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Streiner, David L. "Maintaining Standards: Differences between the Standard Deviation and Standard Error, and When to Use Each." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 8 (1996): 498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100805.
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Many people confuse the standard deviation (SD) and the standard error of the mean (SE) and are unsure which, if either, to use in presenting data in graphical or tabular form. The SD is an index of the variability of the original data points and should be reported in all studies. The SE reflects the variability of the mean values, as if the study were repeated a large number of times. By itself, the SE is not particularly useful; however, it is used in constructing 95% and 99% confidence intervals (CIs), which indicate a range of values within which the “true” value lies. The CI shows the reader how accurate the estimates of the population values actually are. If graphs are used, error bars equal to plus and minus 2 SEs (which show the 95% CI) should be drawn around mean values. Both statistical significance testing and CIs are useful because they assist the reader in determining the meaning of the findings.
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Luneckas, Tomas, Mindaugas Luneckas, and Dainius Udris. "Terrain Irregularity Sensing by Evaluating Feet Coordinate Standard Deviation." Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (2025): 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15010411.
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Locomotion over rough terrain is still a problem yet to be solved for legged robots. One of the problems arises from the inability to identify terrain roughness during locomotion, which could be crucial for decision-making and successful task completion. Our proposed terrain roughness method is inspired by the observation that humans can sense their limb position in space without looking at them, which allows us to estimate obstacle heights. This method is based on robot feet coordinate standard deviation (further referred to as SD) parameter evaluation. SD values could be categorized to represent different terrain roughness, and such categories could be useful for selecting different gaits for different terrains. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using already known feet coordinates to evaluate terrain roughness by calculating their standard deviation (SD). We present simulation results that show that the SD value only depends on terrain roughness and is not influenced by large terrain slopes. Experiments were conducted with real robots while walking over obstacles with different gaits to validate the method. This research mainly aims to test how robot gaits influence SD parameters for terrain roughness evaluation. The experimental results showed that the SD parameter calculated from the robot’s foot coordinates can be used to evaluate terrain roughness. The robot’s gaits have little to no influence on the SD parameter.
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Miranda, Camila Souza, Camila Piccirilli Stefani, Marcia Midori Morimoto, Maria Elisa Pimentel Piemonte, and Cristiana Borges Pereira. "Assessment of gait deviation on the Babinski-Weill test in healthy Brazilians." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 71, no. 9A (2013): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20130106.
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Objective The aim of this study was to validate a simple and reproducible method for assessing gait deviation on the Babinski-Weill test in a representative sample of healthy Brazilians. Methods Gait deviations were measured in 75 individuals (median=30 years, 41 women) for forward, backwards, and Babinski-Weill steps. The test entailed blindfolded individuals walking 10 paces at a frequency of 1 Hz with deviations subsequently measured by a protractor. Results Mean gait deviation forward was 0.53° with standard deviation (SD)=4.22 and backwards was 2.14° with SD=4.29. No significant difference in deviation was detected between genders (t test p=0.40 forward and p=0.77 backwards) or for age (ANOVA, p=0.33 forward and p=0.63 backwards). On the Babinski-Weill test, mean gait deviation was 5.26°; SD=16.32 in women and -3.11°; SD=12.41 in men, with no significant difference between genders (t test, p=0.056). Discussion Defining normative gait patterns helps distinguish pathological states.
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Tiwari, Basant, and Abhay Kumar. "Standard deviation (SD)-based data filtering technique for body sensor network data." International Journal of Data Science 1, no. 2 (2015): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijds.2015.072420.
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Andrade, Chittaranjan. "Understanding the Difference Between Standard Deviation and Standard Error of the Mean, and Knowing When to Use Which." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 4 (2020): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620933419.
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Many authors are unsure of whether to present the mean along with the standard deviation (SD) or along with the standard error of the mean (SEM). The SD is a descriptive statistic that estimates the scatter of values around the sample mean; hence, the SD describes the sample. In contrast, the SEM is an estimate of how close the sample mean is to the population mean; it is an intermediate term in the calculation of the 95% confidence interval around the mean, and (where applicable) statistical significance; the SEM does not describe the sample. Therefore, the mean should always be accompanied by the SD when describing the sample. There are many reasons why the SEM continues to be reported, and it is argued that none of these is justifiable. In fact, presentation of SEMs may mislead readers into believing that the sample data are more precise than they actually are. Given that the standard error is not presented for other parameters, such as difference between means or proportions, and difference between proportions, it is suggested that presentation of SEM values can be done away with, altogether.
