Journal articles: 'Stance phase of gait'

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Ando, Takeshi, Eiichi Ohki, Yasutaka Nakashima, Yutaka Akita, Hiroshi Iijima, Osamu Tanaka, and Masakatsu G. Fujie. "Pilot Study of Split Belt Treadmill Based Gait Rehabilitation System for Symmetric Stroke Gait." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 5 (October 20, 2012): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p0884.

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A split belt treadmill for gait rehabilitation was developed to improve the symmetry of the stance phase time of patients with stroke. The system, which increases the stance phase time of the affected leg and then realizes a well-balanced gait, is divided into two components. First, the stance phases of the sound and affected legs were measured and presented visually in real time to the patient and physical therapist as biofeedback. Second, using stance phase biofeedback, the physical therapist sets two different velocities of treadmill belts for sound and affected legs. In an experiment, 11 patients with chronic stroke participated in a short-term intervention trial (20 gait cycles) of the developed treadmill system. Three of the five subjects who had lost balance between the stance phase of the sound leg and that of the affected one improved their gait balance in the intervention trial. In addition, one subject kept the well-balanced gait after the intervention.

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Su, Binbin, and Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik. "Gait Trajectory and Gait Phase Prediction Based on an LSTM Network." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 7127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247127.

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Lower body segment trajectory and gait phase prediction is crucial for the control of assistance-as-needed robotic devices, such as exoskeletons. In order for a powered exoskeleton with phase-based control to determine and provide proper assistance to the wearer during gait, we propose an approach to predict segment trajectories up to 200 ms ahead (angular velocity of the thigh, shank and foot segments) and five gait phases (loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, preswing and swing), based on collected data from inertial measurement units placed on the thighs, shanks, and feet. The approach we propose is a long-short term memory (LSTM)-based network, a modified version of recurrent neural networks, which can learn order dependence in sequence prediction problems. The algorithm proposed has a weighted discount loss function that places more weight in predicting the next three to five time frames but also contributes to an overall prediction performance for up to 10 time frames. The LSTM model was designed to learn lower limb segment trajectories using training samples and was tested for generalization across participants. All predicted trajectories were strongly correlated with the measured trajectories, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.98. The proposed LSTM approach can also accurately predict the five gait phases, particularly swing phase with 95% accuracy in inter-subject implementation. The ability of the LSTM network to predict future gait trajectories and gait phases can be applied in designing exoskeleton controllers that can better compensate for system delays to smooth the transition between gait phases.

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Iosa, Marco, Augusto Fusco, Fabio Marchetti, Giovanni Morone, Carlo Caltagirone, Stefano Paolucci, and Antonella Peppe. "The Golden Ratio of Gait Harmony: Repetitive Proportions of Repetitive Gait Phases." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/918642.

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In nature, many physical and biological systems have structures showing harmonic properties. Some of them were found related to the irrational number known as the golden ratio that has important symmetric and harmonic properties. In this study, the spatiotemporal gait parameters of 25 healthy subjects were analyzed using a stereophotogrammetric system with 25 retroreflective markers located on their skin. The proportions of gait phases were compared with , the value of which is about 1.6180. The ratio between the entire gait cycle and stance phase resulted in 1.620 ± 0.058, that between stance and the swing phase was 1.629 ± 0.173, and that between swing and the double support phase was 1.684 ± 0.357. All these ratios did not differ significantly from each other (, , repeated measure analysis of variance) or from (, resp.,t-tests). The repetitive gait phases of physiological walking were found in turn in repetitive proportions with each other, revealing an intrinsic harmonic structure. Harmony could be the key for facilitating the control of repetitive walking. Harmony is a powerful unifying factor between seemingly disparate fields of nature, including human gait.

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Moseley, Anne, Amanda Wales, Rob Herbert, Karl Schurr, and Sally Moore. "Observation and analysis of hemiplegic gait: stance phase." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 39, no. 4 (1993): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60486-4.

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Peruzzi, A., A. Cereatti, and U. Della Croce. "Foot velocity profiles during stance phase in gait." Gait & Posture 33 (April 2011): S23—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.10.030.

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Henderson, Adrienne D., A. Wayne Johnson, Sarah T. Ridge, Jonathan S. Egbert, Kevin P. Curtis, Levi J. Berry, and Dustin A. Bruening. "Diabetic Gait Is Not Just Slow Gait: Gait Compensations in Diabetic Neuropathy." Journal of Diabetes Research 2019 (November 11, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4512501.

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Background. Neuropathic complications from diabetes mellitus affect multiple nerve types and may manifest in gait. However, gait compensations are still poorly understood, as narrow analyses and lack of speed controls have contributed to conflicting or equivocal results. Purpose. To evaluate gait mechanics and energetics in diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy. Methods. Instrumented gait analysis was performed on 14 participants with diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy and 14 matched controls, walking at 1.0 m/s. A full-body model with a multisegment foot was used to calculate inverse dynamics and analyze sagittal plane metrics and time series waveforms across stance phase. Results. Alterations included increased hip and knee flexion in early stance followed by a prolonged hip extension moment in midstance. Late stance ankle dorsiflexion and power absorption were increased, and final push-off was delayed and truncated. Conclusion. A neuropathic diabetic gait shares important similarities to a mild crouch gait with weakness/dysfunction in the foot and ankle. This study highlights two main compensation mechanisms that have been overlooked in previous literature. First, increased triceps surae stretch in terminal stance may be used to increase proprioception and/or energy storage, while a prolonged hip extension moment in midstance compensates for a limited push-off. These result in an overall workload shift from distal to proximal joints. Clinical assessment, monitoring, and treatment of neuropathy may benefit by focusing on these specific functional alterations.

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Eizentals, Peteris, Aleksejs Katashev, and Aleksandrs Okss. "GAIT PARTITIONING WITH SMART SOCKS SYSTEM." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 21, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol4.3844.

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Gait is a very complex movement, involving the central nervous system and a significant part of the skeletomuscular system. Any disease that is affecting one or more of the involved parts will reflect in the gait. Therefore, gait analysis has been studied extensively in the context of early disease diagnostics, post-operation rehabilitation monitoring, and sports injury prevention. Gait cycle phase partitioning is one of the most common gait characteristic analysis methods, which utilizes the cyclical nature of human gait. Pressure sensitive mats and insoles are considered the gold standard, but some inherent limitations of these methods urge researchers to seek for alternatives. One of the proposed alternatives is Smart Sock systems, which contain textile pressure sensors. The main limitation of Smart Sock systems is the limited number of sensors, thus complicating gait phase partitioning by these systems. The present paper describes gait phase partitioning using plantar pressure signal obtained by a Smart Sock system. Six-phase partitioning was achieved, including such gait phases as initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing and swing phase. Mean gait cycle time values obtained from the experimental data were in accordance with the ones found in the literature.

