Academic literature on the topic 'Standard Deviation (SD)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Standard Deviation (SD)"
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Streiner, David L. "Maintaining Standards: Differences between the Standard Deviation and Standard Error, and When to Use Each." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 8 (1996): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100805.
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Many people confuse the standard deviation (SD) and the standard error of the mean (SE) and are unsure which, if either, to use in presenting data in graphical or tabular form. The SD is an index of the variability of the original data points and should be reported in all studies. The SE reflects the variability of the mean values, as if the study were repeated a large number of times. By itself, the SE is not particularly useful; however, it is used in constructing 95% and 99% confidence intervals (CIs), which indicate a range of values within which the “true” value lies. The CI shows the reader how accurate the estimates of the population values actually are. If graphs are used, error bars equal to plus and minus 2 SEs (which show the 95% CI) should be drawn around mean values. Both statistical significance testing and CIs are useful because they assist the reader in determining the meaning of the findings.
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Luneckas, Tomas, Mindaugas Luneckas, and Dainius Udris. "Terrain Irregularity Sensing by Evaluating Feet Coordinate Standard Deviation." Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (2025): 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010411.
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Locomotion over rough terrain is still a problem yet to be solved for legged robots. One of the problems arises from the inability to identify terrain roughness during locomotion, which could be crucial for decision-making and successful task completion. Our proposed terrain roughness method is inspired by the observation that humans can sense their limb position in space without looking at them, which allows us to estimate obstacle heights. This method is based on robot feet coordinate standard deviation (further referred to as SD) parameter evaluation. SD values could be categorized to represent different terrain roughness, and such categories could be useful for selecting different gaits for different terrains. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using already known feet coordinates to evaluate terrain roughness by calculating their standard deviation (SD). We present simulation results that show that the SD value only depends on terrain roughness and is not influenced by large terrain slopes. Experiments were conducted with real robots while walking over obstacles with different gaits to validate the method. This research mainly aims to test how robot gaits influence SD parameters for terrain roughness evaluation. The experimental results showed that the SD parameter calculated from the robot’s foot coordinates can be used to evaluate terrain roughness. The robot’s gaits have little to no influence on the SD parameter.
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Miranda, Camila Souza, Camila Piccirilli Stefani, Marcia Midori Morimoto, Maria Elisa Pimentel Piemonte, and Cristiana Borges Pereira. "Assessment of gait deviation on the Babinski-Weill test in healthy Brazilians." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 9A (2013): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130106.
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Objective The aim of this study was to validate a simple and reproducible method for assessing gait deviation on the Babinski-Weill test in a representative sample of healthy Brazilians. Methods Gait deviations were measured in 75 individuals (median=30 years, 41 women) for forward, backwards, and Babinski-Weill steps. The test entailed blindfolded individuals walking 10 paces at a frequency of 1 Hz with deviations subsequently measured by a protractor. Results Mean gait deviation forward was 0.53° with standard deviation (SD)=4.22 and backwards was 2.14° with SD=4.29. No significant difference in deviation was detected between genders (t test p=0.40 forward and p=0.77 backwards) or for age (ANOVA, p=0.33 forward and p=0.63 backwards). On the Babinski-Weill test, mean gait deviation was 5.26°; SD=16.32 in women and -3.11°; SD=12.41 in men, with no significant difference between genders (t test, p=0.056). Discussion Defining normative gait patterns helps distinguish pathological states.
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Tiwari, Basant, and Abhay Kumar. "Standard deviation (SD)-based data filtering technique for body sensor network data." International Journal of Data Science 1, no. 2 (2015): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijds.2015.072420.
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Andrade, Chittaranjan. "Understanding the Difference Between Standard Deviation and Standard Error of the Mean, and Knowing When to Use Which." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 4 (2020): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620933419.
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Many authors are unsure of whether to present the mean along with the standard deviation (SD) or along with the standard error of the mean (SEM). The SD is a descriptive statistic that estimates the scatter of values around the sample mean; hence, the SD describes the sample. In contrast, the SEM is an estimate of how close the sample mean is to the population mean; it is an intermediate term in the calculation of the 95% confidence interval around the mean, and (where applicable) statistical significance; the SEM does not describe the sample. Therefore, the mean should always be accompanied by the SD when describing the sample. There are many reasons why the SEM continues to be reported, and it is argued that none of these is justifiable. In fact, presentation of SEMs may mislead readers into believing that the sample data are more precise than they actually are. Given that the standard error is not presented for other parameters, such as difference between means or proportions, and difference between proportions, it is suggested that presentation of SEM values can be done away with, altogether.
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Srivastava, Ankit Kumar, A. N. Tiwari, and S. N. Singh. "Harmonic/interharmonic estimation using standard deviation assisted ESPRIT method." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 40, no. 6 (2021): 1067–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2021-0108.
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Purpose This paper aims to accurately estimate harmonics/interharmonics in modern power system. There are several high spectral resolution techniques that have been in use for several years like Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT), Prony methods, etc. but these techniques require prior knowledge of number of modes present in the signal. Model Order (MO) estimation techniques have to make a trade-off between accuracy and their speed i.e., computational burden. Therefore, there is always a requirement of a technique that is fast as well as accurate. Design/methodology/approach The proposed standard deviation (SD) method eliminates the requirement of energy validation test and analyses the distribution pattern, i.e. standard deviation of eigenvalues to identify the number of modes present in the signal. Signal is reconstructed using estimated modes and reconstruction error is obtained to show accuracy of the proposed estimation. Findings Six test synthetic signals as well as one practical signal have been taken for validating the proposed method. The paper shows that proposed methodology has a better accuracy compared to modified exact model order (MEMO) method in high noise environment and takes very less computation time compared to the exact model order (EMO) method. Practical implications The proposed method has been practically implemented for harmonic/interharmonic analysis at a sewage treatment plant at GIFT City, Gujarat, India. Apart from this the proposed method is modeled in python-based tool and is run into low-cost Raspberry Pi like hardware to create an onsite as well as remote monitoring device. Originality/value SD-based approach for model order estimation is novel to this area. Further, the proposed method is compared with EMO and MEMO under varying noise conditions to check for accuracy and estimation time.
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Chu, Hui-Ying, Hui-Shan Chan, and Mei-Fang Chen. "Effects of Horticultural Activities on Attitudes toward Aging, Sense of Hope and Hand–Eye Coordination in Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (2021): 6555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126555.
