Academic literature on the topic 'Standard and Poor’s'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Standard and Poor’s.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Standard and Poor’s"

1

Gee, Harold. "Standard & Poor’s Capital IQ NetAdvantage." Charleston Advisor 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.18.4.49.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Muglia, Camilla, Luca Santabarbara, and Stefano Grassi. "Is Bitcoin a Relevant Predictor of Standard & Poor’s 500?" Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12020093.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper investigates whether Bitcoin is a good predictor of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index. To answer this question we compare alternative models using a point and density forecast relying on Dynamic Model Averaging (DMA) and Dynamic Model Selection (DMS). According to our results, Bitcoin does not show any direct impact on the predictability of Standard & Poor’s 500 for the considered sample.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Smirnov, Veniamin, and Dimitri Volchenkov. "Five Years of Phase Space Dynamics of the Standard & Poor’s 500." Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amns.2019.1.00019.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractInhomogeneous density of states in a discrete model of Standard & Poor’s 500 phase space leads to inequitable predictability of market events. Most frequent events might be efficiently predicted in the long run as expected from Mean reversion theory. Stocks have different mobility in phase space. Highly mobile stocks are associated with less unsystematic risk. Less mobile stocks might be cast into disfavor almost indefinitely. Relations between information components in Standard & Poor’s 500 phase space resemble of those in unfair coin tossing.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Cheng, C. S. Agnes, Denton L. Collins, and Henry He Huang. "The market response to the Standard & Poor’s transparency and disclosure rankings." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 2 (2008): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i2c2p1.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper investigates whether the Standard & Poors (S&P) transparency and disclosure (T&D) rankings represented new information to the financial markets when the results of the study were released by S&P on October 15, 2002. The S&P T&D rankings report the relative levels of three disclosure dimensions (ownership structure and investor rights, financial transparency and information disclosure, and board and management structure and process) provided by firms in their annual reports (annual report rankings) and complete regulatory filings (composite rankings). The results suggest that the S&P T&D rankings provided new information to the markets on cross-sectional differences in disclosure, and the market responds unfavorably during the event period to firms with large difference in disclosure levels across annual report and other regulatory filings. Further analyses reveal that the results are driven by the subcategory of ownership structure and investor rights.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Mulugetta, Abraham, Hormoz Movassaghi, and Raquib Zaman. "The influence of standard and poor’s ranking changes on stock price performance." Managerial Finance 28, no. 4 (April 2002): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074350210767807.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Jadid Abdulkadir, Said, Hitham Alhussian, Muhammad Nazmi, and Asim A Elsheikh. "Long Short Term Memory Recurrent Network for Standard and Poor’s 500 Index Modelling." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21365.

Full text
Abstract:
Forecasting time-series data are imperative especially when planning is required through modelling using uncertain knowledge of future events. Recurrent neural network models have been applied in the industry and outperform standard artificial neural networks in forecasting, but fail in long term time-series forecasting due to the vanishing gradient problem. This study offers a robust solution that can be implemented for long-term forecasting using a special architecture of recurrent neural network known as Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model to overcome the vanishing gradient problem. LSTM is specially designed to avoid the long-term dependency problem as their default behavior. Empirical analysis is performed using quantitative forecasting metrics and comparative model performance on the forecasted outputs. An evaluation analysis is performed to validate that the LSTM model provides better forecasted outputs on Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S&P 500) in terms of error metrics as compared to other forecasting models.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Antia, Murad J. "The Standard & Poor’s Guide to Selecting Stocks (a review): The Standard & Poor’s Guide to Selecting Stocks 2005 Kaye Michael McGraw-Hill (877) 833-5524, www.books.mcgraw-hill.com . 244 pages, $24.95." Financial Analysts Journal 64, no. 3 (June 2008): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v64.n3.14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Adrangi, Bahram, Arjun Chatrath, Madhuparna Kolay, and Kambiz Raffiee. "Dynamic Responses of Standard and Poor’s Regional Bank Index to the U.S. Fear Index, VIX." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030114.

Full text
Abstract:
This study examines the reaction of the Standard and Poor’s Regional Bank Index (SPRB) to the U.S. equity market fear index (i.e., the Chicago Board of Trade Volatility Index [VIX]). The VIX is designed to perform as a leading indicator of the volatility in equity markets. However, practitioners observe many periods of divergence between the VIX and S&P 500. Our paper examines the daily data for the period of 2009 through 2019. We show that once the effects of consumer confidence and capacity utilization are accounted for, there is a negative association between the VIX and regional bank performance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Ocran, Matthew. "South Africa and United States stock prices and the Rand/Dollar exchange rate." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 13, no. 3 (September 3, 2010): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v13i3.106.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper seeks to examine the dynamic causal relations between the two major financial assets, stock prices of the US and South Africa and the rand/US$ exchange rate. The study uses a mixed bag of time series approaches such as cointegration, Granger causality, impulse response functions and forecasting error variance decompositions. The paper identifies a bi-directional causality from the Standard & Poor’s 500 stock price index to the rand/US$ exchange rate in the Granger sense. It was also found that the Standard & Poor’s stock price index accounts for a significant portion of the variations in the Johannesburg Stock Exchange’s All Share index. Thus, while causality in the Granger sense could not be established for the relationship between the price indices of the two stock exchanges it can argued that there is some relationship between them. The results of the study have implications for both business and Government.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Peng, Jun. "Do Investors Look Beyond Insured Triple–A Rating? An Analysis of Standard & Poor’s Underlying Ratings." Public Budgeting & Finance 22, no. 3 (January 2002): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5850.00084.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Standard and Poor’s"

1

Ahlqvist, Niklas, and Peter Magnusson. "Värdet av företagsrating." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2497.