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Srivastava, Ankit Kumar, A. N. Tiwari, and S. N. Singh. "Harmonic/interharmonic estimation using standard deviation assisted ESPRIT method." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 40, no. 6 (2021): 1067–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-03-2021-0108.
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Purpose This paper aims to accurately estimate harmonics/interharmonics in modern power system. There are several high spectral resolution techniques that have been in use for several years like Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT), Prony methods, etc. but these techniques require prior knowledge of number of modes present in the signal. Model Order (MO) estimation techniques have to make a trade-off between accuracy and their speed i.e., computational burden. Therefore, there is always a requirement of a technique that is fast as well as accurate. Design/methodology/approach The proposed standard deviation (SD) method eliminates the requirement of energy validation test and analyses the distribution pattern, i.e. standard deviation of eigenvalues to identify the number of modes present in the signal. Signal is reconstructed using estimated modes and reconstruction error is obtained to show accuracy of the proposed estimation. Findings Six test synthetic signals as well as one practical signal have been taken for validating the proposed method. The paper shows that proposed methodology has a better accuracy compared to modified exact model order (MEMO) method in high noise environment and takes very less computation time compared to the exact model order (EMO) method. Practical implications The proposed method has been practically implemented for harmonic/interharmonic analysis at a sewage treatment plant at GIFT City, Gujarat, India. Apart from this the proposed method is modeled in python-based tool and is run into low-cost Raspberry Pi like hardware to create an onsite as well as remote monitoring device. Originality/value SD-based approach for model order estimation is novel to this area. Further, the proposed method is compared with EMO and MEMO under varying noise conditions to check for accuracy and estimation time.
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Chu, Hui-Ying, Hui-Shan Chan, and Mei-Fang Chen. "Effects of Horticultural Activities on Attitudes toward Aging, Sense of Hope and Hand–Eye Coordination in Older Adults in Residential Care Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (2021): 6555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126555.
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This study investigated the effects of an 8-week horticultural activity intervention on attitudes toward aging, sense of hope, and hand–eye coordination in 88 older adults in residential care facilities. In the experimental group, the mean score for “attitudes toward aging” increased from 3.81 before the intervention to 4.74 points after the intervention (standard deviation SD = 0.24 and 0.27, respectively), and the control group dropped from 3.75 to 3.70 (standard deviations, respectively SD = 0.27 and 0.28). The mean score for “sense of hope” increased from 3.28 before the intervention to 3.81 points after the intervention (SD = 0.49 and 0.26, respectively). In contrast to the control group, the mean score gradually declined from 3.26 to 3.16 points (standard deviation SD = 0.54 and 0.48, respectively). In the test of hand–eye coordination, the time required to complete the cup stacking test significantly decreased from 33.56 to 25.38 s in the experimental group but did not significantly change in the control group. Generalized estimating equation analysis revealed a significant interaction between group and time (p < 0.001). The data trends revealed significant differences in outcomes between the experimental group and the control group. At 3 months after the end of the study, the effect size in the experimental group remained higher than that in the control group.
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Fedotova, Tatiana K., and Anna K. Gorbacheva. "Age dynamics of sexual dimorphism of anthropometric dimensions through the ascending period of ontogenesis from 1 month to 17 years (based on Moscow data)." Moscow University Anthropology Bulletin (Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria XXIII. Antropologia), no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32521/2074-8132.2021.3.033-043.
