Krajcarz, Clément Boissy, Saghi Saedlou, and Vincent Vignal. "Effect of Grain Size on the Anodic Dissolution of Lean Duplex UNS S32202 Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel." Corrosion 75, no. 12 (2019): 1450–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3218.

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The effect of grain size on the anodic dissolution of lean duplex UNS S32202 dual-phase austenitic-ferritic stainless steel was evaluated. Grain coarsening was achieved by heat treatment, and grain size and grain boundary densities determined by automatic image analysis after etching. Potentiodynamic electrochemical testing in acidic chloride medium allowed isolating the anodic dissolution behavior of the crystallographic phases of the material. A relationship between grain boundary density (for grain sizes in the micrometer range) and dissolution rate has been found, showing that reducing gra

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8

Baghra, Chetan, Aniruddha Kumar, D. B. Sathe, R. B. Bhatt, P. G. Behere, and Mohd Afzal. "Laser etching of austenitic stainless steels for micro-structural evaluation." Optics & Laser Technology 69 (June 2015): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.01.002.

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9

Fedorov, Aleksandr, Andrey Zhitenev, Darya Strekalovskaya, and Aleksandr Kur. "Quantitative Description of the Microstructure of Duplex Stainless Steels Using Selective Etching." Materials Proceedings 3, no. 1 (2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iec2m-09387.

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: The properties of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) depend on the ferrite–austenite ratio and on the contents of secondary phases. Therefore, it is necessary to control the volume fractions, morphologies, and distribution patterns of all phases. The phases in the samples were identified using thermodynamic modeling and scanning electron microscopy. Investigated specimens were obtained after different heat treatments, such as solution annealing and quenching from 1050 to 1250 °C to obtain different amounts of ferrite and annealing at 850 °C to precipitate the σ-phase. Therefore, a metallographic

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10

Tolnai, Ferenc, and Balázs Varbai. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure of Duplex Stainless Steel Welds." Acta Materialia Transylvanica 3, no. 2 (2020): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2020-02-10.

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Abstract Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are gaining in popularity due to their characteristic features, excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. The microstructure of DSSs consists of ferrite up to 50 %, and the rest is built up from austenite. The ferritic microstructure can cause chromium-nitride precipitation because the nitrogen solubility in the ferrite phase is very low below 700 °C. Our research showed that electrochemical etching is an acceptable process for revealing chromium-nitrides. Additionally, our research points out that chromium-nitride acts as a secondary aus

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11

Nakasa, Keijiro, Akihiro Yamamoto, Rongguang Wang, and Tsunetaka Sumomogi. "Formation of Fine Protrusions by Sputter Etching of Martensitic Stainless Steels." Tetsu-to-Hagane 100, no. 5 (2014): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.100.647.

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12

Potgieter, J. H., and P. de Visser. "Potentiostatic etching of duplex stainless steels and high chromium white cast irons." Materials Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (1993): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1993.9.4.336.

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13

NAKASA, Keijiro, Xu YAN, Masashi YOSHIDA, and Tsunetaka SUMOMOGI. "Deformation Characteristics of Fine Protrusions Formed by Sputter-Etching of Stainless Steels." Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering 4, no. 7 (2010): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.4.1103.

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14

Villalobos Vera, Doris Ivette, and Ivan Mendoza Bravo. "Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure of hyperduplex stainless steels." Ingeniería Investigación y Tecnología 20, no. 2 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2019.20n2.024.

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Samples of hyperduplex stainless steels were produced experimentally and exposed to different conventional annealing heat treatments in order to obtain the microstructural balance of 50% ferrite and 50% austenite. To differentiate the ferrite and austenite from any secondary phase, selective etching was used and quantitative metallography was performed to measure the percentage of phases. Results showed that conventional annealing heat treatments promote the transformation from ferrite to sigma phase and secondary austenite, suggesting a higher occurrence of sigma phase in the experimental hyp

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15

Choe, Byung Hak, Sang Woo Lee, Jong Kee Ahn, Jinhee Lee, and Tae Woon Lim. "Hydrogen Induced Cracks in Stainless Steel 304 in Hydrogen Pressure and Stress Corrosive Atmosphere." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 10 (2020): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.10.653.

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The phenomena of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in 304 stainless steels was considered in a hydrogen pressure and stress corrosive atmosphere. Microstructures with chloride pits and stress corrosion cracks around the HIC were analyzed by SEM/EDS. Abnormal phase transformations induced by the hydrogen were analyzed using TEM and diffraction. In the hydrogen pressure atmosphere, pits and pores were observed on the surface of the 304 stainless steels. In addition, it was determined that Cl, an etchant component, was concentrated at a high concentration in the pits. SCC (stress corrosion cracking

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16

Jackson, E. M. L. E. M., P. E. de Visser, and L. A. Cornish. "Distinguishing between Chi and Sigma phases in duplex stainless steels using potentiostatic etching." Materials Characterization 31, no. 4 (1993): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(93)90061-y.