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Duerinck, Saartje, Friso Hagman, Ilse Jonkers, Peter Vaes, and Peter Van Roy. "Forefoot deformation during the stance phase of normal gait." Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 5, Suppl 1 (2012): P12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-5-s1-p12.

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Stamm, Stacy E., and Loren Z. F. Chiu. "Calcaneal Plantar Flexion During the Stance Phase of Gait." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 2 (April 2016): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0044.

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When the rear- and forefoot are constrained, calcaneal plantar flexion may occur, deforming the longitudinal arch. Previous research has reported calcaneal motion relative to the tibia or forefoot; these joint rotations may not accurately describe rotation of the calcaneus alone. This investigation: (1) characterized the calcaneus and leg segment and ankle joint rotations during stance in gait, and (2) described the range of calcaneal plantar flexion in different structural arch types. Men (n = 14) and women (n = 16) performed gait in a motion analysis laboratory. From heel strike to heel off, the leg rotated forward while the calcaneus plantar flexed. Before foot flat, calcaneal plantar flexion was greater than forward leg rotation, resulting in ankle plantar flexion. After foot flat, forward leg rotation was greater than calcaneal plantar flexion, resulting in ankle dorsiflexion. Structural arch type was classified using the longitudinal arch angle. The range of calcaneal plantar flexion from foot flat to heel off was small in low (−2° to −8°), moderate in high (−3° to −12°), and large in normal (−2° to −20°) structural arches. Calcaneal plantar flexion in gait during midstance may reflect functional arch characteristics, which vary depending on structural arch type.

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Andrysek, Jan, Susan Klejman, and John Kooy. "Examination of Knee Joint Moments on the Function of Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses During Walking." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 4 (August 2013): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.4.474.

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The goal of this study was to investigate clinically relevant biomechanical conditions relating to the setup and alignment of knee-ankle-foot orthoses and the influence of these conditions on knee extension moments and orthotic stance control during gait. Knee moments were collected using an instrumented gait laboratory and concurrently a load transducer embedded at the knee-ankle-foot orthosis knee joint of four individuals with poliomyelitis. We found that knee extension moments were not typically produced in late stance-phase of gait. Adding a dorsiflexion stop at the orthotic ankle significantly decreased the knee flexion moments in late stance-phase, while slightly flexing the knee in stance-phase had a variable effect. The findings suggest that where users of orthoses have problems initiating swing-phase flexion with stance control orthoses, an ankle dorsiflexion stop may be used to enhance function. Furthermore, the use of stance control knee joints that lock while under flexion may contribute to more inconsistent unlocking of the stance control orthosis during gait.

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Andrysek, Jan, Daniela García, Claudio Rozbaczylo, Carlos Alvarez-Mitchell, Rebeca Valdebenito, Karin Rotter, and F. Virginia Wright. "Biomechanical responses of young adults with unilateral transfemoral amputation using two types of mechanical stance control prosthetic knee joints." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 44, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364620916385.

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Background: Prosthetic knee joint function is important in the rehabilitation of individuals with transfemoral amputation. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the gait patterns associated with two types of mechanical stance control prosthetic knee joints—weight-activated braking knee and automatic stance-phase lock knee. It was hypothesized that biomechanical differences exist between the two knee types, including a prolonged swing-phase duration and exaggerated pelvic movements for the weight-activated braking knee during gait. Study design: Prospective crossover study. Methods: Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were obtained via instrumented gait analysis for 10 young adults with a unilateral transfemoral amputation. Discrete gait parameters were extracted based on their magnitudes and timing. Results: A 1.01% ± 1.14% longer swing-phase was found for the weight-activated braking knee (p < 0.05). The prosthetic ankle push-off also occurred earlier in the gait cycle for the weight-activated braking knee. Anterior pelvic tilt was 3.3 ± 3.0 degrees greater for the weight-activated braking knee. This range of motion was also higher (p < 0.05) and associated with greater hip flexion angles. Conclusions: Stance control affects biomechanics primarily in the early and late stance associated with prosthetic limb loading and unloading. The prolonged swing-phase time for the weight-activated braking knee may be associated with the need for knee unloading to initiate knee flexion during gait. The differences in pelvic tilt may be related to knee stability and possibly the different knee joint stance control mechanisms. Clinical relevance Understanding the influence of knee function on gait biomechanics is important in selecting and improving treatments and outcomes for individuals with lower-limb amputations. Weight-activated knee joints may result in undesired gait deviations associated with stability in early stance-phase, and swing-phase initiation in the late stance-phase of gait.

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Duysens, J., C. M. Bastiaanse, B. C. M. Smits-Engelsman, and V. Dietz. "Gait acts as a gate for reflexes from the foot." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 8-9 (July 1, 2004): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-071.

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During human gait, electrical stimulation of the foot elicits facilitatory P2 (medium latency) responses in TA (tibialis anterior) at the onset of the swing phase, while the same stimuli cause suppressive responses at the end of swing phase, along with facilitatory responses in antagonists. This phenomenon is called phase-dependent reflex reversal. The suppressive responses can be evoked from a variety of skin sites in the leg and from stimulation of some muscles such as rectus femoris (RF). This paper reviews the data on reflex reversal and adds new data on this topic, using a split-belt paradigm. So far, the reflex reversal in TA could only be studied for the onset and end phases of the step cycle, simply because suppression can only be demonstrated when there is background activity. Normally there are only 2 TA bursts in the step cycle, whereas TA is normally silent during most of the stance phase. To know what happens in the stance phase, one needs to have a means to evoke some background activity during the stance phase. For this purpose, new experiments were carried out in which subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill with a split-belt. When the subject was walking with unequal leg speeds, the walking pattern was adapted to a gait pattern resembling limping. The TA then remained active throughout most of the stance phase of the slow-moving leg, which was used as the primary support. This activity was a result of coactivation of agonistic and antagonistic leg muscles in the supporting leg, and represented one of the ways to stabilize the body. Electrical stimulation was given to a cutaneous nerve (sural) at the ankle at twice the perception threshold. Nine of the 12 subjects showed increased TA activity during stance phase while walking on split-belts, and 5 of them showed pronounced suppressions during the first part of stance when stimuli were given on the slow side. It was concluded that a TA suppressive pathway remains open throughout most of the stance phase in the majority of subjects. The suggestion was made that the TA suppression increases loading of the ankle plantar flexors during the loading phase of stance.Key words: human gait, cutaneous reflexes, sural nerve, tibialis anterior, split belt, reflex reversal.