Full text
Abstract:

Background: Increasingly, companies choose to finance their business with corporate bonds which has resulted in an increased demand on credit ratings. As such the rating agencies have a very important role in the financial markets. Examining the value of a credit-rating can be very interesting for both issuer and investor.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify and define the value of rating.

Execution: The study is built upon nine interviews with rated and non-rated firms and investors.

Result: The most important value of rating is the greater access to the corporate- and CP market. This infers that additional capital can be issued, in comparison to that available from bank loans, however, not necessarily at a lower rate. Consequently, the rate is not the driving factor concerning the choice of buying a rating. Rating has great effect on the pricing of bonds and CP’s, which is a result of the reliance investors have on the rating agencies. Rating affects the investment decision directly through the investment mandates, and indirectly through the effect on the individual investment decision.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Hörstedt, Maria, and Johanna Linjamaa. "Credit Risk Evaluation of Swedish SMEs : A Banking Sector Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-107969.

Full text
Abstract:
As a result from the latest financial crisis, the banking industry has undergone major modifications during the last years in order to limit banks’ risks. A vast majority of existing literature tends to focus upon credit risk evaluation methods and techniques mainly concerning quantitative measures and large companies. Thus, the lack of research regarding credit risk evaluation of SMEs is profound, especially considering Sweden. With the dominant market share of SMEs compared to large corporations the authors found it interesting to further explore this area of the credit assessment process as SMEs largely impact the Swedish business sector.   The purpose of the thesis at hand is to explore and provide empirical evidence of which criteria banks assess when evaluating credit risk of SMEs in Sweden. In regards to the purpose the authors have chosen to adapt the perspective of the banking industry throughout the thesis. In order to bridge the research gap the following question was established, “How do banks evaluate credit risk of SMEs in Sweden?” In light of the lack of research regarding qualitative assessment of credit risk, the authors found it interesting in terms of developing new theoretical and practical knowledge to establish the following sub-question, “What are the qualitative criteria used by banks when evaluating credit risk of SMEs in Sweden?” Further, as existing literature mainly focus on large companies the authors found it interesting to compare the findings regarding credit risk evaluation on SMEs to the evaluation process of one of the largest credit rating agencies. As a result the second sub-question was established as following, “Are these criteria similar to the criteria used by Standard & Poor’s in their rating model?” These questions were conducted in order to provide the authors and the reader with further insight regarding the criteria used by banks in their evaluation process.   An inductive approach was adopted, in line with the epistemological stance of interpretivism and the ontological belief of constructivism. With this in mind, the authors of the thesis conducted a qualitative exploratory research employing narrative interviews in order to collect the data needed, as of the lack of existing research to address the research questions.   The results of the research were that the criteria used in the assessment of credit risk tend to alter from advisor to advisor. The most commonly used criteria by the advisors are budget, business plan, customer’s customers, internal and external discipline, financial statements, industry specifics, historical accounts, key individuals, relationship, repayment capacity and the owner/individual. It was discovered that the qualitative criterion of assessing the individual majorly impacts the credit risk evaluation. However, what matters in the end is the overall impression of both qualitative and quantitative measures of the firm.   In regards to sub-question one, the authors established a list of qualitative criteria used by advisors in their credit risk evaluation of SMEs, the most widely used criteria among the advisors are the owner/individual, key individuals, internal discipline, industry specifics, external discipline, customer’s customers, relationship and business plan. In comparison with the criteria used by Standard and Poor’s and the banks, it was evident that the criteria used in the evaluation differed a lot between the two.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Blair, Bevan John. "Modelling Standard and Poors 100 index volatility." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340564.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bradley, Wendy. "Three essays on patent pools and technical standards." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLH009.

Full text
Abstract:
Cette thèse s’intéresse à l'impact des « patent pools » sur l’innovation cumulative. Nous analysons huit patents pools modernes développés dans les secteurs des technologies de l’information et de la communication. Un patent pool est un regroupement de propriétaires de brevets qui permet la négociation d’une seule licence pour plusieurs brevets essentiels à l’implémentation des normes techniques. Les patent pools font l’objet de nombreux travaux théoriques et empiriques. Ces travaux notent le risque collusif et monopolistique existant au sein de ces institutions. Cependant, la majorité des travaux se concentre principalement sur les facteurs qui motivent une entreprise à se joindre à un patent pool et non pas l’évolution des normes techniques au fil du temps
This thesis investigates the impact of patent pools for technical standards on the direction of cumulative innovation. It examines eight modern patents pools in the information and communication technology sector and measures the effect of pool formation and pool extension on rates of follow-on innovation in the direction of pool technology. Patent pools are the subject of much theoretical and empirical work. The aim of this thesis is to fill a gap in current literature that focuses on the motivations of firms to join a patent pool. This thesis contributes to the literature by extending analyses to the introduction of patents to patent pools over time. It consists of three empirical studies. Patent pools as institutions possess mechanisms that encourage and discourage innovation. The formation of a patent pool and its extension as a result of the addition of patents to the patent pool after its launch may alter the incentives to innovate of outsider firms. This, in turn, may have important impacts on competition and society. Finally, this thesis also analyzes the evolution of an industry that is particularly linked to technology in patents pools—the film industry. Digitization has transformed movie distribution and technological disruption has altered the supply and demand dimensions of this market. The main findings of these three studies are presented at the beginning of each chapter
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Kappou, Konstantina. "Gambling on the Standard & Poor's gold seal : a detailed examination of the index effect." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428310.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Hudson, William C. (William Carl). "Predictability of Credit Watch Placements and the Distribution of Wealth Effects Across the Trigger Event, Placement and Removal Dates." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278062/.