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This study investigated the effects of an 8-week horticultural activity intervention on attitudes toward aging, sense of hope, and hand–eye coordination in 88 older adults in residential care facilities. In the experimental group, the mean score for “attitudes toward aging” increased from 3.81 before the intervention to 4.74 points after the intervention (standard deviation SD = 0.24 and 0.27, respectively), and the control group dropped from 3.75 to 3.70 (standard deviations, respectively SD = 0.27 and 0.28). The mean score for “sense of hope” increased from 3.28 before the intervention to 3.81 points after the intervention (SD = 0.49 and 0.26, respectively). In contrast to the control group, the mean score gradually declined from 3.26 to 3.16 points (standard deviation SD = 0.54 and 0.48, respectively). In the test of hand–eye coordination, the time required to complete the cup stacking test significantly decreased from 33.56 to 25.38 s in the experimental group but did not significantly change in the control group. Generalized estimating equation analysis revealed a significant interaction between group and time (p < 0.001). The data trends revealed significant differences in outcomes between the experimental group and the control group. At 3 months after the end of the study, the effect size in the experimental group remained higher than that in the control group.
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Fedotova, Tatiana K., and Anna K. Gorbacheva. "Age dynamics of sexual dimorphism of anthropometric dimensions through the ascending period of ontogenesis from 1 month to 17 years (based on Moscow data)." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2021.3.033-043.
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The “model” sample is based on the data of Moscow preschool and school children aged 1-17 years, examined by the authors in 2005-06. The data on infants aged 1-12 months is collected on base of the archives of Moscow maternity hospitals and children’s hospitals in 2007-08. The quantitative estimation of the value of sexual dimorphism is based on Kullback divergence, the analogue of Makhalanobis distance. Results. For the total body dimensions (height, weight, chest girth) the pattern of dynamics of SD is similar. Through the first half of the infancy SD reaches 0.6-0.8 standard deviations. Further on SD decreases till minimal values of about 0.1-0.2 standard deviations at the age of 10-12 years. Up to 17 years, when boys experience yet active growth processes and outstrip the total body dimensions of girls, SD values increase. The values of biacromial diameter are slightly higher in boys as compared to girls through 1-13 years interval, further on SD increases to 2.3 standard deviations at 17 years of age. SD of biiliac diameter changes in a narrow corridor from -0.05 standard deviations at 11-15 years of age to 0.25 standard deviations at 6 and 17 years. The specificity of age dynamics of SD of subscapular skinfold is small negative values through the 1-12 years interval; after 12 years sexual differences increase significantly due to intensive accumulation of fat tissue in girls and reach -0.8 standard deviation up to 17 years of age. Conclusion. Age variability is the important factor of the dynamics of SD of somatic traits through the whole ontogenesis and reflects sex differences in the ratio of morphofunctional differentiation during ascending ontogenesis section. Final peculiarities of SD are formed mainly in the adolescent period of ontogenesis. Dynamics of SD has differences for total body dimensions, indices of transversal skeletal development and indices of adiposity, having different adaptive sense.
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Nurmasitah and Arrini Shabrina Anshor. "PENGARUH MEDIA SCRAPBOOK TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PKN KELAS I SD NEGERI 101884 LIMAU MANIS." PENDALAS: Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (2021): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.47006/pendalas.v1i2.81.
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This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of scrapbook media on the learning outcomes of Civics Class 1 SD Negeri 101884 LimauManis. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 101884 LimauManis. The research sample was 30 students. The research method used in this research is quantitative research. The research design used in this study was a nonequivalent control group design. The instrument used was a multiple choice test to determine the effect of scrapbook media on Civics learning outcomes. From the data processing in the experimental class, the mean value of the pretest = 65.67, Standard Deviation = 6.51. and in the control class, the pretest value = 52.33, standard deviation = 5.63. The value of the average in the experimental class for the posttest = 93, Standard Deviation = 7.27. and the average value in the control class for the posttest = 59, Standard Deviation = 5.73. Then proceed with hypothesis testing using t test. After all the tests have been carried out, a higher average value can be obtained using scrapbook media and can be seen from the results of the calculation of tcount of 14.6, while the magnitude of ttable is 2.04. In other words tcount>ttable.it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of scrapbook media on the learning outcomes of Civics Class 1 SD Negeri 101884 LimauM
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Xu, Lijun, and Yijia Zhou. "New Robust Reward-Risk Ratio Models with CVaR and Standard Deviation." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (April 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8304411.
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In this paper, we present two robust reward-risk ratio optimization models. Two new models contain the worst case of not only conditional value-at-risk (CVaR), but also standard deviation (SD). Using properties of reward measure, CVaR measure, and standard deviation measure, new models can be proved to equivalent to min-max problems. When the uncertainty set is an ellipsoid, new models can be further rewritten as second-order cone problems step by step. Finally, we implement new models to portfolio problems. It shows that new models are robust and comparable with mean-CVaR ratio model. Since considering standard deviation, allocation decision obtained by new models can give reasonable rewards according to personal preferences.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Standard Deviation (SD)"
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Hashim, Che Gon. "Identifying predictors of postoperative persistent pain in women with breast cancer: assessments of investigative tools." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/162744.
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Persistent pain after surgery in breast cancer has a significant
impact on the patient’s survival. The value of escalating
research on breast cancer in Malaysia cannot be underestimated.
However, it is not known how many of these women experience
persistent pain after surgery. This study surveyed previously
unknown figures on prevalence, and explored the predictive
factors of persistent pain women with breast cancer in Malaysia.
There were three objectives. First, to assess the reliability of
the already established investigative tools, namely, the Brief
Pain Inventory, Distress Thermometer, and Resilience scale RS-14;
second, to survey the prevalence of persistent pain; and thirdly
to identify predictors of persistent pain in women after breast
surgery, using the above measures. A test and retest design with
no intervention and a recall period of 3 to 7 days was employed
for assessment of the investigative tools. A cross-sectional
study, with a prospective, correlational design, a retrospective
review of medical records was used to identify predictors of
persistent pain. These investigations were conducted in two
phases –Section A and Section B – using separate data sets,
with different inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants
were recruited from the University of Malaya Medical Centre,
Malaysia. Descriptive statistics, a stepwise regression model for
reliability testing, Cronbach alpha, and factor analysis were
used. This study divided pain into categories 0 = no pain, 1–4
= mild pain, 5–6 = moderate pain, and 7–10 = severe pain.