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17

Potgieter, J. H., L. M. Matthews, and P. De Visser. "Experimental study of quantitative phase characterization in duplex stainless steels by potentiostatic etching." Journal of Materials Science 27, no. 13 (1992): 3667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01151849.

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18

Lacasse, Robert, Christophe Hitz, Pierre-Antony Deschênes, et al. "Visualization and Location Determination of Pit Initiation Sites in Martensitic Stainless Steel during Corrosion-Fatigue Cyclic Plastic Deformation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 14 (2023): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02141138mtgabs.

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Low-carbon martensitic stainless steels, such as 13%Cr4%Ni, are widely used in manufacturing hydraulic turbine runners. High tensile strength steel, such as cast CA6NM or wrought S41500 martensitic stainless steel, has an acceptable resistance to corrosion and cavitation, and reduces the weight and cost while offering a more efficient design. During operation, the combined effect of cyclic loading (fatigue) and corrosion reduces the fatigue strength and can initiate cracks at localized corrosion surface defects. In this study, we determined the bulk and localized corrosion behavior of wrought

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19

Li, Yutang, Haoran Zhu, Dengping Ji, Bin Luo, and Jianxun Fu. "Investigation on carbide dispersion modified by magnesium and rare earth in high-carbon martensitic stainless steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 5 (2023): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023068.

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Fine and uniform carbides play a beneficial role in the high hardness and wear resistance of martensitic stainless steel. This paper investigates the effect of magnesium and rare earth(RE) on the dispersion of carbides in a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel. The results show that RE-Al-O and RE-Al-O-S inclusions were generated in RE-containing steel, while Mg-Al-O+(Ca, Mn)S and MgO+CaS inclusions were in Mg-containing steel. MC, M7C3, and M23C6 types of carbides were detected in both RE-containing and Mg-containing steels, which is consistent with thermodynamic calculation. The RE-Al-O i

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20

Nagar, R., C. Gohil, K. K. Patel, V. Rao, and S. Soman. "Effect of cold metal transfer (CMT) on the microstructure of as welded 2205 duplex stainless steel." Practical Metallography 62, no. 7 (2025): 487–96. https://doi.org/10.1515/pm-2025-0041.

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Abstract This work aims to study the microstructural variations in 2205 duplex stainless steel welded by cold metal transfer. Duplex stainless steels, characterized by their twophase microstructure of austenite and ferrite, exhibit exceptional mechanical properties and corrosion resistance that can be significantly influenced by welding techniques. Plates of 8 mm thickness, solution annealed at 1070 ˚C, were joined using ER 2209 welding wire and a shielding gas mixture of 98 % Argon and 2 % O2. Microstructural analysis and ferrite content measurements were performed on the welded specimens. Th

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21

Juuti, Timo, Sampo Uusikallio, Antti J. Kaijalainen, Esa Heinonen, Nyo Tun Tun, and David A. Porter. "The Effect of Sample Preparation on the Microstructure of Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.873.

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Sample preparation of metastable austenitic-ferritic steels can have a significant effect on the apparent microstructure due to the transformation of austenite to martensite (γ - α'). As a result, these steels often have a complex microstructure with ferrite and martensite, which have relatively similar crystal structures, making it very difficult to analyse. However, the quantitative analysis of such microstructures and the effect of the sample preparation are very important for the further study of the steel. In this research, the effect of sample preparation in metastable austenitic-ferriti

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22

Janis, Diana, Ryo Inoue, Andrey Karasev, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Application of Different Extraction Methods for Investigation of Nonmetallic Inclusions and Clusters in Steels and Alloys." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210486.

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The characterization of nonmetallic inclusions is of importance for the production of clean steel in order to improve the mechanical properties. In this respect, a three-dimensional (3D) investigation is considered to be useful for an accurate evaluation of size, number, morphology of inclusions, and elementary distribution in each inclusion particle. In this study, the application of various extraction methods (chemical extraction/etching by acid or halogen-alcohol solutions, electrolysis, sputtering with glow discharge, and so on) for 3D estimation of nonmetallic Al2O3inclusions and clusters

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23

Zhang, Qinglian, Rongguang Wang, Masahiko Kato, and Keijiro Nakasa. "Formation of Conical Carbides on the Surface of Stainless and Alloy Steels by Sputter-Etching." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 69, no. 3 (2005): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.69.312.

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NAKASA, Keijiro, Akihiro YAMAMOTO, and Tsunetaka SUMOMOGI. "Gripping and frictional-conveying characteristics of fine protrusions formed by sputter-etching of stainless steels." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 84, no. 862 (2018): 17–00360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.17-00360.