Full text
Abstract:
Standard and Poor's began publication of Credit Watch in November of 1981 as an early warning list for firms whose debt is under review for a possible rating change. This dissertation is composed of three essays which address various aspects of Credit Watch and the impact on shareholder wealth. The first essay uses a discriminant analysis model to classify the Credit Watch status of firms which engaged in mergers and acquisitions activity in 1991. The model correctly classifies 69.85% of the in-sample firms and 65.83% of the out of sample firms. The second essay examines whether the stock market reacts more strongly to trigger events which cause Credit Watch placements than to the actual placement. Significantly larger negative abnormal return are found around the trigger event than the placement. No evidence is found for the differential reaction evolving over time. The third essay examines firm specific and economy-wide factors which may be related to the strength of the abnormal stock return around the Credit Watch removal date. The removal return is found to be positively related to the number of trading days a firm remains on Credit Watch, negatively related to the number of updates regarding the firm released by Standard and Poor's while on the list, and positively related to the cumulative abnormal return measured between the placement and removal. This evidence suggests that the number of trading days a firm remains on Credit Watch is a proxy for information leakage to the market. The negative relationship between the removal return and the number of updates implies that the market reacts to a string of negative news of which the removal announcement is the final announcement. Finally, the positive relationship with the cumulative abnormal return between placement and removal suggests that much of the information content of the removal has been impounded into the stock price at the time of the removal.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Smith, Clint W. "The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Key Financial Indicators of Canadian Companies." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2582.

Full text
Abstract:
Companies throughout the world use different methods for reporting their financial information to capital market investors and regulators. These different methods have caused financial reporting of statements to become less transparent, has increased adjustment errors and forecasting errors, and has reduced investor confidence. As a result, the International Accounting Standards Board created International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to establish a global standard. Currently, 140 jurisdictions worldwide have implemented IFRS. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of IFRS on 248 Canadian companies and to analyze whether the 2011 implementation of IFRS affected corporate stock prices, key financial measurements of companies, and industry sectors. Arrow's social choice theory and general equilibrium analysis provided the theoretical framework for this quantitative investigation. Two 1-year time periods, 2009-2010 (the year before IFRS was implemented) and 2011-2012 (the year after IFRS was implemented), were analyzed using secondary data. A multiple regression model was used to examine the impact of IFRS implementation on price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-sales ratio, and price-to-cash flow ratio of the 248 Canadian companies. Findings indicate that IFRS led to an overall improvement in financial reporting by Canadian companies, which suggests IFRS's effectiveness. Mandating IFRS worldwide may facilitate comparisons of corporate financial information, reduce costs, reduce investor fatigue, improve adjustment errors and forecasting errors, and provide capital market participants the confidence to make valued investment decisions, leading to positive social change.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Bourová, Kateřina. "Patentové pooly." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15739.

Full text
Abstract:
Patent pools are agreements between patent holders to license their rights to central entity and then to sale these licenses to third parties. In the Czech Republic there is no such cooperation between firms. In this thesis I would like to describe this phenomenon to Czech public and firms. The othel goal is to find out if this cooperation is efficient.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lee, Sang H. "Index inclusion effect growth vs. value /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1451.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Baron, Justus. "Innovation et coordination dans les standards NTIC : le rôle des brevets essentiels." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00840824.

Full text
Abstract:
Cette thèse étudie le rôle des brevets essentiels pour la coordination de l'innovation dans les standards des Nouvelles Technologies d'Information et de Communication (NTIC). Les firmes actives dans la standardisation ont réagi au défi de la marée de brevets essentiels en créant des mécanismes innovateurs de coordination, et notamment des consortia informels de standardisation et des pools de brevets. La thèse met en lumière le mécanisme d'appropriation original que représentent les brevets essentiels. Ce mécanisme peut cependant générer des incitations à recourir à des stratégies opportunistes. Les pools de brevets peuvent exacerber ces incitations, mais induisent également une augmentation du nombre de brevets déposés autour des standards technologiques. Les consortia informels ont un effet positif sur le nombre de brevets liés aux standards si les incitations à innover sont insuffisantes. L'effet des consortia est plus faible, voire négatif, si les incitations à innover sont excessives. Les brevets essentiels influencent le progrès technologique des standards, notamment en donnant lieu à un progrès plus continu, consistant dans de nombreuses mises à jour et évitant les remplacements de standards.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Standard and Poor’s"

1

Corporation, Standard and Poor's. Standard & Poor's 500 guide. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Corporation, Standard and Poor's. Standard & Poor's 500 guide: 2009. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Standard & Poor's guide to money & investing. New York: Lightbulb Press, 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Standard & Poor's guide to technology stocks. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Corporation, Standard and Poor's. Standard & Poor's debt ratings criteria: Industrial overview. New York, N.Y: Standard & Poor's Corp., 1986.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Corporation, Standard and Poor's. SchoolMatters: A service of Standard and Poor's. [New York]: Standard & Poor's, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Standard & Poor. Standard and Poors Midcap Guide (Standard & Poor's MidCap 400). Mcgraw-hill Inc, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Morris, Virginia B., and Kenneth Morris. Standard and Poor's Guide to Money and Investing (Standard & Poor). McGraw-Hill, 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Morris, Virginia B., and Kenneth Morris. Standard & Poor's Dictionary of Financial Terms (Standard & Poor's). McGraw-Hill, 2007.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Corporation, Standard and Poor's, ed. Standard & Poor's netAdvantage. [New York, N.Y.]: Standard & Poor's, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Standard and Poor’s"