Section A: The tools were found reliable. Section B: A total of
123 participants were recruited; 119 participants remained
because 4 of them did not meet the inclusion criteria. A total of
43% of the participants had persistent pain (n = 51). Pain
interfered with their work, mood, and sleep. Based on a “Yes”
answer for pain today (n = 51), data were analysed to determine
predictors. The results revealed three predictors: distress, B =
–.911, resilience, B = –.444, and pain interference, B =
.309. The model was statistically significant, F (3, 41, 44) =
13.827, R2 = 0.267, .381, .467), and adjusted R2 = .250, .351,
.467, p = 0.001. Significant P value ≤ .005. Pain prevalence
was 43% in this Malaysian population. This study provided
empirical evidence which is an important new knowledge to health
care systems, health care providers, policy makers, and future
research. The impact of persistent pain on work, mood, and sleep
are justifiable medical concerns. The results obtained and
identified predictors are catalysts for providing extra support
for breast cancer women after surgery. Ideally, all women with
breast cancer should have very good life satisfaction.
Book chapters on the topic "Standard Deviation (SD)"
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Nahler, Gerhard. "standard deviation (SD)." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine. Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1318.
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Rowberry, Justin. "Standard Deviation (SD)." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_322.
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Rowberry, Justin. "Standard Deviation (SD)." In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_322.
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Fam, Han Bor. "Outcomes Review of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formulas." In Intraocular Lens Calculations. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50666-6_33.
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AbstractThis chapter analizes the published outcomes of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas. A modified version of the formula performance index (PI) proposed by Prof. Haigis is presented. This index ranks formulas accuracy based on several parameters, including the standard deviation (SD) of the prediction error, the median absolute error (MedAE) , the relationship between the prediction error (PE) and axial length (AL) and the percentage of eyes with a prediction error within ±1.00 D. Modifications include the mean absolute error, (MAE) the percentage of eyes with a prediction error within ±0.50 D, and the relationship between the prediction error and keratometry (K). A further version of the PI, specifically designed for subgroup analysis, is also presented.The data of 17 studies (including eyes with any AL) are presented, and formulas are compared by means of the PI. A similar analysis is presented separately for short, medium, and long eyes, as well as for eyes with flat and steep corneas, shallow and deep anterior chambers (ACD) and for eyes with a target refraction other than emmetropia.
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Agasisti, Tommaso, and Mara Soncin. "Italy: Student Performance and Learning Loss." In Evaluating Education: Normative Systems and Institutional Practices. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69284-0_7.
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AbstractRecent evidence from the 2022 wave of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) sheds light on the phenomenon of learning loss exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Italy, having implemented one of the longest national school closures during the pandemic, serves as a notable case study. This chapter reviews studies exploring the extent of learning loss that reveal significant negative results—particularly in mathematics and reading—with the only exception of reading in primary education. The learning loss in lower and upper secondary school ranges between 0.05 and 0.41 standard deviations (SD) respectively in reading, and 0.03 and 0.39 SD in mathematics, with impacts intensifying at higher educational levels. Despite efforts to address learning loss through measures such as online tutoring programmes, the long-term consequences remain a concern, particularly for upper secondary students. Further research is crucial to understanding the full scope of COVID-19’s impact on education, including its implications for student well-being and the enduring effects of the adoption of digital technology.
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Mullis, Primus E. "Tall stature." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.7096.
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The term tall stature simply means that the child’s height is above the 97th percentile (corresponding to a standard deviation score (SDS) of +1.88). It says nothing about the underlying cause and is not itself a growth abnormality; indeed, most children with tall stature are normal. Although as many children have heights greater than 2 SD above the mean as have heights greater than 2 SD below the mean, tall stature in childhood usually generates less anxiety than shortness and, therefore, referral for tall stature is less common than it is for short stature.
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Hu, Danqing, Bing Liu, Lechao Cheng, et al. "A Deep Multi-Task Network to Learn Tumor Pathological Representations for Lymph Node Metastasis Prediction." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti231096.
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Lymph node metastasis is of paramount importance for patient treatment decision-making, prognosis evaluation, and clinical trial enrollment. However, accurate preoperative diagnosis remains challenging. In this study, we proposed a multi-task network to learn the primary tumor pathological features using the pT stage prediction task and leverage these features to facilitate lymph node metastasis prediction. We conducted experiments using electronic medical record data from 681 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The proposed method achieved a 0.768 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) value with a 0.073 standard deviation (SD) and a 0.448 average precision (AP) value with a 0.113 SD for lymph node metastasis prediction, which significantly outperformed the baseline models. Based on the results, we can conclude that the proposed multi-task method can effectively learn representations about tumor pathological conditions to support lymph node metastasis prediction.
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Reyna Vargas, Myrtha Elvia, Wendy Lou, and Ron S. Kenett. "Production of Evidence-Based Informed Consent (EBIC) With Meaning Equivalence Reusable Learning Objects (MERLO)." In Pedagogy for Conceptual Thinking and Meaning Equivalence. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1985-1.ch005.
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Apparently, during an informed consent, patients remember little of the information given and their comprehension level is often overestimated by physicians. This study measures level of understanding of informed consent for elective cesarean surgery using an evidence-based informed consent (EBIC) model based on six MERLO assessments. MERLO recognition and production scores and follow-up interviews of 50 patients and their partners were recorded. Statistical comparison of scores within couples was performed by weighted kappa agreement, t-tests, and Ward's hierarchical clustering. Recognition score means were high for patients and partners with low standard deviation (SD), while production scores means were lower with higher SD. Clustering analysis showed that only 70% (35/50) of couples were assigned to the same cluster and t-test yields significant difference of scores within couple. Kappa yields moderate agreement levels on all items except for items D and C, which are lower. Follow-up interviews show that participants consider MERLO assessments to be helpful in improving comprehension.
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Reyna Vargas, Myrtha Elvia, Wendy Lou, and Ron S. Kenett. "Production of Evidence-Based Informed Consent (EBIC) With Meaning Equivalence Reusable Learning Objects (MERLO)." In Research Anthology on Advancements in Women's Health and Reproductive Rights. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6299-7.ch040.
