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Journal articles on the topic 'Stand density'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Shao, Guofan, and Herman H. Shugart. "A Compatible Growth-Density Stand Model Derived from a Distance-Dependent Individual Tree Model." Forest Science 43, no. 3 (1997): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/43.3.443.

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Abstract A compatible growth-density stand model is developed for simulating forest stands with uniformly distributed trees (e.g., square spacing, equilateral triangle spacing, and 1:1.5 row to column ratio tree distribution patterns). The model is based on a distance-dependent individual-tree competition model. The independent variable in the individual-tree model is Hegyi's (1974) diameter-distance competition index with n = 8. The derived growth density stand model satisfies a necessary boundary condition (i.e., stand growth is zero either when stand density is zero or when stand density re

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2

Pretzsch, Hans, and Miren del Río. "Density regulation of mixed and mono-specific forest stands as a continuum: a new concept based on species-specific coefficients for density equivalence and density modification." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 1 (2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz069.

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Abstract A wealth of recent research has improved our understanding of the structure, growth and yield of mixed-species stands. However, appropriate quantitative concepts for their silvicultural regulation remain scarce. Due to the species-specific stand densities, growing area requirements and potential over-density, the density and mixing regulation in mixed stands is much more intricate than in monospecific stands. Here, we introduce the species-specific coefficients: density equivalence coefficients (DEC), for density equivalence; and density modification coefficient (DMC), for density mod

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3

Li, Jiajing, Dongsheng Chen, Xin Yang, Niqiao Fan, Yiwen Wang, and Zhidong Zhang. "Effects of Stand Density, Age, and Drought on the Size–Growth Relationship in Larix principis-rupprechtii Forests." Forests 15, no. 3 (2024): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15030413.

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The size–growth relationship (SGR) quantifies growth partitioning among different sized trees in a stand and helps to elucidate stand growth dynamics during stand development. SGR strongly correlates with stand density, stand age, and drought severity. This study focused on larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii (Mayr)) forests with different stand ages (17–19 years, 20–29 years, 30–39 years, and 40–46 years) and stand densities (300–1400 trees·ha−1 and 1400–3300 trees·ha−1) as the research subjects. Employing a linear mixed model, we aimed to quantify the effects of stand density, stand age, and

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4

Zeide, Boris. "Optimal stand density: a solution." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 4 (2004): 846–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-258.

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The search for a stand density that maximizes total volume growth has continued since the beginning of forestry without producing a definite answer. One of the reasons is that the effect of density on growth is not always separated from those of tree size and age. Such a separation is not easy when the relationship between density and growth is expressed as a graph (Langsaeter's curve). This study develops a simple model that accounts for each main growth predictor individually. It allows one to calculate the density that maximizes volume growth at any given moment (current annual increment of

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Singh, Vikaspal, Dhanpal Singh Chauhan, and Sabyasachi Dasgupta. "Effect of stand structure and aspect on the regeneration of banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) forest along disturbance in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India." Forestry Studies 68, no. 1 (2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2018-0003.

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Abstract A study was conducted in an oak forest, to find out the relationship of stand structure, aspect and regeneration of species. Among all disturbance stands the density of banj oak Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus individuals was peaked at 40–50 cm and 50–60 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) classes and low tree density was observed with the increasing DBH classes. North aspect showed higher density for most of girth classes as compared to south facing aspect. Among all the stands, low seedling density was recorded in undisturbed stand at south facing aspect as compared to the moderate

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6

Chen, Zhang, Chen, et al. "Sparse Pinus Tabuliformis Stands Have Higher Canopy Transpiration Than Dense Stands Three Decades After Thinning." Forests 11, no. 1 (2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010070.