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The “model” sample is based on the data of Moscow preschool and school children aged 1-17 years, examined by the authors in 2005-06. The data on infants aged 1-12 months is collected on base of the archives of Moscow maternity hospitals and children’s hospitals in 2007-08. The quantitative estimation of the value of sexual dimorphism is based on Kullback divergence, the analogue of Makhalanobis distance. Results. For the total body dimensions (height, weight, chest girth) the pattern of dynamics of SD is similar. Through the first half of the infancy SD reaches 0.6-0.8 standard deviations. Further on SD decreases till minimal values of about 0.1-0.2 standard deviations at the age of 10-12 years. Up to 17 years, when boys experience yet active growth processes and outstrip the total body dimensions of girls, SD values increase. The values of biacromial diameter are slightly higher in boys as compared to girls through 1-13 years interval, further on SD increases to 2.3 standard deviations at 17 years of age. SD of biiliac diameter changes in a narrow corridor from -0.05 standard deviations at 11-15 years of age to 0.25 standard deviations at 6 and 17 years. The specificity of age dynamics of SD of subscapular skinfold is small negative values through the 1-12 years interval; after 12 years sexual differences increase significantly due to intensive accumulation of fat tissue in girls and reach -0.8 standard deviation up to 17 years of age. Conclusion. Age variability is the important factor of the dynamics of SD of somatic traits through the whole ontogenesis and reflects sex differences in the ratio of morphofunctional differentiation during ascending ontogenesis section. Final peculiarities of SD are formed mainly in the adolescent period of ontogenesis. Dynamics of SD has differences for total body dimensions, indices of transversal skeletal development and indices of adiposity, having different adaptive sense.
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Nurmasitah and Arrini Shabrina Anshor. "PENGARUH MEDIA SCRAPBOOK TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PKN KELAS I SD NEGERI 101884 LIMAU MANIS." PENDALAS: Jurnal Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dan Pengabdian Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (2021): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.47006/pendalas.v1i2.81.
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This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of scrapbook media on the learning outcomes of Civics Class 1 SD Negeri 101884 LimauManis. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 101884 LimauManis. The research sample was 30 students. The research method used in this research is quantitative research. The research design used in this study was a nonequivalent control group design. The instrument used was a multiple choice test to determine the effect of scrapbook media on Civics learning outcomes. From the data processing in the experimental class, the mean value of the pretest = 65.67, Standard Deviation = 6.51. and in the control class, the pretest value = 52.33, standard deviation = 5.63. The value of the average in the experimental class for the posttest = 93, Standard Deviation = 7.27. and the average value in the control class for the posttest = 59, Standard Deviation = 5.73. Then proceed with hypothesis testing using t test. After all the tests have been carried out, a higher average value can be obtained using scrapbook media and can be seen from the results of the calculation of tcount of 14.6, while the magnitude of ttable is 2.04. In other words tcount>ttable.it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of scrapbook media on the learning outcomes of Civics Class 1 SD Negeri 101884 LimauM
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Xu, Lijun, and Yijia Zhou. "New Robust Reward-Risk Ratio Models with CVaR and Standard Deviation." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (April 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8304411.
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In this paper, we present two robust reward-risk ratio optimization models. Two new models contain the worst case of not only conditional value-at-risk (CVaR), but also standard deviation (SD). Using properties of reward measure, CVaR measure, and standard deviation measure, new models can be proved to equivalent to min-max problems. When the uncertainty set is an ellipsoid, new models can be further rewritten as second-order cone problems step by step. Finally, we implement new models to portfolio problems. It shows that new models are robust and comparable with mean-CVaR ratio model. Since considering standard deviation, allocation decision obtained by new models can give reasonable rewards according to personal preferences.
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Ariffin, Nurul Hazwani, Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi, and Nurulhuda Abd Rahman. "The development of ‘Monolektrik Kit’ for the topic on Series and Parallel Circuits for secondary school Science and its’ usability among Physics trainee’s teachers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2309, no. 1 (2022): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2309/1/012066.
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Abstract This paper describes the development of a ‘Monolektrik Kit’ teaching and learning tool for secondary school students studying series and parallel circuits. It consists of games that also incorporate inquiry learning during game-based learning sessions. The developmental research design is based on the ADDIE instructional model. The sample consisted of 27 seventh-semester Physics trainee teachers, who were randomly sampled. The instrument was a questionnaire developed from a standardised questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale assessment. It has four dimensions: usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction. Three experts in the field assessed the validity of the kit. Data were analysed using percentage agreement, mean, and standard deviation. With a percentage agreement of 97.63%, the validity results suggest that the kit has high validity. Usability’s overall mean and standard deviation were (M=3.58, SD=0.39). The mean and standard deviation for usefulness (M=3.58, SD=0.39), ease of use (M=3.59, SD=0.39), ease of learning (M=3.62, SD=0.37), and satisfaction (M=3.55, SD=0.41), respectively. Finally, the research provided a validated ‘Monolektrik Kit’ which has the potential to increase student comprehension of series and parallel circuits.