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Apparently, during an informed consent, patients remember little of the information given and their comprehension level is often overestimated by physicians. This study measures level of understanding of informed consent for elective cesarean surgery using an evidence-based informed consent (EBIC) model based on six MERLO assessments. MERLO recognition and production scores and follow-up interviews of 50 patients and their partners were recorded. Statistical comparison of scores within couples was performed by weighted kappa agreement, t-tests, and Ward's hierarchical clustering. Recognition score means were high for patients and partners with low standard deviation (SD), while production scores means were lower with higher SD. Clustering analysis showed that only 70% (35/50) of couples were assigned to the same cluster and t-test yields significant difference of scores within couple. Kappa yields moderate agreement levels on all items except for items D and C, which are lower. Follow-up interviews show that participants consider MERLO assessments to be helpful in improving comprehension.
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Burwell R.G., Kirby A.S., Cole A.A., Moulton A., Pratt R.K., and Webb J.K. "Torsion in Lower Limb Bones of Patients with Adolescent Scoliosis (AIS) Treated Surgically." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-881-6-123.
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In this paper we report preliminary findings in which real-time ultrasound methods was used to measure femoral anteversion (FAV) and tibial torsion (TT) in 67 operative AIS patients (54 girls and 15 boys) with a mean age of 15 years. There are 48 thoracic curves, 15 thoracolumbar curves and 4 lumbar curves. Standard deviation scores (SDSs) of FAVs and TTs were calculated using means and standard deviations from 67 normals of the same age and sex (Kirby et al this meeting). In the femora there is no detectable asymmetry of FAV and FAVs SDSs are not significantly different from the controls. In the 67 AIS patients there is TT asymmetry (mean & SD 4&plusmn;9&deg;, p&lt;0.001) with the right TT SDSs (but not the left TT SDSs), being greater than controls. In 37 AIS girls with right thoracic curves TT asymmetry is also significantly greater than controls (p = 0.006). There is no statistical association between scoliosis curve severity (thoracic and lumbar) and each of FAV SDSs, (left and right), FAV asymmetry, TT SDSs (left and right) and TT asymmetry. Comparing 48 thoracic with 15 thoracolumbar curves, the mean left FAV SDS is significantly greater for TL than for thoracic curves (p = 0.018). The findings are discussed in relation to the neural control of proximal and distal limb musculature and spinal musculature in health, AIS subjects and school screening referrals.
Conference papers on the topic "Standard Deviation (SD)"
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Guo, Haixia, Millar Iverson, Simon Yuen, Sudeep Bohra, and Liu Cao. "Corrosion Fatigue Performance of Materials in Delayed Cokers and Coker Blowdown Piping System." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20618.
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Abstract Very often the current body of knowledge and literature of fatigue performance in coke drums and blowdown piping system are linked to fatigue testing performed in air or in water. This paper summarizes the test results that were conducted using process fluids collected from a delayed coker. Both fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests and stress/strain – cycle fatigue endurance tests in sour water at 200°F (93°C) or in a hot oil mix at 460°F (238°C), with gas mixture containing H2S were conducted. Carbon steel, Alloy 625 and their corresponding weld metal specimens were tested. The test results indicate remarkable impact of environment on fatigue behavior. Frequency scanning FCGR tests in sour water environment showed that FCGR increased with decreasing load frequency, particularly with high ΔK (32 ksi·√in or 35 MPa·√m). When ΔK was between 12 ksi·√in (13MPa·√m) and 36 ksi·√in (40 MPa·√m), FCGR of all specimens in sour water are higher than the mean + 2 SD (Standard Deviation) curve of carbon steel in air. Fatigue endurance tests in both sour water and hot oil environments showed various ranges of knock-down factors compared to test results in air. This testing program provides a better definition of the corrosion fatigue cracking mechanism of materials in delayed coker process. It also helps in the inspection planning of delayed coker equipment and in decisions on material selection.
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Park, Chung-Kyu. "Load Cell Data Analysis from Frontal NCAP Tests to Assess Aggressivity and Compatibility of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8746.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A total of 368 frontal New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) tests (including 24 tests with Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)) with high-resolution load cell data were analyzed to investigate vehicle crash compatibility, especially between Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) and BEVs. An Indirect Frontal Crash Model (IFCM) for Full-Overlap (FO) Vehicle-to-Moving Deformable Barrier (V2MDB) using load cell data from frontal NCAP tests was developed to assess vehicle aggressivity. An analytical solution of the IFCM for FO/V2MDB was obtained and used to develop a new aggressivity metric. In addition, the Max. Standard Deviation (SD) of load cell forces was used to assess vehicle front-end homogeneity. In the case studies, vehicle compatibility was assessed by the new aggressivity metric and Max. SD, along with typical frontal crash metrics.</div></div>
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El Hamoud, Riad, Philip Alkhoury, Mourad Aït-Ahmed, Abdul-Hamid Soubra, Franck Schoefs, and Rabih Dib. "Vibration and Fatigue Mitigation of a 5 MW Barge-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Misaligned Wind and Wave Loadings." In ASME 2024 43rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2024-131914.
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Abstract This paper aims at investigating vibration suppression and fatigue mitigation of a 5 MW barge-type floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) under misaligned wind and wave loadings. A passive omnidirectional tuned mass damper (TMD) installed in the floating platform was employed. The aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupled simulation program for wind turbines, OpenFAST, was used to perform the numerical simulations. The omnidirectional TMD was tuned to the platform pitch and roll natural frequencies in order to mitigate the vibration and fatigue loads in fore-aft and side-side directions respectively. The TMD damping ratios in fore-aft and side-side directions were obtained from two minimization procedures where the objective functions are the standard deviations of platform pitch and platform roll motion respectively. The effectiveness of the omnidirectional TMD was checked for one load case under three misalignment angles (0° ; 45° ; 90°). The percentage change of the standard deviation (SD) and damage equivalent moment (DEM) between the controlled and the uncontrolled cases were used as indicators of vibration suppression and fatigue mitigation respectively. The obtained results have shown that the omnidirectional TMD can effectively mitigate vibrations and fatigue of the FOWT under misaligned wind and wave loadings. For instance, the reduction in SD of platform pitch and DEM of tower base fore-aft moment could attain 47% and 31% respectively in the case of a misalignment angle between wind and wave of 90°. Moreover, a comparison with an equivalent dual TMD was carried out. It was found that the omnidirectional TMD provides better bidirectional vibration and fatigue mitigation when compared to the dual TMD.
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Liu, X., H. Nakajima, I. Murata, et al. "Retrieval of vertical profiles of ozone by high-resolution FTIR spectra over Rikubetsu, Japan." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1997.ofa.4.