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25

Yang, Ta-I., Yi-Chun Chen, Huei-Ting Huang, I.-Hsiang Tseng, and Hsu-Wei Fang. "A STRATEGY TO ENHANCE THE BIOMEDICAL ARTICULATION SYSTEM BY ELECTROCHEMICALLY TEXTURING OF METAL SURFACES." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 24, no. 04 (2012): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237212500299.

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The concept of texturing steel surfaces were attempted to ease the surface wear and to prevent the release of harmful ions in the conventional joint replacement systems. The surfaces of the bio-compatible steels were textured by photolithography and electrochemical etching techniques to lower the friction coefficient and hence reduce the wear of the surface. Experimental results confirmed that the surfaces with textures (grooves) showed lower friction coefficient compared to un-textured surfaces at a high load (50 N). The friction coefficient could be further reduced for a lower load (10 N) th

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Varbai, Balázs, Timothy Pickle, and Kornél Májlinger. "Development and Comparison of Quantitative Phase Analysis for Duplex Stainless Steel Weld." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 62, no. 3 (2018): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.12234.

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In duplex stainless steels the ideally 1:1 ratio of austenite-to-ferrite phases ensures the outstanding mechanical and corrosion properties compared to other, conventional stainless steel grades. However, this phase balance can be easily shifted to a mostly austenitic or mostly ferritic microstructures, depending on the welding process and heat input. In order to determine the phase ratio, several methods are available to use, such as Feritscope measurements, ASTM E562 manual point count method (on metallographic images) or quantitative image analysis. From these methods, Feritscope measuremen

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NISHIMURA, Taiki, Hiroshi ABE, and Yutaka WATANABE. "Detection and quantification of pre-existing plastic strain in austenitic stainless steels by potentiostatic etching method." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2018 (2018): OS1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2018.os1213.

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28

Sonar, Tushar, Mikhail Ivanov, Igor Shcherbakov, et al. "Enhancing Welding Productivity and Mitigation of Distortion in Dissimilar Welding of Ferritic-Martensitic Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Using Robotic A-TIG Welding Process." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 8, no. 6 (2024): 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8060283.

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The P91 martensitic steel and 304L austenitic stainless steels are two mainly used structural steels in power plants. The major problem in conventional multipass tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding of P91/304L steel is high heat input and joint distortion, increased cost and time associated with V groove preparation, filler rod requirement, preheating and welding in multiple passes, and labor efforts. Hence, in this study, a novel approach of robotically operated activated flux TIG (A-TIG) welding process and thin AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy (EHEA) sheet as the interlayer was used t

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Wang, E. Y., J. T. Cherian, A. Madsen, and R. M. Fisher. "EELS characterization of “Smut” layer films on steel surface prepared for chrome plating by anodic etching." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 538–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139068.

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Many steel parts are electro-plated with chromium to protect them against corrosion and to improve their wear-resistance. Good adhesion of the chrome plate to the steel surface, which is essential for long term durability of the part, is extremely dependent on surface preparation prior to plating. Recently, McDonnell Douglas developed a new pre-treatment method for chrome plating in which the steel is anodically etched in a sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid solution. On carbon steel surfaces, this anodic pre-treatment produces a dark, loosely adhering material that is commonly called the “sm

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Abe, Seizaburo, and Akihiko Takahashi. "Material Factors of Grain Boundary Sensitization in Stainless Steels Detected by 10% Oxalic Acid Etching Test Method." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 49, no. 6 (2000): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.49.374.

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TAKIZAWA, Kikuo, and Yoshinori NAKAYAMA. "Effects of MnS Inclusion and the Potentiostatic Etching Treatment on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of 18-8 Stainless Steels." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 42, no. 6 (1991): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.42.649.

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32

Nakamura, Masayoshi, Keijiro Nakasa, Yudai Kitamika, Sande Gao, and Tsunetaka Sumomogi. "Formation of Fine Protrusions by Sputter Etching of Stainless Steels and Evaluation of Gripping Ability of Fiber Sheets." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing 22, no. 4 (2021): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12541-021-00495-0.

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33

Terek, Vladimir, Aleksandar Miletić, Lazar Kovačević, et al. "Surface Topography and Grain Morphology of Nanolayer TiAlN/TiSIN Coating Governed by Substrate Material and Rotation during Deposition." Materials Proceedings 2, no. 1 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ciwc2020-06822.

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Nanolayer TiAlN/TiSiN coating is one of the most advanced contemporary protective coatings. It has been applied for protection of machining tools, forming tools, and die casting tools. However, due to its versatile properties, there is a high potential for broadening its application; for example, for protection of biomedical implants. Each application requires specific base materials, for example cold working steels are used for forming, while stainless steels are applied for biomedical purposes. Different materials and their pre-treatment might result in different coating properties even if c

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NAKASA, Keijiro, Akihiro YAMAMOTO, Rongguang WANG, and Tsunetaka SUMOMOGI. "Effect of plasma nitriding on the compressive strength of multi-functional fine protrusions formed by sputter-etching of stainless steels." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 82, no. 838 (2016): 16–00059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.16-00059.