1

Marsland-Shaw, Lionel J. "Standard & Poor’s View." In International Securitisation, 212–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12590-6_16.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Rief, Wolfgang. "Standard & Poor’s Rückversicherungsrating." In Versicherungsrating, 157–78. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-92076-8_10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Fischer, Frank, and Heiko Nitzsche. "Standard & Poor’s Rating von Investmentfonds." In Fondsrating, 183–203. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-88940-9_13.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Zakamulin, Valeriy. "Trading the Standard and Poor’s Composite Index." In Market Timing with Moving Averages, 143–222. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60970-6_9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Stäblein, Werner. "Der Ratingprozess bei Standard & Poor’s – Ein Praxisbeispiel." In Praxishandbuch Debt Relations, 379–94. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-00742-3_24.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Qi, Chunqi, Yue Wang, Wenjun Wu, and Xiuli Wang. "Short-Term Predictions and LIME-Based Rule Extraction for Standard and Poor’s Index." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 329–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7984-4_24.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Branco, Manuel Castelo, and Catarina Delgado. "Justifying CEO Pay Ratios: Analysing Corporate Responses to Bloomberg’s Listing of Standard & Poor’s 500 Pay Ratios." In Dimensional Corporate Governance, 21–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56182-0_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Brusov, Peter, Tatiana Filatova, and Natali Orekhova. "Recommendations to International Rating Agencies (Big Three (Standard & Poor’s, Fitch, and Moody’s), European, and National Ones (ACRA, Chinese, etc.))." In Ratings, 361–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56243-4_19.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Huang, Chi-Yo, Po-Yen Wang, and Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. "Evaluating Top Information Technology Firms in Standard and Poor’s 500 Index by Using a Multiple Objective Programming Based Data Envelopment Analysis." In Advanced Research in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 720–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31087-4_73.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Huang, Chi-Yo, Po-Yen Wang, and Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. "Evaluating Top Services-Prepackaged Software Firms in Standard and Poor’s 500 Index by Using a Multiple Objective Programming Based Data Envelopment Analysis." In Intelligent Decision Technologies, 3–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29920-9_1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Standard and Poor’s"

1

Hurt, Mariah, Arti Patel, Shenghua Wu, and Gerard Learmonth. "An Exploration and Characterization of Financial Performance of Standard and Poor’s 500 Index Constituents Led By Female CEOs." In 2020 Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sieds49339.2020.9106678.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ferreira, Nuno Rafael Barbosa, Diana Aldea Mendes, and Vivaldo Manuel Pereira Mendes. "Comparative multivariate forecast performance for the G7 Stock Markets: VECM Models vs deep learning LSTM neural networks." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11616.

Full text
Abstract:
The prediction of stock prices dynamics is a challenging task since these kind of financial datasets are characterized by irregular fluctuations, nonlinear patterns and high uncertainty dynamic changes.The deep neural network models, and in particular the LSTM algorithm, have been increasingly used by researchers for analysis, trading and prediction of stock market time series, appointing an important role in today’s economy.The main purpose of this paper focus on the analysis and forecast of the Standard & Poor’s index by employing multivariate modelling on several correlated stock market indexes and interest rates with the support of VECM trends corrected by a LSTM recurrent neural network.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Levin, Alan R. "Design and Development of a Safety Vacuum Release System." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41227.

Full text
Abstract:
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission collects data on entrapments from suction in suction outlets in swimming pools and Spas. There are currently two national specifications for the testing and marking of manufactured safety vacuum release systems for swimming pools, spas and hot tubs: ASTM designation F2387-04 Standard Specification for Manufactured Safety Vacuum Release Systems (SVRS) for Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs, and ASME A112.19.17-2002 Manufactured Safety Vacuum Release Systems (SVRS) for Residential and Commercial Swimming Pool, Spa, Hot Tub, and Wading Pool Suction Systems. Over the last two years an electronically controlled system, containing several safety functions, in addition to those specified in the standards, has been developed, tested by an outside laboratory and certified to meet both the applicable standards. This paper includes the results of the testing and changes to the system to meet both the specifications and internal worse case failure analysis. This paper compares and contrasts the two applicable standards, as well as detailing the results of testing both in the laboratory and in the field.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Lingyun, Luo, Li Chenggang, and Hu Jue. "An Empirical Study on the Linkage Effect between Shanghai Composite Index and Standard a Poor's 500 Index." In 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Computer Science (ICEMC 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemc-17.2017.86.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Bond, Stephen. "A Detailed Proposal for an Oxidation Test for Flexible Graphite." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65887.