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Hydrological effects of forest thinning have been studied at small watershed scales using the paired watershed approach since the 1920s. However, how forest transpiration, a critical component of evapotranspiration, changes decades after thinning is not well understood despite its importance for modifying drought resilience of forest ecosystem under climate change. In a semi-arid mountainous area of northern China, we measured growing season sap flow of Pinus tabuliformis, a widely planted afforestation species, in 44-year-old monoculture plantation stands with low (983 stems ha−1), medium (16

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7

Wilson, Duncan S., Robert S. Seymour, and Douglas A. Maguire. "Density Management Diagram for Northeastern Red Spruce and Balsam Fir Forests." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 1 (1999): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/16.1.48.

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Abstract A stand-density management diagram is presented for use in northeastern red spruce and balsam fir forests. The diagram was derived from an extensive archived data set collected during the 1970s from fully stocked stands throughout northern Maine and a more recent study of precommercially thinned stands. The negative exponential relationship between mean stemwood volume per tree and stand density, commonly known as the "self-thinning rule, "was formulated to define a biological maximum stand density. The maximum size-density equation can be used to calculate the relative density of any

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8

Kholdaenko, Yulia A., Elena A. Babushkina, Liliana V. Belokopytova, et al. "The More the Merrier or the Fewer the Better Fare? Effects of Stand Density on Tree Growth and Climatic Response in a Scots Pine Plantation." Forests 14, no. 5 (2023): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14050915.

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In forests, the growth and productivity of individual trees and stands as a whole are regulated by stand density among other factors, because access to vital resources is limited by competition between trees. On 18 experimental plots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted with a density of 500–128,000 trees/ha in the south taiga (Middle Siberia), interactions between stand density, tree- and stand-scale productivity, and tree-ring parameters were investigated. Tree-scale productivity variables, tree-ring width, and latewood width had stable negative allometric relationships with stand den

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9

Pretzsch, H. "The elasticity of growth in pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 11 (2012): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4721-jfs.

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This study indicates that the growth of mixed stands with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is more stable across a range of stand densities than it is in pure forests of the same species. Typical density-growth-relationships are derived from 42 long-term experimental areas with 134 plots in total, the oldest of them under survey since 1870. From these results it is apparent that in pure stands maximum growth can be obtained only at medium stand density, whereas in mixed stands growth is almost unchanged over a range of low, medium and high stand den

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10

Stašiov, Slavomír, and Marek Svitok. "The influence of stand density on the structure of harvestmen communities (Opiliones) in a submountain beech forest." Folia Oecologica 46, no. 1 (2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2019-0002.

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AbstractModification of forest stand density by thinning is a common silvicultural practice implemented in management of production forests. However, changes in the stand density can entail considerable changes to the present forest environment and communities. The current knowledge about the effect of stand density modification on the local animal communities is based mainly on the flagship groups such as carabid beetles or birds. We focused our study on harvestmen. We explored how the stand density influences species composition of this species communities in submountain beech forests. The s

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Hare, M. D. "ESTABLISHMENT, SPACING DENSITY AND GRAZING EFFECT." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 5 (January 1, 1990): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.5.1998.3342.

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For the production of acceptable yields of grass seeds, attention must be paid throughout the life of the plant towards encouraging the type of growth and development that is likely to result in the maximum seed production from any particular stand during its lifetime. The lifetime of certified grass seed crops'in New Zealand ranges from one harvest season for Tama ryegrass, to four harvest seasons for perennial ryegrass, six for tall fescue, seven for phalaris and eight for cocksfoot. Management of these stands, particularly the long term stands, is a year round process right from the day har

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12

Zeide, Boris. "Self-Thinning and Stand Density." Forest Science 37, no. 2 (1991): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.2.517.

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Abstract Does the actual line of serf-thinning converge with the upper boundary of stand biomass in the course of stand development? This question is the source of continuing arguments about serf-thinning of forest stands. The relationship between average crown length and crown width can provide a solution to this question. If the lines diverge and horizontal canopy closure diminishes, then crown length would increase faster than crown width. Empirical data show that, indeed, the growth rate of crown length exceeds that of crown width. This fact indicates that the upper boundary of stand bioma

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13

Kondoh, Hiroshi. "Assessment of the Full Density Curve in Stand Density Management Diagrams for Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) in Kyushu Island, Japan: Implications for Forest Management." Forests 14, no. 11 (2023): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112129.

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Accurate forest information on tree species, stand age, tree density, and stand volume is required to ensure effective forest management practices. In Japan, forest information is consolidated in forest yield tables and stand density management diagrams (SDMDs) that are specifically designed for major forest plantation species. In this study, we analyzed whether the current full density curve in the SDMD of Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) plantation stands in Kyushu Island aligns with the characteristics of the existing stands. Data from 18 Hinoki forests were used to measure tree heights, diame

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14

Litton, Creighton, Dennis Knight, and Michael Ryan. "Above-and Belowground Carbon Allocation in Post-Fire Lodgepole Pine Forests: Effects of Tree Density and Stand Age." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 25 (January 1, 2001): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2001.3475.

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Validating the different components of the carbon (C) budget in forest ecosystems is essential for developing allocation rules that allow accurate predictions of global C pools and fluxes. In addition, a better understanding of the effects of natural disturbances on C cycling is critical - particularly in light of changes in disturbance regimes that may occur with alterations in global climate. This study investigates the indirect effects of fire on C cycling in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex Wats.) stands in Yellowstone National Park by examining above- and belowgrou

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15

Pretzsch, Hans, and Peter Biber. "Tree species mixing can increase maximum stand density." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 10 (2016): 1179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0413.

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Mixed-species stands are on the advance in Europe. They fulfil many functions better than monocultures. Recent papers show that mixed stands can have higher yields, but it remains open whether mixed stands simply grow faster along the same self-thinning lines as pure stands or have higher maximum stand densities. We analyzed the effect of species mixing on maximum density based on triplets of pure and mixed stands at approximately maximum density. Most considered mixtures include Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). We show that (i) in mixed stands, maximum density is, on average, 16.5%

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16

Poage, Nathan J., David D. Marshall, and Michael H. McClellan. "Maximum Stand-Density Index of 40 Western Hemlock–Sitka Spruce Stands in Southeast Alaska." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.2.99.

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Abstract Reineke's (1933) maximum stand-density index (SDImax) was determined for 40 unthinned, fully stocked, even-aged, hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska. A nonlinear model was used to identify objectively the linear portions of the stands' self-thinning trajectories for analysis. The objectives of the present study were (1) to use the modeled slopes and intercepts to determine the mean SDImax of the stands and (2) to identify stand and site factors associated with the variability observed in SDImax. The mean SDImax of the 40 hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska was 619. Individ

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17

Pahuchiy, V., and L. Pahuchaya. "Capacity and regeneration of subtundra forest stands in the Komi Republic." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-6-71-77.

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The paper highlights the evaluation results of the productivity and regeneration of stands in the Pechora forestry of the Komi Republic. At the research sites, the stands are mixed by composition and simple to complex by shape (with one or two stories). They are dominated by sphagnum spruce stands of Va - Vb quality classes. The total standing volume of stands varies from 44 to 161 m3/ha whereas the average volume increment varies from 0.49 to 1.46 m3/ha per year. The dependence of standing volume on the absolute and relative forest density is a closely correlated value being reliable at a hig

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18

Restoux, G., D. E. Silva, F. Sagnard, F. Torre, E. Klein, and B. Fady. "Life at the margin: the mating system of Mediterranean conifers." Web Ecology 8, no. 1 (2008): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-8-94-2008.

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Abstract. Mixed mating, where a single tree progeny results from a mixture of selfing and outcrossing, is widespread in conifers and could be an evolutionary advantage at ecological margins when mating partners become scarce. This study analyzes how the mating system responds to bioclimate and density variations. We surveyed published data on the mating system of Abies, Picea and Pinus species when information on bioclimate and stand density was available. Our survey revealed that Mediterranean species demonstrate a lower selfing rate than other species and that the proportion of selfed versus

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19

Ozcelik, Gokhan, and Ferhat Kara. "The Relationships among Tree Mixture, Management Type, Stand Density and Diameter Increment in Kazdağı Fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss] Coode & Cullen) Forests." Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (2024): 1719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21597/jist.1497442.

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Tree mixture may increase stand productivity while forest tree density mostly negatively influence the tree growth. However, several research have indicated that the knowledge on the corelation between tree mixture and stand productivity is still limited. In this study, the relationships among tree mixture, stand type (i.e., even-aged versus uneven-aged), density and diameter increment of Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani [Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss] Coode & Cullen) were examined. The research was conducted within the Ayancık Forest Management Directorate, Sinop Regional

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20

Colter Burkes, E., Rodney E. Will, Greg A. Barron-Gafford, Robert O. Teskey, and Barry Shiver. "Biomass Partitioning and Growth Efficiency of Intensively Managed Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii Stands of Different Planting Densities." Forest Science 49, no. 2 (2003): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/49.2.224.

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Abstract The effect of planting density (740, 2,220, 3,700, and 4,440 trees/ha-1) on growth efficiency and biomass partitioning was examined in intensively managed stands of 4-yr-old loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stands on the Coastal Plain of southern Georgia. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether decreased partitioning of biomass to stem relative to other tree components limits stem biomass growth on a per hectare basis as stand density increases. Fourth growing season stem biomass production did not increase proportionally with pla

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21

Muir, Patricia S. "Disturbance effects on structure and tree species composition of Pinuscontorta forests in western Montana." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 8 (1993): 1617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-201.

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To what extent are stand structure and tree species composition affected by the nature of stand-initiating disturbances and other disturbances that cause significant tree mortality? I documented recent disturbance history and tree species composition, density, spatial pattern, and age structure in 48 stands dominated by Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. ssp. latifolia (Engelm.) Critchfield in western Montana. Stand modal ages ranged from 8 to 267 years, and sites were sampled across a range of elevations and aspects. Disturbance histories included stand-replacing fires (N = 25), partial burns (N =

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22

Buhyoff, Gregory J., R. Bruce Hull, John N. Lien, and H. Ken Cordell. "Prediction of Scenic Quality for Southern Pine Stands." Forest Science 32, no. 3 (1986): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/32.3.769.

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Abstract Statistical models which predict scenic beauty from an in-stand viewer perspective were developed for southern pine stands more than 9 years old. These models indicate that stand age, average stand diameter, and stand stocking density are positively related to scenic quality assessments by the general public. However, the models also show that the number of stems in the 1 to 5 inch dbh classes is related to scenic quality in a negative quadratic fashion. The highest scenic quality for stands of differing ages and average tree diameters is when the sapling and pole stocking is between

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23

Deng, Ziyun, Qing Xu, Shaohui Fan, et al. "Effects of Stand Structure on Aboveground Biomass in Mixed Moso Bamboo Forests in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, Fujian, China." Forests 16, no. 6 (2025): 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060905.

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Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) serves as a crucial indicator of productivity and carbon storage capacity. While the impact of stand structure on AGB is well-documented for pure moso bamboo stands, the specific structural factors influencing AGB and the mechanisms driving these effects in mixed moso bamboo forests, characterized by species diversity and structural complexity, require further elucidation. This study analyzed 9453 bamboos and arbor trees within the TianBao MetaPlot, which were tessellated into 108 standard plots in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve, Fujian, China. Using a mult

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Данилов, Dmitriy Danilov, Смирнов, and A. Smirnov. "Effect of stand structure on density of pine and spruce wood in myrtillus forest type." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8434.

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Mixed stands of spruce and pine of myrtillus y forest types occupy large areas of the forest fund of the Leningrad region. For the theory and practice of forestry it is important to know the impact of plantations on the density of wood in bunk mixed spruce-pine stands. In mixed stands of pine and spruce disks and cores of wood species were selected from the model tree to determine the basic density by the method of maximum water capacity. The study of basic wood density of pine and spruce in the coniferous bunk stands revealed that its rates are higher for both sp

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Woodall, C. W., C. E. Fiedler, and K. S. Milner. "Stand density index in uneven-aged ponderosa pine stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 1 (2003): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-168.

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Stand density index (SDI) was developed to quantify relative stand density in even-aged stands. Application of SDI in uneven-aged stands has been described mathematically but not justified biologically. Diameter-class trends in SDI and sapwood area across 14 uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) stands in eastern Montana were examined to elucidate the biological underpinnings of the SDI summation method. Results indicate that the SDI summation method is biased in its apportionment of relative stand density across diameter classes in uneven-aged ponderosa pine

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DeRose, R. Justin, and Robert S. Seymour. "Patterns of leaf area index during stand development in even-aged balsam fir – red spruce stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 4 (2010): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-018.

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Leaf area index (LAI) strongly controls forest stand production. Silviculturists can easily manage this biologically important variable by quantifying its relationship to more directly manageable stand elements, such as density. Hypothesized patterns of LAI development over relative stand density (RD) in even-aged stands of balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) were examined using 78 plots from the Cooperative Forestry Research Unit’s Commercial Thinning Research Network located in the Acadian forest zone in Maine. Nonlinear regression indicated that LAI

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Stout, Susan Laurane, and Ralph D. Nyland. "Role of species composition in relative density measurement in Allegheny hardwoods." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (1986): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-099.

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Two frequently used measures of relative stand density, the tree area ratio and the stand density index, were fitted to data from Allegheny hardwood stands. Both were modified to reflect the influence of species composition, since the proportion of the basal area in different species groups had an important effect on the measurement of relative stand density in this mixed species forest type. The tree area ratio model provided a better fit to the data than the stand density index model, particularly when adapted to include three species groups: one based on Prunusserotina Ehrh. and Liriodendro

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28

Newton, P. F., and G. F. Weetman. "Stand density management diagram for managed black spruce stands." Forestry Chronicle 70, no. 1 (1994): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70065-1.

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A stand density management diagram for managed black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands was developed using data derived from 37 variable-size temporary and permanent sample plots, and 257 open-grown sample trees. The plots were situated within 15 plantations and 4 precommercially thinned stands located throughout central and western Newfoundland, north-western New Brunswick and northern Ontario. The basic components of the diagram included: (1) an approximate crown closure line (2) the self-thinning rule (3) expected size-density trajectories and (4) isolines for dominant height, re

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Shaw, John D. "Application of Stand Density Index to Irregularly Structured Stands." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 1 (2000): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/15.1.40.

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Walker, X. J., H. D. Alexander, L. T. Berner, et al. "Positive response of tree productivity to warming is reversed by increased tree density at the Arctic tundra–taiga ecotone." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 9 (2021): 1323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0466.

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The transition zone between the northern boreal forest and the Arctic tundra, known as the tundra–taiga ecotone (TTE) has undergone rapid warming in recent decades. In response to this warming, tree density, growth, and stand productivity are expected to increase. Increases in tree density have the potential to negate the positive impacts of warming on tree growth through a reduction in the active layer and an increase in competitive interactions. We assessed the effects of tree density on tree growth and climate–growth responses of Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) and on trends in the n

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Farooq, Taimoor, Wenjing Wu, Mulualem Tigabu, et al. "Growth, Biomass Production and Root Development of Chinese fir in Relation to Initial Planting Density." Forests 10, no. 3 (2019): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030236.

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Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) is a commercially valuable timber species that is widely planted in southern China and accounts for 6.1% of the global plantation forests. However, appropriate planting density that ensures high plantation productivity is largely unexplored in this species. The aim of the study was to examine tree growth, biomass production, and its allocation among different organs in relation to initial planting density, and to examine whether planting density has an impact on root development. Mortality, diameter at breast height and tree-height of all trees

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Shaw, John D., and James N. Long. "A Density Management Diagram for Longleaf Pine Stands with Application to Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31, no. 1 (2007): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/31.1.28.

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Abstract We developed a density management diagram (DMD) for longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Mill.) using data from Forest Inventory and Analysis plots. Selection criteria were for purity, defined as longleaf pine basal area (BA) that is 90% or more of plot BA, and even-agedness, as defined by a ratio between two calculations of stand density index. The diagram predicts stand top height (mean of tallest 40 trees/ac) and volume (ft3/ac) as a function of quadratic mean diameter and stem density (trees/ac). In this DMD we introduce a “mature stand boundary” that, as a model of stand dynamics, r

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Marková, I., I. Drápelová, and S. Truparová. "Comparison of deposition fluxes on the open area and in mountain spruce stands of different density." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 9 (2009): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/37/2009-jfs.

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To better understand the chemical transformation of rainfall after the passage through the canopies it is necessary to study throughfall deposition fluxes within forest stands. The comparison of bulk deposition fluxes of Ca, Mg, K, S-SO<sub>4</sub>, N-NO<sub>3</sub> and N-NH<sub>4</sub> in mountain spruce stands of different stand density and bulk deposition fluxes on the open area was made at the study site Bílý Kříž (Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts., Czech Republic) during the period of 1999–2006. A linear relationship between the amount of rainfall on the o

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Kahriman, Aydn, Abdurrahman Şahin, Turan Sönmez, and Mehmet Yavuz. "Modeli rasta prirodnih sastojina kalabrijskog bora u središnjem mediteranskom području Turske." Šumarski list 147, no. 3-4 (2023): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.147.3-4.1.

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Stand growth models are needed for a variety of forestry practices, primarily management plans and silvicultural studies. The goal of this study was to create stand-level models for natural, pure even-aged stands of Calabrian pine in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey. The study area consists of pure and natural Calabrian pine stands located within the boundaries of the Antalya and Mersin Regional Forestry Directorates in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey. Data was collected from 486 temporary plots scattered throughout the region. Two trees (the dominant tree and the tree rep

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Laasasenaho, Jouko, and Jyrki Koivuniemi. "Dependence of some stand characteristics on stand density." Tree Physiology 7, no. 1-2-3-4 (1990): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/7.1-2-3-4.183.

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Wertz, Bogdan, Mariusz Bembenek, Zbigniew Karaszewski, et al. "Impact of Stand Density and Tree Social Status on Aboveground Biomass Allocation of Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris L." Forests 11, no. 7 (2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070765.

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Stand density changes due to aging and thinning interventions. At the same time, the social status of trees develops and varies due to different genetic conditions as well as access to nutrients and light. Trees growing in diverse conditions gain their social status in the stand, which, in the end, influences their development and biomass allocation. The objective of this research was to discover if stand density or tree social status has an impact on a tree’s aboveground biomass allocation. The study was carried out in five premature and five mature pine stands, growing in the same soil condi

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Innes, J. C., M. J. Ducey, J. H. Gove, W. B. Leak, and J. P. Barrett. "Sizedensity metrics, leaf area, and productivity in eastern white pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 10 (2005): 2469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-174.

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Sizedensity metrics are used extensively for silvicultural planning; however, they operate on biological assumptions that remain relatively untested. Using data from 12 even-aged stands of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) growing in southern New Hampshire, we compared size-density metrics with stand productivity and its biological components, including leaf area index (LAI) and measures of crown morphology. Density indices included Reineke's stand density index (SDI), a 3/2 relative density law, and trees per hectare. We examined models with and without site index and stand age as compo

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Ballard, Louis A., and James N. Long. "Influence of stand density on log quality of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 7 (1988): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-138.

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We examined the relationship between stand density and stem quality characteristics for lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta). The influence of initial stand density on end of rotation log quality was inferred by analyzing data from unmanaged, rotation-age stands. Quality characteristics examined included first log branch diameters, taper, wood density, and the proportion of sapwood. After differences in diameter at breast height were accounted for, only branch size was strongly influenced by stand density. A strong negative exponential relationship was found between the mean of the five largest bran

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Steckel, Mathias, W. Keith Moser, Miren del Río, and Hans Pretzsch. "Implications of Reduced Stand Density on Tree Growth and Drought Susceptibility: A Study of Three Species under Varying Climate." Forests 11, no. 6 (2020): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060627.

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A higher frequency of increasingly severe droughts highlights the need for short-term measures to adapt existing forests to climate change. The maintenance of reduced stand densities has been proposed as a promising silvicultural tool for mitigating drought stress. However, the relationship between stand density and tree drought susceptibility remains poorly understood, especially across ecological gradients. Here, we analysed the effect of reduced stand density on tree growth and growth sensitivity, as well as on short-term drought responses (resistance, recovery, and resilience) of Scots pin

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Fraser, Erin C., Victor J. Lieffers, and Simon M. Landhäusser. "Age, stand density, and tree size as factors in root and basal grafting of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 8 (2005): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-048.

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This study investigated stand factors associated with the rate of root graft formation in lodgepole pine stands. Forty plot areas, each containing 10 trees, were excavated in pure, even-aged pine stands in western Alberta. Exposed root systems were examined for grafts and various stand measurements were recorded at each plot. Results indicate that the number of grafts per square metre is controlled by plot tree density and tree diameter. Also, the percentage of grafted trees increased with both increasing tree age and decreasing distance between trees. Grafts also appear to form relatively ear

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Lu, Lele, Bin Zhang, Jianguo Zhang, Aiguo Duan, and Xiongqing Zhang. "Application of stand density indices for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantation management." Forestry Studies 68, no. 1 (2018): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2018-0005.

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Abstract The most important issues in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) management are the quantitative determination of stand density and the selection of appropriate density. Different stand density index models have advantages for special tree species, and this study aimed to estimate the carrying capacity of planted stands of Chinese fir and to select simple and reliable stand density indexes. Based on special experiment of different initial density, the maximum carrying capacity was estimated using Reineke’s self-thinning rule, Nilson’s sparsity theory, Beekhuis’s relativ

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Chiou, Chyi-Rong, Ching-Peng Cheng, and Sheng-I. Yang. "Comparison of Parametric and Nonparametric Methods for Estimating Size–Density Relationships in Old-Growth Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Plantations." Forests 11, no. 6 (2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060625.

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Accurately quantifying the size–density relationships is important to predict stand development, estimate stand carrying capacity and prescribe silvicultural treatments. Parametric methods, such as segmented regression, were proposed to estimate the complicated trajectory of size–density relationships. However, applying nonparametric methods to assess stand development has not been explicitly examined. In this study, we compared parametric and nonparametric methods for estimating size–density relationships for Japanese cedar plantations in Taiwan. Specifically, we compared the efficacy of two

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Will, Rodney, Thomas Hennessey, Thomas Lynch, Randal Holeman, and Robert Heinemann. "Effects of Planting Density and Seed Source on Loblolly Pine Stands in Southeastern Oklahoma." Forest Science 56, no. 5 (2010): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/56.5.437.

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Abstract Since the early 1970s, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations have been established west of the native range of the species in the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma, using faster-growing seed sources from coastal North Carolina (NCC) rather than Oklahoma or Arkansas (O/A). Although the NCC sources outperform O/A sources early in stand development, it is not known how these provenances will perform later in stand development when density-dependent mortality is occurring. We tested the effects of planting density (1,075, 1,680, 2,990, and 6,725 trees ha−1) and seed source (NCC and O/A)

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Lee, Daesung, and Jungkee Choi. "Development of Variable-Density Yield Models with Site Index Estimation for Korean Pines and Japanese Larch." Forests 13, no. 7 (2022): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071150.

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The objectives of this study were to develop site index and variable-density yield models for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.), Korean white pine (P. koraiensis S. & Z.), and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière) in Korea. The data were collected between 2012 and 2021 from repeatedly measured empirical plots in each target stand in the North Central region of Korea: Gangwon and North Gyeongsang provinces. To develop the site index for each species, a dominant height growth model by species was developed using the Chapman–Richards function. The site index w

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Janas, P. S., and D. G. Brand. "Comparative Growth and Development of Planted and Natural Stands of Jack Pine." Forestry Chronicle 64, no. 4 (1988): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64320-4.

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This study compares growth yield, and stem quality differences at age 21 between plantations spaced at 2.13 × 2.13 m (2204 stems/ha) and 4.27 × 4.27 m (548 stems/ha), and a nearby natural jack pine stand of identical age (initial density of 29 800 stems/ha). Merchantable volume/ha was greatest at the 2.13 m spacing, followed by the less dense plantation and natural stand. Total volume/ha (trees > 1.3 m height) was also greatest in the 2.13 m plantation, followed by the natural stand and the 4.27 m plantation. Individual tree mean merchantable volumes decreased with increasing density. Heigh

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Li, Yuzhen, Eric C. Turnblom, and David G. Briggs. "Effects of density control and fertilization on growth and yield of young Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 2 (2007): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-234.

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To examine the effects of density control and fertilization on stand growth and yield of young Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations, seven treatment regimes were applied in sixty-three 9-year-old plots from nine installations across western Washington and Oregon. Fertilizer was applied at the rate of 220 kg N·ha–1 (as urea) at stand establishment and every 4 years thereafter. Results after 12 years showed that widely spaced stands exhibited significantly larger quadratic mean diameter than did narrowly spaced stands. The densest stands initially had the greatest over

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Pretzsch, Hans. "The Effect of Tree Crown Allometry on Community Dynamics in Mixed-Species Stands versus Monocultures. A Review and Perspectives for Modeling and Silvicultural Regulation." Forests 10, no. 9 (2019): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090810.

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Many recent studies have shown that the structure, density, and productivity of mixed-species stands can differ from the weighted mean of monospecific stands of the respective species. The tree and stand properties emerging by inter-specific neighborhood should be considered in models for understanding and practical management. A promising approach for this is a more realistic representation of the individual tree allometry in models and management concepts, as tree allometry determines many structural and functional aspects at the tree and stand level. Therefore, this paper is focused on the

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Andreu, Anne G., John I. Blake, and Stanley J. Zarnoch. "Estimating canopy fuel characteristics for predicting crown fire potential in common forest types of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 11 (2018): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18025.

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We computed four stand-level canopy stratum variables important for crown fire modelling – canopy cover, stand height, canopy base height and canopy bulk density – from forest inventory data. We modelled the relationship between the canopy variables and a set of common inventory parameters – site index, stem density, basal area, stand age or stand height – and number of prescribed burns. We used a logistic model to estimate canopy cover, a linear model to estimate the other canopy variables, and the information theoretic approach for model selection. Coefficients of determination across five f

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Shafii, Bahman, James A. Moore, and James D. Newberry. "Individual-tree diameter growth models for quantifying within-stand response to nitrogen fertilization." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 8 (1990): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-153.

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Diameter-increment models for nitrogen-fertilized stands were developed using data from permanent research plots in northern Idaho. The equations partially resembled PROGNOSIS model diameter growth formulations. Results indicated that both initial tree size and initial stand density produced significant interactions with treatment to explain an individual tree's response to fertilization. Larger trees in a stand showed more fertilization response than smaller trees. Furthermore, individual trees in low-density stands showed more fertilization response than those growing in high-density stands.

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Berrill, John-Pascal, and Kevin L. O’Hara. "Estimating site productivity in irregular stand structures by indexing the basal area or volume increment of the dominant species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 1 (2014): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0230.

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Estimating site productivity in irregular structures is complicated by variations in stand density, structure, composition in mixed stands, and suppression experienced by subordinate trees. Our objective was to develop an alternate to site index (SI) and demonstrate its application in models of individual-tree and stand growth. We analyzed coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.) tree and stand growth in a grid of 234 permanent sample plots covering a 110 ha study area in north coastal California. Partial harvesting created a mosaic of densities and openings throughout the

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