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Smolentsev, V. P., A. V. Levin, and A. V. Gribentchikov. "Manufacturing of Coated Production Tooling." Advanced Materials Research 24-25 (September 2007): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.24-25.13.

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It is difficult to select the materials combining in modern industry, this paper analyzed the drawbacks of different materials (the stainless, the copper alloys, aluminum and its alloys) on selecting materials for tooling and selection of coatings that help to eliminate drawbacks, analyzed the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and its application of different materials. It is ascertained that aluminum alloys may be practical to use for electrodes for electroerosive machining only in exceptional cases when the wear of the tool is not determinative. Selection of materials combining required physical and

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Veile, Georg, Elen Regitz, Marek Smaga, Stefan Weihe, and Tillmann Beck. "Investigations of Metallurgical Differences in AISI 347 and Their Influence on Deformation and Transformation Behaviour and Resulting Fatigue Life." Materials 17, no. 18 (2024): 4543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184543.

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Due to variations in chemical composition and production processes, homonymous austenitic stainless steels can differ significantly regarding their initial microstructure, metastability, and thus, their fatigue behavior. Microstructural investigations and fatigue tests have been performed in order to evaluate this aspect. Three different batches and production forms of nominally one type of steel AISI 347 were investigated under monotonic tensile tests and cyclic loading under total strain and stress control in low and high cycle fatigue regimes, respectively. The deformation induced α’-marten

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VOLCHUK, V. M., V. I. KACHUR, and I. A. TIUTIERIEV. "RESEARCH OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF THE BLADE IS MADE BY THE MINE WELDING METHOD." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, no. 2 (101) (October 21, 2023): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.040723.7.979.

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Problem statement. One of the main requirements for the blade is to achieve significant indicators of corrosion resistance and elasticity, the ability to withstand lateral and contact loads. Thanks to the combination of high-carbon and stainless steels with the help of pit welding, the effect of zone hardening is achieved in the subsequent heat treatment. Zone hardening technology is a combination of different hardness indicators on one knife blade, which leads to a significant increase in the elasticity and durability of the blade, reduces the risk of hardening cracks. Mine welding allows you

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F., Dias, D., M. G. Diniz, and Pimenta, A. R. "Propriedades mecânicas das fases ferrita e austenita de aço inoxidável duplex." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.54018/seesv2n1-001.

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Aços inoxidáveis duplex apresentam elevada resistência mecânica e resistência à corrosão, propriedades requeridas pelas indústrias petroquímicas. Esta combinação tem ampliado a utilização destes aços, e motivado diversas pesquisas. Os aços inoxidáveis duplex recebem este nome, devido à microestrutura ser formada por aproximadamente 50% de austenita e 50% de ferrita. Sabe-se que a dureza está diretamente relacionada à resistência mecânica, e que esta propriedade pode variar de acordo com a microestrutura do material. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar e comparar a dureza das fases austen

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Sever, Kader, Nilay Çömez, Can Çivi, and Handenur Karaoğlu. "A Study to Examine the Effect of the Phosphate Coating Process on Adhesion and Corrosion Resistance in Structural Steels." International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.715.

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Industrial washing and drying machines are systems that operate in high-temperature and humid environments, which can therefore be considered aggressive in terms of corrosion. Stainless steel materials to be used in the body structures of these systems are the most important solution in this regard due to their superior corrosion resistance properties. However, due to the low initial investment cost, structural steels, especially from the non-alloy steel group with low carbon content, are widely used in the sector as an alternative to stainless steel in machine and system bodies by increasing

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Shrivastava, Rahul, Rita Maurya, and Prvan Kumar Katiyar. "Examining Sigma Phase in Super Duplex Stainless Steels (UNS S32750) after Isothermal Aging, Focusing on Its Influence on Etching and Pitting Corrosion with Optical Microscopy." Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, August 8, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13632-024-01120-y.

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Řehořek, Jakub, and Hygreeva Kiran Namburi. "Basic Microstructural Characterization of Second Phases in Homogeneous Weld Joint Made of X6CrNiNbN25-20 Steel After Long-Term Exposure Time at 973 K." Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 7, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4048900.

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Abstract:

Abstract New blocks of fossil fuel power plants designed for steam temperatures above 873 K require advanced stainless steels as material for superheater or reheater systems. Weld joints are critical parts in fossil power units. Great attention is paid to the exploitation of new steel grades with higher material properties. In the austenitic steels family, the superior grade is undoubtedly HR3C steel (X6CrNiNbN25-20). A detailed knowledge on stability and microstructure composition during thermal exposure of the weld joints made from HR3C is necessary in order to use them in fossil fuel power

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