Full text
Abstract:
While the oxidation of graphite in gaskets is a well known phenomenon it is often poorly quantified and the factors affecting it not always well known. There are some standard tests that can be used to determine graphite quality. While many of these material standards concentrate on the compositional impurities (sulfur, chlorides etc.) and the ash content; these are indicative of other properties and they are no real indication of oxidation performance. Recently, some test methods have been published that suggest a method for measuring oxidation performance; however, they have some shortcomings or constraints. Using modern, standard TGA (ThermoGravimetric Analysis), the work presented in this paper aims to provide a more detailed standard test that can be used to measure the oxidation rate of graphite in flowing air for a given set of time and temperature conditions. The paper will show what other conditions are critical and which are less significant in specifying a standard test. This will lead to the presentation of a suggestion for an improved standard test that builds on and further codifies the tests currently published. Finally, this paper will show the oxidation rates of a variety of different commercial graphite grades to illustrate the vast range of oxidation rates that are possible from the various grades of graphite.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Lambert, David L. "Lithium in Very Metal-poor Dwarf Stars — Problems for Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?" In THE NEW COSMOLOGY: Conference on Strings and Cosmology; The Mitchell Symposium on Observational Cosmology. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1848328.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Kolbe, Edwin, Alexander Vasiliev, and Martin A. Zimmermann. "Validation of standard neutron data libraries for LWR storage pools and transport casks criticality safety evaluations." In International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ndata:07441.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Walker, James R., Paul Mallaburn, and Derek Balmer. "Inline Inspection: Both Effective Data Collection and Interpretation Needed to Achieve High Quality Reporting Results." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31112.

Full text
Abstract:
Historically, pipeline operators have tended to place more weight on inline inspection tool specifications than on the inherent design and reporting capabilities of the service providers themselves. While internal collection of integrity data is very important, it’s imperative that vendors, also, have high levels of expertise and effective quality control systems in place to successfully analyze exceedingly high volumes of inspection data. The quality of inspection information is vital to assessing if a pipeline is fit for purpose now and/or into the future. Integrity managers attempting to reduce overall operating risk by making decisions based on inaccurate or poor quality reporting are in fact exposing their networks to greater safety and financial risk. Recognizing these risks and that inline inspection (ILI) is an overall system that needs to be formally qualified, operators and ILI service providers have collaborated to develop several international standards. The most recent is the umbrella API-1163 industry consensus standard, which is now being widely adopted, primarily in USA. This standard provides requirements and recommended practices for qualification of the entire ILI process. Two companion standards: ASNT In-line Personnel Qualification and Certification Standard No. ILI-PQ and NACE Recommended Practice In-Line Inspection of Pipelines RP0102 combine to address specific requirements for personnel who operate and analyze the results of ILI systems. In Europe, the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF) has, also, established specific requirements for ILI reporting processes and data formats. However, these standards do not define how operators and vendors must meet these requirements. To follow will be a story about how an ILI service provider embraced a holistic approach to address these standards’ requirements, in particular in the areas of data analysis, reporting, and dig verification due to their significant importance in assuring the final quality of its deliverables. A key outcome desired will be to provide operators with greater insight into what best practices and technologies ILI service providers should have embraced and invested in to insure reliable service delivery.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Koch, G., G. Ripley, and D. McKay. "The New Risk Perspective in Corrosion Management." In ASME/USCG 2013 3rd Workshop on Marine Technology and Standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mts2013-0313.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper describes a risk-based approach for corrosion management of offshore floating structures. The objective of this approach is to reduce the risk of corrosion related failures, reduce the associated downtime, while improving the cost-effectiveness of corrosion inspection and maintenance. Corrosion is increasingly a significant challenge to the offshore industry and attributed to: an aging worldwide offshore fleet; assets being kept in operation for prolonged periods of time; units operating beyond their original “design basis”; and newer larger vessels in deeper, harsher environments with less opportunity for ship yard repair. Corrosion is particularly detrimental to the integrity of the unit, and if not managed properly will increase maintenance costs and downtime costs, possibly reducing the useful operational life of the unit. Although, there are several existing offshore corrosion design standards, experience still reveals a number of assets in poor and critical condition due to corrosion. Clearly there is a need for a holistic approach on corrosion management during the full operational life of the asset. The presented methodology is based on the principles of ISO 31000 (Risk Management - Principles and Guidelines) to provide a solid consistent framework for corrosion management. The risk-based corrosion management process for offshore structures described in this paper consists of five (5) basic steps: Pre Assessment; Screening and Risk Ranking; Detailed Examination; Remediation and Repair; and Life Cycle Management. Adopting the described risk based corrosion methodology will provide confidence to the operators and demonstrable evidence to key stakeholders that corrosion is being managed on their assets. It will account for life extension, reduce the risk of corrosion failure, and lower the cost of inspection and maintenance. Paper published with permission.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Neilson, Laura J., Rosie Dew, James S. Hampton, Linda Sharp, and Colin J. Rees. "P54 Low colonoscopy numbers correlate with poor quality colonoscopy: time to implement national standards." In Abstracts of the BSG Campus, 21–29 January 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-bsgcampus.129.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Standard and Poor’s"

1

Nicolas, S., and Richard Steckel. Tall But Poor: Nutrition, Health, and Living Standards in Pre-Famine Ireland. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/h0039.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Flamm, Kenneth. A Tale of Two Standards: Patent Pools and Innovation in the Optical Disk Drive Industry. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18931.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Atuhurra, Julius, and Michelle Kaffenberger. System (In)Coherence: Quantifying the Alignment of Primary Education Curriculum Standards, Examinations, and Instruction in Two East African Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/057.