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Zhao, Xiu, Zhe Su, Shaoke Chen, et al. "Growth Curves of Chinese Children with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: A Multicenter Registry Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 5 (2022): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12050771.
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Objective: To provide new information about androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), we studied growth patterns in Chinese children with AIS. Subjects: Data are from 118 untreated AIS patients who were admitted to eight pediatric endocrine centers from January 2010 to December 2019. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data were collected from a multicenter database. We compared physical assessment data among AIS patients and standard growth charts for Chinese pediatric population. Results: 1. Children with AIS grew slightly less than the mean before 6 months of age, and then, height gradually increased before 12 years of age, from the median to +1 standard deviation (SD), according to the standard reference for Chinese pediatric population. After 12 years of age, height showed differently in profiles: The mean height in AIS patients gradually decreased from the mean to −1 SD, according to the standard for Chinese boys, and increased from the mean to +2 SD, according to the standard for Chinese girls. 2. The weights of children with AIS were greater than the mean standards of Chinese pediatric population from newborn to 11 years of age. From 12–16 years of age, the mean weight of children with AIS showed different profiles, from the mean to −1 SD, according to the standard for Chinese boys and from the mean to +1.5 SD, according to the standard for Chinese girls. 3. Weight standard deviation (WtSDS) and target height (THt) in northern Chinese AIS patients were significantly higher than those from the southern region (p = 0.035, 0.005, respectively). Age in northern Chinese AIS patients was significantly younger than those from the southern region (p = 0.034). No difference was found among birth weight (BW), birth length (BL), height standard deviation (HtSDS) and body mass index (BMI) in AIS patients from different regions (p > 0.05). 4. HtSDS and WtSDS in complete AIS (CAIS) patients were higher than those in partial AIS (PAIS) patients without significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Growth of children with AIS varied to different degrees. AIS patients seemed not to experience a puberty growth spurt. CAIS and PAIS patients show little difference in their growth. Regional differences have no effect on the height but influence the weight of AIS patients.
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Heiberg, Einar, Henrik Engblom, Marcus Carlsson, et al. "Infarct quantification with cardiovascular magnetic resonance using "standard deviation from remote" is unreliable: validation in multi-centre multi-vendor data." Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 24, no. 1 (2022): 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12968-022-00888-8.
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<strong>Background: </strong>The objective of the study was to investigate variability and agreement of the commonly used image processing method "n-SD from remote" and in particular for quantifying myocardial infarction by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). LGE-CMR in tandem with the analysis method "n-SD from remote" represents the current reference standard for infarct quantification. This analytic method utilizes regions of interest (ROIs) and defines infarct as the tissue with a set number of standard deviations (SD) above the signal intensity of remote nulled myocardium. There is no consensus on what the set number of SD is supposed to be. Little is known about how size and location of ROIs and underlying signal properties in the LGE images affect results. Furthermore, the method is frequently used elsewhere in medical imaging often without careful validation. Therefore, the usage of the "n-SD" method warrants a thorough validation.<strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 214 patients from two multi-center cardioprotection trials were included. Infarct size from different remote ROI positions, ROI size, and number of standard deviations ("n-SD") were compared with reference core lab delineations.<strong>Results: </strong>Variability in infarct size caused by varying ROI position, ROI size, and "n-SD" was 47%, 48%, and 40%, respectively. The agreement between the "n-SD from remote" method and the reference infarct size by core lab delineations was low. Optimal "n-SD" threshold computed on a slice-by-slice basis showed high variability, n = 5.3 ± 2.2.<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The "n-SD from remote" method is unreliable for infarct quantification due to high variability which depends on different placement and size of remote ROI, number "n-SD", and image signal properties related to the CMR-scanner and sequence used. Therefore, the "n-SD from remote" method should not be used, instead methods validated against an independent standard are recommended.
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Lee, Ping‐Ing, Mei‐Hwei Chang, Ding‐Shinn Chen, Hey‐Chi Hsu та Chin‐Yun Lee. "Prognostic Implications of Serum α‐Fetoprotein Levels in Neonatal Hepatitis". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 11, № 1 (1990): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1990.tb10052.x.