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Vertical profiles of volume mixing ratios (VMRs) of ozone were retrieved from high resolution, infrared solar absorption spectra taken at Rikubetsu (43.5 °N, 143.8 °E), Japan by a ground-based Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The VMR profile retrieval is based on an iterative inversion algorithm, which utilizes a multilayer line-by-line calculations. In total, 96 ozone vertical profiles were retrieved from 48 infrared spectra by using two O3 absorption lines near 10 micron spectral region. These profiles were compared with 21 ozonesonde measurements from nearby ozone sounding stations. The two micro-window regions used for O3 profile retrievals are 1146 cm-1 and 1163 cm-1 spectral regions. Averaged discrepancies were less than ±15 % above 8 km for 1146 cm-1 retrievals, while those were less than ±11 % between 16 and 36 km for 1163 cm-1 retrievals. The standard deviation (SD) of averaged discrepancies were less than ±17 % between 16 and 36 km for 1146 cm-1 retrievals, while those were less than ±12 % between 16 and 36 km for 1163 cm-1 retrievals. In general, O3 VMR profile retrieval gives agreements within ±17 % in SD with ozonesonde measurements between 16 and 36 km altitudes.
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Paulo, Artur José Marques, Jeff Waugh, Joselisa Queirzos de Paiva, et al. "In vivo assessment of striatal compartments in patients with idiopathic upper limb dystonia." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.331.
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Introduction: The striatum is an essential hub in the motor system associated with dystonia and other movement disorders. The function of the striosomes and matrix in motor control is not clear. A recently developed method using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) enables us to distinguish compartments of the striatum, namely matrixes-like and striosomes-like voxels. Objectives: To access striatal matrix and striosome compartments in patients with idiopathic upper limb dystonia using diffusion tensor imaging. Methods: We analyzed 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images from 26 patients with idiopathic upper limb dystonia aged 43.88 ± 11.32 years (standard deviation, SD; range 19–60) with a mean disease duration of 12.55 ± 10.25 years (SD; range 1–25) and healthy controls aged 39.42 ±1 1.42 years (SD; range 19–58). The striatum was parcellated by targeting cortical regions that favored striosomes and matrix-favoring areas. The bilateral striatum was assessed for changes in volume and mean fractional anisotropy value. Results: Patients show significant reductions of left Matrix-like voxels volume relative to controls (P = 0.022), with a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.640). No difference was observed in the right striatum compartments. Conclusion: By parcellating the striatum into striosome and matrix-like voxels, we showed that patients with idiopathic dystonia have a reduced volume in matrix-like voxels in agreement with anatomopathological findings of some genetic types of dystonia. Even in non-degenerative dystonias, volume differences may reflect an imbalance between matrix and striosome signaling, ultimately favoring the direct pathway.
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Azghani, M. R., F. Farahmand, A. Meghdari, F. Hakkak, and M. Parnianpour. "Controllability and Maintenance of Human Trunk Response Surface for Isometric Extension Strength." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24313.
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From an ergonomic point of view, quantitative assessment of the feasibility of the task performance is an intricate process, which combines the multidimensional task demand profile with the individual’s multidimensional performance capacity profile. Trunk muscle strength is affected by the trunk posture but it is not clear how the variability of trunk muscle is affected by the trunk posture or exertion level. A validated triaxial dynamometer, Sharif-LIST, was used for to model the surface response of trunk muscle extension strength variability as a function of trunk posture in the sagittal, coronal and transverse planes in standing position. Fifteen healthy males with no history of low back pain in the previous year participated in this study. A full factorial method was used to design the experiments to fit a second-order model of response surface method (RSM) with block effect (BE). For the first time in the literature, the results of this study indicate that the quadratic RSM model is suitable to represent the trunk extension strength variability in terms of its coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) of maximum trunk torque as a function of trunk posture in coronal and sagittal planes (R2 = 0.6, p&lt;0.5). These results showed that in the positions with higher trunk strength values, the higher standard deviation and lower coefficient of variation were observed which is consistent with previous findings.
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Dias, Alice Estevo, Juliana Aparecida Rhein Telles, Bruna Helena Sciarini, et al. "Patient-reported outcome measures with multiple sclerosis on the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on communication difficulties." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.577.
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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can trigger difficulties in communication. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a treatment option. Objectives: To analyze the self-reported communicative ability of people with MS undergoing TMS. Methods: The protocol consisted of 10 interventions by TMS (primary motor cortex, left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex). The domain 1 of the self-administered WHODAS 2.0 Disability Rating Scale was used before and after (30 days) TMS to identify patient’s opinion of communication. Scores ranged from 0 = minimum difficulty to 100 = maximum. Results: The study comprised 30 people with MS: 22 women, 8 men, age 33– 68 years (mean = 50.0, standard deviation [SD] = 10.6), EDSS 0-6.5 (mean = 4.6, SD = 1.9), time diagnostic 1–24 years (mean = 10.0, SD = 7.2). All patients mentioned preserved ability for general understanding of the interlocutors’ speech. Prior to TMS, n = 18/60% had moderate difficulty concentrating (including speech content/subject), moderate/severe to n = 24/80% in recent memory, n = 10/33%) in problem solving, and n = 10/33% in learning, fundamental mental and reasoning activities for communication, activity reported with a moderate degree of difficult in n = 18/60% to start and maintain conversations due to inability to recall words (language disorder) or impairment in speech intelligibility (dysarthria). Self-reports pointed to a decrease in difficulties after TMS. Conclusion: We observed that WHODAS 2.0 seems to be a favorable both to identify the patient-reported outcome measures about the communicative difficulties, and to analyze the effects of TMS, which, in turn, showed potential to improve verbal communication and requires longitudinal investigation.
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Purificação, Isaac Rêgo, Allêh Kauãn Santos Nogueira, Matheus Araújo de Souza, Camila de Almeida Costa Alencar, and Sancha Mohana Brito Goes Rios. "Cerebrovascular diseases mortality in the elderly in the state of São Paulo." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.417.
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Background: Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the world 2nd death cause and the main cause of disability. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information regarding the mortality profile for this etiology in the last decade. Objective and Methods: Using prospectively collected data available in TabNet (DataSUS) platform, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. The primary objective is to access the demographic information most associated with DCV mortality in individuals older than 50 years-old, in São Paulo (SP), from 2010 to 2019. Results: The highest mortality in the state of SP was in 2019 (16,945 deaths), according to the growing trend; in the 2010-2019 period, the annual mean by city of deaths (± standard deviation [SD]) was 14,885 (± 1,341). During these years, the number of deaths was higher in the municipality of São Paulo (57,013; 31%). The annual mean deaths (± SD) in the capital and in the interior cities were, respectively: 4,684 (± 269) and 31 (± 58). The age groups from 70 to 79 years and over 80 years were the most affected. Caucasian race represents 71% of deaths. Individuals with 1 to 3 years of school were more affected (38%). The ratio of male deaths to female deaths was 1.02. Conclusion: In the last decade, there was an increasing mortality by CVD among the elderly population, and the city of São Paulo leads the number of cases.
