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Journal articles on the topic 'Stand Welding'
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1
Wang, Kang, Masatoshi Kuroda, Xiang Chen, et al. "Mechanical Properties of Explosion-Welded Titanium/Duplex Stainless Steel under Different Energetic Conditions." Metals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081354.
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In this study, the energy deposited at the welding interface was controlled by changing the stand-off between the flyer and base plates. Pure titanium (TP 270C) and duplex stainless steel (SUS 821L1) were welded under 5- and 15-mm stand-offs, respectively. When the stand-off was 5 mm, the average wavelength and average amplitude of the welding interface were 271 and 61 μm, respectively; at 15 mm stand-off, the average wavelength and average amplitude of the welding interface were 690 and 192 μm, respectively. The differences between the two welding conditions were compared using a tensile test, fracture analysis, a 90° bending test, Vickers hardness, and nanoindentation related to the mechanical properties of materials. The experimental results indicated that the sample with a 5-mm stand-off had better mechanical properties.
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Han, Ming Bo, та Li Fei Sun. "Finite Element Analysis of Main Stand of Ф140 Pipe Rolling Mill and Split Casting". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (травень 2013): 2327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2327.
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By using finite element software, the paper establishes the main stand analysis model of the Ф140 pipe rolling mill and provides the model analysis of main stand in cases of full load. Verify the design of main stand fully comply with the technical requirements .In this paper, it provides the theoretical position of split casting and welding method using electric slag welding.
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Gnedi, Hala M., Khawla T. Snoussi, Abulmaali M. Taher, Thoria G. Sharef, and Yousef Arebi. "The Effect of Stand - Off Distance on the Mechanical Properties of TIG Butt Joints of 316 Stainless Steel." Key Engineering Materials 833 (March 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.59.
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The objective of this study is to investigate and determine the effect of the stand-off distance (distance between the welded plates) on the mechanical properties of the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded joints. Butt TIG welding was performed for 316 stainless steel (SS) by using different pre welding stand-off distances with fixing the other parameters (thickness of welded plates, voltage, current, groove shape, and scanning speed). The influence of the stand-off distance parameter was examined by using tensile test, hardness test in the three different regions (base metal, heat effected zone, and molten zone), non-destructive testing (including visual inspection, liquid pentrant and X – ray) and microscopic examinations. Results show that the stand-off distance is one of the most important geometrical parameters of the Butt welded joints to end by good mechanical properties. It is found that the optimum stand-off distance was about 1 mm (shows the highest hardness results), but still there were some defects in some spots in the molten metal zone which caused a decrease in the hardness values in these locations. The 2 mm stand-off distance shows reasonable results, and the worst case was recorded for the 0 mm stand-off distance condition. Generally the hardness values of the heat affected zone in all conditions were the highest when compared to both metal welding zone and the base metal zone.
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Nakhaei, M. R., N. B. Mostafa Arab, and F. Kordestani. "Modeling of Weld Lap-Shear Strength for Laser Transmission Welding of Thermoplastic Using Artificial Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.454.
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Laser welding of plastic materials has a wide range of applications in the packaging, medical, electronics and automobile industries provided it can predict high quality welds compared with other joining methods. Laser welding process parameters can affect the quality of welds. In this paper, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to model the effects of laser power, welding speed, clamp pressure and stand-off distance on weld lap-shear strength in laser transmission welding (LTW) of acrylic (polymathy methacrylate). A set of experimental data on diode laser weld lap-shear strengths was used to train and test the ANN from which the neurons relations were gradually extracted to develop a model. The developed ANN model can be used for the analysis and prediction of the complex relationships between the above mentioned process parameters and weld lap-shear strength. The results indicated that increase in laser power and clamp pressure increases the weld lap-shear strength whereas welding speed and stand off distance had a decreasing affect on shear strength at high value.
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Jandaghi, Mohammad Reza, Abdollah Saboori, Gholamreza Khalaj, and Mohammadreza Khanzadeh Ghareh Shiran. "Microstructural Evolutions and its Impact on the Corrosion Behaviour of Explosively Welded Al/Cu Bimetal." Metals 10, no. 5 (2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050634.
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In this study, the microstructural evolutions and corrosion resistance of aluminium/copper joint fabricated through explosive welding process have been thoroughly investigated, while stand-off distance was variable. Microstructural analyses demonstrate that, regardless of grain refinement in the welding boundary, increasing the stand-off space is followed by a higher thickness of the localized melting pool. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses recognized the binary intermetallic layers as a combination of Al2Cu and AlCu. Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) corrosion tests revealed that a higher stand-off distance resulted in the increment of corrosion potential, current rate, and concentration gradient at the interface owing to the remarkable kinetic energy of the collision, which impaired corrosion resistance.
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Gnanamurugan, K., R. Varahamoorthi, and C. Sundarraj. "Joining of Al-Alloy Tubes by Carbon Steel Tubes using MPW Technique." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 24 (2024): 2538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i24.177.
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Background/ Objectives: Joining aluminum alloys with low carbon steel (DC01) through fusion welding is a challenging task due to the occurrence of solidification defects like porosity, alloy segregation, and hot cracking. However, these issues can be addressed by employing solid-state welding techniques like explosive welding and MPW (magnetic pulse welding). MPW is a cost-effective and high-speed solid state welding method that involves creating joints in an overlap configuration. Methods: The MPW technique was employed to join dissimilar aluminum alloy AL 7075T6 hollow tube and DC01 steel rod in this study. A central composite design model was created to analyze the relationship between key MPW process parameters, including stand-off distance (SoD), overlap length, and discharge energy, and the bonding strength of the joints. Experimental setups were established and correlate with tensile-shear fracture load and interface hardness of the joints with the MPW process parameters. Findings: It is understood that the maximum TSFL of 2.404 kN was obtained under the welding condition of 23kJ discharge energy, 2.25 mm Stand-off distance, 8.5 mm overlap length, which is the optimum MP welding state for AA 7075 T6 with DC01 and confirmed by RSM. In addition, the cultivated connection can be aptly leveraged to anticipate the TSFL of MPW joints with a 95% confidence level. Novelty: The parametric mathematic samples were developed for forecasting TSFL of joints. The MPW parameters were optimized to enhance TSFL of joints. Aluminium alloys with low carbon steel joints were developed using MPW for cars and ships applications without fusion welding defects. Keywords: Magnetic Pulse Welding, Dissimilar Joint, (RSM) Response Surface Methodology, Tensile Shear-Fracture Load
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Schramkó, Márton, Róbert Gábor Stadler, Péter Pinke, and Tünde Anna Kovács. "Optimization of Ultrasonic Welding of Polypropylene Sheets." Acta Materialia Transylvanica 7, no. 2 (2024): 109–12. https://doi.org/10.33924/amt-2024-02-09.
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Nowadays, polymers have grown into a leading group of materials. Accordingly, many technical polymers are used in industry. As the ending knee absorption increases, the binding design is also being studied continuously. In addition to mechanical and glued joints, different welding processes stand out, such as laser welding, stirrer friction welding, and ultrasound welding. The research was carried out on polypropylene, the plastic called PP. The aim of the study is to examine the ultrasonic welding of polypropylene sheets. During welding processes, we examine the effect of parameters such as welding time, amplitude and main load on the strength of the welding seam. Based on the test results, it was possible to create high-quality joints. The highest seam strengths were obtained with a welding time of 1.2 s and an amplitude of 55 μm. The effect of the main load on the strength of the seams was minimal.