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Daunoraviciene, Kristina, Jurgita Ziziene, Jolanta Pauk, Giedre Juskeniene, and Juozas Raistenskis. "EMG Based Analysis of Gait Symmetry in Healthy Children." Sensors 21, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175983.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in muscular activity between the left and right lower legs during gait in healthy children throughout temporal parameters of EMG and symmetry index (SI). A total of 17 healthy children (age: 8.06 ± 1.92 years) participated in this study. Five muscles on both legs were examined via the Vicon 8-camera motion analysis system synchronized with a Trigno EMG Wireless system and a Bertec force plate; onset–offset intervals were analyzed. The highest occurrence frequency of the primary activation modality was found in the stance phase. In the swing phase, onset–offset showed only a few meaningful signs of side asymmetry. The knee flexors demonstrated significant differences between the sides (p < 0.05) in terms of onset–offset intervals: biceps femoris in stance, single support, and pre-swing phases, with SI values = −6.45%, −14.29%, and −17.14%, respectively; semitendinosus in single support phase, with SI = −12.90%; lateral gastrocnemius in swing phase, with SI = −13.33%; and medial gastrocnemius in stance and single support phases, with SI = −13.33% and −23.53%, respectively. The study outcomes supply information about intra-subject variability, which is very important in follow-up examinations and comparison with other target groups of children.

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Tramontano, M., S. Bonnì, A. Martino Cinnera, F. Marchetti, C. Caltagirone, G. Koch, and A. Peppe. "Blindfolded Balance Training in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Sensory-Motor Strategy to Improve the Gait." Parkinson's Disease 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7536862.

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Aim. Recent evidence suggested that the use of treadmill training may improve gait parameters. Visual deprivation could engage alternative sensory strategies to control dynamic equilibrium and stabilize gait based on vestibulospinal reflexes (VSR). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a blindfolded balance training (BBT) in the improvement of stride phase percentage reliable gait parameters in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) compared to patients treated with standard physical therapy (PT).Methods. Thirty PD patients were randomized in two groups of 15 patients, one group treated with BBT during two weeks and another group treated with standard PT during eight weeks. We evaluated gait parameters before and after BBT and PT interventions, in terms of double stance, swing, and stance phase percentage.Results. BBT induced an improvement of double stance phase as revealed (decreased percentage of double stance phase during the gait cycle) in comparison to PT. The other gait parameters swing and stance phase did not differ between the two groups.Discussion. These results support the introduction of complementary rehabilitative strategies based on sensory-motor stimulation in the traditional PD patient’s rehabilitation. Further studies are needed to investigate the neurophysiological circuits and mechanism underlying clinical and motor modifications.

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Mabuchi, Akiyoshi, Hiroshi Kitoh, Masato Inoue, Mitsuhiko Hayashi, Naoki Ishiguro, and Nobuharu Suzuki. "The Biomechanical Effect of the Sensomotor Insole on a Pediatric Intoeing Gait." ISRN Orthopedics 2012 (November 1, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/396718.

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Background. The sensomotor insole (SMI) has clinically been shown to be successful in treating an intoeing gait. We investigated the biomechanical effect of SMI on a pediatric intoeing gait by using three-dimensional gait analysis. Methods. Six patients with congenital clubfeet and four patients with idiopathic intoeing gait were included. There were five boys and five girls with the average age at testing of 5.6 years. The torsional profile of the lower limb was assessed clinically. Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed in the same shoes with and without SMI. Results. All clubfeet patients exhibited metatarsal adductus, while excessive femoral anteversion and/or internal tibial torsion was found in patients with idiopathic intoeing gait. SMI showed significant decreased internal rotation of the proximal femur in terminal swing phase and loading response phase. The internal rotation of the tibia was significantly smaller in mid stance phase and terminal stance phase by SMI. In addition, SMI significantly increased the walking speed and the step length. Conclusions. SMI improved abnormal gait patterns of pediatric intoeing gait by decreasing femoral internal rotation through the end of the swing phase and the beginning of the stance phase and by decreasing tibial internal rotation during the stance phase.

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Sinkjaer, T., J. B. Andersen, and B. Larsen. "Soleus stretch reflex modulation during gait in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 1112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.1112.

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1. The modulation of the short-latency stretch reflex during walking at different walking speeds was investigated and compared with the stretch reflex during standing in healthy human subjects. 2. Ankle joint stretches were applied by a system able to rotate the human ankle joint during treadmill walking in any phase of the step cycle. The system consisted of a mechanical joint attached to the subject's ankle joint and connected to a motor placed beside the treadmill by means of bowden wires. The weight of the total system attached to the leg of the subject was 900 g. 3. The short-latency soleus stretch reflex was modulated during a step. In the stance phase, the amplitude equaled that found during standing at matched soleus background electromyogram (EMG). In the transition from stance to swing, the amplitude was 0 in all subjects. In late swing, the stretch reflex amplitude increased to 45 +/- 27% (mean +/- SD) of the maximal amplitude in the stance phase (stretch amplitude 8 degrees, stretch velocity 250 degrees/s). 4. The onset (42 +/- 3.2 ms) and peak latencies (59 +/- 2.5 ms) of the stretch reflex did not depend on the phase in the step cycle at which the reflex was elicited. 5. When the ankle joint is rotated, a change in torque can be measured. The torque measured over the first 35 ms after stretch onset (nonreflex torque) was at a maximum during late stance, when the leg supported a large part of the body's weight, and at a minimum during the swing phase. At heel contact the nonreflex torque was 50% of its maximal value. 6. During the stance phase the maximal EMG stretch reflex had a phase lead of approximately 120 ms with respect to the maximal background EMG and a phase lead of approximately 250 ms with respect to the maximal nonreflex torque. 7. The constant latency of the stretch reflex during a step implied that the ankle extensor muscle spindles are always taut during walking. 8. The relatively high amplitude of the stretch reflex in late swing and at heel contact made it likely that the stretch reflex contributed to the activation of the ankle extensor muscles in early stance phase.

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Jacksteit, Robert, Anett Mau-Moeller, Antje Völker, Rainer Bader, Wolfram Mittelmeier, Ralf Skripitz, and Tino Stöckel. "The mental representation of the human gait in hip osteoarthrosis and total hip arthroplasty patients: A clinical cross-sectional study." Clinical Rehabilitation 33, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215518804294.

