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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stand Biomass

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Academic literature on the topic 'Stand Biomass'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Stand Biomass"

1

Yang, Bin, Wenyan Xue, Shichuan Yu, Jianyun Zhou, and Wenhui Zhang. "Effects of Stand Age on Biomass Allocation and Allometry of Quercus Acutissima in the Central Loess Plateau of China." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010041.

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We studied the effects of stand age on allocation and equation fitting of aboveground and below-ground biomass in four Quercus acutissima stands (14, 31, 46, and 63 years old) in the Central Loess Plateau of China. The stem wood, stem bark, branch, foliage, and belowground biomass of each of the 20 destructive harvesting trees were quantified. The mean total biomass of each tree was 28.8, 106.8, 380.6, and 603.4 kg/tree in the 14-, 31-, 46-, and 63-year-old stands, respectively. Aboveground biomass accounted for 72.25%, 73.05%, 76.14%, and 80.37% of the total tree biomass in the 14-, 31-, 46-, and 63-year-old stands, respectively, and stem wood was the major component of tree biomass. The proportion of stem (with bark) biomass to total tree biomass increased with stand age while the proportions of branch, foliage, and belowground biomass to total tree biomass decreased with stand age. The ratio of belowground biomass to aboveground biomass decreased from 0.39 in the 14-year-old stand to 0.37, 0.31, and 0.24 in the 31-, 46-, and 63-year-old stands, respectively. Age-specific biomass equations in each stand were developed for stem wood, stem bark, aboveground, and total tree. The inclusion of tree height as a second variable improved the total tree biomass equation fitting for middle-aged (31-year-old and 46-year-old) stands but not young (14 years old) and mature (63 years old) stands. Moreover, biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEFs) varied with stand age, showing a decreasing trend with increasing stand age. These results indicate that stand age alters the biomass allocation of Q. acutissima and results in age-specific allometric biomass equations and BCEFs. Therefore, to obtain accurate estimates of Q. acutissima forest biomass and carbon stocks, age-specific changes need to be considered.

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Dutcă, Ioan, Richard Mather, and Florin Ioraş. "Tree biomass allometry during the early growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) varies between pure stands and mixtures with European beech (Fagus sylvatica)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 1 (January 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0177.

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In this paper, we report an investigation of how forest stand mixture may affect biomass allometric relationships in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Analysis of aboveground biomass data was conducted for 50 trees: 25 sample trees from a pure Norway spruce stand and 25 from a mixed stand of Norway spruce with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). ANCOVA results demonstrated that individual-tree biomass allometry of the pure stand significantly differed from that of the mixed stand. Allometric characteristics depended on the biomass component recorded and the type of biomass predictor used. When predicted by diameter at breast height and (or) height, the total aboveground biomass of mixed-stand trees was significantly less than that for pure-stand trees. This “apparent” lower aboveground biomass was attributed to the lower branch and needle biomass proportions of trees growing in mixed stand. The findings indicate that caution should be exercised when applying biomass allometric models developed from pure stands to predict tree biomass in mixed stands (and vice versa), as such data treatment may introduce significant bias.

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Jagodziński, Andrzej, Marcin Dyderski, Kamil Gęsikiewicz, and Paweł Horodecki. "Tree- and Stand-Level Biomass Estimation in a Larix decidua Mill. Chronosequence." Forests 9, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100587.

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Carbon pool assessments in forests is one of the most important tasks of forest ecology. Despite the wide cultivation range, and economical and traditional importance, the aboveground biomass of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stands is poorly characterized. To increase knowledge about forest biomass accumulation and to provide a set of tools for aboveground biomass estimation, we studied a chronosequence of 12 larch forest stands (7–120 years old). From these stands, we measured the biomass of 96 sample trees ranging from 1.9 to 57.9 cm in diameter at breast height. We provided age-specific and generalized allometric equations, biomass conversion and expansion factors (BCEFs) and biomass models based on forest stand characteristics. Aboveground biomass of stands ranged from 4.46 (7-year-old forest stand) to 445.76 Mg ha−1 (106-year-old). Stand biomass increased with increasing stand age, basal area, mean diameter, height and total stem volume and decreased with increasing density. BCEFs of the aboveground biomass and stem were almost constant (mean BCEFs of 0.4688 and 0.3833 Mg m−3, respectively). Our generalized models at the tree and stand level had lower bias in predicting the biomass of the forest stands studied, than other published models. The set of tools provided fills the gap in biomass estimation caused by the low number of studies on larch biomass, which allows for better estimation of forest carbon pools.

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Lee, E. Henry, David T. Tingey, Peter A. Beedlow, Mark G. Johnson, and Robert B. McKane. "A spatial analysis of fine-root biomass from stand data in the Pacific Northwest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-098.

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High spatial variability of fine roots in natural forest stands makes accurate estimates of stand-level fine-root biomass difficult and expensive to obtain by standard coring methods. This study uses aboveground tree metrics and spatial relationships to improve core-based estimates of stand-level fine-root biomass. Using the multiple-tree Ribbens model for pure stands, the approach assumes that the total fine-root biomass at a given point is the additive contribution of the nearest dominant trees and that fine-root biomass for a single tree depends on the distance to the trunk and its size. A Monte Carlo random sampling technique, or sampling on a regular grid, is used to estimate the average fine-root biomass across the stand. We illustrate the applicability of this approach by using it on root-core data from a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand and a western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) stand in the Pacific Northwest. We conclude that stand-level fine-root biomass is adequately estimated using the Ribbens model. Unlike the model-based estimate for stand-level fine-root biomass, the accuracy and precision of the arithmetic mean of the coring samples depends on the spatial heterogeneity of root distributions and the representativeness of the root coring samples.

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5

Espinosa Bancalari, Miguel A., and David A. Perry. "Distribution and increment of biomass in adjacent young Douglas-fir stands with different early growth rates." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-115.