8
Diachenko, S. M., and T. A. Krasovsky. "Modeling of Control Modes of Technological Equipment Diring Ultrasonic Welding of Polymers." Èlektronnoe modelirovanie 45, no. 4 (2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/emodel.45.04.003.
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Two control modes of technological equipment for ultrasonic welding of polymers are consi-dered: a mode with support of constant time and a mode of support of constant energy during the operation of the ultrasonic generator. The advantages of operation of the oscillating system in the constant energy maintenance mode are shown. A stand for modeling welding processes was developed and manufactured. An example of technological equipment that was manufac-tured based on the results of simulation of welding modes is presented.
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K, Gnanamurugan, Varahamoorthi R, and Sundarraj C. "Joining of Al-Alloy Tubes by Carbon Steel Tubes using MPW Technique." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 24 (2024): 2538–46. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i24.177.
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Abstract <strong>Background/ Objectives:</strong> Joining aluminum alloys with low carbon steel (DC01) through fusion welding is a challenging task due to the occurrence of solidification defects like porosity, alloy segregation, and hot cracking. However, these issues can be addressed by employing solid-state welding techniques like explosive welding and MPW (magnetic pulse welding). MPW is a cost-effective and high-speed solid state welding method that involves creating joints in an overlap configuration.<strong> Methods:</strong> The MPW technique was employed to join dissimilar aluminum alloy AL 7075T6 hollow tube and DC01 steel rod in this study. A central composite design model was created to analyze the relationship between key MPW process parameters, including stand-off distance (SoD), overlap length, and discharge energy, and the bonding strength of the joints. Experimental setups were established and correlate with tensile-shear fracture load and interface hardness of the joints with the MPW process parameters. <strong>Findings:</strong> It is understood that the maximum TSFL of 2.404 kN was obtained under the welding condition of 23kJ discharge energy, 2.25 mm Stand-off distance, 8.5 mm overlap length, which is the optimum MP welding state for AA 7075 T6 with DC01 and confirmed by RSM. In addition, the cultivated connection can be aptly leveraged to anticipate the TSFL of MPW joints with a 95% confidence level. <strong>Novelty:</strong> The parametric mathematic samples were developed for forecasting TSFL of joints. The MPW parameters were optimized to enhance TSFL of joints. Aluminium alloys with low carbon steel joints were developed using MPW for cars and ships applications without fusion welding defects. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Magnetic Pulse Welding, Dissimilar Joint, (RSM) Response Surface Methodology, Tensile Shear-Fracture Load
10
Dobrzański, Przemysław. "Bonding of High Temperature Thermoplastic Carbon Composites with Resistance Welding Technique." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2018, no. 3 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2018-0018.
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Abstract The article presents ‘state-of-the art’ on joining fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites with the use of resistance welding technique. Their welding process and potential difficulties connected with the process and quality control of a manufactured element are presented. The structure of a typical thermoplastic composite welding stand was also presented. The main welding technology elements were characterized: structure of the resistance element, implementation of the thermal process and pressure application required for joining materials. The paper also presents the required calibration ranges for a technological process with the use of strength test types SLS, DCB, SBS and nondestructive testing of joint with the ultrasonic method.
11
Kwee, Irene, and Koen Faes. "Interfacial Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium to Copper Sheet Joints by Electromagnetic Pulse Welding." Key Engineering Materials 710 (September 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.710.109.
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This study investigated joining of Al to Cu sheets by electromagnetic pulse welding, which is a solid-state welding process that uses electromagnetic forces to join materials. The interfacial morphology and mechanical properties of the Al/Cu joints were analysed and related to the welding process parameters and weld properties. The centre section of the Al/Cu joints evolved from a non-welded to a welded zone. The welded zone started with a wavy interface, consisting of thick interfacial layers with defects and evolved to a relatively flat interface without an interfacial layer. The interfacial layer thickness is determined by both the discharge energy and the stand-off distance. A higher tensile force, up to 4.9 kN, was achieved at a higher energy and a lower stand-off distance of 2 mm. The tensile force is directly related to the weld width, since a higher tensile force is achieved for a higher weld width. In addition, the presence of interfacial layers can contribute to a small extent to a higher tensile force.
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Irene, Kwee, and Faes Koen. "Interfacial morphology and Mechanical properties of Aluminium to Copper Sheet Joints by Electromagnetic Pulse Welding." Key Engineering Materials 710 (September 23, 2016): 109–14. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.710.109.
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This study investigated joining of Al to Cu sheets by electromagnetic pulse welding, which is a solid-state welding process that uses electromagnetic forces to join materials. The interfacial morphology and mechanical properties of the Al/Cu joints were analysed and related to the welding process parameters and weld properties. The centre section of the Al/Cu joints evolved from a non-welded to a welded zone. The welded zone started with a wavy interface, consisting of thick interfacial layers with defects and evolved to a relatively flat interface without an interfacial layer. The interfacial layer thickness is determined by both the discharge energy and the stand-off distance. A higher tensile force, up to 4.9 kN, was achieved at a higher energy and a lower stand-off distance of 2 mm. The tensile force is directly related to the weld width, since a higher tensile force is achieved for a higher weld width. In addition, the presence of interfacial layers can contribute to a small extent to a higher tensile force.
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Deshmukh, D. D., and V. D. Kalyankar. "Deposition Characteristics of Multitrack Overlayby Plasma Transferred Arc Welding on SS316Lwith Co-Cr Based Alloy – Influence ofProcess Parameters." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (2019): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2018-0046.
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AbstractPlasma transferred arc welding (PTAW) is one of the outstanding overlay coating technique used in numerous industries including pressure vessel, automotive, chemical, nuclear, etc. owing to its superior characteristics, low dilution and high efficiency in the coating. In the present investigations, an effort is made to investigate the multitrack overlay deposition by PTAW on 16 mm thick 316 L plate by CO-Cr alloy. Samples are produced under different processing conditions, as per full factorial central composite design of experiment with preheating of 200°C by maintaining the interpass temperature 250 °C. Effects of transferred arc current, welding travel speed, powder feed rate, welding oscillation speed and stand-off distance on weld bead shape parameters comprising of width of deposition and reinforcement are presented and discussed based on experimental observations and fitted model. Relationship between the input process parameters with deposition characteristics is also presented in the form of regression equation. Lower current (100–120 A), intermediate travel speed (120–140 mm/min), intermediate powder feed rate (12–14 gms/min), lower oscillating speed (450–550 mm/min) and lower stand-off distance (6–8 mm) would give better deposition characteristics with minimum distortion, less residual stresses, no surface defects with strong metallurgical bond.
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Hamzah, Hamzah. "Welder Work Position Planning with the REBA Method: Rapid Entire Body Assessment." Collaborate Engineering Daily Book Series 1, no. 1 (2023): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.62012/collaborate.v1i1.5.