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Objective: To explore differences in gait-specific long-term memory structures and actual gait performance between patients with hip osteoarthrosis, patients seen six months after total hip arthroplasty and healthy controls to gain insights into the role of the gait-specific mental representation for rehabilitation. Design: Cross-sectional study Subjects: Twenty hip osteoarthrosis patients, 20 patients seen six months after total hip arthroplasty and 20 healthy controls Methods: Spatio-temporal (gait speed, step length) and temporophasic (stance time, swing time, single support time, total double support time) gait parameters, and gait variability were measured with an electronic walkway (OptoGait). The gait-specific mental representation was assessed using the structural dimensional analysis of mental representations (SDA-M). Results: Hip osteoarthrosis patients showed significantly longer stance and total double support times, shorter swing and single support times, and a decreased gait speed as compared with healthy controls (all P < 0.01). The differences in double support times were still evident in patients seen six months after total hip arthroplasty ( P < 0.01). The gait-specific mental representation differed between hip osteoarthrosis patients and healthy controls with regard to mid-stance and mid-swing phases; the mid-stance phase was still affected six months after total hip arthroplasty (both P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data indicated that actual gait performance and gait-specific long-term memory structures differ between hip osteoarthrosis patients and healthy controls. Important, some of these disease-related changes were still evident in patients seen six months after total hip arthroplasty.

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DONAHUE, SETH W., and NEIL A. SHARKEY. "Strains in the Metatarsals During the Stance Phase of Gait." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 81, no. 9 (September 1999): 1236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199909000-00005.

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Kim, Kyu-Jung, Harold B. Kitaoka, Zong-Ping Luo, Satoru Ozeki, Lawrence J. Berglund, Kenton R. Kaufman, and Kai-Nan An. "IN VITRO SIMULATION OF THE STANCE PHASE IN HUMAN GAIT." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 05, no. 02 (June 2001): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957701000490.

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The purpose of this study is to develop an electromechanical system for dynamic simulation of the stance phase of a human gait using cadaveric foot specimens. The system can be used for quantification of foot and ankle pathomechanics and design of foot and ankle reconstructive surgeries. Servo-pneumatic systems were used for application of the tibial weight loading and muscle loadings. A four-bar mechanism was constructed to provide the progressive motion of a tibia during the simulation while the external loadings were simultaneously applied. Muscle loadings were estimated based on the physiological cross-sectional area and normal electromyography (EMG) data with the assumption of the linear EMG–force relationship. Ad hoc tuning of the unknown muscle gains was conducted until a reasonable match with the normal vertical ground reaction force profile, center of pressure advancement, and characteristic foot motion events (heel strike, foot flat, heel rise and toe-off) could be made. Three cadaver feet and an artificial foot were tested with five repeated trials. The simulator reproduced the stance phase of a human gait in the sagittal plane with reasonable accuracy and consistency without compromising either kinematics or kinetics of the foot and ankle complex.

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FUKAYA, TAKASHI, HIROTAKA MUTSUZAKI, and YASUYOSHI WADANO. "SMOOTHNESS USING ANGULAR JERK COST OF THE KNEE JOINT MOVEMENT AFTER A REDUCTION IN WALKING SPEED." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 03 (May 14, 2013): 1350037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500371.

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The angular jerk cost (AJC) was proposed to objectively represent the smoothness of joint movement by calculating the time-dependent changes in acceleration during motion. There are currently no reports focusing on smoothness using AJC measurements of the knee joint movement during the stance phase of gait. The purpose of this study was to verify whether a reduced walking speed affects the smoothness of the knee joint movement during the stance phase of gait. The gaits of 12 healthy adults were assessed. A slower walker showed a significant reduction in the AJC value in the period between the initial contact and the loading response, as compared with someone walking at a comfortable speed. The maximum ground reaction force of the stance phase at a comfortable walking speed was significantly larger than that at a slower walking speed. Thus, although the smoothness of the knee joint was impaired by a rapid load in the early stance phase, a slower walking speed reduced the ground reaction force and angular acceleration of the knee joint and created a smoother movement. The AJC can be an important index for understanding the smoothness of the knee joint in the early stance phase.

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MEZGHANI, NEILA, ALEXANDRE FUENTES, NATHALY GAUDREAULT, AMAR MITICHE, RACHID AISSAOUI, NICOLA HAGMEISTER, and JACQUES A. DE GUISE. "IDENTIFICATION OF KNEE FRONTAL PLANE KINEMATIC PATTERNS IN NORMAL GAIT BY PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 03 (May 14, 2013): 1350026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500267.

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The purpose of this study was to identify meaningful gait patterns in knee frontal plane kinematics from a large population of asymptomatic individuals. The proposed method used principal component analysis (PCA). It first reduced the data dimensionality, without loss of relevant information, by projecting the original kinematic data onto a subspace of significant principal components (PCs). This was followed by a discriminant model to separate the individuals' gait into homogeneous groups. Four descriptive gait patterns were identified and validated by clustering silhouette width and statistical hypothesis testing. The first pattern was close to neutral during the stance phase and in adduction during the swing phase (Cluster 1). The second pattern was in abduction during the stance phase and tends into adduction during the swing phase (Cluster 2). The third pattern was close to neutral during the stance phase and in abduction during the swing phase (Cluster 3) and the fourth was in abduction during both the stance and the swing phase (Cluster 4).

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Zheng, Jiajia, Jianhua Chen, Mingxing Yang, and Song Chen. "PSO-SVM-based gait phase classification during human walking on unstructured terrains: Application in lower-limb exoskeleton." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 19-20 (August 25, 2019): 7144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219869974.

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Gait analysis is of great importance to ensure that gait phases induced by robotic exoskeleton are tailored to each individual and external complex environments. The objective of this work is to develop a pressure insole system with redundant functionality for gait phase classification based on the analysis of ground reaction force on unstructured terrains. A support vector machine optimized by particle swarm optimization was proposed for classifying four gait phases including initial contact, mid stance, terminal stance and swing phase. Seven pressure sensors are employed according to the plantar distribution contour of ground reaction force and walking data acquisition is conducted on treadmill, concrete pavement and wild grassland, respectively. Two classifiers, support vector machine-based classifier I and PSO-SVM-based classifier II are constructed on the basis of gait data set obtained on treadmill. Experimental results showed that the proposed PSO-SVM algorithm exhibits distinctive advantages on gait phase classification and improves the classification accuracy up to 32.9%–42.8%, compared with that of classifier based solely on support vector machine. In addition, some unwanted errors, intentional attacks or failures can be successfully solved with fast convergence rate and good robustness by using particle swarm optimization.