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SummarySerum β‐fetoprotein (AFP) values in 61 patients with neonatal hepatitis were compared with the normal ranges of AFP in infants and were expressed as standard deviation (SD) scores. The size of SD score indicates how many standard deviations the measured AFP value is away from the mean value of the normal population. An extremely elevated AFP value is arbitrarily defined as a SD score higher than 4.0, i.e., above mean + 4 SD. The result showed that rapid recovery from jaundice before 6 months of age occurred in 16 of 17 (94%) with SD scores of AFP lower than 4.0. By contrast, in 26 with SD scores of AFP higher than 4.0, 17 (65%) has less favorable clinical courses, either slow in recovery or progressing to chronic liver disease and even death. This correlation between AFP level and prognosis was related to the fact that higher AFP values were associated with more severe inflammatory changes in the liver, as assessed from either biochemical parameters (peak total and direct bilirubin levels) or histotogical findings (portal inflammation and giant cell transformation).
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Dobrakowski, Michał, Marta Boroń, Sławomir Kasperczyk, et al. "The analysis of blood lead levels changeability over the 5-year observation in workers occupationally exposed to lead." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 6 (2016): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233716674380.
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The aim of the present study was to compare a group of workers with stable lead levels with a group of workers with fluctuating lead levels in terms of selected hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters. The examined group included male workers occupationally exposed to lead. Blood lead (PbB) levels were measured every 3 months during the 5-year observation. Based on standard deviation of mean PbB levels, the examined population was divided into two groups: low level of fluctuation (L-SD) and high level of fluctuation (H-SD) groups. The mean and maximal PbB levels were significantly higher in the H-SD group than in the L-SD group by 9 and 22%, respectively. At the same time, the maximal level of zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) and standard deviation of mean ZPP level were higher in the H-SD group by 29 and 55%, respectively. The maximal level of hemoglobin and white blood cell (WBC) count as well as standard deviation of the mean hemoglobin level and WBC count were higher in the H-SD group by 2, 8, 58, and 24%, respectively. The expression of nuclear factor kappa-B1 gene and telomerase reverse transcriptase gene was significantly greater in the H-SD group than in the L-SD group by 11 and 28%, respectively. Workers occupationally exposed to lead do not represent a homogenous population. Some present stable lead levels, whereas others have fluctuating lead levels. These fluctuations are related to secondary changes in ZPP and hemoglobin levels as well as WBC count.
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Lange, Alex P., Reza Sadjadi, Fiona Costello, Ivo Guber, and Anthony L. Traboulsee. "Reproducibility of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Measurements with Manual and Automated Centration in Healthy Subjects Using Spectralis Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography." ISRN Ophthalmology 2012 (July 30, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/860819.
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Objective. The aim of this study was to test the reproducibility of the Heidelberg Spectralis SD-OCT and to determine if provided software retest function for follow-up exam is superior to manual centration. Design. Prospective, cross-sectional study. Participants. 20 healthy subjects. Methods. All subjects underwent SD-OCT testing to determine retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements sequentially on two different days and with two different centration techniques. Within-subject standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess reproducibility. Results. RNFL measurements showed high reproducibility, low within-subject standard deviation (1.3), low coefficient of variation (0.63%), and low intra-class correlation coefficient (0.98 (95% CI 0.97–0.99)) in the automated centration and manual centration groups for average RNFL Thickness. Quadrants showed slightly higher variability in the manual group compared to the automated group (within-subject standard deviation 2.5–5.3 versus 1.1–2.4, resp.). Conclusions. SD-OCT provides high-resolution RNFL measurements with high reproducibility and low variability. The re-test function allows for easier recentration for longitudinal examinations with similar results in average RNFL, but less variability in quadrant RNFL. SD-OCT high reproducibility and low variability is a promising fact and should be further evaluated in longitudinal studies of RNFL.
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Spiridigliozzi, Luca, Mauro Bortolotti, and Gianfranco Dell’Agli. "On the Effect of Standard Deviation of Cationic Radii on the Transition Temperature in Fluorite-Structured Entropy-Stabilized Oxides (F-ESO)." Materials 16, no. 6 (2023): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062219.