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Welding is a job with a high risk of danger for the welder, such as a hot working environment, dehydration, eye complaints, and uncomfortable working positions. One of the conditions that often occur in welding workers when carrying out work is the position of the welder's body when carrying out welding, which is required to stand. This condition will cause complaints that the welder feels because carrying out the welding process takes a long time. This causes the welder to experience pain in the legs and back and, if done continuously, will trigger long-term illness. The method used in this research is method Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). From the results of manually calculating the REBA method, a score of 2 is obtained, which can be interpreted according to the REBA Classification and Risk Level as low risk. Based on the results of work posture testing on the welding section, the workload of the workers has been reduced from 5 to 2. Therefore, the best position is welding while standing with the body upright; this will help the welder work without injury and has been tested using the REBA method.
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Glaspell, Aspen, Jose Angel Diosdado De la Pena, Saroj Dahal, Sandesh Neupane, Jae Joong Ryu, and Kyosung Choo. "Heat Transfer and Structural Characteristics of Dissimilar Joints Joining Ti-64 and NiTi via Laser Welding." Energies 15, no. 19 (2022): 6949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196949.
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This study investigates the thermal-stress characteristics of a bi-metallic Ti-6Al-4V-Nitinol butt joints manufactured via laser welding. Particularly, the thermal profile along the weld interface and the deformation profile of the finished welded workpiece. A decoupled transient thermomechanical simulation model was constructed to recreate the welding process. This decoupled thermomechanical simulation model consisted of two transient simulation models. A transient thermal simulation model and a transient structural simulation model, with the thermal history of the transient thermal model being fed into the transient structural model. Both the thermal and structural portions of the model utilized temperature-dependent thermal and structural properties of Ti-6Al-4V and Nitinol. The temperature profile of the transient thermal-stress model aligns with the experimental thermal profile within 5% error. The deformation profile also matches the experimental results within 5% error. This approach to modeling laser welding can stand as a guide to predict both thermal and deformation profiles generated during the laser welding process.
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Statsenko, V., A. Sukhorada, and M. Bernvskaya. "Research of Heat Input in Friction Stir Welding." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.634.
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Nowadays the most perspective, high-tech and productive process is friction stir welding. The most important part of this technology is to determine the temperature of the material in the stir zone. This parameter is easily counted by the amount of the heat input, put in the welding zone. We made experimental researches about the relation of the heat input, therotation speed and thediameter of the working tool. For that purpose an experimental scheme was chosen, which models a welding material (aluminum alloy AMg5) as an experimental tube 20 mm in diameter. The tool (shear steel P6M5) is modeled as a working plate. Measurements of the frictional moments depending on the rotation speed of the experimental working tube during the constant temperature are made on the prepared stand. By the experimental data the specific heat input and the heat power were counted on every concentric ring, 2 mm in width, in the end of the working tool, 20 mm in diameter. Also, the sum of the heat power for the whole tool during various rotation speed terms was counted too. On the stand throughout the experiment were determined all the thermal conductivity heat losses along the rod, which the experimental tube was pinned on, all the working plate heat losses through the gasket towards the working desk and the convection from the surface of the rotating experimental tube to the environment. According the data, any of these losses is from 3 to 10 percent. This is shown in the heat input counting.
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Demonie, Wim, Koen Faes, and Wim De Waele. "Influence of process parameters on the weld quality of dissimilar Cu-Al magnetic pulse welded sheets." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 7, no. 1 (2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v7i1.3637.
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Little is known about the influence of the main geometrical parameters (overlap, stand-off and free length) and the energy input on welds formed by electromagnetic pulse welding. The Taguchi experimental design method was applied for determining the underlying relations for dissimilar sheet welding of copper and aluminium. The weld quality was evaluated based on four output parameters: the weld length, the size of the interfacial layer, the lap shear strength and the thickness reduction of the flyer sheet. The influence of the overlap and free length showed to be non-negligible; this in contrast to the small amount of attention these parameters receive in other publications.
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Statsenko, V., and A. Sukhorada. "Research of Heat Power in Friction Stir Spot Welding." Key Engineering Materials 806 (June 2019): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.806.81.
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Nowadays the most perspective, high-tech and productive process is friction stir spot welding. The most important part of this technology is to determine the temperature of the material in the stir zone. This parameter is easily counted by the amount of the heat input, put in the welding zone. We made experimental researches about the relation of the heat power, therotation speed and the diameter of the working tool. For that purpose an experimental scheme was chosen, which models a welding material (aluminum alloy AMg5) as an experimental tube 20 mm in diameter. The tool (shear steel P6M5) is modeled as a working plate. Measurements of the frictional moments depending on the rotation speed of the experimental working tube during the constant temperature are made on the prepared stand. By the experimental data the specific heat input and the heat power were counted on every concentric ring, 2 mm in width, in the end of the working tool, 20 mm in diameter. Also, the sum of the heat power for the whole tool during various rotation speed terms was counted too. On the stand throughout the experiment were determined all the thermal conductivity heat losses along the rod, which the experimental tube was pinned on, all the working plate heat losses through the gasket towards the working desk and the convection from the surface of the rotating experimental tube to the environment. According the data, any of these losses is from 3 to 10 percent. This is shown in the heat input counting.
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Winczek, Jerzy, Marek Gucwa, and Łukasz Skroński. "Estimation of Heat Energy in Regeneration of Agricultural Machine Parts by Welding Methods." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 3 (2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0030.
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Abstract In the paper, the method of calculating the welding energy needed to regenerate parts of agricultural machines by welding (joining) or surfacing (rebuilding, hardfacing) is presented. Problems with the lack of adequacy of the commonly used formula for linear welding energy to the actual amount of heat introduced into the welded joint are discussed. A volumetric approach based on the effective amount of heat generated by the electric arc introduced per unit volume of the weld was proposed. The simplified formulas for volumetric energy are presented. The considerations are illustrated with examples of calculations. The analyzed examples include the use of a computerized stand for geometric measurements of metallographic specimens. The proposed volumetric method of calculating the amount of heat introduced into the welded joint is a more realistic indicator of heat demand than linear energy. On the other hand, based on the volume of the weld (padding weld), it allows to determine the amount of energy needed to regenerate machine parts, including agricultural ones.
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Prażmowski, M., and H. Paul. "The Effect of Stand-Off Distance on the Structure and Properties of Zirconium – Carbon Steel Bimetal Produced by Explosion Welding / Wpływ Odległości Blach Na Strukturę I Własności Bimetalu Cyrkon - Stal Wytworzonego Technologią Zgrzewania Wybuchowego." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, no. 4 (2012): 1201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0134-0.
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This study focuses on the effect of the stand-off distance between the bonded plates on the properties of zirconium (Zr700) - steel (P355NL2) bimetal produced by explosion welding. Bonding trials were carried out in parallel arrangement at constant detonation velocity. The analyses of microstructural transformations occurring in the bond zone and mechanical properties of the clad were performed for as-bonded welds, i.e. immediately following explosion welding. A general description of the obtained welds was made (height and length of the wave was determined) and the quantitative fraction of the melt zones was calculated along the bond’s length. Using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enabled the assessment of the quality of the formed bonds, initial identification of phases and quantitative analysis of the individual phases on the longitudinal section. The microhardness results were used in the analysis of hardening changes at the interface area. The completed research proves the potential to obtain a proper bond for zirconium/carbon steel sheets. A strong effect of the stand-off distance on the strength properties of the fabricated plates was observed, and the ’direction’ of these transformations was pointed out. Optical microscopy and SEM examinations allowed determining the characteristic of the bond interface for diverse stand-off distances. It was established that increasing the stand-off distance between the plates causes the reduction of the melt area along the length of the bond, which improves strength properties of the bimetal. The analysis of the strength distribution performed based on the microhardness measurements showed that the changes occur within the distances up to 500µm from the bond interface and the highest hardening, for both zirconium and steel, is directly at the interface and then successively decreases.