Full text
Abstract:
Improvements in instructional coherence have been shown to have large impacts on student learning, yet analysis of such coherence, especially in developing countries and at a systems level, is rare. We use an established methodology, the Surveys of Enacted Curriculum (SEC), and apply it to a developing country context to systematically analyze and quantify the content and coherence of the primary curriculum standards, national examinations, and actual teaching delivered in the classroom in Uganda and Tanzania. We find high levels of incoherence across all three instructional components. In Uganda, for example, only four of the fourteen topics in the English curriculum standards appear on the primary leaving exam, and two of the highest-priority topics in the standards are completely omitted from the exams. In Tanzania, only three of fourteen English topics are covered on the exam, and all are assessed at the “memorization” level. Rather than aligning with either the curriculum standards or exams, teachers’ classroom instruction is poorly aligned with both. Teachers tend to cover broad swathes of content and levels of cognitive demand, unrelated to the structure of either the curriculum standards or exams. An exception is Uganda mathematics, for which standards, exams, and teacher instruction are all well aligned. By shedding light on alignment deficits in the two countries, these results draw attention to a policy area that has previously attracted little (if any) attention in many developing countries’ education policy reform efforts. In addition to providing empirical results for Uganda and Tanzania, this study provides a proof-of-concept for the use of the SEC methodology as a diagnostic tool in developing countries, helping education systems identify areas of instructional (in)coherence and informing efforts to improve coherence for learning.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bhan, Gautam, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Neha Margosa, Kinjal Sampat, and Nidhi Sohane. Lessons for Social Protection from the COVID-19 Lockdowns Report 1 of 2: State Relief. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/lspcl11.2020.

Full text
Abstract:
This report seeks to use COVID-19 and its attendant lockdowns in India as a crucial moment to assess social protection. Policy and scholarship both recognize that social protection plays an important role in alleviating poverty, improving standards of living, mitigating risks and shocks, and reducing episodes of financial adversities (Conway & Norton, 2002). We understandsocial protection as “all public and privateinitiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalized; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalized groups” (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004). Social protection thus includes measures that are protective against destitution— both amidst crisis as well as in the everyday— as well as promotive in how they enable individuals, households and communities to thrive and flourish rather than just survive (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan José Ospina, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, Adolfo León Cobo-Serna, Edgar Caicedo-García, Juan Pablo Cote-Barón, Nicolás Martínez-Cortés, et al. Informe de Política Monetaria - Julio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3.-2021.