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Total biomass increments were determined for three adjacent 22-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations in the Oregon Coast Range that had widely different early growth rates. Estimated total aboveground biomass of the stands, designated slow, intermediate, and fast, was 98.7, 148.7, and 203.7 Mg•ha−1, respectively; estimated mean biomass increment in the 5 years previous to sampling was 8.9, 12.6, and 12.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1. The slow stand had a greater proportion of aboveground biomass in branches and a smaller proportion in stem wood than the intermediate and fast stands. Differences in biomass increment were primarily due to stem rather than crown growth. Total below ground biomass was highest in the fast stand, the difference being due to roots >5 mm in diameter; weight of roots <5 mm was greater in the slow and intermediate stands. Roots >5 mm comprised about 77% of the total root system in those stands and 90% in the fast stand. Increment of roots >5 mm was 2.2, 2.5, and 3.0 Mg•ha−1•year−1 in the slow, intermediate, and fast stands. The ratio of productivity to total leaf nitrogen suggests that nitrogen is a principal limiting resource in the intermediate stand. The fast stand, with a leaf area index 50% greater than the others, is probably limited by light. The slow stand has anaerobic soils during at least part of the year, which may restrict rooting depth and thereby induce water stress during summer drought.

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Špulák, Ondřej, Jiří Souček, and Jakub Černý. "Do stand structure and admixture of tree species affect Scots pine aboveground biomass production and stability on its natural site?" Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 11 (December 3, 2018): 486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/117/2018-jfs.

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The paper analyses stand structure and production on two experimental forest stand series of mature pure and mixed Scots pine stands, growing on natural Scots pine sites in the Czech Republic. Sessile oak was the main admixed species. In mixed stands, Scots pine constituted the dominant level of the stand, admixed species grew mostly as subdominants. Admixture increased stand densities and aboveground biomass production compared to pure stands. Sessile oak with the 20–30% number share within the Scots pine stand led to an increase of the Scots pine tree dimensions and mean stem merchantable wood (DBH ≥ 7 cm) volume compared to the pure Scots pine stand of similar density. The Scots pine and sessile oak slenderness ratios increased in mixed stands compared to monocultures, however, the stand mechanical stability was not threatened.

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Adams, J. C., and B. G. Lockaby. "Variability of Understory Sweetgum Biomass Relationships." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.1.5.

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Abstract Understory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) in three 40-50-yr-old stands of loblolly pine was sampled to estimate the total and component biomass encompassed by this species. Individual tree sweetgum equations (based on D²H) were developed for total tree and tree component biomass for each stand. Total stand estimates of 9.79, 8.38, 1.09, and 0 32 tons/ac were determined for total, stem, branch, and foliage dry weight, respectively. There were no statistical differences among stands for total tree and stem biomass equations, but differences were found among stands for foliage and branch equations. The differences among crown component equations are probably reflective of the understory growing conditions in the different stands. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):5-7.

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McDowell, Nate G., Nick J. Balster, and John D. Marshall. "Belowground carbon allocation of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-067.

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Carbon allocation to fine roots and mycorrhizae constitute one of the largest carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems, but these fluxes are also among the most difficult to measure. We measured belowground carbon fluxes in two Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca stands. We used a carbon balance approach to estimate total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) and carbon allocation to fine-root and mycorrhizal production (NPPfr). The stands differed in belowground biomass because of fertilization treatment 8 years prior. Annual soil flux was 856 and 849 g C·m2·year1 for the two stands. Annual root respiration equaled 269 and 333 g C·m2·year1 in the low- and high-biomass stand, respectively. TBCA equaled 733 and 710 g C·m2·year1 in the low- and high-biomass stand, respectively. Calculated NPPfr equaled 431 g C·m2·year1 in the low-biomass stand and 334 g C·m2·year1 in the high-biomass stand; equivalent to 59 and 47% of TBCA, respectively. Fine-root and mycorrhizal turnover equaled 1.8 and 0.8 year1 in the low- and high-biomass stands, respectively. Belowground carbon allocation appeared to be distributed evenly between respiration and production despite differences in biomass and turnover. Sensitivity analysis indicated the NPPfr estimate is dependent foremost on the annual prediction of soil CO2 flux. The carbon balance approach provided a simple nonintrusive method for separating the belowground autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon budget.

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Wu, Zhou, Wen, Zhu, You, Qin, Li, et al. "Coniferous-Broadleaf Mixture Increases Soil Microbial Biomass and Functions Accompanied by Improved Stand Biomass and Litter Production in Subtropical China." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2019): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100879.

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Although the advantages of multi-species plantations over single-species plantations have been widely recognized, the mechanisms driving these advantages remain unclear. In this study, we compared stand biomass, litter production and quality, soil properties, soil microbial community, and functions in a Pinus massoniana Lamb. and Castanopsis hystrix Miq. mixed plantation and their corresponding mono-specific plantations after 34 years afforestation in subtropical China. The results have shown that a coniferous-broadleaf mixture created significantly positive effects on stand biomass, litter production, soil microbial biomass, and activities. Firstly, the tree, shrub and herb biomass, and litter production were significantly higher in the coniferous-broadleaf mixed plantation. Secondly, although the concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were lower in the mixed stand, the concentrations of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and nitrogen (MBN), along with MBC-to-SOC and MBN-to-TN ratio, were significantly higher in mixed stands with markedly positive admixing effects. We also found higher carbon source utilization ability and β−1, 4−N−acetylglucosaminidase, urease and acid phosphatase activities in mixed stands compared with the mono-species stands. Our results highlight that establishment of coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests may be a good management practice as coniferous-broadleaf mixture could accumulate higher stand biomass and return more litter, resulting in increasing soil microbial biomass and related functions for the long term in subtropical China.

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Uri, Veiko, Jürgen Aosaar, Mats Varik, and Merit Kund. "The growth and production of some fast growing deciduous tree species stands on abandoned agricultural land." Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused 52, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10132-011-0080-z.