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Kim, Si-Yeon, Tae-Gyeong Kim, Sung-Jin Chang, Dong-Hoon Kim, Sung-Ho Yang, and Hyun-Uk Hong. "Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ta-Cladded Ni-Cr-Mo Low Alloyed Steel via Explosive Welding." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 62, no. 11 (2024): 857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2024.62.11.857.
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The effects of welding variables (stand-off distance and explosive thickness) on the interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of explosively welded Ta alloy to Ni-Cr-Mo low alloyed steel have been investigated. Regardless of welding conditions (a stand-off distance of 3-5 mm and explosive thickness of 40-80 mm), the Ta/steel interface consistently exhibited a wavy configuration. This wavy interface facilitated the formation of vortex, resulting in strong interlocking. The height of the vortex increased with a larger stand-off distance at a fixed explosive thickness of 60 mm. Similarly, increasing the explosive thickness at a stand-off distance of 3 mm also resulted in a greater vortex height. The explosive weldability window, plotting the collision angle (<i>β</i>) against the collision point velocity (<i>v<sub>c</sub></i>), was successfully established for the dissimilar Ta and steel plates. The upper limit prediction with <i>N</i>=0.11, as proposed by Wittman, best matched the experimental results. This guided the determination of the optimal condition, which was a standoff distance of 3 mm and an explosive thickness of 40 mm. A vortex melted zone (VMZ) was identified, which resulted from the dynamic intermixing of Ta and steel, combined with localized melting caused by high-energy collisions and heat accumulation. The VMZ surrounded by a highly deformed Ta alloy, showed the highest hardness. Near the interface on the steel side, a fine recrystallized grain structure was observed. No significant inter-diffusion was detected at the wavy Ta/steel interface. The tension-shear properties of the wavy interface, which was subjected to loading parallel to interface, showed a good balance of strength and ductility, confirming the soundness of Ta/steel interface.
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Babitskiy, Leonid, Vadim Moskalevich, and Sergey Mischuk. "Justification of ways to increase the durability of tillage working bodies." E3S Web of Conferences 126 (2019): 00059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912600059.
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Based on an analysis of the features of operation of tillage working bodies proposed methods to increase their durability, combining intermittent overlaying welding surfaces by wear–resistant materials and influence deep cold. Justified stand options for cryogenic influence on details of tillage machinery. The results of the experiment for the realization of the offered methods of durability for example loosening claws of the tiller are given
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Lopes, Diogo Raphael, Anelise Schmitz, Andréa Ryba Lenzi, Eduardo Rodrigo Catai, and Tatiana Maria Cecy Gadda. "Simulation of Exposure to Metal Fumes in The Smaw Welding Process Using IH MOD 2.0: Occupational Health and Safety Assessment." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 12 (2024): e010362. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n12-089.
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Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential of simulation using IH Mod 2.0 as an accessible and effective tool to predict exposure to metal fumes in the SMAW welding process. Theoretical Framework: Metal fumes, as pollutants generated in welding processes, can harm human health. Methods for anticipating health risks to workers stand out, providing a solid basis for promoting a safer occupational environment. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises simulation using the IH Mod 2.0 tool to calculate the concentration of Cr, Mn, and Ni pollutants during welding for two types of electrodes in environments with and without ventilation. Concentration estimates were calculated based on data provided by the manufacturer. Results and Discussion: The results revealed minimal differences between the values predicted and calculated by IH Mod 2.0, validating the tool’s capability to accurately simulate fume emissions in the SMAW welding process, even though the model does not account for the different risks associated with each contaminant. Research Implications: This research's practical and theoretical implications are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in occupational health and safety. These implications could encompass metal fume exposure from welding activities in the industrial and construction sectors. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by simulating welding risks in an economical and efficient way, enabling preventive analysis and strategic decision-making that prioritizes workers' health and safety.
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Gnanamurugan, K., R. Varahamoorthi, and C. Sundarraj. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 7075T6 Aluminum Alloy – DC01 Low Carbon Steel Rod Joints by Magnetic Pulse Welding." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 43 (2024): 4470–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i43.1728.
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Objectives: The production of solidification flaws such as porosity, alloy segregation, hot cracking, etc. makes the fusion welding process extremely challenging when joining aluminum alloys with low-carbon steel (DC01). Explosive welding and magnetic pulse welding are two solid-state welding methods that can be utilized to solve these issues. With magnetic pulse welding (MPW), welding can be done more quickly and affordably while creating overlapped joints. Methods: In this study, the MPW method was used to join the dissimilar AL 7075T6 aluminum alloy tube and DC01 steel rod. The mechanical characteristics and microstructure of MPW joints were evaluated and observed. The results demonstrate that the metallurgical joints may be formed in the lapping region at a discharge energy of 23 kJ, a stand-off distance of 2 mm, and an working length of 8.5 mm. Findings: The joint is made up of a transition zone with varying widths, two matrix metals, and two interfaces between the zone and the two metals. The interface has a characteristic wavy pattern, and mutual diffusion of Fe and Al elements occurs in the zone. The micro hardness of the interface is much higher than that of the matrix metals. The metallurgical joint consists of two interfaces, one transition zone and two basic metals. The mutual diffusion of Fe and Al elements occurs across the interface and in the transition zone. The multi-direction micro-cracks and the micro-apertures present in the transition zone. Novelty: Aluminium alloys with low carbon steel joints were developed using MPW for cars and ships applications without fusion welding defects. The microstructural features of Aluminium alloys with low carbon steel tube joints were correlated to the TSFL and Hardness of the joints. Keywords: Magnetic pulse joining, Dissimilar metals, Metallurgical joint, Aluminum, Alloy, Mechanical properties
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Бахматов, П. В., and Е. Е. Тишкова. "Deformation-free submerged-arc welding of butt joints of sheet shipbuilding steel A." MORSKIE INTELLEKTUAL`NYE TEHNOLOGII), no. 2(52) (June 20, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37220/mit.2021.52.2.051.
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В работе приведены результаты экспериментального исследования способа автоматической сварки под слоем флюса плоских листовых конструкций обеспечивающего существенное снижение уровня сварочных деформаций, равномерность распределения твердости, как по поверхности стыкуемых кромок, так и в поперечном сечении сварного шва, минимизацию зон термического влияния и отсутствие в них закалочных структур. Способ основан на сдерживании процесса последовательного прохождения полиморфных превращений в формируемом металле шва до момента окончания сварки и последующем отпуске всего соединения. Полученные сварные соединения, удовлетворяют требованиям нормативной документации, регламентирующей их форму и размерность. Установлено, что применение этого способа позволяет осуществлять одностороннюю однопроходную автоматическую сварку без разделки кромок и зазора на режимах традиционной двусторонней сварки, а также существенно повысить глубину проплавления. Для реализации процесса разработан лабораторный стенд, позволяющий осуществлять автоматическую сварку без установки сварочного трактора на поверхность соединяемых деталей. Показана неэффективность расчетных методов определения напряжений и деформаций при сварке под слоем флюса. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the method of automatic welding under a layer of flux of flat sheet structures, which provides a significant reduction in the level of welding deformations, uniformity of hardness distribution, both on the surface of butting edges and in the cross section of the weld, minimization of heat-affected zones and the absence of hardening structures. The method is based on restraining the process of sequential passage of polymorphic transformations in the formed weld metal until the end of welding and subsequent tempering of the entire joint. The resulting welded joints meet the requirements of the normative documentation governing their shape and dimension. It was found that the use of this method allows one-sided single-pass automatic welding without cutting edges and a gap in the modes of traditional two-sided welding, as well as significantly increasing the penetration depth. To implement the process, a laboratory stand has been developed that allows automatic welding without installing a welding tractor on the surface of the parts to be joined. The inefficiency of calculation methods for determining stresses and strains in submerged arc welding is shown.
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Horajski, Piotr, Lukasz Bohdal, Leon Kukielka, Radoslaw Patyk, Pawel Kaldunski, and Stanislaw Legutko. "Advanced Structural and Technological Method of Reducing Distortion in Thin-Walled Welded Structures." Materials 14, no. 3 (2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030504.
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The article presents an innovative method of reducing welding distortions of thin-walled structures by introducing structural and technological changes. The accuracy of the method was demonstrated on the example of welding the stub pipes to the outer surface of a thin-walled tank with large dimensions, made of steel 1.4301 with a wall thickness of 1.5 × 10−3 (m). During traditional Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), distortions of the base are formed, the flatness deviation of which was 11.9 × 10−3 (m) and exceeded the permissible standards. As a result of structural and technological changes, not only does the joint stiffness increase, but also a favorable stress state is introduced in the flange, which reduces the local welding stresses. Numerical models were developed using the finite element method (FEM), which were used to analyze the residual stresses and strains pre-welding, in extruded flanges, in transient, and post-welding. The results of the calculations for various flanges heights show that there is a limit height h = 9.2 × 10−3 (m), above which flange cracks during extrusion. A function for calculating the flange height was developed due to the required stress state. The results of numerical calculations were verified experimentally on a designed and built test stand for extrusion the flange. The results of experimental research confirmed the results of numerical simulations. For further tests, bases with a flange h = 6 × 10−3 (m) were used, to which a stub pipe was welded using the GTAW method. After the welding process, the distortion of the base was measured with the ATOS III scanner (GOM a Zeiss company, Oberkochen, Germany). It has been shown that the developed methodology is correct, and the introduced structural and technological changes result in a favorable reduction of welding stresses and a reduction in the flatness deviation of the base in the welded joint to 0.39 × 10−3 (m), which meets the requirements of the standards.
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Barma, J. Deb, Mitul B. Shil, P. K. Dan, and A. Bandyopadhyay. "An Approach of Weighted Principal Component Analysis Based Taguchi Method for Parametric Optimization of Submerged Arc Welding." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.866.
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Quality is the collection of features and characteristics of a product that contribute to its ability to meet given requirements. The quality of a weld joint is directly influenced by the welding parameters during the welding process. Often, a common problem that has been faced by the manufacturer is the control of the process parameters to obtain a good welded joint. Quality level is denoted as the probability of conformance and is a function of system variables and system specification. The present work is aimed to improve the quality of the weldment in SAW using Weighted Principal Component based Taguchi method. Three process parameters such as voltage, carriage speed and stand of distance are identified to carry out the study. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness are considered to be the response parameters in the present study.
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Xian, Guo, Jingbang Pan, and Qingshan Li. "A Comparative Study of Two WAAM Patterns for Structures with Grid Fin Characteristics." Materials 18, no. 2 (2025): 219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020219.
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As a critical component of rocket systems, the grid fin is widely applied in the aerospace industry. Compared to traditional manufacturing methods and other additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is more advantageous in its time and cost efficiency, especially when it is utilized in the large-scale production of components. Given the significant effect of the welding strategies on the quality of manufactured parts, we investigated two distinct WAAM printing orientations, horizontal, or lie (L), and perpendicular, or stand (S), using a small-scale model. The feasibility of these two printing approaches was evaluated by analyzing the surface quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties at the junctions of the grid fin. Furthermore, a finite element analysis (FEA) was adopted to simulate and analyze the main factors, including the temperature distribution, deformation, and stress profiles at the welding joints, in both AM strategies. The integrated approach adopted in this study provides important insights for optimizing the application of WAAM in grid fin manufacturing. In summary, our results indicate that while the L mode is easily manufacturable and exhibits stable properties, the S mode holds significant market potential if its welding parameters are optimized.
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Alhatti, Ahmed I., Jamal Sheikh-Ahmad, Fahad Almaskari, Kamran A. Khan, Suleyman Deveci, and Abdelrahman I. Hosny. "A Study of the Friction Stir Lap Welding of AA5052 and Polypropylene." Polymers 15, no. 23 (2023): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15234481.
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Friction stir lap welding (FSLW) remains a pioneering technique for creating hybrid joints between AA5052 aluminium alloy and polypropylene (PP), particularly with the metal-on-top configuration. Building upon previous research, this study introduces a tapered fluted pin tool design and investigates its effectiveness in the welding process. Our results, supported by ANOVA, chemical, and microstructural analyses, reiterate that the optimal welding parameters stand at a rotational speed of 1400 RPM and a traverse speed of 20 mm/min. This combination produces a joint tensile strength of 3.8 MPa, signifying 16.54% of the weaker material’s inherent strength. Microstructural evaluations revealed a unique composite of aluminium chips intermeshed with PP, strengthened further by aluminium hooks. Crucially, mechanical interlocking plays a predominant role over chemical bonding in achieving this joint strength. The study underscores the absence of significant C-O-Al bonds, hinting at the PP degradation without the thermo-oxidation process. Additionally, joint strength was found to inversely correlate with the interaction layer’s thickness. The findings fortify the promise of FSLW with the novel fluted pin design for enhancing joints between AA5052 and PP, emphasising the potential of mechanical interlocking as a principal factor in achieving high-quality welds.
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Kim, Sung-Wook, Chang-Keun Chun, and Sook-Hwan Kim. "Effects of the Stand-off Distance on the Weld Strength in Magnetic Pulse Welding." Journal of Welding and Joining 26, no. 6 (2008): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2008.26.6.048.
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Kazanovskii, A. B., and A. N. Samoilenko. "Stand for the automatic welding of longitudinal seams on shells made of thin sheets." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 25, no. 1 (1989): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01158345.
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Skuza, Wojciech, Henryk Paul, Katarzyna Berent, Mariusz Prazmowski, and Piotr Bobrowski. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti/Cu Clads Manufactured by Explosive Bonding at Different Stand-Off Distances." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.464.
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In this study, unalloyed titanium (Gr.1) and deoxidized high phosphorus copper plates were joined through explosive welding process. Different stand-off distances were used to investigate their influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the clad fabricated at the same amount of explosive charge. Microstructures near-the-interface were examined with the use of scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and then microhardness measurements were carried out on the clad. Microstructure examinations showed that with increasing stand-off distance the length and amplitude of the waviness and the quantity of melted zones in areas near-the-interface increase. The inclusions of the melted zones are formed behind the wave crests on titanium side or within the wave vortex. Microhardness measurements indicate a significant increase of both plates microhardness, especially near-the-interface.
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Kuzmikova, Lenka, Huijun Li, John Norrish, Zengxi Pan, and Nathan Larkin. "Development of safe optimized welding procedures for high strength Q&T steel welded with austenitic consumables." Soldagem & Inspeção 18, no. 2 (2013): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-92242013000200010.
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High strength quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels offer obvious economic benefits originating from their advantageous strength to price and weight ratios. These steels are usually welded using ferritic consumables and for this combination the risk of hydrogen assisted cold cracking (HACC) is high. The use of austenitic stainless steel (ASS) consumables has great potential to significantly improve this issue. Yet, there are no guidelines for determination of safe level of preheat for welding ferritic steels with ASS consumables. For this reason manufacturers adopt this parameter from procedures developed for conventional ferritic consumables thus significantly limiting the benefits ASS consumables are capable to deliver. Productivity could be further enhanced by identifying the upper interpass temperature threshold, thus reducing the stand-off times. Aim of this work is to develop safe highly optimised procedures for welding of high strength Q&T steel with ASS consumable.
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S., O. PLITCHENKO. "PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS OF FRICTION STIR WELDING." Science and Transport Progress, no. 3(75) (June 8, 2018): 95–104. https://doi.org/10.15802/stp2018/133168.
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<strong>Purpose</strong><strong>.</strong> The study is aimed at improving the procedure for determining the optimum radius of the shoulder of a special tool for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys and its change depending on the variations of base metal thickness. <strong>Methodology.</strong> The friction stir welding process was carried out on specially designed equipment. The material for the studies were 1.85 mm thick plates made of aluminum alloy AMg3 with a chemical content of alloying elements within the range of the brand composition. The temperature in the welding zone and the pressure from the tool on the edges of the welded joint were determined using a specially designed research stand. The pressing force of the tool to the base metal during welding was measured with a dynamometer type DC-0.1 with the indicator head. <strong>Findings</strong><strong>.</strong> During the research, the degree of metal heating and the quality of the welded joint formation were determined at various ratios of the rotation frequency of the working tool and the normal pressure to the joining edges. The research allowed determining the influence of FSW process parameters on the temperature of metal heating in the action zone of the working tool shoulder. <strong>Originality</strong><strong>.</strong> The experimental studies allowed to determine the effect of the working tool rotation speed and the magnitude of its pressure on the welded metal during welding on the temperature in the weld zone. Increasing the tool rotation frequency allows to reduce pressure of the working tool during welding, which results in more efficient and high-quality welding process. It has been established that it is possible to obtain better welded joints at a temperature of about 0.7 <em>Tm</em> and to determine the optimal temperature range in the welding zone. <strong>Practical</strong><strong> value</strong><strong>.</strong> The study resulted in determination of the conditions for achieving the permanent softening effect during friction stir welding and the optimum temperatures in the welding zone for the tested alloy. The main technological parameters of the working tool are calculated and their influence on the generation of thermal energy in the welding zone is determined. The thermal analysis of the welding process resulted in development of the procedure for determining the technological parameters of the working tool and its rotation frequency depending on the weld metal thickness.
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K, Gnanamurugan, Varahamoorthi R, and Sundarraj C. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of 7075T6 Aluminum Alloy – DC01 Low Carbon Steel Rod Joints by Magnetic Pulse Welding." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 43 (2024): 4470–75. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i43.1728.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> The production of solidification flaws such as porosity, alloy segregation, hot cracking, etc. makes the fusion welding process extremely challenging when joining aluminum alloys with low-carbon steel (DC01). Explosive welding and magnetic pulse welding are two solid-state welding methods that can be utilized to solve these issues. With magnetic pulse welding (MPW), welding can be done more quickly and affordably while creating overlapped joints. <strong>Methods:</strong> In this study, the MPW method was used to join the dissimilar AL 7075T6 aluminum alloy tube and DC01 steel rod. The mechanical characteristics and microstructure of MPW joints were evaluated and observed. The results demonstrate that the metallurgical joints may be formed in the lapping region at a discharge energy of 23 kJ, a stand-off distance of 2 mm, and an working length of 8.5 mm. <strong>Findings:</strong> The joint is made up of a transition zone with varying widths, two matrix metals, and two interfaces between the zone and the two metals. The interface has a characteristic wavy pattern, and mutual diffusion of Fe and Al elements occurs in the zone. The micro hardness of the interface is much higher than that of the matrix metals. The metallurgical joint consists of two interfaces, one transition zone and two basic metals. The mutual diffusion of Fe and Al elements occurs across the interface and in the transition zone. The multi-direction micro-cracks and the micro-apertures present in the transition zone. <strong>Novelty:</strong> Aluminium alloys with low carbon steel joints were developed using MPW for cars and ships applications without fusion welding defects. The microstructural features of Aluminium alloys with low carbon steel tube joints were correlated to the TSFL and Hardness of the joints. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Magnetic pulse joining, Dissimilar metals, Metallurgical joint, Aluminum, Alloy, Mechanical properties
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Shrubchenko, Ivan, A. Hurtasenko, and M. Voronkova. "DETERMINATION OF POSSIBLE PROCESSING MODES OF THE SURFACES OF THE BANDAGES ON A SPECIAL STAND." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-7-1-1-8.
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The article deals with the issues of machining the surfaces of composite bandages, after welding them directly at the assembly site and subsequent operation, using mobile technologies. The design of the device is presented. It includes structural elements of the support of a rotary kiln, with two support rollers, a rotation drive and a special portable machine. Distinctive features for this machining scheme have been established. To enable the cutting process, it is proposed to drive the rim rotation using friction force from one of the support rollers, using a DC motor with a stepless rotation speed control and a reduction gear. A method of searching for rational operating modes of the installation using linear programming is proposed. The necessary technical restrictions on the operating mode of the installation have been determined. They are the power of the rotation drive, the tangential and axial components of the cutting force. The rotation speed of the band and the size of the allowance removed in one working stroke allow varying the treatment process. Selected dependencies allow to establish a connection between the varied parameters and the introduced technical constraints. The system of linear equations is obtained on their basis, by solving which it is possible to obtain the range of values of technological modes that allow the process of machining the surfaces of bandages on the proposed installation. For a bandages with a diameter of 6100 mm, rational technological modes have been obtained that allow the process of restorative treatment of the surfaces of the bandages after welding, directly at the site of their subsequent operation.
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Leso, Veruscka, Ilaria Vetrani, Ilaria Della Volpe, Caterina Nocera, and Ivo Iavicoli. "Welding Fume Exposure and Epigenetic Alterations: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (2019): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101745.
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Epigenetics are heritable changes in gene expression not coded in the DNA sequence, which stand at the interface between the genome, environmental exposure and development. From an occupational health perspective, epigenetic variants may link workplace exposures and health effects. Therefore, this review aimed to overview possible epigenetic effects induced by welding fumes on exposed workers and health implications. A systematic search was performed on Pubmed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. DNA methylation changes have been reported in genes responsible for the cardiac autonomic function and coagulation, i.e., LINE-1, GPR133 and F2RL3, in mitochondrial-DNA-sequences involved in the regulation of energy-generation/redox-signaling, as well as in inflammatory activated genes, i.e., iNOS. However, the limited number of retrieved articles, their cross-sectional nature, the lack of a suitable qualitative-quantitative exposure assessment, and the heterogeneity of biological-outcomes investigated, prevent the extrapolation of a definite causal relationship between welding fumes and epigenetic phenomena. Future studies should clarify the function of such epigenetic alterations as possible markers of occupational exposure and early effect, dose-response relationships, and underlying molecular mechanisms. Overall, this may be helpful to guide suitable risk assessment and management strategies to protect the health of workers exposed to welding fumes.