Full text
Abstract:
1.1 Resumen macroeconómico En el segundo trimestre la economía enfrentó varios choques, principalmente de oferta y de costos, la mayoría de los cuales no fueron anticipados, o los previstos fueron más persistentes de lo esperado, y que en conjunto interrumpieron la recuperación de la actividad económica observada a comienzos de año y llevaron la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta. La inflación básica (sin alimentos ni regulados: SAR) aumentó, pero se mantuvo baja y acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico. A comienzos de abril se inició una tercera ola de pandemia, más acentuada y prolongada que la anterior, con un elevado costo en vidas humanas y algún impacto negativo en la recuperación económica. Entre mayo y mediados de junio los bloqueos de las carreteras y los problemas de orden público tuvieron un fuerte efecto negativo sobre la actividad económica y la inflación. Se estima que la magnitud de estos dos choques combinados habría generado una caída en niveles en el producto interno bruto (PIB) con respecto al primer trimestre del año. Adicionalmente, los bloqueos causaron un aumento significativo de los precios de los alimentos. A estos choques se sumaron los efectos acumulados de la disrupción global en algunas cadenas de valor y el incremento en los fletes internacionales que desde finales de 2020 vienen generando restricciones de oferta y aumentos de costos. Todos estos factores, que afectaron principalmente el índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) de bienes y de alimentos, explicaron la mayor parte del error de pronóstico del equipo técnico y el aumento de la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta del 3 %. El incremento en la inflación básica y de los precios de los regulados fue acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico, y se explica principalmente por la eliminación de varios alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. A todo esto se suma la mayor percepción de riesgo soberano y las presiones al alza que esto implica sobre el costo de financiamiento externo y la tasa de cambio. A pesar de los fuertes choques negativos, el crecimiento económico esperado para la primera mitad del año (9,1%), es significativamente mayor que lo proyectado en el informe de abril (7,1%), signo de una economía más dinámica que se recuperaría más rápido de lo previsto. Desde finales de 2020 las diferentes cifras de actividad económica han mostrado un crecimiento mayor que el esperado. Esto sugiere que los efectos negativos sobre el producto de las recurrentes olas de contagio estarían siendo cada vez menos fuertes y duraderos. No obstante, la tercera ola de contagio del Covid-19, y en mayor medida los bloqueos a las vías y los problemas de orden público, habrían generado una caída del PIB durante el segundo trimestre, frente al primero. Pese a lo anterior, los datos del índice de seguimiento a la economía (ISE) de abril y mayo han resultado mayores que lo esperado, y las nuevas cifras de actividad económica sectoriales sugieren que el impacto negativo de la pandemia sobre el producto se sigue moderando, en un entorno de menores restricciones a la movilidad y de mayor avance en el ritmo de vacunación. Los registros de transporte de carga (junio) y la demanda de energía no regulada (julio), entre otros, indican una recuperación importante después de los bloqueos en mayo. Con todo lo anterior, el incremento anual del PIB del segundo trimestre se habría situado alrededor del 17,3 % (antes 15,8 %), explicado en gran parte por una base baja de comparación. Para todo 2021 el equipo técnico incrementó su proyección de crecimiento desde un 6 % hasta el 7,5 %. Este pronóstico, que está rodeado de una incertidumbre inusualmente elevada, supone que no se presentarán problemas de orden público y que posibles nuevas olas de contagio del Covid-19 no tendrán efectos negativos adicionales sobre la actividad económica. Frente al pronóstico del informe pasado, la recuperación de la demanda externa, los niveles de precios de algunos bienes básicos que exporta el país y la dinámica de las remesas de trabajadores han sido mejores que las esperadas y seguirían impulsando la recuperación del ingreso nacional en lo que resta del año. A esto se sumaría la aún amplia liquidez internacional, la aceleración en el proceso de vacunación y las bajas tasas de interés, factores que continuarían favoreciendo la actividad económica. La mejor dinámica del primer semestre, que llevó a una revisión al alza en el crecimiento de todos los componentes del gasto, continuaría hacia adelante y, antes de lo esperado en abril, la economía recuperaría los niveles de producción de 2019 a finales de 2021. El pronóstico continúa incluyendo efectos de corto plazo sobre la demanda agregada de una reforma tributaria de magnitud similar a la proyectada por el Gobierno. Con todo eso, en el escenario central de este informe, el pronóstico de crecimiento para 2021 es del 7,5 % y para 2022 del 3,1 %. A pesar de esto, el nivel de la actividad económica seguiría siendo inferior a su potencial. La mejora en estas proyecciones, sin embargo, está rodeada de una alta incertidumbre. En junio la inflación anual (3,63 %) aumentó más de lo esperado debido al comportamiento del grupo de alimentos, mientras que la inflación básica (1,87 %) fue similar a la proyectada. En lo que resta del año el mayor nivel del IPC de alimentos persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta. A finales de 2022 la inflación total y básica retornarían a tasas cercanas al 3 %, en un entorno de desaceleración del IPC de alimentos y de menores excesos de capacidad productiva. En los meses recientes el aumento en los precios internacionales de los fletes y de los bienes agrícolas, y las mayores exportaciones de carne y el ciclo ganadero han ejercido presiones al alza sobre el precio de los alimentos, principalmente de los procesados. A estas fuerzas persistentes se sumaron los bloqueos de las vías nacionales y los problemas de orden público en varias ciudades registrados en mayo y parte de junio, los cuales se reflejaron en una fuerte restricción en la oferta y en un aumento anual no esperado del IPC de alimentos (8,52 %). El grupo de regulados (5,93 %) también se aceleró, debido a la baja base de comparación en los precios de la gasolina y a la disolución de parte de los alivios a las tarifas de servicios públicos otorgados en 2020. Como se proyectaba, la inflación SAR repuntó al 1,87 %, debido a la reactivación de los impuestos indirectos de algunos bienes y servicios eliminados un año atrás, y por las presiones al alza que ejercieron los alimentos sobre las comidas fuera del hogar (CFH), entre otros. En lo que resta del año se espera que el aumento en los alimentos perecederos se revierta, siempre y cuando no se registren nuevos bloqueos duraderos a las vías nacionales. El mayor nivel de precios de los alimentos procesados persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta a finales de año. La inflación SAR continuaría con una tendencia creciente, en la medida en que los excesos de capacidad productiva se sigan cerrando y registraría un aumento transitorio en marzo de 2022, debido principalmente al restablecimiento del impuesto al consumo en las CFH. Con todo esto, para finales de 2021 y 2022 se estima una inflación total del 4,1 % y 3,1 %, y una inflación básica del 2,6 % y 3,2 %, respectivamente. El comportamiento conjunto de los precios del IPC SAR, junto con continuas sorpresas al alza en la actividad económica, son interpretados por el equipo técnico como señales de amplios excesos de capacidad productiva de la economía. Estos persistirían en los siguientes dos años, al final de los cuales la brecha del producto se cerraría. El mayor crecimiento económico sugiere una brecha del producto menos negativa que la estimada hace un trimestre. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de la inflación básica, especialmente en servicios, indica que el PIB potencial se ha recuperado de forma sorpresiva y que los excesos de capacidad siguen siendo amplios, con una demanda agregada afectada de forma persistente. Esta interpretación encuentra soporte en el mercado laboral, en donde persiste un desempleo alto y la recuperación de los empleos perdidos se estancó. Adicionalmente, los aumentos en la inflación en buena medida están explicados por choques de oferta y de costos y por la disolución de algunos alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. Los pronósticos de crecimiento y de inflación descritos son coherentes con una brecha del producto que se cierra más rápido y es menos negativa en todo el horizonte de pronóstico con respecto al informe de abril. No obstante, la incertidumbre sobre los excesos de capacidad es muy alta y es un riesgo sobre el pronóstico. Las perspectivas de las cuentas fiscales de Colombia se deterioraron, Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (S&P) y Fitch Ratings (Fitch) redujeron su calificación crediticia, los bloqueos y problemas de orden público afectaron el producto y el país enfrentó una nueva ola de contagios de Covid-19 más acentuada y prolongada que las pasadas. Todo lo anterior se ha reflejado en un aumento de las primas de riesgo y en una depreciación del peso frente al dólar. Esto ha ocurrido en un entorno favorable de ingresos externos. Los precios internacionales del petróleo, del café y de otros bienes básicos que exporta el país aumentaron y han contribuido a la recuperación de los términos de intercambio y del ingreso nacional, y han mitigado las presiones al alza sobre las primas de riesgo y la tasa de cambio. En el presente informe se incrementó el precio esperado del petróleo para 2021 a USD 68 por barril (antes USD 61 bl) y para 2022 a USD 66 bl (antes USD 60 bl). Esta mayor senda presenta una convergencia hacia precios menores que los observados recientemente, como resultado de una mayor oferta mundial esperada de petróleo, la cual más que compensaría el incremento en la demanda de este bien básico. Por ende, se supone que el aumento reciente de los precios tiene un carácter transitorio. En el escenario macroeconómico actual se espera que las condiciones financieras internacionales sean algo menos favorables, a pesar de la mejora en los ingresos externos por cuenta de una mayor demanda y unos precios del petróleo y de otros productos de exportación más altos. Frente al informe de abril el crecimiento de la demanda externa fue mejor que el esperado, y las proyecciones para 2021 y 2022 aumentaron del 5,2 % al 6,0 % y del 3,4 % al 3,5 %, respectivamente. En lo corrido del año las cifras de actividad económica muestran una demanda externa más dinámica de la esperada. En los Estados Unidos y China la recuperación del producto ha sido más rápida que la registrada en los países de la región. En estos últimos la reactivación económica ha estado limitada por los rebrotes del Covid-19, las limitaciones en la oferta de vacunas y el poco espacio fiscal para enfrentar la pandemia, entre otros factores. La buena dinámica en el comercio externo de bienes se ha dado en un entorno de deterioro en las cadenas de valor y de un aumento importante en los precios de las materias primas y en el costo de los fletes. En los Estados Unidos la inflación sorprendió al alza y su valor observado y esperado se mantiene por encima de la meta, al tiempo que se incrementó la proyección de crecimiento económico. Con esto, el inicio de la normalización de la política monetaria en ese país se daría antes de lo proyectado. En este informe se estima que el primer incremento en la tasa de interés de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos se dé a finales de 2022 (antes del primer trimestre de 2023). Para Colombia se supone una mayor prima de riesgo frente al informe de abril y se sigue esperando que presente una tendencia creciente, dada la acumulación de deuda pública y externa del país. Todo esto contribuiría a un incremento en el costo del financiamiento externo en el horizonte de pronóstico. La postura expansiva de la política monetaria sigue soportando unas condiciones financieras internas favorables. En el segundo trimestre la tasa de interés interbancaria y el índice bancario de referencia (IBR) se han mantenido acordes con la tasa de interés de política. Las tasas de interés promedio de captación y crédito continuaron históricamente bajas, a pesar de algunos incrementos observados a finales de junio. La cartera en moneda nacional detuvo su desaceleración anual y, entre marzo y junio, el crédito a los hogares se aceleró, principalmente para compra de vivienda. La recuperación de la cartera comercial y de los desembolsos a ese sector fue importante, y se alcanzó de nuevo el elevado saldo observado un año atrás, cuando las empresas requirieron niveles significativos de liquidez para enfrentar los efectos económicos de la pandemia. El riesgo de crédito aumentó, las provisiones se mantienes altas y algunos bancos han retirado de su balance una parte de su cartera vencida. No obstante, las utilidades del sistema financiero se han recuperado y sus niveles de liquidez y solvencia se mantienen por encima del mínimo regulatorio. A partir de este informe se implementará una nueva metodología para cuantificar y comunicar la incertidumbre que rodea los pronósticos del escenario macroeconómico central, en un entorno de política monetaria activa. Esta metodología se conoce como densidades predictivas (DP) y se explica en detalle en el Recuadro 1. Partiendo del balance de riesgos que contiene los principales factores que, de acuerdo con el juicio del equipo técnico, podrían afectar a la economía en el horizonte de pronóstico, la metodología DP produce distribuciones de probabilidad sobre el pronóstico de las principales variables (v. g.: crecimiento, inflación). Estas distribuciones reflejan el resultado de los posibles choques (a variables externas, precios y actividad económica) que podría recibir la economía y su transmisión, considerando la estructura económica y la respuesta de política monetaria en el futuro. En este sentido, permiten cuantificar la incertidumbre alrededor del pronóstico y su sesgo. El ejercicio DP muestra un sesgo a la baja en el crecimiento económico y en la brecha del producto, y al alza en la inflación. El balance de riesgos indica que las disyuntivas para la política monetaria serán potencialmente más complejas que lo contemplado en el pasado. Por el lado de las condiciones de financiamiento externo, se considera que el mayor riesgo es que se tornen un poco menos favorables, en un escenario en el cual la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos incremente con mayor prontitud su tasa de interés. Esto último, ante un crecimiento económico y del empleo mayor que el esperado en los Estados Unidos que genere presiones significativas sobre la inflación de ese país. A esto se suma la incertidumbre sobre el panorama fiscal en Colombia y sus efectos sobre la prima de riesgo y el costo del financiamiento externo. En el caso del crecimiento, la mayoría de los riesgos son a la baja, destacándose los efectos de la incertidumbre política y fiscal sobre las decisiones de consumo e inversión, la aparición de nuevas olas de contagio de la pandemia del Covid-19 y sus impactos sobre la actividad económica. En el caso de la inflación, se incorporó el riesgo de una mayor persistencia de los choques asociados con la disrupción de las cadenas de valor, mayores precios internacionales de las materias primas y de los alimentos, y una recuperación más lenta que la esperada de la cadena agrícola nacional afectada por los pasados bloqueos a las vías. Estos riesgos presionarían al alza principalmente los precios de los alimentos y de los bienes. Como principal riesgo a la baja se incluyó un alza de los arriendos menor que el esperado en el escenario central, explicada por una demanda débil y por una mayor oferta en 2022 dadas las altas ventas de vivienda observadas en el presente año. Con todo, el crecimiento económico presenta un sesgo a la baja y, con el 90 % de confianza, se encontraría entre un 6,1 % y 9,1 % para 2021 y entre el 0,5 % y 4,1 % para 2022. La brecha del producto tendría un sesgo a la baja, principalmente en 2022. El sesgo de la inflación es al alza, y se encontraría entre el 3,7 % y 4,9 % en 2021, y el 2,2 % y 4,7 % en 2022, con un 90 % de probabilidad. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria En las reuniones de junio y julio la JDBR decidió mantener la tasa de política monetaria inalterada en 1,75 %.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography