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Journal articles on the topic 'Stains'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 June 2025

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Brady, John G., Gordon E. Schutze, Robert Seibert, Hazel V. Horn, Barbara Marks, and David M. Parham. "Detection of Mycobacterial Infections Using the Dieterle Stain." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 1, no. 4 (1998): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100249900044.

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Retrospective review comparing the modified Dieterle stain with standard acid-fast stains was performed on seven surgical pathology cases that contained culture-positive mycobacteria infections. Tissues examined comprised cervical and submandibular lymph nodes and soft tissues of the face and chest. Modified Dieterle staining was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections, and the results were compared with those of hematoxylineosin stains and auramine-rhodamines and carbol-fuchsin acid-fast stains. The acid-fast stain showed organisms in three of seven cases on initial review and five of seven cases on retrospective review; the auramine-rhodamine stain retrospectively revealed organisms in five cases. In contrast, the Dieterle stain showed organisms in all seven sections on retrospective examination. Dieterle stains revealed either beaded bacilli or nocardia-like filamentous organisms, sometimes with abundant granular debris possibly representing degenerative organisms. In three cases in which bacteria were readily apparent with the Dieterle stain, only rare organisms could be identified with the acid-fast stain. The modified Dieterle stain was more sensitive than the acid-fast stain in the identification of mycobacteria in pediatric specimens, and its use is recommended in cases with necrotizing granulomas. However, its specificity is limited by morphologic similarities of the organisms to those of nocardiosis and cat scratch disease.

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CHICK, ANDREW I. R. "Stains for entomological microtechnique: simple stains for whole mounts and dissection." Zootaxa 4790, no. 3 (2020): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4790.3.2.

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Slide mounted entomological specimens often require the aid of contrast techniques to improve the clarity of morphological characteristics. Methods can involve the use of techniques such as Phase contrast, Dark field or differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC), however where an entomologist may only have access to simple brightfield microscopy chemical staining of the specimen may be used to improve contrast. For whole mounts of entomological specimens, a single stain, occasionally two, are often used, in comparison to histological sections that often employ multiple stains in complex protocols. A number of authors have proposed different stains and staining methods for a number of insect groups with few considering the long term qualities of the stain, it has previously been shown that aniline dyes are prone to fading in Canada Balsam mounts, and that some stains fade even when protected from sunlight. This paper aims to summarise the knowledge of stains used for entomological specimens and provide details on the archival qualities.

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Woods, G. L., and D. H. Walker. "Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 9, no. 3 (1996): 382–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.9.3.382.

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A wide variety of stains are useful for detection of different organisms or, for viruses, the cytopathologic changes they induce, in smears prepared directly from clinical specimens and in tissue sections. Other types of stains, such as hematoxylin and eosin, are used routinely to stain tissue sections and are most valuable for assessing the immunologic response of the host to the invading pathogen. In many cases, the pattern of inflammation provides important clues to diagnosis and helps to guide the selection of additional "special" stains used predominantly for diagnosis of infectious diseases. A stain may be nonspecific, allowing detection of a spectrum of organisms, as do the Papanicolaou stain and silver impregnation methods, or detection of only a limited group of organisms, as do the different acid-fast techniques. Some nonspecific stains, such as the Gram stain, are differential and provide valuable preliminary information concerning identification. Immunohistochemical stains, on the other hand, are specific for a particular organism, although in some cases cross-reactions with other organisms occur. Despite the wealth of information that can be gleaned from a stained smear or section of tissue, however, the specific etiology of an infection often cannot be determined on the basis of only the morphology of the organisms seen; culture data are essential and must be considered in the final diagnosis.

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Zubir, Moondra, Ayi Darmana, Marini Damanik, et al. "Bleach Effectively in Removes The Stubborn Stains." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 3, no. 1 (2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v3i1.18312.

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Along with the development of science and technology, more and more types of manufactured goods produced to meet our needs we need to know that among these materials there are dangerous or toxic, therefore it is very important for us to know the type, nature, usefulness, as well as the dangers of every chemical that we use at home As we know, all kinds of objects that are around us are actual material, all material consists of chemicals but, in our daily lives we commonly use the term material instead of chemicals. Clothing that we use every day will be prone to stains so it is important to know how to remove stubborn stains on clothes. It would be very inconvenient if the clothes worn are dirty and not beautiful to the eye. There are many types of stains, ranging from dirty sweat, blood, residual makeup, black spots caused by fungus, to stains from the outside such as stains caused by rust, paint, oil, ink or spills of food and drinks. If you use the wrong method to remove these stains, it is not uncommon for us to find difficulties and can even be fatal as they get dirty. Each type of stain has a different treatment, depending on the nature of the stain. Bleach is now available as a solution to the problem of stains on these clothes.

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Bradford, Jolene A., Pam Whitney, Timothy Huang, et al. "Novel Vybrant® DyeCycle ™ Stains Provide Cell Cycle Analysis in Live Cells Using Flow Cytometry with Violet, Blue, and Green Excitation." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 4234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4234.4234.