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Roeygens, Lodewijk, Wim De Waele, and Koen Faes. "Experimental investigation of the weldability of tubular dissimilar materials using the electromagnetic welding process." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 8, no. 1 (2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v8i1.6810.
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This paper describes the magnetic pulse welding process (MPW) for tubes. Material combinations of aluminium to steel and copper to aluminium were experimentally evaluated. The first major goal of this work is to experimentally obtain the optimal input parameters like the discharge energy, the stand-off distance and the tool overlap for MPW of the material combinations. Welding windows with all possible input parameters are created for both material combinations. Furthermore, a comparison is done between three coil systems; a single turn coil with field shaper, a single turn coil with a field shaper and transformer and a multi-turn coil and field shaper. Metallographic investigation of the samples, hardness tests and leak tests were executed to determine the most suitable machine set-up and the optimal input parameters for each set-up. A second major goal is to determine the influence of the target tube wall thickness on the deformation of tube-tube welds when no internal support is used.
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Guanghong, MIAO, WU Weida, ZHOU Dapeng, et al. "Numerical Simulation of Stand-Off Distance Effects on Explosive Welding Quality of Titanium-Stainless Steel." 应用数学和力学 46, no. 5 (2025): 611–20. https://doi.org/10.21656/1000-0887.450301.
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Rohan, Bhalekar, and Gujar A. "Study on Rivets and Joints in Mechanical Applications." Research and Reviews on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 8, no. 1 (2025): 16–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15245032.
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<em>Riveted joints have been a foundational element in mechanical engineering and structural applications for centuries. Despite modern advancements in welding and adhesive bonding, rivets continue to hold significance due to their reliability, simplicity, and effectiveness in specific environments and load conditions. This research paper explores the types, design, materials, and mechanical behavior of rivets and joints, including their advantages, limitations, and application areas. Comparative analysis with other joining methods is provided to emphasize where riveted joints stand in current engineering practice. Special focus is given to their role in aerospace, automotive, structural steel, and mechanical assemblies.</em>
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Mousavi, Seiyed Ali Asghar Akbari. "Numerical Studies of Explosive Welding of Three-Layer Cylinder Composites-Part 2." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.327.
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Finite element simulations of the experimental tests to explosively weld three layers of Al5056, Al6061 and SS304L tube composites, using various stand-off distances and explosive ratios, are presented in this study. The Williamsburg equations of state and Johnson-Cook constitutive equations were used to describe the behaviors of the explosive and the tubes, respectively. In this paper, the external parameters (dynamic angle and collision velocity) are related to the physical parameters (shear stress and plastic strain). The numerical results showed that very high localized plastic deformation was produced at the bond interface. Moreover, it was found that the shear stress magnitude and signs can provide the necessary criteria for bonding. In addition, the sufficient criterion for bonding was found to be the magnitude of the plastic strain produced at the collision point. The new welding window based on the internal parameters is proposed.
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Paul, Henryk, Wojciech Skuza, Robert Chulist, et al. "The Effect of Interface Morphology on the Electro-Mechanical Properties of Ti/Cu Clad Composites Produced by Explosive Welding." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 2 (2019): 750–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05537-x.
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Abstract The effect of interfacial microstructure on the electro-mechanical properties of explosively welded titanium and copper plates is discussed. Mechanical testing proved that using detonation velocities ranging from 2000 to 3000 m s−1 and stand-off distances from 1.5 to 9.0 mm, joints that satisfy the strength criteria for a good quality clad were produced. Scanning electron microscopy images show that all interfaces exhibit a wave character. It was noticed that as the stand-off distances and detonation velocities increase, the amplitude and period of the waves, as well as the quantity of the melt zones, increase as well. Also, as the interface waviness and volume fraction of the melt zones increase, the resistivity increases substantially. The experimental data demonstrate that the bonding between both metals is always achieved by surface melting of several tenths of a nanometer, which can be detected only by transmission electron microscopy. Most of the phases that form within the melt zones do not appear in the equilibrium phase diagram and show an amorphous/nano-grained structure. Only a very small amount of equilibrium phases such as CuTi3, Cu3Ti, Cu4Ti3 was revealed employing synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
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Samusev, S. V., and V. A. Fadeev. "Modeling of longitudinal welded pipe forming in open rolling pass unit of electric weld pipe mill." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 7 (2019): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-7-531-538.
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The results of theoretical and physical modeling of pipes forming process are described. Experiments on strip billets forming were carried out on 10-50 pipe-welding mill for a pipe 50 mm in diameter with 1mm wall. Forming of pipe billets was carried out at unit of forming horizontal and vertical stands with estimation of geometrical parameters. Roll drafting is one-radial. Energy-power parameters of the process that affect quality of billet geometry were determined and measured. Analysis of geometric parameters of resulting billet has revealed defects of buckling type on the billet’s right edge between the second edger and the third molding stand. Similar defect was detected at the left edge of the billet at a distance of the third molding and edger stands. To eliminate defects in forming section, shaping stands were rebuilt so that forces on drive cells were identical. Energy-force parameters of the process were sequentially determined: pulling forces of drive stands, resistance to strip movement and vertical molding forces. Calculations for determining energy-force parameters were performed taking into account the main technical parameters using two methods. The first technique takes into account geometric parameters of molded billet and parameters of working zone with the zone of non-contact deformation. The second method is based on consideration of contact interaction between the billet and shaped instrument along the deformation section. Discrepancy between calculated and experimental data was 8 – 12 %. After adjusting technical parameters of the molding process and the passes re-adjusting, a defect-free pipe billet was formed. Comparative analysis of calculated and experimental edge trajectories along the height and width of the cages showed discrepancy in results in range of 6 – 9 %. While studying geometric parameters of the focus of deformation, contact and non-contact zones of working zone and area of sprinkling were taken into account. Parameters of the pipe billet shaping in monotonous and roll forming centers have been calculated. Analysis of the results has shown that change in billet’s geometry in shaping stand corresponds to the accepted statements of billet’s geometry changes in rolling pass.
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Zhu, Lin, and Wei Huang. "Research on the Inner Wall of the Blind Hole Drilling Device." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (2014): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010332.
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This article describes the structure and working principle of the blind hole drilling device through application in the production practice proving its feasibility. At present, electrical discharge machining and welding method are commonly used to solve the problem. However, these methods have low processing efficiency, low manufacturing precision and high cost defect. This paper developed an inner wall of the blind hole drilling device, similar to stand-alone machine accessories and adopted the bevel gear transmission which can directly be mounted on vertical or horizontal milling machine, completing the processing operations in few minutes. This device not only has high processing efficiency and accuracy, but it also greatly reduces the production cost.
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Сорокина, Nataliya Sorokina, Закомолдин, et al. "Demagnetization Experience in Shipbuilding. Application to Different Industries." NDT World 18, no. 3 (2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12568.