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It is confirmed that Fluorite-structured Entropy-Stabilized Oxides (F-ESO) can be obtained with multicomponent (5) equimolar systems based on cerium, zirconium, and other rare earth elements, selected according to the predictor already proposed by the authors. Indeed, in the present study, three different samples owning a standard deviation (SD in the following) of their cationic radii greater than the threshold value (i.e., SD > 0.095 with cationic radii measured in Å) needed to ensure the formation of the single-phase fluorite structure, were prepared via co-precipitation method. After a calcination step at 1500 °C for 1 h, the entropy-driven transition from multiple phases to single-phase fluorite-like structure has been actually confirmed. Thus, with the aim of defining the temperature at which such entropy-driven transition occurred, and identifying possible relation between such temperature and the actual value of SD, the phase evolution of all the prepared samples as a function of temperature (ranging from 800 °C to 1300 °C) was analyzed by in situ High Temperature X-ray Diffraction. An apparent inverse correlation between the standard deviation and the entropy-driven transition temperature has been identified, i.e., the higher the former, the lower the latter. These results, based on the conducted basic structural analysis, provide further support to the SD-based empirical predictor developed by the authors, suggesting that high values of SD could bring additional contribution to the overall entropy of the system, other than the configurational one. Thus, this SD-driven entropy contribution directly increases with the increasing of the standard deviation of the cationic radii of a given F-ESO.
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Kasim Mohammad, Fouad. "Calculation of 95% confidence interval of the median lethal dose determined by the up-and-down procedure: a letter to editor." Journal of Ideas in Health 5, no. 3 (2022): 725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol5.iss3.233.
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Acute toxicity of chemicals can be determined by the up-and-down procedure (UDP) to measure the median lethal dose (LD50) in laboratory animals. An improved UPD was introduced to calculate the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LD50 values: 95% confidence interval = LD50 + the standard error (SE) SE = SD x √2/N (SD= standard deviation of all dosages in N trials in animals). However, not all studies using the UDP report the 95% CI. Using the above mentioned equations, it is possible to calculate the 95% CI of LD50 determined by using the table of Dixon for UDP- section of the standard error 0.61. For demonstration, recalculations were done on selected LD50 values with standard deviation, standard error and 95% CI from published literature by using the above mentioned equations. These included the LD50 values of propofol and diazinon in chicks, as well as cadmium and tetramisole in mice.
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Guerro-Prado, D., N. Echeverria, L. Jiménez, et al. "Fibromyalgia and psychopathology." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73363-6.
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IntroductionFibromyalgia seems to be associated with various forms of psychopathology, particularly major affective disorders.ObjectiveTo evaluate associated psychopathology in a series of women with diagnosis of fibromyalgia.MethodsPatient inclusion from 1st March to 30th June 2010. Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) was used for evaluation. SPSS was used for statistical analysis of data and results.ResultsA total of 34 women voluntarily joined our study. Mean age was 52.2 years (standard deviation (SD) 7.17). 11.4% were singled, 74.3% married or unmarried couples, 8.6% were divorced, and 5.7% were widowers. 74.3% of women lived with their couple and/or children whereas 8.6% lived by their own, and 8.6% with their parents. Results obtained with SCL-90-R showed:Global Severity Index (GSI) 1.86 (Standard Deviation (SD) 0.54); Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI) 2.58 (SD 0.36); Positive Symptom Total (PST) 167.85 (SD 49.30); Somatization (SOM) 2.62 (SD 0.53); Obsessive-Compulsive (O-C) 2.59 (SD 0.78); Interpersonal Sensitivity (I-S) 1.50 (SD 0.86); Depression (DEP) 2.5 (SD 0.75); Anxiety (ANX) 1.75 (SD 0.74); Hostility (HOS) 1.11 (SD 0.82); Phobic Anxiety (PHOB) 1.09 (SD 0.84); Paranoid Ideation (PAR) 1.11 (SD 0.85); Psychoticism (PSY) 1.05 (SD 0.62), and other vague symptoms 2.15 (SD 0.70).ConclusionOur patients with fibromyalgia scored higher in somatization, obsession-compulsion, depression, and anxiety. In view of the results, there is an important association between fibromyalgia and various forms of psychopathology.
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Khairulisni Saniati. "Upaya Pencegahan Stunting Sejak Dini Di Praktek Mandiri Bidan Sary Rahayu, S.ST Tahun 2024." Jurnal Informasi Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (2024): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47861/jipm-nalanda.v2i1.851.