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Jerauld, Gary Russell, and Aboulghasem Kazemi Nia Korrani. "Revised Correlation for Accurate Estimation of CO2-Brine Interfacial Tension at Reservoir Conditions." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209452-ms.
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Abstract A recently reported correlation of CO2–brine interfacial tension (IFT) for the full range of reservoir pressure, temperature, and formation water salinity necessary to evaluate CO2 sequestration in hydrocarbon reservoirs has been revised and simplified. The new CO2–brine correlation predicts CO2–brine IFT normalized by water surface tension from temperature, CO2-water density difference normalized by the density difference between water and it's vapor(function of pressure and temperature), and the valence-weighted molality of the cations. The correlation was derived from a database that covers 1298 CO2–brine IFT data including 484 for pure water. The revised CO2–brine IFT correlation accurately predicts available data for pure CO2–pure water IFT data with an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 2.4% and standard deviation (SD) of 3.1%. Similarly, for CO2–brine IFT correlation achieves an AARE of 2.4% and a SD of 3.5%. We also examine simple methods for predicting the interfacial tension between water and mixtures of CO2 and other gases. We find that while under ideal conditions the mole-fraction weighted average is a viable approximation to the mixture interfacial tension, it typically overstates IFT in many situations. We propose a minor generalization of Kashefi's (2012) method which has better qualitative behavior and improves predictions with an AARE of approximately 5%.
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Bando, Mauricio Ossamu, Alice Estevo Dias, Juliana Aparecida Rhein Telles, et al. "Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the working memory of people with multiple sclerosis." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.576.
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Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes various cognitive symptoms. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a resource used for stimulation. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of TMS on the working memory of people with MS. Methods: A double-blind crossover study was carried out with 29 people diagnosed with MS (18 relapsing-remitting, 6 primary progressive and 5 secondary progressive), aged between 29 and 68 years (mean = 47.2, standard deviation [SD] = 10.9 years), 9 men (31%) and 20 women (69%), with EDSS from 0 to 6.5 (mean = 4.3 and SD = 1.85) and diagnosis time between 1 and 24 years (mean = 9.5 and SD = 6.57 years). The active group received 10 TMS interventions (primary motor cortex (Cz): 10Hz, 50 pulses per time, 30 trains, 20 seconds apart, totaling 1,500 pulses at 90% of the resting motor threshold and pre -left dorsolateral front (F3): 10 Hz, 50 pulses per train, 40 trains, 20 second interval, totaling 2,000 pulses at 110% of resting threshold) for 10 consecutive working days. The sham group received the inactive TMS and participated in the physical activities. After 30 days, there was an inversion of the active and sham groups for a new sequence of 10 days. For evaluation, an interview was conducted for data collection and the subtest Digits of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) was applied at the beginning and end of the stimulations. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: 55.2% of people who received active TMS improved, against only 27.6% of people who received sham TMS. This difference was significant with P = 0.033. Conclusion: TMS appears to be an important resource for treating the working memory of people with MS. This result may encourage further research.
Reports on the topic "Standard Deviation (SD)"
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yu, luyou, jinping yang, xi meng, and yanhua ling. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with probiotics in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with intestinal microbiota disorder: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0001.
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Review question / Objective: Efficacy and safety of acupuncture combined with probiotics in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with intestinal microbiota disorder: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Eligibility criteria: 1.The literatures of type 2 diabetes patients were included without restriction on gender, age, race, disease course and blood glucose control of the subjects. 2. The relevant literatures included in human intestinal flora do not strictly restrict the test methods and key indicators of fecal specimens. 3. Relevant literatures with no statistically significant difference in general data between the experimental group and the control group were included. 4.There is no restriction on whether blind method or distributive hiding method is used to include Chinese and English literatures whose research type is correlation study. 5. References that clearly indicated standard deviation (SD), mean value or which could be calculated by formula were included.
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Wang, Guiming, Bronson Strickland, and Xueyan Shan. Vicksburg National Military Park white‐tailed deer survey. National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2307610.
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White-tailed deer (WTD) can exert substantial impacts on the ecosystems in the Southeastern United States, particularly by overabundant WTD populations that are sheltered from recreational hunting pressure such as those in the National Parks. Information on WTD abundance and density is indispensable for science-based WTD population management. WTD populations in Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK) have not been surveyed since 2010. Management of WTD populations has been challenged by the lack of reliable, cost-effective methods, such as a deer visual count-density calibration coefficient, for estimating WTD density within the park. This study aimed to develop a cost-effective visual count-density conversion method using WTD counts from spotlight surveys and density estimates from fecal-DNA spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models. We conducted seven, six, and five spotlight surveys of WTD in January, March, and May, 2023, respectively. Average visual counts of WTD were 96.0 (standard deviation [SD]=23.98), 86.47 (SD=14.22), and 84.0 (SD=13.02) in January, March, and May, respectively. Direct visual deer counts were greater than those of the 2009 VICK WTD spotlight surveys by 40%-220%. Average WTD relative abundances were 8.5 (SD=4.94), 7.9 (SD=4.58), and 7.6 (SD=4.8) deer per mile in January, March, and May, respectively. Average WTD density estimated by distance sampling models was 0.65 deer per ha. The VICK WTD densities did not differ among the three months in our distance sampling model. We used eight microsatellite markers to genotype WTD fecal samples within VICK. Fecal DNA spatially explicit capture-recapture models estimated 778 WTD within VICK. The WTD densities were positively related to the proportions of forests and open fields (grass and crop) in VICK. White-tailed deer appeared to be overabundant within VICK, causing concerns relative to WTD-human conflicts and exacerbating the risk of wildlife disease transmission such as Chronic Wasting Disease. We proposed a cost-effective monitoring method for estimating WTD densities with visual counts based on significant inverse relationships between WTD densities estimated by fecal-DNA SECR models and visual counts from spotlight surveys. Our proposed method will allow park staff to convert WTD visual counts from spotlight surveys to WTD densities until substantial changes in VICK’s vegetation and (or) habitat management occur. The timely, cost-effective monitoring of WTD populations can help park staff better manage natural resources within VICK, including the mitigation of the damages caused by overabundant WTD to natural resources.