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Mõningate kiirekasvuliste lehtpuupuistute kasv ja produktsioonivõime endisel põllumaalSeveral studies about stands growing on abandoned agricultural lands are induced by extensive afforestation of agricultural lands and more intensive use of biomass. Overview of above-ground biomass production of grey alder, hybrid alder and silver birch young stands growing on former agricultural areas are presented in current paper. The results of 16- and 6-year period of alders and silver birch stands, respectively, are reported. Above-ground biomass and biomass production of stands were estimated. The growing stock and current annual increment (CAI) of 16-years-old grey alder stand were 250 m3ha-1and 35.6 m3ha-1, respectively. Due to fast growth and high biomass production capacity grey alder is promising tree species for short-rotation forestry in Estonia. Hybrid alder is productive tree although not exceeding the productivity of grey alders. Stem volume and CAI of the 16-years-old hybrid alder stand were 155 m3ha-1and 21 m3ha-1, respectively. Our results supported earlier data reported in literature: rotation period of hybrid alder is longer than for grey alder and CAI of hybrid alder stands culminate later. The productivity of young silver birch stands on abandoned agricultural land is varying in a broad range. One young silver birch stand growing on abandoned agricultural land was involved into study. Growing stock and CAI in 13-years old stand were 118 m3ha-1and 15 m3ha-1, respectively. These values are exceeding respective values of several yield tables of silver birch and biomass production capability of silver birch stands in favourable conditions is high.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stand Biomass"

1

Heng, Sovanchandara. "Thinning Effects on Forest Stands and Possible Improvement in a Stand Reconstruction Technique." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242684.

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Nordh, Nils-Erik. "Long term changes in stand structure and biomass production in short rotation willow coppice /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005120.pdf.

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Zhang, Gong. "Integrating Remote Sensing and Ecosystem Models for Terrestrial Vegetation Analysis: Phenology, Biomass, and Stand Age." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1316.

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Terrestrial vegetation plays an important role in global carbon cycling and climate change by assimilating carbon into biomass during the growing season and releasing it due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Remote sensing and ecosystem models can help us extend our studies of vegetation phenology, aboveground biomass, and disturbances from field sites to regional or global scales. Nonetheless, remote sensing-derived variables may differ in fundamental and important ways from ground measurements. With the growth of remote sensing as a key tool in geoscience research, comparisons to ground data and intercomparisons among satellite products are needed. Here I conduct three separate but related analyses and show promising comparisons of key ecosystem states and processes derived from remote sensing and theoretical modeling to those observed on the ground. First, I show that the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) greenup product is significantly correlated with the earliest ground phenology event for North America. Spring greenup indices from different satellites demonstrate similar variability along latitudes, but the number of ground phenology observations in summer, fall, and winter is too limited to interpret the remote sensing-derived phenology products. Second, I estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) for California and show that it agrees with inventory-based regional biomass assessments. In this approach, I present a new remote sensing-based approach for mapping live forest AGB based on a simple parametric model that combines high-resolution estimates of Leaf Area Index derived from Landsat and canopy maximum height from the space-borne Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) sensor. Third, I built a theoretical model to estimate stand age in primary forests by coupling a carbon accumulation function to the probability density of disturbance occurrences, and then ran the model with satellite-derived AGB and net primary production. The validated remote sensing data, integrated with ecosystem models, are particularly useful for large-region vegetation research in areas with sparse field measurements, and will help us to explore the long-term vegetation dynamics.

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Loeser, Mathias. "Microscale biomass generation for continuous power supply to remote customers." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528152.

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Remotely located and sparsely populated areas often do not have access to an efficient grid connection for electricity supply. However, plenty of biomass is normally available in such areas. Instead of employing island solutions such as small diesel generators or large battery stacks for power provision, a flexibly operating microscale biomass power plant using locally available and renewable feedstock is not only an efficient way of providing those areas with competitive and reliable electricity, but also a step towards energy self sufficiency for a large share of areas worldwide, and towards mitigating the looming high costs of grid infrastructure upgrading and extension. A novel power plant design combining thermo chemical and biochemical biomass treatment was developed in this research. This system consists of a small scale gasifier and an anaerobic digester unit, both coupled to a gas storage system and a micro turbine as the generation unit. This design is suitable to continuously provide reliable electricity and accommodate fluctuating residential power demand, and it can be scaled to a level of around 100kWe, which is a fitting size for a group of residential customers, such as in a remote village. The project covers a review of available technology; the choice of suitable technology for such a plant and the design of the system; the set up of a detailed plant model in chemical engineering software; extensive simulation studies on the basis of load profiles to evaluate and optimise operation; and feedstock sourcing, efficiency and economic analyses. It will be shown that such a system is a feasible and economic solution for remote power supply, and that it can overcome many of the current obstacles of electrifying rural regions.

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Hoffmann, Madonna Bridget, and Madonna hoffman@dpi qld gov au. "Application of tree and stand allometrics to the determination of biomass and its flux in some north-east Australian woodlands." Central Queensland University. Biological and Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20070525.144254.

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This thesis examines the effects of species, rainfall and soil type on tree biomass regressions, as well as the effects of stand dominance and structure on stand biomass regressions in north-east Australian woodlands. This was achieved by examining tree characteristics and biomass relationships for a series of woodland monitoring sites throughout the study area. This study utilised a modified data set from this permanent monitoring site network to provide structural attributes for trees and communities of varying composition in the grazed woodlands. These data were supplemented with environmental data and tree harvest data sets. Initially, the research reported in this thesis developed allometric and stand biomass regressions for Callitris glaucophylla communities. This research also demonstrated that changes in tree-form were not reflected in changes in the environment, nor did such changes reflect changes in tree biomass regressions for three eucalypt species. As a result, a common regression provides a robust estimate of total aboveground biomass of eucalypt trees in the study area. Thus expensive destructive harvesting can generally be avoided for minor eucalypt species. Finally, this study demonstrated a successful methodology that described the stand structure of all the grazed woodland sites based on tree heights. This methodology was developed to allow the expansion of a single stand regression to estimate stand biomass across the entire north-east Australian woodlands. The findings demonstrated in this study, combined with the long-term data from the permanent monitoring network sites, should enhance the estimation of carbon flux within eucalypt communities of north-east Australias grazed woodlands.