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Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in babies under five years old (toddlers) caused by chronic malnutrition and exposure to repeated infections over a long period of time, especially in the first 1000 days of life (HPK), namely from the womb until the child is two years old. Signs that a child is stunted are that the child's height is shorter or stunted than the standard for children of their age. The condition of stunting only appears after the baby is 2 years old as indicated by a standard deviation (SD) z unit (z-score) value of height for age (TB/U) <-2 SD for short toddlers and <-3 SD for very short toddlers according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards (Indonesian Ministry of Health, 2016).
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Isojima, Tsuyoshi, Noriko Kato, Yoshiya Ito, Susumu Kanzaki, and Mitsunori Murata. "Growth standard charts for Japanese children with mean and standard deviation (SD) values based on the year 2000 national survey." Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology 25, no. 2 (2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1297/cpe.25.71.
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Daud, Amirul Hamzah, Zalina Ismail, Asilah Abdul Mutalib, and Shaibatul ’. Islamiah Che Man. "Effectiveness of Atvet Towards Employment Rates, Wages Rates and Mastery of Practical Skills of Alumni Students from Kolej Vokasional Teluk Intan." Asian Journal of Vocational Education and Humanities 5, no. 1 (2024): 49–57. https://doi.org/10.53797/ajvah.v5i1.7.2024.
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Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) is a program focusing on agriculture skills development. ATVET program is to create skilled workers for the agricultural industry. However, problems occur when employers provide job possibilities to graduates who don't meet all requirements, particularly those related to practical abilities. In fact, graduate employees have deficiencies in every position they are given, which contributes to salary-related problems and the effectiveness of the program is questioned. Therefore, this research aims to study the effectiveness of ATVET for alumni students of Kolej Vokasional Teluk Intan (KVTI) regarding employment rates, wages rates and mastery of practical skills. This research employed a quantitative research approach. A structured questionnaire was used as the main instrument and data collection was collected through surveys using online surveys to reach the target respondent. The targeted respondents of this study are three different batches of ATVET alumni of KVTI, a total of 58 of whom answered the given questionnaire. Several analyses are employed in this study such as frequency, descriptive, mean score and standard deviation. The results of the research data obtained independent variables, namely the employment rate obtained the mean and standard deviation (M= 3.9433, SD=.56319). Wage Rates obtained the mean and standard deviation (M= 3.7701, SD=.74720) and mastery of practical skills obtained the mean and standard deviation (M= 4.0394, SD=.54170). In a conclusion, this study will provide useful information to uplift the ATVET program and be able to be a well-known program to serve industry-ready graduates in future.
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Lin, Shixin, Jianxin Liu, Kaiying Wang, and Diming Wang. "Effects of Stocking Density on Milk Fatty Acids Composition and Oxidative Stability of Mid- and Late-Lactating Dairy Cows." Animals 8, no. 9 (2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8090148.
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The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of stocking density (SD) on the milk fatty acid profile and oxidation stability in mid- and late-lactating cows. Twenty-four multiparous mid-lactating Holstein dairy cows (milk yield = 34.5 kg/d (standard deviation 0.68), days in milk = 106 (standard deviation 2.2)) and 24 multiparous late-lactating animals (milk yield = 31.8 kg/d (standard deviation 0.98), DIM = 201 (standard deviation 3.5)) were allocated into 12 blocks based on parity, milk yield, and DIM and were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: mid-lactating cows with high SD (HSD, 100%), mid-lactating cows with low SD (LSD, 75%), late-lactating cows with HSD, and late-lactating cows with LSD. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. Lactation performance (milk yield and composition including fat, protein and lactose) was measured weekly. The milk fatty acids (FAs) profiles and oxidation stability indexes in milk were measured in the fourth day of the eighth week. Plasma variables were measured in the fourth day of fourth and eighth experimental weeks. Yield and composition (protein, fat and lactose) were not affected by SD in neither mid- nor late-lactating dairy cows. Among mid-lactating cows, LSD cows had higher contents of unsaturated FAs (total, C18:1 cis-9 and C18:2 cis-9 cis-12) and lower concentrations of saturated FAs (total, C14:0 and C16:0) in milk fat than those of the HSD animals. Moreover, LSD lowered SOD, GSH-px, and T-AOC activities and reduced the malonaldehyde content in the milk of mid-lactating cows compared with those of HSD cows. Mid-lactating cows under LSD had reduced cortisol and greater MDA contents in plasma than those of HSD cows. Our results suggested that the effect of SD on the milk FA profile and stability varied depending on lactation stages. In mid-lactating cows, although cows with LSD were less stressed, the milk they produced had lower oxidation stability due to the higher unsaturated FAs levels compared with that of HSD cows.