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Abstract Flow cytometric approaches can resolve cell position in the cell cycle based on DNA content, and these analyses are widely used in the study of cell growth, cell cycle regulation, and oncology. These applications require dyes that bind to DNA in a stoichiometric manner and which, with the exception of some UV-excited dyes like Hoechst 33342, require fixation, permeabilization and RNAse treatment for reproducible results. The Vybrant® DyeCycle™ stains are DNA-selective, cell membrane-permeant dyes that show greatly-enhanced fluorescence when bound to DNA. DyeCycle violet stain can be excited by a 405 nm laser, DyeCycle green stain by a 488 nm laser, and DyeCycle orange stain by either 488 nm or 532 nm lasers. (Figure 1) No fixation, permeabilization or addition of RNAse is required for stoichiometric binding of the dye to DNA. These dyes show similar performance on live Jurkat cells to Hoechst 33342 and DRAQ5: G0/G1 peak CV generally less than 6% and G2/G1 ratio greater than 1.8. The DyeCycle stains have been tested on a variety of cells: Jurkat, CHO, NIH 3T3, HL60, HEK cells, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Staining was optimized by cell type using time, temperature, cell concentration and dye concentration. The dyes can be used on cells in the presence of media components, including serum and divalent cations. Cells with damaged membranes exhibit different DyeCycle stain uptake patterns from live cells and can be excluded from analysis with spectrally-resolved viability dyes, such as SYTOX® blue and SYTOX red dyes. The DyeCycle stains have been used with antibody staining against surface antigens to evaluate the cycle profile of subpopulations. Generally, antibody conjugates with red-emitting fluorophores, such as allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin tandem fluorophores, were used because the required concentrations of the DyeCycle stains produced significant emission across fluorescein and phycoerythrin detection channels. The DyeCycle stains have also been combined with viability and apoptotic markers in testing of cells induced to apoptosis with camptothecin. DyeCycle orange stain, in particular, was found to define a sub-G0 population in late apoptotic cells. Finally, the DyeCycle stains cause some retardation of cell division, but do not demonstrate the toxicity observed with DRAQ5. The adherent cell lines, HEK and NIH 3T3, were stained with DyeCycle violet stain and DyeCycle orange stain, respectively before being were sorted under sterile conditions based on G0/G1 and G2/M population fluorescence. Sorted populations demonstrated the appropriate fluorescence when verified by reanalysis, and all sorted populations attached normally and expanded over 1 to 3 days post-sort. DyeCycle stains allow resolution of cell cycle information in viable cells against the dynamic background of cell activity using common lasers, as well as the ability to sort cells based on position in the cell cycle. Figure 1. ModFit analysis of live jurkat cells labeled with 5 μM Vybrant DyeCycle violet stain or 10 μM of either Vybrant DyeCycle green or orange stains. Figure 1. ModFit analysis of live jurkat cells labeled with 5 μM Vybrant DyeCycle violet stain or 10 μM of either Vybrant DyeCycle green or orange stains.

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Nathoo, S. A., and A. Gaffar. "Studies on Dental Stains Induced by Antibacterial Agents and Rational Approaches for Bleaching Dental Stains." Advances in Dental Research 9, no. 4 (1995): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374950090041801.

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Extrinsic stain resides in the dental pellicle and can be caused by introduction of chromogenic materials or therapeutic agents into the oral cavity. In contrast, intrinsic tooth stain is found within the tooth structure and can be caused by a variety of agents, including hematological and developmental abnormalities and drugs such as tetracycline. The mechanisms of extrinsic stain formation differ with respect to the causative agent. For example, stain induced by chlorhexidine (CH) can be explained by an increased rate in the non-enzymatic browning reactions occurring at the pellicle surface, while food stains are retained on the surface via ion exchange mechanisms. Although most extrinsic dental stain can be removed by abrasive and/or surface-active materials, removal of certain types of surface stain, e.g., staining due to cationic antimicrobial agents, requires specific agents such as aminoguanidine to reduce the stain. A broad-spectrum approach to reduce both intrinsic and extrinsic dental stains clinically requires oxygenating agents. To evaluate this approach and understand the mechanisms of stain removal, we developed a spectroscopic method for measuring stain in vivo. A series of clinical studies was performed to evaluate stain removal by the agents. The results showed that carbamide peroxide in combination with surfactants and anti-redeposition agents, e.g., sodium pyrophosphate, was more effective in bleaching dental stain compared with carbamide peroxide alone. A detailed examination of the tooth structure by microhardness measurements, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy showed that stain decolorization with this system did not have any adverse effects.

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Alturkistani, Hani A., Faris M. Tashkandi, and Zuhair M. Mohammedsaleh. "Histological Stains: A Literature Review and Case Study." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 3 (2015): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n3p72.

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<p>The history of histology indicates that there have been significant changes in the techniques used for histological staining through chemical, molecular biology assays and immunological techniques, collectively referred to as histochemistry. Early histologists used the readily available chemicals to prepare tissues for microscopic studies; these laboratory chemicals were potassium dichromate, alcohol and the mercuric chloride to harden cellular tissues. Staining techniques used were carmine, silver nitrate, Giemsa, Trichrome Stains, Gram Stain and Hematoxylin among others.</p> <p>The purpose of this research was to assess past and current literature reviews, as well as case studies, with the aim of informing ways in which histological stains have been improved in the modern age. Results from the literature review has indicated that there has been an improvement in histopathology and histotechnology in stains used. There has been a rising need for efficient, accurate and less complex staining procedures. Many stain procedures are still in use today, and many others have been replaced with new immunostaining, molecular, non-culture and other advanced staining techniques. Some staining methods have been abandoned because the chemicals required have been medically proven to be toxic. The case studies indicated that in modern histology a combination of different stain techniques are used to enhance the effectiveness of the staining process. Currently, improved histological stains, have been modified and combined with other stains to improve their effectiveness.</p>

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Zarrin-Khameh, Neda, and Kim S. Kaye. "Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 3 (2007): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-488-asps.

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Abstract This article provides an overview of the pathology of alveolar soft part sarcoma, focused on its morphology, special stains useful in diagnosis, and the clinical and radiographic features of the disease. Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare neoplasm of unknown histogenesis with poor prognosis. Although there are several immunohistochemical stains available to help reach the diagnosis, the morphology of the tumor should be considered the main diagnostic feature. The periodic acid–Schiff stain is the best single stain that supports the diagnosis.

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Jha, Prasanna Kumar, and Satyendra Kumar Singh. "A Rare Presentation of Acquired Port Wine Stain in an Elderly Male." Nepalese Medical Journal 4, no. 1 (2021): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v4i1.36714.

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Acquired port wine stain though an uncommon entity that develops later in life, resembles congenital port wine stain morphologically and histologically. Congenital port wine stains are vascular lesions caused by progressive ectasia of blood vessels which is located in the vascular plexus of the dermis. Congenital port-wine stains may be associated with Sturge Weber syndrome causing neurological and eye abnormalities such as glaucoma. Here we report a 60-year-old male presenting with a complaint of asymptomatic reddish patches over the nose for 15 years.

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Saba, C., M. Solidani, F. Berlutti, A. Vestri, L. Ottolenghi, and A. Polimeni. "Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study of the etiopathogenic bacteria." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 30, no. 3 (2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.3.q1561155x22u0774.

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The aim of this work is to emphasize that particular stains on the third cervical of the buccal and lingual surfaces in mixed dentition, called "black stain." Previous research showed the microbiological etiology of this discoloration by chromogen bacterias. Our study shows bacteria spp involved in stains by means of PCR process and electrophoresis gel on the agarose medium. Sample was formed by 100 subject with black stain and 100 control subjects stain-free.A statistical analysis (SPSS 10.0) using X2 was performed in this study. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella melaninogenica, were not involved in both in black stain subjects and in the control. On the contrary, Actinomyces could be involved in the pigmentation process.

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OPPONG, DAVID, and BIRDELL H. SNUDDEN. "Comparison of Acridine Orange Staining Using Fluorescence Microscopy with Traditional Methods for Microbiological Examination of Selected Dry Food Products." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 6 (1988): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.6.485.

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A comparison was made between the acridine orange stain, gram stain and methylene blue stain for direct microscopic counts (DMC) of microorganisms in gravy mixes, spices, cocoa products and baby foods. Bacteria were detected in 96% (45/47) of the samples stained with acridine orange, 64% (30/47) for the gram stain and 66% (31/47) for the methylene blue stain. In most instances, acridine-orange smears showed higher numbers of bacteria than the traditional stains. The staining quality of the acridine orange was better than the conventional stains with bacteria, yeast cells, and mold hyphae fluorescing very differently from the background. The results indicate that direct staining with acridine orange is better than the traditional methods for estimating bacterial numbers in such foods.

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Clark, Penny, Traci Kurtzer, and Patrick Duff. "Role of Bacterial Vaginosis in Peripartum Infections." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 4 (1994): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s106474499400061x.

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Objective: The purpose of this prospective investigation was to determine if the presence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) at the time of delivery was associated with the development of maternal and neonatal infection.Methods: Vaginal fluid was collected from 390 laboring patients. Smears of the vaginal secretions were gram stained, and slides were scored and interpreted as normal, intermediate, and BV based on Gram's stain criteria. Results of the Gram's stains were correlated with the clinical diagnoses of chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and neonatal sepsis.Results: Eighty-eight percent of patients were term and 12% were preterm. The overall prevalence of BV was 30%. The frequency of BV was similar in both term and preterm women. BV was significantly more prevalent among nonwhites than whites (37% vs. 25%, P = 0.005). Maternal characteristics such as mean age, parity, status of the membranes, mean duration of labor, mean duration of ruptured membranes, mean length of fetal monitoring, mean number of vaginal examinations, and mode of delivery were similar in patients with BV, intermediate, and normal Gram's stains. Forty-seven (12%) women developed peripartum infection. The frequencies of chorioamnionitis or endometritis in women with BV or intermediate Gram's stains were 19/116 (16.4%) and 11/63 (17.5%), respectively. The frequency in each of the 2 groups was significantly increased compared with the rate in women with normal Gram's stains: 17/211 (8.1%), [P = 0.034, OR = 2.0 (95% CI, 1.07–3.73) for BV and P = 0.054, OR = 2.1 (95% CI, 1.12–3.94) for intermediate Gram's stain]. The incidence of suspected or confirmed neonatal infection was significantly higher in mothers with intermediate Gram's stains compared with mothers with normal Gram's stains (P = 0.02, OR = 2.18, 95% CI, 1.12–3.94), while no difference in incidence was observed between mothers with BV and normal Gram's stains (P > 0.05). The rate of neonatal infection directly correlated with maternal group B streptococcal colonization rather than with BV.Conclusions: In this population, patients with BV and intermediate Gram's stains had an increased frequency of peripartum infection.

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Shobana G., Muthu Karuppaiah R., Bharath Kumar Garla, Taranath M., and Palanivel Pandian R. "Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Extrinsic Dental Stains." Journal of Advanced Oral Research 10, no. 1 (2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2320206819834411.

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Aim and objectives: To compare the effectiveness of the stain removing property of the whitening toothpastes (silica [Colgate Visible White], silica, papain and bromelain [Whitospark], and silica and calcium carbonate [Snowdent] containing toothpastes) on extrinsic dental stains and to assess the lasting of tooth whitening effect produced by the whitening toothpastes. Materials and methods: It is a randomized, concurrent parallel arm, non-invasive, controlled trial designed to compare the effectiveness of the whitening toothpastes on reducing extrinsic dental stains. Parametric t-test was used. Results: A statistically significant difference can be seen between Groups A and B, Groups B and C, and Groups B and D. Maximum mean and percentage reduction was found in Group B at the end of the second month in stain extent and intensity. A statistically significant difference was seen between subgroups B1 and B2. Maximum mean and percentage reduction was found in subgroup B1 at the end of the fourth month in stain extent and intensity. Conclusion: Silica, papain, and bromelain containing toothpastes (Whitospark) show effectiveness on reducing extrinsic dental stains.

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Zhou, Pingping, Miaole Hou, Shuqiang Lv, Xuesheng Zhao, and Wangting Wu. "Virtual Restoration of Stained Chinese Paintings Using Patch-Based Color Constrained Poisson Editing with Selected Hyperspectral Feature Bands." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (2019): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111384.

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Stains, as one of most common degradations of paper cultural relics, not only affect paintings’ appearance, but sometimes even cover the text, patterns, and colors contained in the relics. Virtual restorations based on common red–green–blue images (RGB) which remove the degradations and then fill the lacuna regions with the image’s known parts with the inpainting technology could produce a visually plausible result. However, due to the lack of information inside the degradations, they always yield inconsistent structures when stains cover several color materials. To effectively remove the stains and restore the covered original contents of Chinese paintings, a novel method based on Poisson editing is proposed by exploiting the information inside the degradations of selected three feature bands as the auxiliary information to guide the restoration since the selected feature bands captured fewer stains and could expose the covered information. To make the Poisson editing suitable for stain removal, the feature bands were also exploited to search for the optimal patch for the pixels in the stain region, and the searched patch was used to construct the color constraint on the original Poisson editing to ensure the restoration of the original color of paintings. Specifically, this method mainly consists of two steps: feature band selection from hyperspectral data by establishing rules and reconstruction of stain contaminated regions of RGB image with color constrained Poisson editing. Four Chinese paintings (‘Fishing’, ‘Crane and Banana’, ‘the Hui Nationality Painting’, and ‘Lotus Pond and Wild Goose’) with different color materials were used to test the performance of the proposed method. Visual results show that this method can effectively remove or dilute the stains while restoring a painting’s original colors. By comparing values of restored pixels with nonstained pixels (reference of their same color materials), images processed by the proposed method had the lowest average root mean square error (RMSE), normalized absolute error (NAE), and average differences (AD), which indicates that it is an effective method to restore the stains of Chinese paintings.