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Løtveit, Marte Wiig. "System Design and Configuration of a Stand-Alone PV-Biomass Micro Grid : An Application for Wawashang, Nicaragua." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27157.

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In this thesis, an evaluation of a stand-alone hybrid micro grid for the Wawashang Complex is presented. A solution for a new electricity supply and distribution system for the complex is proposed with a focus on optimal configuration of the system. A field trip to Wawashang was conducted in April 2014 in order to collect data regarding biomass potential for electricity production and information for a possible distribution system design. The demand to be covered is divided into two systems; the micro grid, which denotes all buildings excluding the carpentry workshop and is the system for which the distribution system is designed, and the carpentry workshop. A single-phase/three-wire (split-phase) solution is suggested for the distribution system configuration, presenting the advantage of considerably smaller conductor size requirements than single-phase/two-wire systems for the same voltage drop and power loss. The total power loss of the distribution system is 896 kWh/year or 2.4 % of the demand. The production system for the micro grid consists of a PV array and a battery bank, and for the carpentry workshop a diesel generator. Additionally, a biomass based generator is available for both systems according to a defined schedule. The simulation software HOMER is used to run simulations for the two systems simultaneously, with the intention of obtaining optimal operation of the biomass generator. Two cases are evaluated on both technical and economical aspects. In Case I, the high frequency AC power output from the biomass generator is rectified to DC power and then connected to the single-phase AC bus of the micro grid through a DC-AC converter and similarly to the three-phase AC loads of the carpentry workshop. In Case II, the output from the biomass generator is connected to the DC bus of the micro grid after rectification. The simulation results shows that the optimal solution in both cases is to operate the biomass generator as much as possible in the carpentry workshop with the diesel generator available to cover peak loads. In Case I, the biomass generator is operated with a load following strategy, while in Case II a cycle charging strategy is applied, resulting in a higher exploitation of the available biomass resource in the latter. Both cases present advantages and disadvantages and are similar in reliability and cost. Case II is evaluated as the optimal solution for the Wawashang Complex, as it is the overall least expensive, most reliable and least unbalanced system when it comes to seasonal variations. The system consists of a 9 kW converter, a PV array with a global power of 30 kWp, producing a total of 37 254 kWh/year and a battery bank with a nominal capacity of 294 kWh (for the micro grid), a 15 kW biomass generator producing a total of 38 477 kWh/year divided between the micro grid (19.4 %) and the carpentry workshop (80.6 %) and a 15 kW diesel generator producing 5 400 kWh/year for the carpentry workshop. Total excess electricity is 6.3 % and unmet load is 0.21 %. Total NPC is US$ 311 224 and levelized COE is US$ 0.285/kWh.

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Ali, Wael. "Modelling of Biomass Production Potential of Poplar in Short Rotation Plantations on Agricultural Lands of Saxony, Germany." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1237199867841-24821.