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HEO, JAE-HOON, YURI KWON, HYEONG-MIN JEON, EUI-BUM CHOI, and GWANG-MOON EOM. "DYNAMIC PATTERNS OF CENTER OF PRESSURE DURING WALKING IN DIFFERENT FOOT TYPES." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, no. 08 (December 2019): 1940065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419400657.

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Although the risk of foot injuries during walking increases with the foot deformity, the dynamic mechanism is not clearly understood. This study aims at the investigation of dynamic change of center of pressure (COP) in different foot types. Contrasted by previous studies, this study analyzed COP in each gait phase, i.e., loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing. A total of 19 young males participated in this study and the resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) angle was measured for the classification into three foot types. All participants performed level walking with shoes on. COP trajectory was normalized by foot width and length. In the loading response and mid stance phases COP of Pes Cavus located most laterally ([Formula: see text]). No difference among foot types existed at terminal stance and pre-swing phases ([Formula: see text]). Foot deformity is known to occur due to the abnormality of musculoskeletal system such as lower extremities muscles, bones, and ligaments. Because the role of musculoskeletal system differs between gait phases, this may have caused phase-dependent COP difference among different foot types.

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Aqueveque, Pablo, Enrique Germany, Rodrigo Osorio, and Francisco Pastene. "Gait Segmentation Method Using a Plantar Pressure Measurement System with Custom-Made Capacitive Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030656.

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Gait analysis has been widely studied by researchers due to the impact in clinical fields. It provides relevant information on the condition of a patient’s pathologies. In the last decades, different gait measurement methods have been developed in order to identify parameters that can contribute to gait cycles. Analyzing those parameters, it is possible to segment and identify different phases of gait cycles, making these studies easier and more accurate. This paper proposes a simple gait segmentation method based on plantar pressure measurement. Current methods used by researchers and clinicians are based on multiple sensing devices (e.g., multiple cameras, multiple inertial measurement units (IMUs)). Our proposal uses plantar pressure information from only two sensorized insoles that were designed and implemented with eight custom-made flexible capacitive sensors. An algorithm was implemented to calculate gait parameters and segment gait cycle phases and subphases. Functional tests were performed in six healthy volunteers in a 10 m walking test. The designed in-shoe insole presented an average power consumption of 44 mA under operation. The system segmented the gait phases and sub-phases in all subjects. The calculated percentile distribution between stance phase time and swing phase time was almost 60%/40%, which is aligned with literature reports on healthy subjects. Our results show that the system achieves a successful segmentation of gait phases and subphases, is capable of reporting COP velocity, double support time, cadence, stance phase time percentage, swing phase time percentage, and double support time percentage. The proposed system allows for the simplification of the assessment method in the recovery process for both patients and clinicians.

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Sijobert, Benoît, Christine Azevedo, Joanna Pontier, Sahara Graf, and Charles Fattal. "A Sensor-Based Multichannel FES System to Control Knee Joint and Reduce Stance Phase Asymmetry in Post-Stroke Gait." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062134.

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Most of the studies using functional electrical stimulation (FES) in gait rehabilitation have been focused on correcting the drop foot syndrome. Using FES to control the knee joint in individuals with central nervous system (CNS) disorders could also play a key role in gait recovery: spasticity decrease, higher range of motion, positive effect on balance, limiting hyperextension and flexion in stance phase, reducing joint overload, etc. In stance phase, an accurate timing and a fine tuning of stimulation parameters are however required to provide a proper control of the knee stimulation while ensuring a safe and efficient support. In this study, 11 participants were equipped with inertial measurements units (IMU) and foot pressure insoles after supratentorial ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, informing on knee angle and gait events used to online adapt FES during a 10 m walking protocol. Asymmetry of stance time and weight bearing were monitored as well as gait quality and physiological cost through a series of relevant markers. Vertical trunk motion has been significantly reduced during gait with FES (p-value = 0.038). Despite no significant improvement of stance phase asymmetry has been found, this preliminary work shows evidence of promising technical and rehabilitative potentials of a sensor-based multichannel FES system to control knee joint in post-stroke gait.

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Suga, T., O. Kameyama, R. Ogawa, M. Matsuura, and H. Oka. "Newly designed computer controlled knee-ankle-foot orthosis (Intelligent Orthosis)." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 22, no. 3 (December 1998): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649809164488.

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The authors have developed a knee-ankle-foot orthosis with a joint unit that controls knee movements using a microcomputer (Intelligent Orthosis). The Intelligent Orthosis was applied to normal subjects and patients, and gait analysis was performed. In the gait cycle, the ratio of the stance phase to the swing phase was less in gait with the knee locked using a knee-ankle-foot orthosis than in gait without an orthosis or gait with the knee controlled by a microcomputer. The ratio of the stance phase to the swing phase between controlled gait and normal gait was similar. For normal subjects the activity of the tibialis anterior was markedly increased from the heel-off phase to the swing phase in locked gait. The muscle activities of the lower limb were lower in controlled force in locked gait showed spikes immediately after heel-contact in the vertical at heel-contact in the sagittal to locked gait, gait with the Intelligent Orthosis is smooth and close to normal gait from the viewpoint of biomechanics. Even in patients with muscle weakness of the quadriceps, control of the knee joint using the Intelligent Orthosis resulted in a more smooth gait with low muscle discharge.

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Esenyel, Meltem, Katlen Walsh, Judith Gail Walden, and Andrew Gitter. "Kinetics of High-Heeled Gait." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 93, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-93-1-27.

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A within-subject comparative study of walking while wearing low-heeled sports shoes versus high-heeled dress shoes was performed to identify and describe changes in lower-extremity joint kinetics associated with wearing high-heeled shoes during level overground walking. A volunteer sample of 15 unimpaired female subjects recruited from the local community underwent quantitative measurement of sagittal and frontal plane lower-extremity joint function, including angular motion, muscular moment, power, and work. When walking in high-heeled shoes, a significant reduction in ankle plantar flexor muscle moment, power, and work occurred during the stance phase, whereas increased work was performed by the hip flexor muscles during the transition from stance to swing. In the frontal plane, increased hip and knee varus moments were present. These differences demonstrate that walking in high-heeled shoes alters lower-extremity joint kinetic function. Reduced effectiveness of the ankle plantar flexors during late stance results in a compensatory enhanced hip flexor “pull-off” that assists in limb advancement during the stance-to-swing transition. Larger muscle moments and increased work occur at the hip and knee, which may predispose long-term wearers of high-heeled shoes to musculoskeletal pain. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(1): 27-32, 2003)

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Hurschler, Christof, Judith Emmerich, and Nikolaus Wülker. "In Vitro Simulation of Stance Phase Gait Part I: Model Verification." Foot & Ankle International 24, no. 8 (August 2003): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070302400808.

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An in vitro simulator was developed to reproduce the kinematics and kinetics of stance phase gait on cadaver foot specimens. Ground reaction force was applied by a tilting angle- and force-controlled translation stage upon which a pressure measuring platform was mounted; tibial rotation was reproduced by a servomotor. Force was applied to nine tendons of the foot flexor and extensor muscle groups, and three-dimensional hind- and forefoot motion was measured. The model was verified based on in vivo kinematic and kinetic measurements. It was found to be in good general agreement with some exceptions which include a slightly more lateral gait line.

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Kozanek, Michal, Ali Hosseini, Fang Liu, Samuel K. Van de Velde, Thomas J. Gill, Harry E. Rubash, and Guoan Li. "Tibiofemoral kinematics and condylar motion during the stance phase of gait." Journal of Biomechanics 42, no. 12 (August 2009): 1877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.05.003.

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Liu, Fang, Michal Kozanek, Ali Hosseini, Samuel K. Van de Velde, Thomas J. Gill, Harry E. Rubash, and Guoan Li. "In vivo tibiofemoral cartilage deformation during the stance phase of gait." Journal of Biomechanics 43, no. 4 (March 2010): 658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.10.028.

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Perlman, PR, V. Siskind, A. Jorgensen, S. Wearing, and S. Squires. "Changes in the calcaneal pitch during stance phase of gait. A fluoroscopic analysis." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 86, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-86-7-322.

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Calcaneal pitch has been considered to be an indirect measure of subtalar joint function. The aim of this pilot study was to assess changes in the calcaneal pitch angle during dynamic gait. Sixty female subjects underwent videofluoroscopy to obtain 27 usable gait cycle data. A single-frame, shuttle-advance video recorder was used to identify midstance of the gait cycle. The calcaneal pitch angle was measured during three midstance periods. The study confirms findings from video and forceplate analysis and reintroduces videofluoroscopy as a gait research tool.

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Mandeville, David, Louis R. Osternig, and Li-Shan Chou. "THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN KNEE FLEXION, VERTICAL CENTER-OF-MASS EXCURSIONS AND LOWER-EXTREMITY MUSCLE WORK FOR END-STAGE KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 12, no. 02 (June 2009): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957709002213.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the association of the knee flexion excursion to the vertical center-of-mass (COM) amplitude and to the lower-extremity muscle work during stance phase for subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Method: Twenty subjects scheduled for total knee replacement and 20 controls performed level walking during standard gait analysis. Dependent variables included stance-phase knee flexion excursion, vertical COM amplitude, and lower-extremity muscle work. Results: Compared to healthy control, subjects with knee osteoarthritis walked with significantly less stance-phase knee flexion and vertical COM excursion. Knee flexion excursion was found to have a strong positive correlation to vertical COM amplitude. The lower-extremity muscle work during single stance phase was found to have a moderate negative correlation to vertical COM amplitude. Conclusions: Osteoarthritis of the knee alters both the stance-phase knee flexion and vertical COM excursions. As these variables show a strong positive relation, efforts to restore stance-phase knee flexion based on the 3rd determinant of gait require a new justification.

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Convery, P., and A. W. P. Buis. "Conventional patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) socket/stump interface dynamic pressure distributions recorded during the prosthetic stance phase of gait of a transtibial amputee." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 22, no. 3 (December 1998): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649809164484.

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Force sensing resistors (FSR) have been used to measure dynamic stump/socket interface pressures during the gait of a trans-tibial amputee. A total of 350 pressure sensor cells were attached to the inner wall of a patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) socket. Data was sampled at 150 Hz during the approximate 0.8 seconds of prosthetic stance of gait. A total of 42,000 pressures were recorded during a single prosthetic stance. This paper describes the distribution of the pressure patterns monitored during the prosthetic stance phase of gait.

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Lee, C. R., and C. T. Farley. "Determinants of the center of mass trajectory in human walking and running." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 21 (November 1, 1998): 2935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.21.2935.

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Walking is often modeled as an inverted pendulum system in which the center of mass vaults over the rigid stance limb. Running is modeled as a simple spring-mass system in which the center of mass bounces along on the compliant stance limb. In these models, differences in stance-limb behavior lead to nearly opposite patterns of vertical movements of the center of mass in the two gaits. Our goal was to quantify the importance of stance-limb behavior and other factors in determining the trajectory of the center of mass during walking and running. We collected kinematic and force platform data during human walking and running. Virtual stance-limb compression (i.e. reduction in the distance between the point of foot-ground contact and the center of mass during the first half of the stance phase) was only 26% lower for walking (0.091 m) than for running (0.123 m) at speeds near the gait transition speed. In spite of this relatively small difference, the center of mass moved upwards by 0.031 m during the first half of the stance phase during walking and moved downwards by 0.073 m during the first half of the stance phase during running. The most important reason for this difference was that the stance limb swept through a larger angle during walking (30.4 degrees) than during running (19.2 degrees). We conclude that stance-limb touchdown angle and virtual stance-limb compression both play important roles in determining the trajectory of the center of mass and whether a gait is a walk or a run.

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Fisher, L. D., and G. W. Judge. "Bouncy knee: A stance phase flex-extend knee unit." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 9, no. 3 (December 1985): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648509164724.

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A Bouncy Knee is a knee control device for use in above-knee prostheses, designed to give a natural flex-extend action during the stance phase of the walking cycle. Tests with an adjustable device fitted to an amputee identified optimum angles of bounce (peak initial knee flexion after foot contact). Subsequently a clinical trial was conducted with six patients. The patients' gait was assessed using an instrumented walkway and polarized light goniometry. Symmetry of gait was improved in all cases and the patients reported a marked improvement in comfort and increased control in downhill walking. After removal of the units, cyclic testing was carried out without collapse of any Bouncy Knee unit. The clinical fitting procedure has been established and a simple peak-reading goniometer designed to enable the prosthetist fitting the unit to assess its performance. A production batch, suitable for Blatchford Modular Assembly Prostheses, Stabilised Knee users has been made.

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Umberger, Brian R. "Stance and swing phase costs in human walking." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 50 (March 31, 2010): 1329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2010.0084.