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Sharma, Anurag, Pinky Bautista, and Yukako Yagi. "Balancing Image Quality and Compression Factor for Special Stains Whole Slide Images." Analytical Cellular Pathology 35, no. 2 (2012): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/960684.

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The objective is to find a practical balance between quality and performance for daily high volume whole slide imaging. We evaluated whole slide images created by various scanners at different compression factors to determine the best suitable quality factor (QF) needed for pathological images of special stains.Method: We scanned two sets of eight special stains slides each at 0.50 μm/pixel resolution in Hamamatsu scanner at six and fiveQFlevels respectively to generate 72 images which were observed at a calibrated monitor by imaging specialists, a histo-technician, and a pathologist to find the most suitableQFlevel for special stains in digital slides.Results: Most special stains images were acceptable at QF 30 except for the stain Reticulin where the lowest acceptableQFwas 50. The compression of images fromQF90 toQF50 reduced the size of the images by 62.73%.Conclusion: 0.50 μm/pixel images atQF50 or above were found suitable 12 special stain.

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Smith, Ronald W., and Victoria Bryg. "Staining Polymers for Microscopical Examination." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 3 (2006): 520–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547949.

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Abstract Polymers find widespread use in blends, graft copolymers, polymer alloys, and composites. Staining is an important tool for microscopically visualizing polymer phases and morphologies in these multi-component systems. Three stains have been used in most investigations. These stains (and the functional groups they are aimed at) are: osmium tetroxide for chemical unsaturation; ruthenium tetroxide for styrenics; and phosphotungstic acid for polyamides. Beyond these three basic stains there are a significant number of additional ones that have been developed for special cases. Aside from reacting chemically with functional groups, stains have been used as: negative (outline) stains; stains to delineate amorphous-crystalline regions; stains for microvoids, and stains for phase boundaries. Stains are most commonly transported to the target functional groups in tow ways — dissolved in liquid media or by direct contact with stain vapors. Improvisations have been developed to meet special staining problems. These improvisations most often involve: 1) chemical alteration of a polymer backbone to introduce a stainable functionality; 2) tailoring of staining media to provide adequate diffusion into the matrix; 3) preferential swelling of a blend component in order to accept a stainable moiety; 4) tactical use of a staining temperature to take advantage of differences in glass transition temperatures of blend components; and 5) optimization of chemical equilibria to expedite staining time or extent. Examples of these modifications are presented along with some cautionary notes regarding some artifact that may arise. A plea is made for more adequate descriptions of staining protocols in published articles. In too many cases there is inadequate description of staining methods and experimental duplication is put in jeopardy.

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Ming, Jun Feng, Ren Huang Wang, Su Xiang Tang, and Hong Jiang Liu. "Approaches to the Feather Stain Detection and Segmentation." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.931.

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Extraction of feather defects is difficult because of their complicated and diversified characteristics. It is proposed that feather stain defects be extracted in HSI color space according to color characters of different types of feather defects. The improved variational level set method is adopted to locate and segment the feather stains on that basis. Experiment results show that the proposed methods can extract feather stains effectively and segment them accurately.

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Warburton, M. J., S. A. Ferns, C. M. Hughes, and P. S. Rudland. "Characterization of rat mammary cell types in primary culture: lectins and antisera to basement membrane and intermediate filament proteins as indicators of cellular heterogeneity." Journal of Cell Science 79, no. 1 (1985): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.79.1.287.

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Three morphologically distinct major cell types were observed in primary cultures obtained from the mammary parenchyma of glands from virgin rats. These cell types consisted of small cuboidal epithelial cells, larger epithelioid cells and elongated cells. We have investigated the distribution of the basement membrane proteins laminin and type IV collagen, and the intermediate filament proteins vimentin and prekeratin, in these three cell types using immunofluorescence techniques. Antisera to the basement membrane proteins stain the large epithelioid cells and the elongated cells, but do not stain the small cuboidal cells. Polyclonal antiserum to keratin stains all the small cuboidal and large epithelioid cells, but only a small subpopulation of the elongated cells. However, a monoclonal antibody to keratin, LP34, stains only the large cuboidal and a proportion of the elongated cells. Vimentin antiserum fails to stain the small cuboidal cells but stains all the large epithelioid and elongated cells. In addition, peanut lectin, which binds only to ductal lining epithelial cells in the virgin rat mammary gland in vivo after their treatment with neuraminidase, binds to the small cuboidal cells after neuraminidase treatment but not to the other cell types. However, Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I, which specifically stains myoepithelial cells in vivo, binds to the large epithelioid and elongated cells but not to the small cuboidal cells. These results suggest that the small cuboidal cells are related to mammary ductal epithelial cells whereas the large epithelial and elongated cells have some characteristics of myoepithelial cells.

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Szczepanowska, Hanna Maria, and William R. Moomaw. "Laser Stain Removal of Fungus-Induced Stains from Paper." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 33, no. 1 (1994): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179667.

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Lee, K. A. Bunding, Jeanne O'Brien, C. L. Kuesten, John Sramek, Mary H. Luccas, and Bonnie Aldrich. "Comparison of Human Panels, Colorimeter and near Infrared Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Fabric Stain Removal." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 2, no. 2 (1994): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.37.

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Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to analyse fabric stain samples used in a fabric stain prespotter test in which a colorimeter and human panels were used to evaluate the cleaning ability of the prespotters. The purpose of this was to see if the NIR results compared well with the other two techniques and could then be used instead for fabric stain analysis. NIR/visible instruments offer several advantages including determination of coloured and uncoloured components of the stains, ease of comparing the stain before and after cleaning, fast, accurate, reproducible and quantitative analysis, and computer data storage for later comparison. Although the samples were not specifically prepared for this determination, the NIR did give comparable results to the other two techniques for many of the stains analysed.

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Wade, Nicholas J., and Marco Piccolino. "Nobel Stains." Perception 35, no. 1 (2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3501ed.

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Greene, Dina N. "Light Stains." Clinical Chemistry 60, no. 9 (2014): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.226076.

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Kiernan, J. A. "Nuclear Stains." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2008, no. 8 (2008): pdb.top50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top50.

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Lambert, Kelly, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. "Brain Stains." Scientific American Mind 18, no. 5 (2007): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind1007-46.

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Hirst, H. R. "Oil Stains." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 47, no. 12 (2008): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1931.tb01633.x.

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Philip and Phylis Morrison. "Sun-Stains." Scientific American 282, no. 3 (2000): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0300-104.

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Aritonang, Intan, and Devi Ray Syahfitri Sinulingga. "EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN CITRUS BAKING SODATERHADAP PENGHILANGAN STAIN PADA PRIA PEROKOK USIA 20-55 TAHUN DI KELURAHAN TANJUNGBALAI KOTA II, Lk. III KECAMATAN TANJUNGBALAI SELATAN." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 14, no. 1 (2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v14i1.555.

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Citrus and baking soda are kitchen ingredients that are often found in everyday life, have ingredients thatcan blot stains on teeth, especially stains of cigarettes or stains that can affect the color of teeth. This type ofresearch is analytic research with a quasi experiment method which aims to determine the effectiveness ofgiving citrus with baking soda to stain removal in smokers aged 20-55 years Tanjungbalai Kota II Village,Lk. III, South Tanjungbalai District with a sample of 30 people. The results showed that the average stainstate before being given was given citrus gel with baking soda to smokers aged 20-55 years in Lk. IIIKelurahan Tanjungbalai Kota II, Kecamatan Tanjungbalai Selatan, lobene intensity of 0.879, with lobenearea of 1.084, and combined lobene of 0.081. Meanwhile for stain conditions after being given citrus gelwith baking soda for smokers aged 20-55 years at Lk. III Kelurahan Tanjungbalai, Kecamatan TanjungbalaiSelatan, lobene intensity of 0.408, lobene area of 0.493, combined lobene of 0.037. That it is effective to givecitrus baking soda gel to stain removal using the dependent t-test with a value of p (0,000) <α (0.05). Thisstudy concluded that the effectiveness of giving citrus with baking soda to stain removal. It is hoped that thecommunity will use the gel as recommended.

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LaSenna, Charlotte, and Mariya Miteva. "Special Stains and Immunohistochemical Stains in Hair Pathology." American Journal of Dermatopathology 38, no. 5 (2016): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000000418.

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Karadayi, Sukriye, Elnaz Moshfeghi, Tulin Arasoglu, and Beytullah Karadayi. "Evaluating the persistence of laundered semen stains on fabric using a forensic light source system, prostate-specific antigen Semiquant test and DNA recovery-profiling." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 2 (2020): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419896935.

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Semen stains on the clothes of victims of sexual assault can remain as evidence even after garments have been laundered. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of commonly preferred methods to detect semen stains in two different fabric types that were laundered with different washing machine programmes and washing powders, and to obtain a DNA profile from the semen stains. For this purpose, a comprehensive study was performed on semen-stained underwear using three different methods for stain detection, confirmation and identification: a forensic light source (FLS) system, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and DNA recovery profiling. With FLS applications, stronger fluorescence was achieved in wash protocols performed at a low temperature (30°C) on semen-stained cotton underwear. DNA recovery between 13.45 and 55.00 ng/µl was obtained by modifications in the DNA extraction step when the effect of temperature and washing powder on DNA recovery was evaluated, and these were enough for short tandem repeat (STR) typing in all samples. This study shows that when semen-stained underwear is washed after a month, some semen stains can be determined by FLS and PSA, and all stains can be identified by STR analyses.

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Childs, Gwen V., Geda Unabia, and Jonathan Lloyd. "Adapting cytochemical protocols to localize antigens, labeled-ligands, and labeled probes for mRNA." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 992–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100129243.

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Current methods available in immunocytochemistry can be adapted to obtain multiple stains for antigens, labeled-ligands, and/or mRNA and thus achieve a wider view of the structural and functional organization of a cell. In this presentation, applications of immunocytochemical stains for pituitary hormones in combination with affinity cytochemical stains for labelled probes for ligand-receptor complexes or messenger RNA will be described along with a practical view of how each stain is quantified.The ABC peroxidase stains are useful for studies of antigens in semi-thin (1 μm) plastic-embedded sections or for antigens, biotinylated ligands or biotinylated probes for mRNA in whole cells. For the first group, cells or tissues are fixed optimally for the antigen and then embedded in plastic with a-protocol adapted to the antigen or antigenic site. Commonly used plastics that avoid harsh dehydrating or curing conditions include Lowicryl or LR White. Epoxy plastics may be used for hardy antigens.

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Hanker, J. S., and B. L. Giammara. "Silver stains for the light and electron microscopic demonstration of spirochete changes in syphilis and AIDS." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100161382.

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Two new silver stains have been developed in our laboratories to stain, and possibly identify without culture or immunocytochemical staining, Gram(-) bacteria. The first is the PATS reaction which positively stains Gram(-) bacteria (Figs. 1, 2) including those like spirochetes which are difficult to culture. Another stain for Gram(-), as well as Gram(+), bacteria is a variation of the Gram stain. Ordinarily to stain Gram(+) bacteria, and not Gram(-) bacteria, the crystal violet stain is removed from Gram(-) microbes by rinsing with alcohol/acetone. If this rinse step is omitted, the crystal violet iodide remains attached to both the (+) and (-) microbes. It can then be rendered insoluble, electron opaque and conductive by treatment with silver methenamine solution under microwave irradiation. This procedure has been found especially useful in certain cases to demonstrate spirochetes; it appears to be a more effective silver stain than the PATS reaction for Treponema pallidum, the microbe causing syphilis.

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Quint, Chella. "From embodied shame to reclaiming the stain: Reflections on a career in menstrual activism." Sociological Review 67, no. 4 (2019): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026119854275.

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How did I come to embody and then ultimately reject the idea that periods, and period stains, are inherently dirty? How did I get from scrubbing period stains off my clothes at age 12 to crowdsurfing with a stain at a period demo in front of Parliament nearly 30 years later? Who influenced me and how have I influenced others to reject the idea that menstrual blood stains make us dirty? This article traces my 30-plus-year history of adventures in menstruating and my trajectory from embodying shame to thinking critically about how periods are presented to people of all genders – whether we menstruate or not – and trying to move the discourse through art and comedy, menstruating with pride and encouraging others to join me.

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Bakshi, Somenath, Heejun Choi, Nambirajan Rangarajan, Kenneth J. Barns, Benjamin P. Bratton, and James C. Weisshaar. "Nonperturbative Imaging of Nucleoid Morphology in Live Bacterial Cells during an Antimicrobial Peptide Attack." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 16 (2014): 4977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00989-14.

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ABSTRACTStudies of time-dependent drug and environmental effects on single, live bacterial cells would benefit significantly from a permeable, nonperturbative, long-lived fluorescent stain specific to the nucleoids (chromosomal DNA). The ideal stain would not affect cell growth rate or nucleoid morphology and dynamics, even during laser illumination for hundreds of camera frames. In this study, time-dependent, single-cell fluorescence imaging with laser excitation and a sensitive electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) camera critically tested the utility of “dead-cell stains” (SYTOX orange and SYTOX green) and “live-cell stains” (DRAQ5 and SYTO 61) and also 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Surprisingly, the dead-cell stains were nearly ideal for imaging liveEscherichia coli, while the live-cell stains and DAPI caused nucleoid expansion and, in some cases, cell permeabilization and the halting of growth. SYTOX orange performed well for both the Gram-negativeE. coliand the Gram-positiveBacillus subtilis. In an initial application, we used two-color fluorescence imaging to show that the antimicrobial peptide cecropin A destroyed nucleoid-ribosome segregation over 20 min after permeabilization of theE. colicytoplasmic membrane, reminiscent of the long-term effects of the drug rifampin. In contrast, the human cathelicidin LL-37, while similar to cecropin A in structure, length, charge, and the ability to permeabilize bacterial membranes, had no observable effect on nucleoid-ribosome segregation. Possible underlying causes are suggested.

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Horowitz, R. A., and C. L. Woodcock. "Alternative staining methods for Lowicryl sections." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 1 (1992): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.1.1370308.

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A number of stains and stain combinations have been identified that, when used with the hydrophilic resin Lowicryl K11M, produce marked improvements over aqueous uranyl and lead salts (UA-Pb) in terms of low granularity, specificity, and range of components contrasted. Three test specimens, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), starfish sperm, and cultured mouse fibroblasts, were used to evaluate stain characteristics. UA-Pb showed a preference for nuclei acids, which were stained specifically by osmium ammine-B at pH 1.5. A number of stain combinations in which UA was followed or preceded by salts containing barium, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium provided excellent staining of protein-containing components, each stain combination being unique in terms of the degree to which specific components were discriminated. These stains were particularly effective for visualizing internal components of the nucleus where a number of fibrillar and particulate structures not seen with UA-Pb were well contrasted.

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Sepulveda, Antonia R., and Madhavi Patil. "Practical Approach to the Pathologic Diagnosis of Gastritis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 10 (2008): 1586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-132-1586-pattpd.

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Abstract Context.—Most types of gastritis can be diagnosed on hematoxylin-eosin stains. The most common type of chronic gastritis is Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Reactive or chemical gastropathy, which is often associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use or bile reflux, is common in most practices. The diagnosis of atrophic gastritis can be challenging if few biopsy samples are available and if the location of the biopsies in the stomach is not known, such as when random biopsies are sampled in one jar. If the biopsy site is not known, immunohistochemical stains, such as a combination of synaptophysin and gastrin, are useful in establishing the biopsy location. Objective.—To demonstrate a practical approach to achieving a pathologic diagnosis of gastritis by evaluating a limited number of features in mucosal biopsies. Data Source.—In this article, we present several representative gastric biopsy cases from a gastrointestinal pathology practice to demonstrate the practical application of basic histopathologic methods for the diagnosis of gastritis. Conclusions.—Limited ancillary tests are usually required for a diagnosis of gastritis. In some cases, special stains, such as acid-fast stains, and immunohistochemical stains, such as for H pylori and viruses, can be useful. Helicobacter pylori immunohistochemical stains can particularly contribute (1) when moderate to severe, chronic gastritis or active gastritis is present but no Helicobacter organisms are identified upon hematoxylin-eosin stain; (2) when extensive intestinal metaplasia is present; and (3) in follow-up biopsies, after antibiotic treatment for H pylori.

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Tirth, Amit, BK Srivastava, Ramesh Nagarajappa, and TL Ravishankar. "An Investigation into Black Tooth Stain Among School Children in Chakkar Ka Milak of Moradabad City, India." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 3, no. 2 (2009): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-3-2-34.

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ABSTRACT Background Tooth discoloration is a frequent dental finding associated with clinical and esthetic problems. It differs in etiology, appearance, composition, location and severity. During routine school dental camps we found that there is black discoloration of tooth in children in a particular area of Moradabad city. Objective To assess the prevalence and to investigate the reasons for the black stains among school children of Moradabad city. Methods Three schools present in the municipal ward were selected for the study. All the children studying in the above schools were subjected to Type III investigation to identify the black stains. Out of 780 children 156 students showed black stains. Among them a sample of black stain scraping was taken from 5 students and it was subjected to analysis for trace elements. Trace elements analysis was done by (ICP) Inductively Coupled Photo spectrometry. Results Out of 5 scrapings 3 showed presence of ferrous ions of about 2.56%, calcium ions 17.15% and magnesium ions 0.72%, while the remaining 2 samples showed calcium 14.86%, magnesium ions 0.82% and no presence of ferrous ions. Conclusion Black extrinsic tooth stains were shown to be a form of dental plaque. The stains examined contained a black insoluble ferric compound.

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De Brauwer, Els, Jan Jacobs, Fred Nieman, Cathrien Bruggeman, and Marjolein Drent. "Test Characteristics of Acridine Orange, Gram, and May-Grünwald-Giemsa Stains for Enumeration of Intracellular Organisms in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 2 (1999): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.2.427-429.1999.

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For enumeration of intracellular organisms (ICO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples, the May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain displayed higher interobserver agreement than the acridine orange and Gram stains. The MGG stain offered a reliable enumeration of ICO when 200 cells were counted by one observer.

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Hongsathavij, Rosalin, Yosvimol Kuphasuk, and Kanyawat Rattanasuwan. "Clinical comparison of the stain removal efficacy of two air polishing powders." European Journal of Dentistry 11, no. 03 (2017): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_152_17.

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ABSTRACT Objectives:Air polishing with sodium bicarbonate powders with a grain size of 40 μm is recommended for patient comfort. However, the efficacy of small grain size on stain removal has not been adequately studied. This study aimed to compare the stain removal efficacy of sodium bicarbonatepowders with grain sizes of 65 and 40 μm and to evaluate patient acceptance and operator opinion after using both air polishing powders. Materials and Methods: A double-blind, randomized, split-mouth study was conducted with 35 participants with moderate to heavy dental staining on both sides of the upper teeth. Removal of dental stains on the index teeth was performed using sodium bicarbonate powders with a grain size of either 65 or 40 μm. The time taken to completely remove all dental stains was recorded. After treatment, a questionnaire was used to evaluate patient acceptance and the operator's opinion.Results: The average time for the removal of all stains by powder was 4.5 ± 3.6 min with a grain size of 65 μm and 4.4 ± 3.8 min with a grain size of 40 μm. The difference in the average time between the two groups was not significant (P = 0.461). The operator's opinions of the two powders were identical, and patient acceptance did not differ significantly between the two types of powders.Conclusions: The 40 μm sodium bicarbonate powder removed dental stains as efficiently as the 65-μm powder. Powder handling and patient acceptance were comparable between grain sizes of 65 and 40 μm.

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Root Kustritz, MV, PN Olson, SD Johnston, and TK Root. "The effects of stains and investigators on assessment of morphology of canine spermatozoa." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34, no. 4 (1998): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-34-4-348.

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Percentage and types of morphological abnormalities found in canine spermatozoa were evaluated by three investigators using three stains (Giemsa-Wright stain [Diff-Quik], eosin Y/nigrosin [Hancock], and eosin B/nigrosin [Society for Theriogenology morphology stain] with conventional light microscopy, compared to phase contrast microscopy on unstained samples. The percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal heads, midpieces, and tails varied by technique and by investigator. Average percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa were significantly higher in samples stained with Diff-Quik and samples examined by phase contrast microscopy than in samples stained with Hancock or Society for Theriogenology morphology stains. No effect of investigator on the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was assessed. Results suggest that staining or preparation technique may alter the morphology of canine spermatozoa artifactually.

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Sánchez, Carmen, and David Moore. "Conventional histological stains selectively stain fruit body initials of basidiomycetes." Mycological Research 103, no. 3 (1999): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756298008053.

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De Las Casas, Luis E., Dominic S. Raso, D. Bruce Baird, and Jan F. Silverman. "FNA of malignant melanoma: A brown stain without brown stains?" Diagnostic Cytopathology 19, no. 2 (1998): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0339(199808)19:2<151::aid-dc19>3.0.co;2-e.

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Amberg, David C., Daniel J. Burke, and Jeffrey N. Strathern. "Yeast Vital Stains: DAPI Stain of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 1 (2006): pdb.prot4163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4163.

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Samuel, Linoj P., Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat, Amanda Harrington, and Robert Cavagnolo. "Multicenter Assessment of Gram Stain Error Rates." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 6 (2016): 1442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03066-15.

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Gram stains remain the cornerstone of diagnostic testing in the microbiology laboratory for the guidance of empirical treatment prior to availability of culture results. Incorrectly interpreted Gram stains may adversely impact patient care, and yet there are no comprehensive studies that have evaluated the reliability of the technique and there are no established standards for performance. In this study, clinical microbiology laboratories at four major tertiary medical care centers evaluated Gram stain error rates across all nonblood specimen types by using standardized criteria. The study focused on several factors that primarily contribute to errors in the process, including poor specimen quality, smear preparation, and interpretation of the smears. The number of specimens during the evaluation period ranged from 976 to 1,864 specimens per site, and there were a total of 6,115 specimens. Gram stain results were discrepant from culture for 5% of all specimens. Fifty-eight percent of discrepant results were specimens with no organisms reported on Gram stain but significant growth on culture, while 42% of discrepant results had reported organisms on Gram stain that were not recovered in culture. Upon review of available slides, 24% (63/263) of discrepant results were due to reader error, which varied significantly based on site (9% to 45%). The Gram stain error rate also varied between sites, ranging from 0.4% to 2.7%. The data demonstrate a significant variability between laboratories in Gram stain performance and affirm the need for ongoing quality assessment by laboratories. Standardized monitoring of Gram stains is an essential quality control tool for laboratories and is necessary for the establishment of a quality benchmark across laboratories.

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Ramalingam, Balakrishnan, Vega-Heredia Manuel, Mohan Rajesh Elara, et al. "Visual Inspection of the Aircraft Surface Using a Teleoperated Reconfigurable Climbing Robot and Enhanced Deep Learning Technique." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (September 12, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5137139.

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Aircraft surface inspection includes detecting surface defects caused by corrosion and cracks and stains from the oil spill, grease, dirt sediments, etc. In the conventional aircraft surface inspection process, human visual inspection is performed which is time-consuming and inefficient whereas robots with onboard vision systems can inspect the aircraft skin safely, quickly, and accurately. This work proposes an aircraft surface defect and stain detection model using a reconfigurable climbing robot and an enhanced deep learning algorithm. A reconfigurable, teleoperated robot, named as “Kiropter,” is designed to capture the aircraft surface images with an onboard RGB camera. An enhanced SSD MobileNet framework is proposed for stain and defect detection from these images. A Self-filtering-based periodic pattern detection filter has been included in the SSD MobileNet deep learning framework to achieve the enhanced detection of the stains and defects on the aircraft skin images. The model has been tested with real aircraft surface images acquired from a Boeing 737 and a compact aircraft’s surface using the teleoperated robot. The experimental results prove that the enhanced SSD MobileNet framework achieves improved detection accuracy of aircraft surface defects and stains as compared to the conventional models.

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Ward, Dennis C., and Robert W. Hall. "Contrast Enhancement of Spermatozoa in Seminal Stains." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100119405.

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The localization and visualization of intact spermatozoa in dried stains confirms the presence of semen in cases of suspected rape. Even though the average human male ejaculate contains over 240 million spermatozoa, current searching methods are often inefficient and tedious. These methods include the light microscopic search for spermatozoa following either: extraction of the stain components in aqueous buffer, destruction of the stain substrate, or the in situ staining of the suspected area.The extraction technique is most commonly employed even though it is inefficient in cell recovery. Spermatozoa apparently bind tenaciously to the support medium during the drying of the seminal plasma. The extraction process often fails in extracting complete cells. The number of spermatozoa collected from a stain may be further reduced by dilution of the semen with other body fluids, dilution of stain components with extraction medium, limited stain size, or a low sperm count due to physiological and/or elective (vasectomy) reasons.

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Musa, Nur Syaliza, Nor Liyana Abdurahman, Zahirah Zainal Abidin, Farah Hanim Adnan, and Eryna Nasir. "Comparison between Homemade Stain Remover and Commercial Stain Remover for Textiles." Scientific Research Journal 18, no. 1 (2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v18i1.11035.

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Stain remover is used to remove or masks stain from textiles. Two types of textile stain removers were compared in this study; store bought and home prepared types. Due to the environmental and health issues associated with commercial household cleaners, as well as costly, there have been attempts by consumer especially housewives to prepare cleaning products by using materials which can be found in the kitchens. Hence, the main objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of home prepared textile stain remover with commercial stain remover by assessing the stain properties on cotton and polyester fabrics. Two different brands of stain remover and easily found materials were applied on these two fabrics. The stains on the fabrics were then assessed according to AATCC Test Method 130 and by using chromameter for the intensity of the stain after cleaning. The results showed that, for the cotton fabric, the most effective stain remover is Commercial Brand 1. Commercial Brand 1 and vinegar with baking soda demonstrated an encouraging effect on polyester fabric. The commercial textile stain remover shows great cleaning effect on both cotton and polyester, while home prepared stain remover has limited ability to clean the stains on cotton. However, its cleaning effect on polyester is equivalent to commercial product.

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Sood, Ridhi, Ruchita Tyagi, Pavneet Kaur Selhi, Gursheen Kaur, Harpreet Kaur, and Akashdeep Singh. "Role of FNA and Special Stains in Rapid Cytopathological Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nocardiosis." Acta Cytologica 62, no. 3 (2018): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488134.

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Background: Nocardia, a gram-positive aerobic bacillus of the Actinomycetales family, is a significant opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Clinical and radiological features of pulmonary nocardiosis are nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis, pneumocystis, staphylococcal or fungal infections, or as malignancy. Aspiration cytology with special stains is a quick and effective approach for accurate diagnosis. Materials and Methods: We present 7 cases of pulmonary nocardiosis, admitted to the pathology department in a tertiary-care hospital in Punjab. Clinical findings, immune status, laboratory tests, chest radiographs, and computed tomography scans were reviewed. Cytologically, special stains like 1% Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), 20% ZN, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Grocott methenamine silver (GMS), and reticulin stains were studied along with May-Grünwald Giemsa, Papanicolaou, and hematoxylin and eosin. Results: All the patients were immunocompromised. The radiological changes were nonspecific. Cytomorphology showed acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates with necrosis. None of the cases showed well-defined granulomas. GMS, modified 1% ZN and, Gordon and Sweet reticulin stains highlighted the delicate filamentous bacteria in all cases. PAS and 20% ZN stain for tuberculous bacilli were uniformly negative. Conclusion: FNAC can provide a quick and accurate diagnosis of nocardiosis and thereby facilitate timely medical management.

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Amberkar, Vikram, Nitya K., and Madhushankari G.S. "Eco-Friendly Stains." Indian Journal of Dental Education 10, no. 4 (2017): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijde.0974.6099.10417.4.

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Bhardwaj, Atul, William L. Marsh, Jr, Jason W. Nash, Catalin C. Barbacioru, Susie Jones, and Wendy L. Frankel. "Double Immunohistochemical Staining With MUC4/p53 Is Useful in the Distinction of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma From Chronic Pancreatitis: A Tissue Microarray-Based Study." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, no. 4 (2007): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-556-diswpi.

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Abstract Context.—Immunohistochemical stains have been used for the distinction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis. Objective.—To determine if a double stain for MUC/p53 improved specificity and sensitivity for distinction of pancreatic andenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis by comparing maspin, mucin 4 (MUC4), p53, Smad4, and the double stain MUC4/p53. Design.—Seventy-four pancreatic adenocarcinomas and 19 chronic pancreatitis cases were retrieved from archival files. Tissue cores were arrayed to create a tissue microarray of 2-mm cores. Sections were stained with antibodies against maspin, MUC4, p53, and Smad4. Additionally, a 2-color, double stain for MUC4 and p53 was developed and evaluated. Five percent or greater staining in either of the cores was considered positive. Intensity (0, 1, 2) and extent (%) of tumor cells staining was also determined. Results.—The sensitivity for distinction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis with maspin, MUC4, p53, and Smad4 was 90%, 77%, 60%, and 63%, respectively; the specificity was 67%, 78%, 88%, and 88%, respectively. When MUC4 and p53 were combined in a double stain, and positive staining for either considered a positive result, the sensitivity increased to 96% but specificity was 73%. When immunoreactivity for both antibodies was necessary for a positive result, sensitivity fell to 39% but specificity was 100%. No correlation was found between intensity or extent of staining with any of the individual stains and tumor differentiation. Conclusion.—The double immunohistochemical stain for MUC4/p53 can be a useful diagnostic tool in conjunction with the hematoxylin-eosin–stained section for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, particularly when limited tumor is available for multiple stains.

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