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พงษ์เพ็ชร, พิณทิพย์, พิศิษฐ์ จิรวงศ์, อมร ลีลารัศมี, อมรรัตน์ ลีลาภรณ์ та วิมลมาศ ลิปิพันธ์. ระดับ gentamicin ในซีรั่มหลังได้รับยาขนาดแรก (initial dose) ในผู้ป่วยที่มีไตทำงานปกติและบกพร่อง และในผู้ป่วยขณะทำ hemodialysis : รายงานผลการวิจัย. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 1986. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1986.7.
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ศึกษาระดับ gentamicin ในซีรั่มผู้ป่วยไทย 40 ราย ภายหลังได้รับ gentamicin ขนาดแรก (initial dose) 1.5-2.0 มก/กก (น้ำหนักตัว) โดยทางฉีดเข้ากล้ามเนื้อและเข้าหลอดเลือดดำ ในผู้ป่วยที่มีไตทำงานปกติและผู้ป่วยที่มีไตทำงานบกพร่อง (impairment of renal function) โดยวิธี microbiological assay. ในผู้ป่วยที่มีไตทำงานปกติ 23 ราย โดยการบริหารยางทางเข้ากล้ามเนื้อ 16 ราย peak (ระดับสูงสุด) พบหลังได้รับยา 1 ชั่วโมง ระดับยาเฉลี่ย ±SD (standard deviation) หลังได้รับยา ½, 1, 3, 6 และ 8 ชั่วโมงหรือระดับ trough เท่ากับ 3.60 ± 1.23, 4.44 ±1.51, 1.90 ± 0.58, 1.34 ± 0.16 และต่ำกว่า 0.64 มก/ล ตามลำดับ พิสัย (range) ของระดับ peak เท่ากับ 2.01-7.20 มก/ล และโดยการบริหารยาเข้าทางหลอดเลือดต่ำ 7 ราย ระดับ peak พบหลังได้รับยาครึ่งชั่วโมง และพิสัยของระดับ peak เท่ากับ 2.18-6.72 มก/ล ระดับยาเฉลี่ยหลังได้รับยาเท้าหลอดเลือดดำ ½, 1, 3, และ 8 ชั่วโมง หรือระดับ trough เท่ากับ 4.23 ±1.73, 2.96 ± 1.0, 1.70 ± 0.69 และต่ำกว่า 0.64 มก/ล ในผู้ป่วยพวกแรกนี้มีเพียง 7 รายใน 22 รายที่ตรวจพบระดับ peak สูงกว่า 5 มก/ล และ 5 รายใน 23 รายมีระดับ trough สูงกว่า 0.64 มก/ล และค่าสูงสุดเท่ากัน 1.00 มก/ล ในผู้ป่วยที่มีไตทำงานบกพร่อง 17 ราย แบ่งออกเป็น 4 พวก พวกที่ 1) ผู้ป่วยจำนวน 5 รายที่มีระดับ creatinine ในซีรั่ม 2.0-2.4 มก% หลังได้รับยาเข้ากล้ามเนื้อ ½, 1, 3, และ 8 ชั่วโมง ระดับยาเฉลี่ยในซีรั่มเท่ากับ 3.13 ± 0.17, 4.47 ± 1.01, 3.23 ± 0.73 และ 2.02 ± 0.82 มก/ล ตามลำดับ พิสัยระดับ peak เท่ากับ 3.66-6.15 มก/ล พวกที่ 2 ) ผู้ป่วยจำนวน 4 รายที่มีระดับ creatinine 5.6-12.0 มก% ระดับ peak เฉลี่ยหลังฉีดเข้ากล้ามเนื้อเท่ากับ 2.15 ± 0.79 มก/ล พิสัยเท่ากับ 1.88-3.54 มก/ล และระดับ trough เฉลี่ย 0.91 ± 0.25 มก/ล พวกที่ 3) ผู้ป่วยที่มีระดับ creatinine 15.0-20.0 มก% จำนวน 4 ราย ระดับ peak เฉลี่ยหลังได้รับยาเข้าหลอดเลือดดำเท่ากับ 3.79 ± 0.88 มก/ล พิสัยเท่ากับ 2.68-4.68 มก/ล และระดับยาก่อนผู้ป่วยจะเข้ารับการทำ hemodialysis (96 ชั่วโมง หลังได้รับยา) เท่ากับ 1.26±0.23 มก/ล และ พวกที่ 4) ผู้ป่วยอีก 4 รายที่มีระดับ creatinine 15.0-20.0 มก% ระดับ peak เฉลี่ยหลังได้รับยาเข้าหลอดเลือดดำเท่ากับ 3.72 ± 0.99 มก/ล ผู้ป่วย 2 รายหลังทำ hemodialysis 3 ชั่วโมงครึ่ง ระดับยาในซีรั่มลดลง 60.3 และ 68.5% และผู้ป่วยอีก 2 รายภายหลังทำครบ 5 ชั่วโมง ระดับยาลดลง 58.4 และ 82.9% ในผู้ป่วยกลุ่มสองนี้ 17 รายมีเพียง 2 รายที่มีระดับ peak สูงกว่า 5 มก/ลถึงแม้ว่าจำนวนผู้ป่วยที่ใช้ในการศึกษานี้มีจำนวนน้อย จากผลการศึกษาแสดงว่าภายหลังการบริหาร gentamicin ขนาด 1.5-2.0 มก/กก ในครั้งแรกกับผู้ป่วยทั้งเข้ากล้ามเนื้อหรือเข้าหลอดเลือดดำ ให้ระดับ peak เฉลี่ยค่อนข้างต่ำ มีผู้ป่วยเพียง 9 รายใน 39 รายที่ตรวจพบระดับ peak สูงกว่า 5 มก/ล โดยปกติในการรักษาโรคติดเชื้อทั่ว ๆ ไปต้องการระดับยาในซีรั่มเท่ากับ 5-8 มก/ล นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่าในผู้ป่วยที่ไตทำงานปกติ ระดับ trough ก็มีค่าต่ำมากด้วย คณะผู้ศึกษามีความเห็นว่า การบริหารยา gentamicin ครั้งแรกเพื่อรักษาผู้ป่วยโรคติดเชื้อควรมีการแก้ไข เพื่อให้ได้ขนาดที่เหมาะสม โดยการเพิ่มขนาดและหรือความถี่ในการบริหารยาก็ได้ ในการใช้ยา gentamicin เพื่อรักษาโรคติดเชื้อในผู้ป่วยที่ไตทำงานบกพร่อง โดยเฉพาะในผู้ป่วยที่มีระดับ creatinine ในซีรั่มสูงกว่า 5 มก% การบริหารยาเข้าทางหลอดเลือดดำจะให้ระดับยาในซีรั่มสูงกว่าการบริหารยาเข้าทางกล้ามเนื้อและในผู้ป่วยที่กำลังได้รับการทำ hemodialysis การให้ยาขนาดต่อไปควรทำทันทีภายหลังเสร็จการทำ hemodialysis และควรปรับขนาดให้พอเหมาะ อย่างไรก็ตามการใช้ gentamicin ขนาดสูงในการรักษาผู้ป่วยโรคติดเชื้อทั้งที่มีไตทำงานปกติหรือไม่ก็ตามต้องใช้ความระมัดระวังเป็นพิเศษ ทั้งนี้เพื่อป้องกันหรือหลีกเลี่ยงการเกิดผลพิษ (toxic effect)
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Meghir, Costas, Orazio P. Attanasio, Natalia Varela, Sally Grantham-McGregor, and Marta Rubio-Codina. The Socio-Economic Gradient of Child Development: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Children 6-42 Months In Bogota. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011641.
