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1
Haddington, Pentti. The intersubjectivity of stance taking in talk-in-interaction. Oulu [Finland]: University of Oulu, 2005., 2005.
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2
Niemela, Maarit. Resonance in storytelling: Verbal, prosodic and embodied practices of stance taking. Oulu: University of Oulu, 2011.
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3
Argan, Giovanni, Alexandra Timonina, and Maria Redaelli. Taking and Denying Challenging Canons in Arts and Philosophy. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-462-2.
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The volume includes papers presented at the II International Conference of PhD students of the Department of Philosophy and Cultural Heritage of Ca’ Foscari University of Venice and the State Institute for Art Studies in Moscow Taking and Denying: Challenging Canons in Arts and Philosophy (23-25 September 2020).
4
Kobozeva, Nadezhda, and Vera Dunaeva. The quality of audit services: concept, methodology, tools. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1016909.
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In the monograph developed a scientifically grounded concept and methodological quality assurance of audit services. Used in the Russian practice the system of indicators of audit quality are not sufficiently effective due to the lack of a uniform conceptual apparatus in the field of audit quality, allowing you to combine the expectations of users, requirements of regulatory bodies and public auditing. The most urgent task of the present stage of development of audit activities is the development of holistic, taking account of national features of the concept of audit quality.
For students undergraduate and graduate, auditors, specialists of bodies of state financial control and supervision of University teachers.
5
Rasskazov, Leonid. Theory of state and law: advanced course. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/109295-8.
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The textbook covers in an accessible form the main issues provided for by the state educational standard and the curriculum for the discipline "Theory of state and law". The material is focused on in-depth study of the theoretical aspects of jurisprudence and is presented taking into account changes The Constitution of the Russian Federation approved by the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020. The publication is intended for undergraduate students of the last year of study to prepare for the state exam on the theory of state and law. The textbook will also be useful for master's and postgraduate students, applicants and anyone interested in the problems of legal science.
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Maksurov, Aleksey. Generally recognized principles and norms of international law: the concept and problems of application in the Russian Federation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1087999.
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The monograph reflects the results of the author's research on the application of generally recognized principles and norms of international law in the Russian Federation, including taking into account the current changes in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It will be useful for scientists and students (postgraduates) - lawyers, political scientists, sociologists, as well as practicing lawyers in all areas of law, specialists in the field of state and municipal law and management, international law.
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Shuvalova, Irina. Consumer protection. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1477410.
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The textbook has been prepared taking into account the current state of legislation and the practice of its application. The main concepts and categories in the field of consumer protection are considered, specific examples are given, practical recommendations are given.
It contains samples of documents: claims, statements, complaints, petitions, statements of claim, etc. on various issues in the field of consumer protection.
It is intended for students, practitioners, as well as anyone interested in consumer protection issues.
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Kas'yanov, Valeriy, Sergey Samygin, and Vladimir Shevelev. History. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1086532.
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The textbook covers all the topics and questions of the course "History". The main attention is paid to the leading trends, stages and events of cultural, civilizational and state development from antiquity to the present day. The authors take into account the latest historical research and developments that have recently appeared in historical science. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. Addressed to students of secondary vocational educational institutions, it can also be used by high school students in preparation for final exams at school and by applicants taking entrance exams to universities and colleges.
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Surkova, Galina. Atmospheric chemistry. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079840.
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The textbook contains material corresponding to the course of lectures on atmospheric chemistry prepared for students studying meteorology and climatology. The basic concepts of atmospheric chemistry are given, its gaseous components, as well as aerosols and chemical processes related to their life cycles, which are important from the point of view of the formation of the radiation, temperature and dynamic regime of the atmosphere, as well as its pollution, are considered. The main regularities of the transport of impurities in the atmosphere and the role of processes of different spatial and temporal scales in this process are presented. The concept of approaches of varying degrees of complexity used to model the transport of matter in the atmosphere, taking into account its chemical transformations, is presented. The processes in the gaseous and liquid phases that affect the chemical composition and acidity of clouds and precipitation are described. Modern methods of using information about the concentration and state of chemical compounds, including their radioactive and stable isotopes, to obtain information about the meteorological regime of the atmosphere in the present and past are considered.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of training "Hydrometeorology".
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Zheldybina, Tat'yana. Actual problems of the history of political and legal doctrines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1233668.
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The textbook is devoted to the main schools of law — natural law, positivist, historical and" revived " natural law. It is written taking into account the development and achievements of modern political and legal thought. There are control questions, tests, a list of literature necessary for preparing for seminars and the exam.
It corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of higher education of the last generation in the direction of training 40.04.01 "Jurisprudence".
It is recommended for undergraduates, state and municipal employees. It will be useful for graduate students when passing the candidate's minimum exams, when preparing doctoral dissertations, and for teachers of legal and philosophical profiles, as well as anyone interested in this problem.
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Dmitrenko, Vladimir, Sergey Gorbachev, and Natal'ya Manuylova. Environmental safety of structural materials. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013018.
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The textbook provides a General idea of modern methods for assessing the environmental properties of materials, discusses the environmental aspects of the production of the main groups of structural materials, and suggests a method for assessing the environmental safety of the material, taking into account the full life cycle of products. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of "Technosphere safety", "aircraft Engineering", "materials Science and technology of materials" and other aircraft engineering specialties.
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Demichev, Kirill, Oksana Gracheva, Vera Ilyuhina, Mihail Karpychev, Aleksandr Mihin, Aleksandr Pchelkin, and Al'fir Huzhin. Family law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1025619.
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The textbook deals with the issues of the family law course, taking into account the current family, civil, civil procedure legislation and judicial practice. Prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education of the latest generation in the areas of training 40.03.01 and 40.04.01 "Jurisprudence", in the specialties 40.05.01 "Legal support of national security" and 40.05.02 "Law enforcement". For students, postgraduates and teachers of law educational institutions of higher education and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in family law.
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Ageshkina, Nataliya. Fundamentals of travel agency and tour operator activity. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1072191.
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In the textbook, taking into account the current national and international legal norms, the latest legislative changes affecting the tourism industry, the goals, objectives and directions of tourism development in the Russian Federation, explanations of authorized state bodies, established law enforcement practices, and doctrinal interpretations, the basics of implementing travel agency and tour operator activities in the Russian Federation are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. It is focused on the study of students receiving secondary vocational education in the specialty 43.02.10 "Tourism", the general professional discipline "Organization of the tourism industry" and the professional modules "PM. 01. Provision of tourist services", "PM. 03. Provision of tour operator services", "PM. 04. Management of the functional division of the organization".
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Dyagilev, Vasiliy, and Pavel Razov. Logic. Theory of argumentation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1085524.
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The textbook covers the main sections of the course of formal logic, the principles of drawing conclusions, the basics of argumentation and communication. The topics are presented taking into account the achievements of modern logical science.
In addition to the theoretical part, practical tasks and texts for analytical analysis are included.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for bachelors, undergraduates and postgraduates of humanitarian specialties. It can also be used by anyone who wants to study logic and the theory of argumentation or improve their knowledge in these disciplines.
15
Polievskiy, Sergey. Sports environment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21022.
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Discussed global environmental problems of the biosphere, ecology in the city, radiation factor, and its impact on human health, including those engaged in physical culture, sports and tourism, food as endoecological factor. Illuminated by the experience of environmental protection in various sports, including the Olympic games, legislation and international legal cooperation in the field of environmental protection sport environment, increasing the efficiency of physical training and condition under different environmental conditions.
Tutorial to be served in integrated, multidisciplinary plan, taking into account the necessity of integrated assessment of ecological positions of safety and hygiene.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
For students of higher education institutions.
16
Argatoff, Lorraine Alana. Taking a stance: Sustaining relation across difference. $c2002, 2002.
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17
Watson, Marilyn. Managing Mistakes and Misbehavior: Taking a Teaching Stance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867263.003.0008.
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After Laura believed in her students’ goodwill, even that of her frequently misbehaving students, she was able to view student misbehavior in the same light that she viewed mistakes in academic learning. Mistakes call for teaching, not punishment. Thus, Laura applied the principles of good teaching to develop her approach to classroom discipline or to respond to misbehavior. She structured the environment to make it manageable, and she tried to provide each student with the scaffolding needed for success. If the student failed, she made adjustments and tried again. She exercised clear authority, but she also worked to respect her students’ need for autonomy. She explicitly taught her students important social and emotional skills, such as how to regulate their emotions and how to guide their own behavior through self-talk.
18
Kukathas, Chandran. Immigration. Edited by Hugh LaFollette. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0023.
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This article addresses the ethical issues of immigration. It asks about the morality of admitting persons into (and out of) the state, for any of these reasons and under any of these conditions. Therefore, there may be no single answer about the morality of immigration — it will require taking positions on a number of different matters. What stance one takes will often depend upon — or shape — one's general views about the nature of the state.
19
Korudo pisu: Kurinton ga kaeru Nichi-Bei kankei = A chill in the air : What will be the result of the Clinton administration's taking a cooler, more critical stance to the Japan-US relationship? PHP Kenkyujo, 1993.
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20
Desai, Anand, and Lyle Rosnick. The Psychiatric Interview. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199326075.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on how to conduct a psychiatric interview. While adhering to the basic medical model, the psychiatric interview has four additional essential and distinguishing features: a psychological perspective, empathic listening, particular attention to the physician’s emotional responses, and a focus on the interview process. Two relatively common challenges to history taking are the disorganized patient and the difficult-to-engage patient. It is particularly important that physicians conducting psychiatric interviews maintain a professional stance that is empathic, respectful, and curious..
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Dougherty, Tom. The Scope of Consent. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894793.001.0001.
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The scope of someone’s consent is the range of actions that they permit by giving consent. This book investigates the underexplored question of which normative principle governs the scope of consent. To answer this question, this investigation involves taking a stance on what constitutes consent. By appealing to the idea that someone can justify their behaviour by appealing to another person’s consent, this book defends the view that consent consists in behaviour that expresses a consent-giver’s will for how a consent-receiver behaves. The ultimate conclusion of this book is that the scope of consent is determined by certain evidence that bears on the appropriate interpretation of the consent.
22
Pereboom, Derk. Wrongdoing and the Moral Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846006.001.0001.
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This book provides an account of how we might address wrongdoing given challenges to anger and retribution that arise from ethical considerations and from concerns about free will. It contends that we should dispense with basically deserved pain and harm, and with associated retributive sentiments. Without such desert, how might we understand blame? Blame can be conceived as taking on a non-retributive stance of moral protest, whose function is to secure forward-looking goals such as moral reform and reconciliation. Is it possible to justify effectively dealing with those who pose dangerous threats if they do not deserve to be harmed? Wrongfully posing such a threat, by contrast with deserving harm for posing the threat, is proposed as the core condition for the legitimacy of defensive harming. An account is then provided for addressing criminal behavior without a retributive justification for punishment, one in which the right of self-defense provides justification for measures such as preventative detention. How might we forgive if wrongdoers don’t basically deserve the pain of being resented, which forgiveness would then renounce? Forgiveness might instead be conceived as the renunciation of the stance of moral protest. But how might personal relationships function without retributive anger having a role in responding to wrongdoing? The stance of moral protest, together with non-retributive emotions, is argued to be sufficient. The book closes with a consideration of attitudes regarding the fate of humanity in a deterministic universe replete with wrongdoing, and defends the rationality of a transcendent hope for humanity.
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Dupré, John, and Daniel J. Nicholson. A Manifesto for a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0001.
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This chapter argues that scientific and philosophical progress in our understanding of the living world requires that we abandon a metaphysics of things in favour of one centred on processes. We identify three main empirical motivations for adopting a process ontology in biology: metabolic turnover, life cycles, and ecological interdependence. We show how taking a processual stance in the philosophy of biology enables us to ground existing critiques of essentialism, reductionism, and mechanicism, all of which have traditionally been associated with substance ontology. We illustrate the consequences of embracing an ontology of processes in biology by considering some of its implications for physiology, genetics, evolution, and medicine. And we attempt to locate the subsequent chapters of the book in relation to the position we defend.
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Barnhart, Michael. Buddhist Perspectives on Abortion and Reproduction. Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.4.
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The chapter begins with a brief outline of specific ethical issues associated with abortion, assisted reproduction, and research use of embryonic stem cells. Buddhist attitudes are explored first by reference to scriptures and then by what is known about Buddhist attitudes in modern, mostly Asian societies, especially in regard to abortion, and the degree to which this fits with but also challenges the scriptural tradition. These attitudes are then considered on their philosophical merits, focusing particularly on the key claim of traditional Buddhist embryology that conception signals the presence of all the necessary elements of moral personhood, as understood by Buddhists, thus triggering the First Precept’s prohibition on the taking of a human life. Finally, the chapter considers what a less prohibitive Buddhist stance on abortion might look like, particularly in reference to various alternatives defended in contemporary philosophical discussions.
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Dani, Aguila, ed. Taking liberty with the lady. Nashville, Tenn., USA: EagleNest Pub. Co., 1986.
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26
Holbrook, Donald, and Cerwyn Moore. Al-Qaeda 2.0. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190856441.001.0001.
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On 16 June 2011, three days before his sixtieth birthday, Ayman al-Zawahiri was declared the new leader of Al-Qaeda, replacing the fallen Osama bin Laden. The veteran Egyptian jihadist had little of his predecessor's charisma and enjoyed much less popularity, respect and celebrity. Yet, as scores of jihadi commanders from different organizations have succumbed to their enemies' missiles, bombs and bullets, Zawahiri has soldiered on. His tenure as Al-Qaeda's leader has been marked by some of its darkest and most challenging moments, which have threatened the viability and future of Al-Qaeda's central leadership. The gravest such development has been the emergence of Islamic State as a separate and rival jihadist entity. The best way to gauge Zawahiri's response to these threats is by studying the official statements and public communiqués that he has issued since taking the reins. This book provides the reader with professional translations of Zawahiri's key statements during his first five years as leader of Al-Qaeda. These official communications are introduced and contextualized to provide the reader with a comprehensive sourcebook, outlining the Al-Qaeda leadership's stance on the challenges to its existence since the death of bin Laden.
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Siklos, Pierre L. Trust, But Verify: The Road Ahead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0007.
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Taking stock of the past fifteen years in monetary policy leads to some conclusions and suggestions for reform. Contrary to the claims of some observers, price stability remains an unassailable goal of central banks. Reforms are needed in their governance, however. In particular, legislation ought to include more directives to make clear the conditional relationship between government and the central bank. Unconventional central bank policies are no longer so unconventional. While they should be included in the toolkit of policy instruments, they should be used with more care. Some central banks have overreached and have confused the need to put a floor on economic downturns with the need for economic growth to rise to levels deemed normal. Data dependence as a policy stance reflects one of the biggest failures of central banking. After more than a decade of explaining the forward-looking nature of monetary policy, a backward-looking perspective seems to dominate policy discussions.
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Taking Comedy Seriously: Stand-Up's Dissident Potential in Mass Culture. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2018.
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Hintz, Lisel. Taking the Theory “Outside”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655976.003.0007.
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This chapter shows how identity contestation theory extends to state and non-state actors outside of Turkey, aiding understanding of how identity struggles spill over into foreign policy. It focuses on (1) the Israeli Likud Party’s efforts to shore up hardline, anti-Iran support in the US Congress; (2) India’s foreign policy shifts under the Hindu nationalist BJP; (3) Iranian moderates’ use of the nuclear deal as Western engagement to advance their position back home; and (4) anti-apartheid activists’ normative suasion tactics to force the United States to discontinue support of South Africa’s apartheid regime. The chapter demonstrates how these groups can also use foreign policy as an arena via institutions, diaspora groups, and transnational civil society to circumvent identity-based obstacles back home. These cases include the ongoing diplomacy of Turkey’s Kurdish movement with EU institutions and the Gülen movement’s efforts to spread Turkish Calvinism through its vast institutional network abroad.
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Zamir, Tzachi. Ascent. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695088.001.0001.
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Paradise Lost has never received a substantial, book-length reading by a philosopher. This should surprise no one. Milton associated philosophy with deceit in his theological writings, and made philosophizing one of the activities of fallen angels in hell. This book argues that Milton’s disdain for philosophers’ vocation should not prevent them from turning an inquisitive eye to Milton’s greatest poem. Because it examines puzzles that intrigue philosophers, instead of neatly breaking from philosophy, it maintains a penetrating rapport with it. Paradise Lost sets forth bold claims regarding the meaning of genuine knowledge, regarding what counts as acting meaningfully, or as taking in the world fully, or as withdrawing from inner deadness. Other topics touched upon by Milton involve some of the most central issues within the philosophy of religion: the relationship between reason and belief, the uniqueness of religious poetry, the meaning of gratitude, and the special role of the imagination in faith. This tension—disparaging philosophy on the one hand, but taking up much of what philosophers hope to understand on the other—turns Milton’s poem into an exceptionally potent work for a philosopher of literature. Ascent is a philosophical reading of the poem that attempts to keep audible Milton’s antiphilosophy stance. The picture of interdisciplinarity that will emerge is, accordingly, neither one of a happy percolation among fields (“philosophy,” “literature”), nor one of rigid boundaries. Overlap and partial agreement clash against contestation and rivalry. It is these conflicting currents that this book aims to capture, not to reconcile.
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Botterill, Katherine, Gurchathen Sanghera, and Peter Hopkins. Young People. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427234.003.0007.
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Until recently, much academic and policy research about Muslim youth and politics tended to focus on issues of radicalisation and extremism (Bakker, 2006; Hemmingsen and Andreasen, 2007; Kuhle and Lindekilde, 2010; Spalek and McDonald, 2011), mirroring the political and policy landscape on this issue. While some of these studies attempt to disrupt popular conceptions of the link between Muslim youth and radicalisation, others have assisted in fuelling perceptions of Muslim youth as taking a more politicised stance on religious belief than their parents (Policy Exchange, 2007, cited in Field, 2011: 160). Furthermore, some have attempted to categorise Muslim youth into those who are ‘moderate’, ‘apartist’ and ‘alienated’ (Field, 2011) and, while painting a more complex picture, remain rather rigid and do little to challenge homogenised representations of Muslim youth. Media representation of Muslim youth as either politically apathetic, radicalised or vulnerable to radicalisation further contributes to misconceptions about young Muslim identities and their political agency. Such representations are gendered and embodied, for example with Muslim young men being read as the Asian ‘new folk devils’ (Alexander, 2000), as ‘militant and aggressive’ (Archer, 2003: 81) or as academic and effeminate (Hopkins, 2006).
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Ghodsee, Kristen, and Mitchell Orenstein. Taking Stock of Shock. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001.
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Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book evaluates the social consequences of the post-1989 transition from state socialism to free market capitalism across Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Blending ethnographic accounts with economic, demographic, and public opinion data, it provides insight into the development of new, unequal, social orders. It explores the contradictory narratives on transition promoted by Western international institutions and their opponents, one of qualified success and another of epic catastrophe, and surprisingly shows that data support both narratives, for different countries, regions, and people. While many citizens of the postsocialist countries experienced significant progress in living standards and life satisfaction, enabling them to catch up with the West after a relatively brief recession, others suffered demographic and social collapses resulting from rising economic precarity; large-scale degradation of social welfare that came with privatization; and growing gender, class, and regional disparities that have accompanied neoliberal reforms. Transition recessions lasted for decades in many countries, exceeding the US Great Depression in severity. Some countries still have not returned to pre-1989 levels of economic production or mortality; some have lost more than one-fifth of their population and are projected to lose more. Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, this book deploys a sweeping array of data from different social science fields to provide a more holistic perspective on the successes and failures of transition while unpacking the failed assumptions and narratives of Western institutions, Eastern policymakers, and citizens of former socialist states.
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Bashevkin, Sylvia. Taking Charge of the New World Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190875374.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 focuses on Madeleine Albright’s contributions to the two Clinton administrations of the 1990s. As UN ambassador and the first woman secretary of state, she sought practical ways to solve problems in an era that saw the disappearance of the previous Cold War order, and she held key responsibility for the only armed interventions to that point in NATO’s history. Her support for military action in Bosnia and Kosovo was consistent with an assertive outlook that pre-dated her cabinet appointments. Unlike Kirkpatrick, Albright engaged in feminist networks both before and during her time in top office. Consistent with that background, Albright supported progressive equality claims that resonated with the support base of the Clinton administration.
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Guo, Yong, and Claudia F. Lucchinetti. Taking a Microscopic Look at Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0005.
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The pathology of multiple sclerosis is complex, extends beyond the white matter plaque, and is influenced by stage of demyelinating activity, clinical course, disease duration, and treatment. Technological advances in immunology, molecular biology, and “omic” biology have provided novel insights into the mechanisms for development of white matter plaques, axonal damage, cortical demyelination, and disease progression. Detailed, systematic, and statistically rigorous pathological studies on clinically well-characterized MS cohorts have helped define the heterogeneous pathological substrates of MS and unravel the complex molecular pathogenic mechanisms, with the ultimate goal of identifying targets for therapeutic interventions. It is increasingly clear that the use of human tissues is imperative to improve current diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic modalities. Preclinical animal models have been invaluable for discovery of key immune processes, basic disease mechanisms, and candidate immune targeting strategies, but the conclusions have yet be reconciled with the essential features of the human disease.
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Ansolabehere, Stephen, and Brian F. Schaffner. Taking the Study of Political Behavior Online. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.6.
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This chapter describes the rise of online surveys as a research tool for social scientists. First it provides an analytical framework for understanding how survey mode matters to social science research. It examines the consequences of the trade-off between quality and cost for an entire research program or literature. For survey methodologists, quality boils down to the ability to test a hypothesis using the survey. Second, the chapter examines the controversy over the use of opt-in Internet polls rather than traditional polls. Recent studies have found that high-quality online surveys produce estimates that can be as reliable as those from traditional polls. Using data from over 300 state-level opt-in Internet subsamples from the CCES, the chapter measures the amount of error in a commonly used approach for conducting opt-in Internet surveys and compares it to traditional probability samples. It concludes by considering how to make wiser choices about survey mode.
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Lopes, Dominic McIver. Directive Pictures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796657.003.0010.
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Pictures are principally descriptive. Advertising images highlight features of potential purchases; cartoons open portals to scenes in fictional worlds; snapshots in the family photo album remind us of our past selves and landmark events in our personal histories; works of pictorial art express thoughts or feelings about depicted scenes. In addition, pictures serve a directive or action-guiding function that, though not taken into account by theorists, deserves no less attention than their descriptive one. Theories of depiction and the appreciation of pictures stand to benefit by taking ‘directive pictures’ into account, as do theories of representation in general and mental representation in particular.
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Papanicolopulu, Irini. The Scope of State Duties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789390.003.0004.
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The chapter develops a conceptual framework within which to locate the principles determining the scope of State duties towards people at sea. Since scope is linked with the notion of jurisdiction, the chapter begins by providing a brief overview of what jurisdiction is often taken to mean in public international law and in human rights law, so as to dispense with some misconceptions and to provide a working understanding of the concept. It is then argued that jurisdiction under international law (de jure jurisdiction) in fact constitutes one facet of jurisdiction under human rights law, which also includes the de facto exercise of power by a State upon an individual (de facto jurisdiction). Applying these principles, the different hypotheses of State jurisdiction over a person at sea are discussed, taking into account the specificities of the marine environment. Cases of exclusive and priority jurisdiction are also presented.
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Taking Stock of Global Democratic Trends Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.66.
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This GSoD In Focus provides a brief overview of the global state of democracy at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy globally in 2020. Key findings include: • To address the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, more than half the countries in the world (59 per cent) had declared a national state of emergency (SoE), enabling them to take drastic temporary (and in most cases necessary) measures to fight the pandemic. These measures have included in most cases temporarily curbing basic civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and movement, and in some cases postponing elections. • International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights finds that more than half the countries in the world (61 per cent) had, by the end of November 2020, implemented measures to curb COVID-19 that were concerning from a democracy and human rights perspective. These violated democratic standards because they were either disproportionate, illegal, indefinite or unnecessary in relation to the health threat. • Concerning developments have been more common in countries that were already non-democratic prior to the pandemic (90 per cent) and less common, although still quite widespread, in democracies (43 per cent). • The democracies that have implemented democratically concerning measures are those that were already ailing before the pandemic. More than two-thirds were democracies that were either backsliding, eroding or weak prior to the pandemic. • Almost a year since the first outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic seems to have deepened autocratization in most of the countries that were already non-democratic. However, in at least 3 of those countries (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand), the pandemic has also tapped into existing simmering citizen discontent and may have been the tipping point in unleashing massive protest waves demanding democratic reform. The pandemic has also seemingly deepened democratic backsliding processes and exposed the democratic weakness and fragility of new or re-transitioned democracies (Malaysia, Mali, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). In a few cases, the pandemic has also exposed countries that showed no apparent sign of democratically ailing prior to the pandemic, but where concerning democratic developments have occurred during the pandemic and which risk seeing a significant deterioration in their democratic quality as a result (i.e. Argentina, El Salvador). • The aspects of democracy that have seen the most concerning developments during the pandemic are freedom of expression, media integrity, and personal integrity and security. However, the freedoms that have been restricted across most countries are freedom of movement and assembly. Another core democratic process that has been heavily affected by the pandemic is the electoral, with half the elections scheduled between February and December 2020 postponed due to the pandemic. • The pandemic has also shown democracy’s resilience and capacity for renovation. Innovation through accelerated digitalization has occurred across most regions of the world. And democratic institutions, such as parliaments, courts, electoral commissions, political parties, media and civil society actors, have fought back against attempts at executive overreach and democratic trampling or collaborated to ensure effective responses to the pandemic. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Reeser, Todd W. Montaigne on Gender. Edited by Philippe Desan. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215330.013.32.
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What would it mean to consider Montaigne as a gender theorist? Not surprisingly, the essayist imagines sex, gender, and sexuality as movement-based, nonontological phenomena, even as stasis remains implicated in that very movement. Above all, gender is a textual process of relations between “forms,” or stable-seeming constructs, and the dismantling or taking apart of those forms. This article places Montaigne into productive dialogue with modern gender, queer, and transgender theory in considering how concepts such as habit, skepticism, form, and imagination relate to movement-centered gender construction. The sexed body, gendered behavior, masculinity, and same-sex male sexuality are the key elements of subjectivity formation discussed in this framework. The article concludes with a consideration of how “queer” can be taken as a possible concept in the Essays.
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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Europe Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.5.
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This GSoD In Focus aims at providing a brief overview of the state of democracy in Europe at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and then assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in the last 10 months. Key facts and findings include: • The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in a largely democratic Europe. Only 4 countries in the region (10 per cent) are not democracies, while many of the democracies are high performing. • Democracy in Europe, however, has in recent years experienced erosion and backsliding. More than half of European democracies have eroded in the last 5 years. In particular, 3 countries—Hungary, Poland and Serbia—have registered a more severe form of erosion, called democratic backsliding, with Hungary regressing on its democratic standards for the past 14 years. • The pandemic has intensified these pre-existing concerns. The 3 backsliding countries in Europe have implemented a number of measures to curb the pandemic that are concerning from a democracy standpoint. • The main democratic challenges caused by the pandemic in Europe pertain to the disruption of electoral cycles, curtailment of civil liberties, the use of contact tracing apps, the increase in gender inequality and domestic violence, risks to vulnerable groups, executive aggrandizement, protest waves, corruption cases and challenges in the relationship between local and national governance. • Europe’s democracies have mostly showed resilience, and opportunities for furthering the integrity of elections, for digitalization and for innovative social protests have arisen. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Левашов, В. К., Н. М. Великая, И. С. Шушпанова, В. А. Афанасьев, О. В. Гребняк, and О. П. Новоженина. Social state and civil society in the context of implementation of nation projects. Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/monogr.978-5-896-973522.2021.
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The collective monograph presents the results of the sociological monitoring "Social state and civil society in the context of the implementation of national projects", carried out within the framework of the 50th stage of the Russian sociological monitoring "How are you, Russia?" (August-September 2020), reflecting the dynamics of perception the socio-political situation in Russia by the main groups and strata of the population. The authors analyze the processes of the formation of the social state and civil society taking place in society in a pandemic, the social well-being of Russians in recent years, the dynamics of their attitude to the state, its policy, ensuring the norms of democratic development and the implementation of national projects. For researchers, analysts, teachers, postgraduates, students specializing in the study of sociopolitical processes, politicians, organizers and activists of election campaigns, management personnel.
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Cullen, Jay. A culture beyond repair? The nexus between ethics and sanctionsin finance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755661.003.0007.
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In the wake of the Great Financial Crisis and the attendant collapse of faith in market discipline, there has been a concerted attempt by regulators and state officials to address the perceived ethical deficit in banking. This chapter asks which form of approach has the best chance of success in encouraging bankers to act more responsibly. In particular, it discusses how law and regulation should be used to control socially excessive risk-taking, focusing on two key areas: the character of “excessive” and socially suboptimal risk-taking in finance, which is often obfuscated, and the extent to which individual liability should be used to remedy the consequences of excessive risk-taking. It critical evaluates a variety of other approaches to this problem, focusing in particular on calls for the industry to introduce professional banking codes, which it rejects as based on conceptual misapprehensions.
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Beer, Yishai. Lawful War of Self-Defense. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881146.003.0003.
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This chapter deals with the application of the suggested professionalism criterion in the other segment of the law, the ad bellum sphere. An unresolved legal issue in the self-defense context concerns its timing: When can a self-defendant state be proactive in its defense and strike preemptively? On the assumption that a self-defendant is not obliged to remain a sitting duck when confronted by an imminent threat against it, this chapter suggests that the criterion to be used in defining the legal-timing threshold, vindicating the right of self-defense, be taken from the toolbox of military professionalism. It should be the last reasonable point, according to the self-defendant’s military circumstances, at which it can, according to its military doctrine, successfully face the aggressor’s threat and still operationally defend itself—including, when necessary, by taking the initiative in its own self-defense.
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Knappett, Carl, Lambros Malafouris, and Peter Tomkins. Ceramics (As Containers). Edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0026.
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This article focuses on the importance of ceramics in material cultural studies. It proceeds to say that ceramics are considered a key feature of human material culture because of what they are taken to represent in economic, technological, and evolutionary terms. The innovation of taking the plastic medium of clay and marrying it with pyrotechnology to create irreversibly a resilient object — usually in the form of a container, has frequently been assumed to mark a revolutionary stage in the development of modern human thought and practice, forming with agriculture and sedentism a trinity of epoch-changing innovations. This article talks about the idea of the body as being used as a container. It says that ‘Containment’ may well be the ‘function’ offering archaeology one of the most important sources of archaeological data and windows into society, and culture; but very little is known about the cognitive, experiential, and evolutionary grounding of the concepts embodied in each and every container.
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Lapsley, Daniel, and Ryan D. Woodbury. Social Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.16.
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This chapter focuses on social cognitive constructs that emphasize self–other constructions in emerging adulthood. The authors first take up classic social cognitive stage theories, including the development of perspective-taking, interpersonal understanding, and interpersonal negotiation strategies and the development of self-understanding. They note that the upper boundary of structural stage development stretches well into emerging adulthood: the period from 18 to 25 sees a mélange of social cognitive developmental capacities with significant overlap across stages. The authors then introduce individuation and dyadic attachment as new categories of social cognition. Both constructs describe the recalibration of self–other perspectives that will be crucial for navigating the challenges of emerging adulthood. They conclude with an examination of recent neuroscience research on the social cognitive brain, with a particular focus on perspective-taking and mentalizing, and they draw implications for future research.
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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Africa and the Middle East Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.2.
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This GSoD In Focus aims at providing a brief overview of the state of democracy in Africa and the Middle East at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and then assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in the last 10 months. Key facts and findings include: Africa • In 2019 alone, 75 per cent of African democracies saw their scores decline, and electoral processes in Africa have failed to become the path for political reform and democratic politics. The reasons are many, including weak electoral management and executive aggrandizement. • The key challenges to democracy brought about by the pandemic involve the management of elections, restrictions on civil liberties (especially freedom of expression), worsening gender equality, deepening social and economic inequalities, a disruption to education, deterioration of media integrity, disruption of parliaments and an amplified risk of corruption. These challenges exacerbate and accelerate long-standing problems in the region. • Despite the challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic might galvanize governments to reinforce public health and social protection mechanisms, rendering the state more able to cushion the impact of the crisis, and enhancing its legitimacy. The Middle East • The Middle East is the most undemocratic region in the world. Only 2 out of 13 countries in the region are democracies. The COVID-19 pandemic has deepened the economic and social problems of the region, which could exacerbate the pre-existing democratic challenges. • Freedoms of expression and media were severely curtailed in many countries in the region prior to the pandemic. In some cases, COVID-19 has aggravated this. Countries have closed media outlets and banned the printing and distribution of newspapers, under the pretext of combating the spread of COVID-19. This has restricted citizens’ access to information. • Migrant workers and internally displaced people have been disproportionally affected by COVID-19. A significant proportion of the infections in the region have been in impoverished migrant and refugee communities. In the Gulf region, curfews and lockdowns have resulted in many migrants losing their livelihood, right to medical attention and even repatriation. Migrants have also faced discrimination often being held in detention centres, in poor conditions, as part of governmental efforts to curb the number of COVID-19 infections among citizens. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Asia and the Pacific Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.70.
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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy in Asia and the Pacific at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key fact and findings include: • Prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries across Asia and the Pacific faced a range of democratic challenges. Chief among these were continuing political fragility, violent conflict, recurrent military interference in the political sphere, enduring hybridity, deepening autocratization, creeping ethnonationalism, advancing populist leadership, democratic backsliding, shrinking civic space, the spread of disinformation, and weakened checks and balances. The crisis conditions engendered by the pandemic risk further entrenching and/or intensifying the negative democratic trends observable in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • Across the region, governments have been using the conditions created by the pandemic to expand executive power and restrict individual rights. Aspects of democratic practice that have been significantly impacted by anti-pandemic measures include the exercise of fundamental rights (notably freedom of assembly and free speech). Some countries have also seen deepened religious polarization and discrimination. Women, vulnerable groups, and ethnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic and discriminated against in the enforcement of lockdowns. There have been disruptions of electoral processes, increased state surveillance in some countries, and increased influence of the military. This is particularly concerning in new, fragile or backsliding democracies, which risk further eroding their already fragile democratic bases. • As in other regions, however, the pandemic has also led to a range of innovations and changes in the way democratic actors, such as parliaments, political parties, electoral commissions, civil society organizations and courts, conduct their work. In a number of countries, for example, government ministries, electoral commissions, legislators, health officials and civil society have developed innovative new online tools for keeping the public informed about national efforts to combat the pandemic. And some legislatures are figuring out new ways to hold government to account in the absence of real-time parliamentary meetings. • The consideration of political regime type in debates around ways of containing the pandemic also assumes particular relevance in Asia and the Pacific, a region that houses high-performing democracies, such as New Zealand and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a mid-range performer (Taiwan), and also non-democratic regimes, such as China, Singapore and Viet Nam—all of which have, as of December 2020, among the lowest per capita deaths from COVID-19 in the world. While these countries have all so far managed to contain the virus with fewer fatalities than in the rest of the world, the authoritarian regimes have done so at a high human rights cost, whereas the democracies have done so while adhering to democratic principles, proving that the pandemic can effectively be fought through democratic means and does not necessarily require a trade off between public health and democracy. • The massive disruption induced by the pandemic can be an unparalleled opportunity for democratic learning, change and renovation in the region. Strengthening democratic institutions and processes across the region needs to go hand in hand with curbing the pandemic. Rebuilding societies and economic structures in its aftermath will likewise require strong, sustainable and healthy democracies, capable of tackling the gargantuan challenges ahead. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.3.3 Religious Symbols. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0008.
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This chapter presents issues concerning the right to wear or display religious symbols. As highlighted by the Special Rapporteur’s mandate practice, the main challenge in implementing such a right consists of protecting both the right of a person to voluntarily wear religious symbols as well as the right of a person not to be forced by States or non-State actors to wear such religious symbols. The circumstances of each situation must be considered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account all human rights aspects that may be at stake. This chapter discusses the mandate practice on the issue of wearing religious symbols by employees, police officers, university students, and pupils at public schools, teachers, and university lecturers, as well as the imposition of dress codes by States or non-State actors. The jurisprudence and reports by Treaty Bodies and Special Procedures have provided useful guidance on the regulation of religious symbols.
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Goldmark, Daniel. Pixar and the Animated Soundtrack. Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.022.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Of the many ways in which the animation production company Pixar differentiated itself from the classic animated shorts and films produced by Disney, the complete shunning of the Disney musical archetype may be the most pronounced. Pixar replaced the musical numbers and dance sequences with montages and flashbacks, scored with either original music or preexisting songs, furthering Pixar’s near-obsession with nostalgia and resurrection of the distant past. Combining unusually nuanced attention to the soundtrack with a longing for bygone popular culture, the Pixar films show a new stage of development for animated films, taking on the stereotype that Hollywood cartoons are for kids. This chapter explores Pixar’s approach to music and the soundtrack to show how advances in sound design, as well as an evolving approach to film scoring taken by veteran Hollywood composers, have brought a new level of complexity and even respectability to the long-maligned animated feature.
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Zamir, Tzachi. Fifth Climb. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695088.003.0011.
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The remaining two forms of gratitude, the Son’s and the poet’s, are presented. Both turn gratitude into an act, rather than a felt experience. The Son overturns the standard economic logic, by taking upon himself debts that are not his. The poet inserts himself into the poem not as a speaker, but as a flesh and blood man, speaking about his own blindness. The blindness echoes the fallen reader’s limitations: if Milton is placed within a world he cannot see, the reader sees a world without seeing it as given. Poetic descriptions of natural beauty in Paradise Lost become exemplifications of the fallen state. As a form of gratitude, the poet stands for being grateful for that which can no longer gratify. Both Son and poet attempt to turn themselves into a gift, by pushing human beings back to God.