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Leg swing in human walking has historically been viewed as a passive motion with little metabolic cost. Recent estimates of leg swing costs are equivocal, covering a range from 10 to 33 per cent of the net cost of walking. There has also been a debate as to whether the periods of double-limb support during the stance phase dominate the cost of walking. Part of this uncertainty is because of our inability to measure metabolic energy consumption in individual muscles during locomotion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolic cost of walking using a modelling approach that allowed instantaneous energy consumption rates in individual muscles to be estimated over the full gait cycle. At a typical walking speed and stride rate, leg swing represented 29 per cent of the total muscular cost. During the stance phase, the double-limb and single-limb support periods accounted for 27 and 44 per cent of the total cost, respectively. Performing step-to-step transitions, which encompasses more than just the double-support periods, represented 37 per cent of the total cost of walking. Increasing stride rate at a constant speed led to greater double-limb support costs, lower swing phase costs and no change in single-limb support costs. Together, these results provide unique insight as to how metabolic energy is expended over the human gait cycle.

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Su, Binbin, Christian Smith, and Elena Gutierrez Farewik. "Gait Phase Recognition Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Inertial Measurement Units." Biosensors 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10090109.

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Gait phase recognition is of great importance in the development of assistance-as-needed robotic devices, such as exoskeletons. In order for a powered exoskeleton with phase-based control to determine and provide proper assistance to the wearer during gait, the user’s current gait phase must first be identified accurately. Gait phase recognition can potentially be achieved through input from wearable sensors. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) is a machine learning approach that is widely used in image recognition. User kinematics, measured from inertial measurement unit (IMU) output, can be considered as an ‘image’ since it exhibits some local ‘spatial’ pattern when the sensor data is arranged in sequence. We propose a specialized DCNN to distinguish five phases in a gait cycle, based on IMU data and classified with foot switch information. The DCNN showed approximately 97% accuracy during an offline evaluation of gait phase recognition. Accuracy was highest in the swing phase and lowest in terminal stance.

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Abelew, Thomas A., Brian J. Cuda, Jonathan E. Koontz, Julia C. Stell, and Marie A. Johanson. "INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF GAIT." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 15, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021895771250011x.

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Purpose: Differences in muscle activity have been observed between men and women in numerous lower extremity muscles in a variety of activities. These differences may be related to observed differences in the incidence of injuries between men and women. The purpose of this work is to determine if gender had an effect on the activity of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles during the early part of the stance phase of gait. Method: An observational cohort study was set up using sixteen volunteers (9 men and 7 women, mean age = 27 years) with less than 5° of passive ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion. Maximum dorsiflexion, maximum knee flexion, stance time and EMG magnitude were measured for both men and women during early stance (heel strike to heel off). Results: EMG amplitude of the LG muscle in women was significantly higher than that of men. No significant differences were observed between men and women for maximum dorsiflexion, maximum knee flexion or stance time. Conclusions: A gender difference in gastrocnemius muscle EMG magnitude exists that is independent of knee and ankle kinematics and walking speed.

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Arazpour, Mokhtar, Fardin Ahmadi, Mahmood Bahramizadeh, Mohammad Samadian, Mohammad Ebrahim Mousavi, Monireh Ahmadi Bani, and Stephen W. Hutchins. "Evaluation of gait symmetry in poliomyelitis subjects: Comparison of a conventional knee–ankle–foot orthosis and a new powered knee–ankle–foot orthosis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 40, no. 6 (July 10, 2016): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364615596063.

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Background:Compared to able-bodied subjects, subjects with post-polio syndrome and poliomyelitis demonstrate a preference for weight-bearing on the non-paretic limb, causing gait asymmetry.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gait symmetry of the poliomyelitis subjects when ambulating with either a drop-locked knee–ankle–foot orthosis or a newly developed powered knee–ankle–foot orthosis.Study design:Quasi experimental study.Methods:Seven subjects with poliomyelitis who routinely wore conventional knee–ankle–foot orthoses participated in this study and received training to enable them to ambulate with the powered knee–ankle–foot orthosis on level ground, prior to gait analysis.Results:There were no significant differences in the gait symmetry index of step length ( p = 0.085), stance time ( p = 0.082), double-limb support time ( p = 0.929), or speed of walking ( p = 0.325) between the two test conditions. However, using the new powered knee–ankle–foot orthosis improved the symmetry index in step width ( p = 0.037), swing time ( p = 0.014), stance phase percentage ( p = 0.008), and knee flexion during swing phase ( p ⩽ 0.001) compared to wearing the drop-locked knee–ankle–foot orthosis.Conclusion:The use of a powered knee–ankle–foot orthosis for ambulation by poliomyelitis subjects affects gait symmetry in the base of support, swing time, stance phase percentage, and knee flexion during swing phase.Clinical relevanceA new powered knee–ankle–foot orthosis can improve gait symmetry for poliomyelitis subjects by influencing step width, swing time, stance time percentage, and knee flexion during swing phase when compared to ambulating with a drop-locked knee–ankle–foot orthosis.

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Roden-Reynolds, Devin C., Megan H. Walker, Camille R. Wasserman, and Jesse C. Dean. "Hip proprioceptive feedback influences the control of mediolateral stability during human walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 4 (October 2015): 2220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00551.2015.

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Active control of the mediolateral location of the feet is an important component of a stable bipedal walking pattern, although the roles of sensory feedback in this process are unclear. In the present experiments, we tested whether hip abductor proprioception influenced the control of mediolateral gait motion. Participants performed a series of quiet standing and treadmill walking trials. In some trials, 80-Hz vibration was applied intermittently over the right gluteus medius (GM) to evoke artificial proprioceptive feedback. During walking, the GM was vibrated during either right leg stance (to elicit a perception that the pelvis was closer mediolaterally to the stance foot) or swing (to elicit a perception that the swing leg was more adducted). Vibration during quiet standing evoked leftward sway in most participants (13 of 16), as expected from its predicted perceptual effects. Across the 13 participants sensitive to vibration, stance phase vibration caused the contralateral leg to be placed significantly closer to the midline (by ∼2 mm) at the end of the ongoing step. In contrast, swing phase vibration caused the vibrated leg to be placed significantly farther mediolaterally from the midline (by ∼2 mm), whereas the pelvis was held closer to the stance foot (by ∼1 mm). The estimated mediolateral margin of stability was thus decreased by stance phase vibration but increased by swing phase vibration. Although the observed effects of vibration were small, they were consistent with humans monitoring hip proprioceptive feedback while walking to maintain stable mediolateral gait motion.

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Lymbery, Janelle K., and Wendy Gilleard. "The Stance Phase of Walking During Late Pregnancy." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0950247.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate temporospatial and ground reaction force variables in the stance phase of walking during late pregnancy. An eight-camera motion-analysis system was used to record 13 pregnant women at 38 weeks’ gestation and again 8 weeks after birth. In late pregnancy, there was a wider step width, and mediolateral ground reaction force tended to be increased in a medial direction. The center of pressure moved more medially initially and less anteriorly at 100% of stance in late pregnancy. The differences suggest that women may adapt their gait to maximize stability in the stance phase of walking and to control mediolateral motion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 247–253, 2005)

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Silva, Miguel Reis e., and Jorge Jacinto. "Velocity Determinants in Spastic Patients after Stroke—A Gait Analysis Study." Neurology International 12, no. 3 (November 6, 2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint12030011.

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Introduction: Gait velocity in spastic patients after stroke is both a life quality and mortality predictor. However, the precise biomechanical events that impair a faster velocity in this population are not defined. This study goal is to find out which are the gait parameters associated with a higher velocity in stroke patients with spastic paresis. Methods: The registries of a Gait analysis laboratory were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were: trials of adult stroke patients with unilateral deficits. The exclusion criteria were: trials when patients used an external walking device, an orthosis, or support by a third person. Of the 116 initial patients, after the application of the exclusion criteria, 34 patients were included in the cohort, all with spatiotemporal, static and dynamic kinematic and dynamometric studies. Results: There was a correlation of velocity with cadence, stride length of the paretic (P) limb, stride length, and time of the P and non-paretic (NP) limb, double support time, all the parameters related to hip extension during stance phase, knee flexion during swing phase, and parameters related to ankle plantarflexion during stance phase. Conclusions: The main gait analysis outcomes that have a correlation with speed are related to the formula velocity = step length × cadence or are related to stance phase events that allow the anterior projection of the body. The only swing phase outcome that has a correlation with speed is knee flexion. More studies are needed from gait analysis laboratories in order to point out the most relevant goals to achieve with gait training in spastic stroke patients.

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Lee, Myeounggon, Changhong Youm, Byungjoo Noh, Hwayoung Park, and Sang-Myung Cheon. "Gait Characteristics under Imposed Challenge Speed Conditions in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease During Overground Walking." Sensors 20, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 2132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072132.

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Evaluating gait stability at slower or faster speeds and self-preferred speeds based on continuous steps may assist in determining the severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. This study aimed to investigate the gait ability at imposed speed conditions in PD patients during overground walking. Overall, 74 PD patients and 52 age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Levodopa was administered to patients in the PD group, and all participants completed imposed slower, preferred, and faster speed walking tests along a straight 15-m walkway wearing shoe-type inertial measurement units. Reliability of the slower and faster conditions between the estimated and measured speeds indicated excellent agreement for PD patients and controls. PD patients demonstrated higher gait asymmetry (GA) and coefficient of variance (CV) for stride length and stance phase than the controls at slower speeds and higher CVs for phases for single support, double support, and stance. CV of the double support phase could distinguish between PD patients and controls at faster speeds. The GA and CVs of stride length and phase-related variables were associated with motor symptoms in PD patients. Speed conditions should be considered during gait analysis. Gait variability could evaluate the severity of motor symptoms in PD patients.

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Sanford, Brooke A., John L. Williams, Audrey R. Zucker-Levin, and William M. Mihalko. "Tibiofemoral Joint Forces during the Stance Phase of Gait after ACL Reconstruction." Open Journal of Biophysics 03, no. 04 (2013): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojbiphy.2013.34033.

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Atalaia, Tiago, João Abrantes, and Alexandre Castro-Caldas. "Influence of Footedness on Dynamic Joint Stiffness during the Gait Stance Phase." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 5, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2015/14745.

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Bishop, C., G. Paul, and D. Thewlis. "Footwear modifies foot and ankle kinematics during stance phase of walking gait." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 14 (December 2011): e39-e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.082.

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Siegel, Karen Lohmann, Thomas M. Kepple, Paul G. O'Connell, Lynn H. Gerber, and Steven J. Stanhope. "A Technique to Evaluate Foot Function During the Stance Phase of Gait." Foot & Ankle International 16, no. 12 (December 1995): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079501601205.

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A technique to measure foot function during the stance phase of gait is described. Advantages of the method include its three-dimensional approach with anatomically based segment coordinate systems. This allows variables such as ground reaction forces and center of pressure location to be expressed in a local foot coordinate system, which gives more anatomical meaning to the interpretation of results. Application of the measurement technique to case examples of patients with rheumatoid arthritis demonstrated its ability to discriminate normal from various levels of pathological function. Future studies will utilize this technique to study the impact of pathology and treatment on foot function.

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Yazdani, Farzaneh, Mohsen Razeghi, Mohammad Taghi Karimi, Milad Salimi Bani, and Hossein Bahreinizad. "Foot hyperpronation alters lumbopelvic muscle function during the stance phase of gait." Gait & Posture 74 (October 2019): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.08.022.

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Sousa, Andreia S. P., Augusta Silva, Rubim Santos, Filipa Sousa, and João Manuel R. S. Tavares. "Interlimb Coordination During the Stance Phase of Gait in Subjects With Stroke." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 94, no. 12 (December 2013): 2515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.032.

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Aali, Shirin, and Shahabeddin Bagheri. "Effect of iliopsoas muscle tightness on electromyographic activity of hip extensor synergists during gait." Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 43, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2021.031.

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Background: Hip flexor muscles' tightness has been considered as one of the main risk factors for neuromuscular impairment of lower extremities not only lead to change the movement patterns but also probably result in changing the neuromuscular features of other muscles. The purpose of this research is study was to evaluate the iliopsoas tightness’ effect on electromyographic activity of hip extensor synergists during gait. Methods: In this case-control study fifteen 11-14 years old adolescents with iliopsoas tightness as experimental group, and 15 healthy adolescents which matched based on age, height, weight, body mass index, dominant leg and sport experience participated voluntarily as control group. Surface electromyographic activity of the gluteus maximus, adductor magnus and biceps femoris, were measured between groups during stance phase of gait. Results: Individuals with restricted hip flexor muscle length demonstrated more gluteus maximus activation during terminal stance (p=.001), more biceps femoris activation during mid stance (p=.002) and late stance (p=.001) and more adductor magnus activation during mid stance (p=.04) and late stance (p=.001). Conclusion: Adolescent soccer athletes with hip flexor muscle tightness exhibit more biceps femoris and adductor magnus and gluteus maximus activation during stance phase of gait. Thus, individuals with hip flexor muscle tightness appear to utilize different neuromuscular strategies to control lower extremity motion.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Stance phase of gait'

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