Full textAbstract:
We study the socio-economic gradient of child development on a representative sample of low- and middle-income children aged 6-42 months in Bogota, using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, a high quality test based on direct observation of the child's abilities. We find a statistically significant difference between children in the 90th and 10th percentile of the wealth distribution in our sample of 0.33 standard deviations (SD) in cognition, 0.29 SD in receptive language and 0.38 SD in expressive language at 14 months. The socio-economic gap increases substantially with age to 1 SD (cognition), 0.80 SD (receptive language) and 0.69 SD (expressivelanguage) by 42 months. While the gap persists after controlling for mediating factors such as parental and biomedical characteristics, the level of stimulation in the home, and the quality of the institutional care setting; its size is significantly reduced by variables related to the home environment i.e. parental investments in care quantity and quality. These findings have important implications for the design of well-targeted, effective and timely interventions that promote early childhood development.
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Angrist, Noam, and Rachael Meager. The role of implementation in generalisability: A synthesis of evidence on targeted educational instruction and a new randomised trial. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cswp4.
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Targeted instruction is one of the most effective educational interventions in low- and middle-income countries, yet the reported impacts of this approach vary, from 0.07 to 0.78 standard deviations (SDs) across contexts. We study this variation and the contextual factors associated with it by combining an evidence aggregation covering 10 study arms with a new randomised trial. The results show that two factors explain most of the heterogeneity in reported effects: the degree of implementation (intention-to-treat or treatment-on-the-treated effects) and the instruction delivery model (teachers or volunteers). Accounting for these implementation factors enables substantial generalisation of effect sizes across contexts. We introduce a new Bayesian model which incorporates implementation information into the evidence aggregation process. The results show that targeted instruction can deliver 0.39 SD improvements in learning on average when taken up, and 0.80 SD gains when implemented with high fidelity, explaining the upper range of effects in the literature. Given the central role of implementation identified in our synthesis, we conduct a new randomised trial to increase programme fidelity in Botswana. The results show additional 0.22 SD gains relative to standard implementation, revealing concrete mechanisms to enhance implementation and achieve the largest frontier effects identified in the literature.
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Bando, Rosangela, Florencia López Bóo, and Xia Li. Sex-Differences in Language and Socio-emotional Skills in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011759.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores sex differences in language and socio-emotional skills. It focuses on children 7 months old to 6 years old in Chile in 2012 and Nicaragua in 2013. A focus on young children allowed for ruling out a set of environmental and identity effects to explain the gap. Females had an advantage in both countries and both dimensions. Males in Chile scored at -0.13 standard deviations (SD) in language in the distribution of females. In addition, males scored at -0.20 SD in socio-emotional skills. The gaps in Nicaragua were not statistically different to those in Chile. Thus geographical and cultural variation across the two countries did not affect the gap. Within countries, variation in family characteristics, parenting practices and health investments did not explain the gap either. These findings shed light on the role of biological and environmental factors to explain sex gaps. The identification of the role of these factors is necessary to inform policy.
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Li, Jia-Qi, PWH Kwong, YW Sun, WS So, and A. Sidarta. A comprehensive appraisal of meta-analyses in exercise-based stroke rehabilitation with trial sequential analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: This study aims to use the trial sequential analysis (TSA) method to examine if the published meta-analyses concerning stroke rehabilitation reached the required information size and if the overall effect size is robust as well. Condition being studied: Stroke rehabilitation. Eligibility criteria: Studies were included if they 1) were meta-analyses of random control trials (RCTs) on people with stroke, 2) included meta-analyses results in gait speed (or 6MWT) or bal-ance performance. Studies were excluded if they 1) were conference abstracts, letters to the editor 2) lack the statistical parameters such as mean, standard deviations (SD), and number value in the articles and raw data from the cited studies cannot be found.
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SIMPLIFIED MODELLING OF NOVEL NON-WELDED JOINTS FOR MODULAR STEEL BUILDINGS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.4.10.
Full textAbstract:
Prefabricated modular steel (PFMS) construction is a more efficient and safe method of constructing a high-quality building with less waste material and labour dependency than traditional steel construction. It is indeed critical to have a precise and valuable intermodular joining system that allows for efficient load transfer, safe handling, and optimal use of modular units' strength. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop joints using tension bolts and solid tenons welded into the gusset plate (GP). These joints ensured rigid and secure connectivity in both horizontal and vertical directions for the modular units. Using the three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) analysis software ABAQUS, the study investigated the nonlinear lateral structural performance of the joint and two-storey modular steel building (MSB). The solid element FE models of joints were then simplified by introducing connectors and beam elements to enhance computational efficiency. Numerous parameters indicated that column tenons were important in determining the joint's structural performance. Moreover, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.025, the developed connectors and beam element models accurately predicted the structural behaviour of the joints. As a result of their simplification, these joints demonstrated effective load distribution, seismic performance, and ductility while reducing computational time, effort, and complexity. The validity of the FE analysis was then determined by comparing the results to the thirteen joint bending tests performed in the reference.