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The article proves the necessity for a demagnetization process in mechanical engineering, nondestructive testing, welding. Analysis of demagnetization methods of offshore facilities in shipbuilding, proven experimentally, gives examples of their effective use in other areas of technology. The article gives in general terms a theoretical basis of demagnetization and highlights the need to achieve a stable demagnetized state for large-scale structures. Taking into account the demagnetization experience in shipbuilding, the authors offer a simplified version of a stationary stand designed to reduce a level of products’ residual magnetization. It is shown that the use of demagnetization in various fields of technology has the prospect of improving the quality and efficiency of industrial equipment.
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Razmyshlyaev, A., M. Ahieieva, and T. Shol. "ABOUT THE CLUSTER MECHANISM OF WELDS CRYSTALLIZATION IN ARC WELDING OF METALS AND ALLOYS." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, no. 37 (2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.2.
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In this work, the task was set to analyze the literature data on the cluster mechanism of crystallization of alloys in the field of foundry and metallurgical production and the possibility of its application for the process of crystallization of metal in a weld pool during arc welding and surfacing of metals and alloys. Literature data have shown that the cluster mechanism of their crystallization is widely used to explain many properties of castings and ingots in metallurgical production. It is shown that the previously used diffusion mechanism of crystallization of melts of steels and alloys, that is, the mechanism of crystal growth as the attachment of atoms of a substance from the melt to the solid phase (substrate), does not stand up to criticism. However, this old approach is used in all work on weld solidification in electric arc welding and surfacing. The same approach has always been used in works devoted to the study of the effect of magnetic fields (MF) during arc welding on the refinement of the weld structure. In modern research in the field of foundry and metallurgical industries, it is assumed that there are already clusters in the molten metal. Clusters are centers of crystallization. The process of crystallization of melts is represented as the attachment to larger crystals (clusters) of smaller ones. Earlier it was found that the refinement of the structural components of the weld metal during welding under the influence of MF occurs at the stage of their primary crystallization.
 Surfacing was performed without and with the influence of a control alternating transverse magnetic field with a frequency of 6 Hz. At the same time, in the structure of the bead deposited with the action of the field, a 2-fold grain refinement was observed. This refinement of the structure of the deposited metal occurred during its primary crystallization. It was assumed that this happened by the cluster crystallization mechanism.
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Sobaszek, Łukasz, and Antoni Świć. "Scheduling the Process of Robot Welding of Thin-Walled Steel Sheet Structures under Constraint." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125683.
Full textAbstract:
Industrial robot work optimization has been extensively studied. The main reason for analysis is the growing number of robots implemented in the different manufacturing processes. In order to benefit from the implementation of industrial robots, each implementation process ought to be preceded by an in-depth analysis of the stand work. Often the integrator’s intuition is the only base for decisions. This work focuses on the need for individualized scheduling and analysis of robotic production tasks in the context of overall production scheduling. The method of alternative schedules analysis was presented. The paper presents a scheduling process for an industrial robot in the process of robot welding of thin-walled steel sheet structures under constraints caused by the process technology. The proposed method allowed to reduce the assumed time criterion at the level of 5.4% for one detail. The obtained value of technological operation time reduction resulted in increased time savings throughout the entire production process.
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Statsenko, V., A. Sukhorada, and N. Mikhailova. "Methodology for Calculating Heat Loss in the Study of Friction Stir Welding." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.575.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, the most promising high-tech and productive process is friction stir welding. An important element of this technology is the determination of the material temperature in the stir zone, which can be determined by calculation based on the amount of heat input introduced into the welding zone. To determine this value, experimental of the dependence of heat input on the tool rotation speed and welding speed were carried out. For this, a scheme of experiments has been selected in which the material to be welded (aluminum alloy AMg5) is modeled as an experimental tube with a diameter of 20 mm, and the tool (made of tool steel R6M5) is modeled as a working plate. On the designed and manufactured stand, studies of the dependence of the heat-liberation value for the speeds of rotation of the experimental tube 42-105 rad/s were carried out. In this case, due to the pressing force of the experimental tube and the working plate, a constant temperature of the place of friction was maintained. The obtained experimental data were used to calculate the heat-liberation value and heat power on each concentric ring 2 mm wide at the end of the working tool with a diameter of 20 mm, as well as the total heat power for different speeds of rotation and welding.When carrying out experiments on the bench, heat losses were determined by thermal conductivity along the rod on which the experimental tube is fixed, as well as from the working plate made of tool steel through the gasket onto the working table and by convection from the surface of the rotating experimental tube into the environment. The calculation results showed that each of these losses does not exceed 3-10%. These losses are taken into account in the heat supply calculations.
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Romek, Dawid, Dariusz Ulbrich, Jaroslaw Selech, Jakub Kowalczyk, and Roksana Wlad. "Assessment of Padding Elements Wear of Belt Conveyors Working in Combination of Rubber–Quartz–Metal Condition." Materials 14, no. 15 (2021): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154323.
Full textAbstract:
Elements of belt conveyors, like other machine parts, are subject to wear processes. The conveyors transporting the spoil in the quartz sand mine are exposed to accelerated wear due to the effect of quartz on metal elements. Intensive wear of metal parts leads to downtime and the need to replace damage parts which generates additional costs. Therefore, it is important to perform surface treatment of metal elements, which will allow to extend the operation time of belt conveyors by reducing wear. The main objective of the article is to determine the impact of the pad welding process of the surface layer of metal elements on the abrasive wear of elements working in the metal–quartz sand–rubber conditions used in belt conveyors. In this research study, three different types of electrodes were used for pad welding the surface. The wear results obtained on the test stand were compared to wear of the basic element without surface treatment. The average wear value of the samples padded with electrode 3 was about 25% lower than the samples without surface treatment. The main mechanism of sample wear was the abrasion process due to the interaction between the steel surface and hard sand particles. The results presented in the article are important not only for belt conveyor elements but also for other machine parts where it is desirable to reduce abrasive wear.
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Weglowski, Marek S., Sebastian Stano, Krzysztof Krasnowski, Miroslaw Lomozik, Krzysztof Kwiecinski, and Robert Jachym. "Characteristics of Laser Welded Joints of HDT580X Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3739.
Full textAbstract:
In the present study, the characteristics of Nd:YAG laser welded joints of 600 MPa DP steel (HDT580X), 2.4 mm in thickness, in respect of hardness, microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated. The test joints have been welded under a shielding gas on the stand for robotic Nd:YAG laser welding at the beam power of 1.5 kW and 2.0 kW. Three combinations of welding parameters were used: 2.0 kW - 2.1 m/min, 2.0 kW - 1.5 m/min and 1.5 kW - 1.2 m/min. Detailed examinations were performed on the joint welded at the highest speed. The microstructure was examined by the optical-, scanning- and transmission electron microscope. The heat affected zone (HAZ) was composed of ferrite, bainite and lath martensite, the weld contained lath martensite. The maximum hardness in the HAZ did not exceed 343 HV. The tensile strength of the welded joint was at the same level as that of the base material. The results of fatigue tests and residual stress measurement of laser welded DP steel joints are also presented. The fatigue strength of the welded joint is lower than that of the base material. The fatigue class FAT was determined, which is equal to 284 MPa - for the base material and 150 MPa – for the welded joint. By means of the modified hole drilling method the following residual stresses were measured: σmax = 573 MPa and σmin= -126 MPa.