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The interest in renewables for energy has increased in the last 2-3 decades because of the negative environmental impact caused by the burning of fossil fuels, the raising prices of traditional fuels, the dependence on foreign oil, and the decrease in fossil fuels resources. Biomass energy represents one of the most promising alternatives. Many studies worldwide were devoted to investigate growth and yield of short rotation forestry plantations for energetic use and several empirical and process-based models were developed to predict the potential production of biomass. The current work was concentrated on modelling site productivity (potential of biomass production) of specific poplar clones planted on arable Saxon land under different stocking densities. Empirical data collected from several experimental areas were used. Site productivity has been predicted depending on stand age and site variables using a two-step model. In step one age and site variables were used to model stand dominant height and in step two the constructed dominant height was involved with stocking density to predict stand oven dried biomass. Depending on data availability the model was parameterized for four different groups of poplar clones: Androscoggin (clone Androscoggin), Matrix (Matrix and hybrid 275), Max (Max 1 …Max 5) and Münden (clone Münden). Both stand dominant height and stand dry biomass were modelled for ages 2 – 9 years for clone groups: Matrix and Max and for ages 2 – 7 years for clone groups: Androscoggin and Münden. The model has been tested and validated using several statistical and graphical methods. The relative bias (ē %) in the dominant height estimates ranged between 0.5 % > ē % > - 0.5 % in all clone groups and had a maximum bias of 10.41 % in stand biomass estimates. Model accuracy (mx %) in the dominant height estimates ranged between 12.25 and 17.56 % and between 8.05 and 27.32 % in stand biomass estimates. Two different scenarios were presented to show the potential of biomass that can be produced from poplar plantations on arable and former fallow Saxon lands at different stocking densities. ArcGIS has been used to visualize model application results. In order to produce a mean annual increment ≥ 8 [dry t/ha/a] from poplar plantations (Max group) for more than 50 % of arable or former fallow lands in the first rotation at least 9 years are required under stocking density of 4000 stems/ha and 7 years for both stocking densities 8333 and 10,000 stems/ha
Die Nachfrage nach Holz für energetische Zwecke nimmt in Deutschland und ganz Europa zu. Um diesen Bedarf künftig besser befriedigen zu können, müssen verstärkt Ressourcen aus verschiedenen Quellen wie z. B. Holz aus Niederwäldern oder Durchforstungsreserven im Hochwald mobilisiert und ergänzend Holz in Kurzumtriebsflächen produziert werden (Guericke, M. 2006). Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Ertragspotential von Pappelklonen in Kurzumtriebsplantagen unterschiedlicher Baumdichte auf sächsischen Ackerflächen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden die potentiellen Erträge anhand empirischer, auf verschiedenen Versuchsflächen erhobener Daten modelliert. Zur Schätzung des Ertragspotentials wurde ein zweistufiges Modell entwickelt: Im ersten Schritt erfolgte die Modellierung der Oberhöhe eines Bestandes (ho, m) in Abhängigkeit von Bestandesalter und Standortfaktoren unter Verwendung einer multiplen linearen Regressionsanalyse, dabei wurden Bestimmtheitsmaße (R²) von 0,975 bis 0,989 erreicht. In einem zweiten Schritt lässt sich dann der Biomassevorrat [tatro/ha/a] mittels nichtlinearer Regressionsanalyse durch die Bestandesoberhöhe schätzen. Das Bestimmtheitsmaß von R² ≥ 0,933 weist auch hier auf eine hohe Anpassungsgüte hin. Die Modellparametrisierung erfolgte für folgende vier Gruppen von Pappelklonen: • Max-Gruppe: Klone Max 1, Max 2, Max 3, Max 4 und Max 5, Altersbereich 2 – 9 Jahre, Baumdichten von 1150 – 13000 Stämmen/ha; • Matrix-Gruppe: Klon Matrix und Hybride 275, Altersbereich 2 – 9 Jahre, Baumdichte 1550 Stämme/ha; • Androscoggin-Gruppe: Klon Androscoggin, Altersbereich 2 – 7 Jahre, Baumdichte 1550 Stämme/ha; und • Münden-Gruppe: Klon Münden, Altersbereich 2 – 7 Jahre, Baumdichte 1550 Stämme/ha. Die Güte des Modells wurde mit Hilfe verschiedener statistischer Verfahren überprüft. Bei der Validierung anhand des Datensatzes, welcher für die Modellkonstruktion Verwendung fand, zeigte das Modell eine Verzerrung bzw. einen Bias von 0,5 % > ē % > - 0,5 % bei der Bestandesoberhöhenschätzung und einen maximalen Bias von 10,41 % bei der Schätzung der Bestandesbiomasse. Die Treffgenauigkeit (mx %) des Modells hingegen variierte zwischen 12,25 % und 17,56 % bzw. 8,05 und 27,32 % (bei Schätzung der Bestandesoberhöhe bzw. der Bestandesbiomasse). Zudem wies das Modell keinen systematischen Fehler zwischen den geschätzten und den realen Werten auf. Bei der Validierung mit einem unabhängigen Datensatz betrug die Treffgenauigkeit (mx %) für die Schätzung der Bestandsoberhöhe und des Biomassevorrates 15,72 bzw. 26,68 %. Um das Ertragspotenzial von Pappelplantagen für die gesamte sächsische Ackerfläche bzw. die gesamte ehemalige Stilllegungsfläche zu bestimmen, wurden die zu Schätzung erforderlichen Standortvariablen auf Gemeindebasis kalkuliert, mittels ArcGIS dargestellt sowie Simulationsrechungen für verschiedene Bestandsdichten vorgenommen und ebenfalls visualisiert. Den Ergebnissen der Simulationsrechnungen zufolge wäre bei einer Stammzahl von 4000 N/ha eine Rotationslänge von 9 Jahren, bei 8333 bis 10.000 N/ha von 7 Jahren erforderlich, um einen durchschnittlichen Gesamtzuwachs (dGz) von ≥ 8 [tatro/ha/a] auf mehr als 50 % der sächsischen Ackerflächen bzw. ehemaligen Stilllegungsflächen in erster Rotation zu erreichen. Würde die gesamte ehemalige sächsische Stilllegungsfläche mit einer Baumdichte von 10.000 Stämmen/ha bepflanzt werden, könnten Pappelplantagen im Alter 9 einen dGz von 520.000 [tatro/a] (entsprechend 250.000 Kubikmeter Diesel) erreichen. Bei Bestockung aller sächsischen Ackerflächen würde sich der Ertrag auf bis zu 9.087.000 [tatro/a] (entsprechend 4.367.000 Kubikmeter Diesel) erhöhen

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8

Ali, Wael. "Modelling of Biomass Production Potential of Poplar in Short Rotation Plantations on Agricultural Lands of Saxony, Germany." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2008. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23743.

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Abstract:

The interest in renewables for energy has increased in the last 2-3 decades because of the negative environmental impact caused by the burning of fossil fuels, the raising prices of traditional fuels, the dependence on foreign oil, and the decrease in fossil fuels resources. Biomass energy represents one of the most promising alternatives. Many studies worldwide were devoted to investigate growth and yield of short rotation forestry plantations for energetic use and several empirical and process-based models were developed to predict the potential production of biomass. The current work was concentrated on modelling site productivity (potential of biomass production) of specific poplar clones planted on arable Saxon land under different stocking densities. Empirical data collected from several experimental areas were used. Site productivity has been predicted depending on stand age and site variables using a two-step model. In step one age and site variables were used to model stand dominant height and in step two the constructed dominant height was involved with stocking density to predict stand oven dried biomass. Depending on data availability the model was parameterized for four different groups of poplar clones: Androscoggin (clone Androscoggin), Matrix (Matrix and hybrid 275), Max (Max 1 …Max 5) and Münden (clone Münden). Both stand dominant height and stand dry biomass were modelled for ages 2 – 9 years for clone groups: Matrix and Max and for ages 2 – 7 years for clone groups: Androscoggin and Münden. The model has been tested and validated using several statistical and graphical methods. The relative bias (ē %) in the dominant height estimates ranged between 0.5 % > ē % > - 0.5 % in all clone groups and had a maximum bias of 10.41 % in stand biomass estimates. Model accuracy (mx %) in the dominant height estimates ranged between 12.25 and 17.56 % and between 8.05 and 27.32 % in stand biomass estimates. Two different scenarios were presented to show the potential of biomass that can be produced from poplar plantations on arable and former fallow Saxon lands at different stocking densities. ArcGIS has been used to visualize model application results. In order to produce a mean annual increment ≥ 8 [dry t/ha/a] from poplar plantations (Max group) for more than 50 % of arable or former fallow lands in the first rotation at least 9 years are required under stocking density of 4000 stems/ha and 7 years for both stocking densities 8333 and 10,000 stems/ha.
Die Nachfrage nach Holz für energetische Zwecke nimmt in Deutschland und ganz Europa zu. Um diesen Bedarf künftig besser befriedigen zu können, müssen verstärkt Ressourcen aus verschiedenen Quellen wie z. B. Holz aus Niederwäldern oder Durchforstungsreserven im Hochwald mobilisiert und ergänzend Holz in Kurzumtriebsflächen produziert werden (Guericke, M. 2006). Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Ertragspotential von Pappelklonen in Kurzumtriebsplantagen unterschiedlicher Baumdichte auf sächsischen Ackerflächen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden die potentiellen Erträge anhand empirischer, auf verschiedenen Versuchsflächen erhobener Daten modelliert. Zur Schätzung des Ertragspotentials wurde ein zweistufiges Modell entwickelt: Im ersten Schritt erfolgte die Modellierung der Oberhöhe eines Bestandes (ho, m) in Abhängigkeit von Bestandesalter und Standortfaktoren unter Verwendung einer multiplen linearen Regressionsanalyse, dabei wurden Bestimmtheitsmaße (R²) von 0,975 bis 0,989 erreicht. In einem zweiten Schritt lässt sich dann der Biomassevorrat [tatro/ha/a] mittels nichtlinearer Regressionsanalyse durch die Bestandesoberhöhe schätzen. Das Bestimmtheitsmaß von R² ≥ 0,933 weist auch hier auf eine hohe Anpassungsgüte hin. Die Modellparametrisierung erfolgte für folgende vier Gruppen von Pappelklonen: • Max-Gruppe: Klone Max 1, Max 2, Max 3, Max 4 und Max 5, Altersbereich 2 – 9 Jahre, Baumdichten von 1150 – 13000 Stämmen/ha; • Matrix-Gruppe: Klon Matrix und Hybride 275, Altersbereich 2 – 9 Jahre, Baumdichte 1550 Stämme/ha; • Androscoggin-Gruppe: Klon Androscoggin, Altersbereich 2 – 7 Jahre, Baumdichte 1550 Stämme/ha; und • Münden-Gruppe: Klon Münden, Altersbereich 2 – 7 Jahre, Baumdichte 1550 Stämme/ha. Die Güte des Modells wurde mit Hilfe verschiedener statistischer Verfahren überprüft. Bei der Validierung anhand des Datensatzes, welcher für die Modellkonstruktion Verwendung fand, zeigte das Modell eine Verzerrung bzw. einen Bias von 0,5 % > ē % > - 0,5 % bei der Bestandesoberhöhenschätzung und einen maximalen Bias von 10,41 % bei der Schätzung der Bestandesbiomasse. Die Treffgenauigkeit (mx %) des Modells hingegen variierte zwischen 12,25 % und 17,56 % bzw. 8,05 und 27,32 % (bei Schätzung der Bestandesoberhöhe bzw. der Bestandesbiomasse). Zudem wies das Modell keinen systematischen Fehler zwischen den geschätzten und den realen Werten auf. Bei der Validierung mit einem unabhängigen Datensatz betrug die Treffgenauigkeit (mx %) für die Schätzung der Bestandsoberhöhe und des Biomassevorrates 15,72 bzw. 26,68 %. Um das Ertragspotenzial von Pappelplantagen für die gesamte sächsische Ackerfläche bzw. die gesamte ehemalige Stilllegungsfläche zu bestimmen, wurden die zu Schätzung erforderlichen Standortvariablen auf Gemeindebasis kalkuliert, mittels ArcGIS dargestellt sowie Simulationsrechungen für verschiedene Bestandsdichten vorgenommen und ebenfalls visualisiert. Den Ergebnissen der Simulationsrechnungen zufolge wäre bei einer Stammzahl von 4000 N/ha eine Rotationslänge von 9 Jahren, bei 8333 bis 10.000 N/ha von 7 Jahren erforderlich, um einen durchschnittlichen Gesamtzuwachs (dGz) von ≥ 8 [tatro/ha/a] auf mehr als 50 % der sächsischen Ackerflächen bzw. ehemaligen Stilllegungsflächen in erster Rotation zu erreichen. Würde die gesamte ehemalige sächsische Stilllegungsfläche mit einer Baumdichte von 10.000 Stämmen/ha bepflanzt werden, könnten Pappelplantagen im Alter 9 einen dGz von 520.000 [tatro/a] (entsprechend 250.000 Kubikmeter Diesel) erreichen. Bei Bestockung aller sächsischen Ackerflächen würde sich der Ertrag auf bis zu 9.087.000 [tatro/a] (entsprechend 4.367.000 Kubikmeter Diesel) erhöhen.

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9

Keane, Michael Gerard. "Aspects of needle morphology, biomass allocation and foliar nutrient composition in a young fertilized stand of repressed lodgepole pine." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25811.

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The dramatic decline in stand productivity associated with very high stand densities in naturally regenerated post-fire interior lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands is called "repression". The reasons for it are unknown. Biomass allocation, needle morphology and foliar nutrition associated with repression were studied in a 20-year-old stand on plots at five densities ranging from 3,500 to 109,000 sph and fertilized at 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ with ammonium nitrate. At higher stand densities, specific leaf area increased while leaf area index declined and light intensities increased below the canopy. As stand density increased from 5000 sph to 90,000 sph, the above-ground biomass decreased from 61 t ha⁻¹ to 16 t ha⁻¹, the proportion allocated to the stem increased from 58% to 78% and the leaf area/sapwood area decreased from 0.3 to 0.13 m² cm⁻². Mean earlywood percentage decreased from 62% to 8% in codominants at 6,500 and 109,000 sph respectively. Although nitrogen deficiency was evident in all stand densities, there were no significant differences between vigorous and repressed stands for the various macro- (N, P, K, S) or micro-nutrients (Cu, Fe, 'active' Fe) examined. It is hypothesized that the decreased proportion of earlywood in repressed trees causes a reduction in stem conductivity leading to the reported drop in the leaf area/sapwood area ratio. The resulting decrease in the photosynthetic/respiratory surface area ratio in repressed stands may lead to their reduced productivity.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

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Win, Maung Aye. "Ecological Studies on Locally-managed Mangrove Forests in Taninthayi Region, Myanmar." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253396.

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Books on the topic "Stand Biomass"

1

Howard, James O. Harvesting overstocked stands of small diameter trees. Portland, OR: Biomass and Energy Project, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1987.

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Marshall, P. L. Above ground tree biomass of interior uneven-aged douglas-fir stands. Vancouver, B.C: University of British Columbia Press, 1995.

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Pong, W. Y. Harvesting overstocked stands of small diameter trees. [Portland, OR]: Biomass and Energy Project, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.

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Little, Susan N. Highly stocked coniferous stands on the Olympic Peninsula. Portland, OR: Biomass and Energy Project, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.

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Pong, W. Y. Stem densities of trees from overstocked mixed conifer stands of western hemlock, douglas-fir and western redcedar. [Portland, OR]: Biomass and Energy Project, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.

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Domchek, Christa J. M. The impact of careful logging on epiphytic lichen flora biomass and distribution in black spruce stands of the Lake Abitibi Model Forest. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Environmental Earth Sciences, 1998.

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Pacific Northwest Research Station (Portland, Or.), ed. Downed woody material in southeast Alaska forest stands. Portland, Or. (333 S.W. First Ave., P.O. Box 3890, Portland 97208): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stand Biomass"

1

Ibàñez, Joan Josep, María José Lledó, Juan Rafael Sánchez, and Ferran Rodà. "Stand Structure, Aboveground Biomass and Production." In Ecological Studies, 31–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58618-7_3.

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du Toit, Ben, Mark Gush, James S. Pryke, Michael J. Samways, and Steven B. Dovey. "Ecological Impacts of Biomass Production at Stand and Landscape Levels." In Bioenergy from Wood, 211–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7448-3_10.

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Ploton, Pierre, Raphaël Pélissier, N. Barbier, Christophe Proisy, B. R. Ramesh, and P. Couteron. "Canopy Texture Analysis for Large-Scale Assessments of Tropical Forest Stand Structure and Biomass." In Treetops at Risk, 237–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_24.

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Maddelein, D. "Above-Ground Biomass, Nutrient Distribution and Stand Evolution in a Forest Located on Poor Sandy Soil." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 916–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_222.

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Scrosati, Ricardo. "The relationship between stand biomass and frond density in the clonal alga Mazzaella cornucopiae (Rhodophyta, Gigartinaceae)." In Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium, 259–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1659-3_36.

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Moser, G., M. Röderstein, N. Soethe, D. Hertel, and C. Leuschner. "Altitudinal Changes in Stand Structure and Biomass Allocation of Tropical Mountain Forests in Relation to Microclimate and Soil Chemistry." In Ecological Studies, 229–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73526-7_22.

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Nonini, Luca, Calogero Schillaci, and Marco Fiala. "Assessment of Forest Biomass and Carbon Stocks at Stand Level Using Site-Specific Primary Data to Support Forest Management." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 501–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39299-4_56.

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Burkhart, Harold E., and Margarida Tomé. "Tree Weight and Biomass Estimation." In Modeling Forest Trees and Stands, 65–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3170-9_4.

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Bergholm, Johan, and Hooshang Majdi. "Accumulation of Nutrients in Above and Below Ground Biomass in Response to Ammonium Sulphate Addition in a Norway Spruce Stand in Southwest Sweden." In Acid rain 2000, 1049–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_22.

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Rapp, C. "Effects of Liming and N-Fertilization on Soil Chemistry, Biomass and Nutrient Content of Fine Roots in a Mature Beech Stand in the Solling Area (GERMANY)." In Responses of Forest Ecosystems to Environmental Changes, 829–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2866-7_181.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stand Biomass"

1

Barsoum, Nader, Wong Yew Yiin, Tan Kwong Ling, and W. C. Goh. "Modeling and Cost Simulation of Stand-Alone Solar and Biomass Energy." In 2008 Second Asia International Conference on Modelling & Simulation (AMS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ams.2008.183.

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LINKEVIČIUS, Edgaras, Heinz RÖHLE, and Jens SCHRÖDER. "BIOMASS MODELS FOR SHORT ROTATION WILLOW PLANTATIONS IN LITHUANIA." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.028.

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Despite of increasing areas of short rotation willow plantations in Lithuania, only few studies have been done so far regarding the biomass production in these plantations. To fill this gap, the aim of this study was to develop biomass equations for fresh and for oven drywillow biomass and to estimate the yield of short rotation plantations as expressed in fresh and oven dry biomass. The data required by this study was gathered in the western part of Lithuania, in the Šilutė and Tauragė regions. For this purpose, sample plots were established in 21 short rotation willow plantations managed by “Klasmann-Deilmann Bioenergy“. All of them were first rotation plantations grown for 3 to 4 years. It was found that mean annual oven dry biomass increment varied in these plantations from 0.2 to 7.6 tons per hectare per year. Surprisingly, the productivity was not related to soil fertility. Additionally, the relations between stand level values were evaluated and a stand biomass yield model based on the mean height was developed. Relations on the shoot level were analysed as well. As a result we developed biomass models based on the individual shoot diameter for shoot height as well as for fresh and for oven dry biomass.

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Liu, Gang, M. G. Rasul, M. T. O. Amanullah, and M. M. K. Khan. "Feasibility Study of Stand-Alone PV-Wind-Biomass Hybrid Energy System in Australia." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5749125.

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Al-akayshee, Ahmed S., Oleg N. Kuznetsov, and Hamdy M. Sultan. "Optimization and Operation of Stand-alone Hybrid PV/Biomass/Hydroelectric Pumped Storage Energy System in Iraq." In 2021 IEEE Conference of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ElConRus). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elconrus51938.2021.9396267.

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Chauhan, Anurag, and Vinay Kumar Dwivedi. "Optimal sizing of a stand-alone PV/wind/MHP/biomass based hybrid energy system using PSO algorithm." In 2017 6th International Conference on Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering-Recent Advances (CERA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cera.2017.8343292.

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Suhaili, Affendi, and Jayneeca Lawen. "Estimation of plant biomass and carbon stock for a juvenile reforested mangrove stand using high resolution imaging spectrometer." In 2013 5th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2013.8080666.

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Lotveit, Marte, Jon Are Suul, Elisabetta Tedeschi, and Marta Molinas. "A study of biomass in a hybrid stand-alone Micro-Grid for the rural village of Wawashang, Nicaragua." In 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ever.2014.6844057.

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Paskach, Thomas J., and John P. Reardon. "Gasification: Eliminating Risks Associated With Co-Firing Biomass." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27360.

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Under certain greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation scenarios, older coal-fired units may be faced with the prospect of shutdown before reaching the end of their useful life. Repurposing this existing asset for 100% biomass fuel is a more efficient use of capital than compared to building a new stand-alone unit. Biomass co-firing is an alternative for an owner to consider to address GHG regulation impacts on older coal-fired power boilers and the growing demands of pending legislation. “Direct” co-firing is a baseline approach where finely divided biomass is injected directly into the boiler furnace. Direct co-firing experience is typically less than 5% heat rate, and technical upper limits have been described in EPRI literature (1) as approximately 10% of boiler heat. Direct co-firing also does not enhance the opportunity to co-fire biomass with natural gas. Direct biomass co-firing may require extensive renovations and emissions/particulate control devices. “Indirect” co-firing is an alternative process that mitigates process risk by first converting the biomass into a fuel gas and then cleaning this gas to remove alkali and chloride contaminants prior to combustion in the power boiler furnace. Indirect co-firing may be a superior approach from an operations perspective because it protects against forced outages and repair costs expected with direct co-firing (2). Gas cleaning to remove alkali metals from the fuel gas prior to combustion reduces process risk by reducing fouling and slagging potential. Removing chloride from the fuel gas dramatically reduces the corrosion potential. Beyond reducing process risk, separating biomass ash before combustion retains the value in separate co-product ash streams, as it prevents intermingling with the coal ash. This paper describes technical and economic considerations for indirect co-firing, contrasted with direct co-firing approaches. The renewable energy ratio of a co-fired unit could be significantly increased by employing biomass gasification of the solid fuel with gas cleanup, in contrast to process risks, added emissions control costs, and technical limitations of direct co-firing of the solid biofuel.

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Abdi, Abdiaziz Hussein, and Hasan Zorlu. "Rural Electrification with Solar Powered Mini-Grids and Stand-Alone Solar System Installations: Case of Somali." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.026.

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Access to electricity still remains a distant dream in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In the energy sector, Somalia is one of the most underdeveloped in the region. Especially in rural areas, the rate of electrification is the lowest with the high cost of power, for electricity generation, Somalia depends on imported petroleum products, and cooking relies on biomass resources, and only a small fraction of the population has safe, reliable, and affordable energy services. Generally, the population in rural areas is composed of a high percentage of poor households and low population density. For this reason, there are not attractive economic benefits for electricity supply utilities or private investors to offer electricity services to these villages. So, this work presented technical and economic challenges for introducing solar-powered mini-grid and stand-alone solar system installations in Somalia's rural areas. Solar-powered mini-grid and stand-alone solar system have been considered for supplying an electrical load in a rural area.to design an off-grid system a well-known freeware HOMER modeling tool has been used. To supply electricity directly to the load solar energy is considered as the primary source and when excess generation happens a battery bank is considered for electrical storage. During the design of this power system the community's load has been suggested for lighting, fan, school, and health clinic equipment load, television, radio, and the simulation and optimization of the system were done based on the electrical load, sources of climatic data, the economics of the power components and other parameters. Finally, a solar-powered mini-grid is developed for a collection of communities and a standalone solar system for clustered buildings is also developed. For further research, the limitations, availability, and areas have also been identified.

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10

Methling, Torsten, Marina Braun-Unkhoff, and Uwe Riedel. "A Chemical-Kinetic Investigation of Combustion Properties of Alternative Fuels: A Step Towards More Efficient Power Generation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94994.

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Abstract:

Biomass is a clean, renewable energy source with a large potential to contribute significantly to power generation, promising a more environmentally friendly production of electricity in future, with lower greenhouse gas emissions. A large variety of biomass feedstock exists, including agricultural and biomass residues and by-products, with wood, sludge, and waste among them. Biomass can be used directly to generate electricity if converted to more user-friendly sources of energy, e.g. by fermentation producing mainly methane (biogas) and by gasification leading mostly to hydrogen and carbon monoxide (syngas), allowing a more efficient use of the product gases compared to direct combustion, besides further advantages, with less amounts of ash and corrosive species. The resulting product gases can be burned in small to large scale gas turbines, stand alone, process integrated or in combined cycles. In a hybrid power plant, an increase of the electrical efficiency of small gas turbines to more than 50 % can be reached, by coupling a gasifier or biogas reactor with a fuel cell (FC) and a micro gas turbine. To widen the acceptable range in the variation of fuel composition and conditions and to ensure a reliable and more efficient operation, it is of outmost importance to expand our knowledge on biogenic gas mixtures with respect to modeling capabilities e.g. of major combustion properties, thus enabling predictive calculations. The present work is dealing with the use of representative biogenic gas mixtures for decentralized power production. The concept of coupling a gasifier or biogas reactor with a fuel cell and a micro gas turbine (hybrid power plant) is followed. The product gases are stemming from the fermentation of sludge and algae as well as from the gasification of their residues and wood, in addition. Their combustion behavior — lower heating value (LHV), Wobbe index, adiabatic flame temperature, laminar flame speed, and ignition delay time — is calculated for the relevant parameters — fuel-air ratio, pressure — and discussed with respect to the intended use.

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