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Patel, Priya, Abigail Kim, Milana Shapsay, et al. "Emergency Department Vital Sign Variability Is Associated with Hematoma Progression in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage." Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 13 (2025): 4404. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134404.
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Background/Objectives: Spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (sIPH) accounts for a significant proportion of strokes and is associated with an estimated 30-day mortality between 35 and 52%. Subsequent hematoma progression (HP) occurs in up to 30% of patients and is associated with blood pressure variability, increasing poor outcomes. This study evaluates systolic blood pressure and heart rate variability in the emergency department (ED) and HP in the first 24 h of admission. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients with sIPH presenting to the ED and transferred to a resuscitation unit between 2017 and 2020. Outcomes included the occurrence of HP. Variables included blood pressure variability as measured by the standard deviation in systolic blood pressure (SBP-SD), successive variation of systolic blood pressure (SBP-SV), standard deviation of heart rate (HR-SD), and successive variation of heart rate (HR-SV). Bivariate analysis and machine learning algorithms were used to identify ED predictors for HP. Results: Of the 142 records analyzed, 41 (29%) patients experienced HP. The medians [interquartile (IQR)] for baseline characteristics were similar between groups. In the group with no HP (control), the median [IQR] for SBP-SD was 17.6 [11–26] compared with 20.5 [13.9–26.1, p = 0.25]. The median [IQR] for standard deviation in SBP-SV was 18 [11.4–25.4] for the control group and 19.8 [15.2–27.3, p = 0.19] for the HP group. While bivariate analysis did not show statistical difference for SBP-SD, SBP-SV, HR-SD, or HR-SV, machine learning algorithms identified SBP-SD, HR-SD, and HR-SV as clinically impactful on HP with good accuracy (92.59% and 79.31%). Conclusions: This study suggests that there are factors in hyperacute hemodynamic management in the ED associated with HP among patients with sIPH.
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AHMAD, AZMIR, and CHEN AI HONG. "PRELIMINARY COMPARISON OF THREE ACCOMMODATION MICRO FLUCTUATION REPORTING APPROACHES IN OCULAR STABILITY INVESTIGATION." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 12 (2022): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.12.011.
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Accommodation of micro fluctuation has been the subject of many studies of ocular stability. Although there are three existing micro fluctuation reporting approaches encompassing the standard deviation approach, root means square approach and Fourier transform analysis, the direct comparison of these approaches is lacking. This study aims to descriptively compare the three reporting approaches using a single subject in the initial analysis. Measurement was done on the right eye using an open-field autorefractor (WAM-5500 Grand Seiko Co., Ltd., Japan) via the dynamic mode while looking at a distant target. The standard deviation (SD) approach recorded 0.1723 D accommodation micro fluctuation which was nearly identical to the root means square (RMS) approach of 0.1719 D. As for the Fourier transform (FT) approach, the variation was apparent in the low-frequency but not in the high-frequency component. Additional analysis showed the correlation coefficient between RMS and SD, between FT and SD and between FT and RMS was at 0.5776, 0.4745 and 0.4276, respectively (all P-values <0.01). In conclusion, the accommodation micro fluctuation can be aptly described through the root means square approach as it has fewer errors than the standard deviation approach and is less complicated than the Fourier transform approach.
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Suepbunma, Piyakon, and Suthasinee Theerapan. "Developing Vocal Literacy: The Efficiency of Basic Vocal Training Exercises for Students at Yamaha Music School in Mahasarakham, Thailand." International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 13, no. 2 (2025): 58–66. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.13n.2p.58.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of basic vocal training exercises for students at Yamaha Music School in Mahasarakham, Thailand, using a quantitative research approach. The research focused on collecting measurable numerical data and was divided into two main components: content validity assessment and effectiveness evaluation of the exercises using the E1 and E² efficiency measures. The statistical methods used for data analysis included Arithmetic Mean, Percentage, and Standard Deviation (SD). The findings indicate that the developed vocal training exercises consist of five core components: Breathing and Breath Control, Correct Pronunciation, Listening and Singing on Pitch, Voice Range Development, and Expressing Emotions through Singing. The content validity assessment yielded an Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) of 0.95 and a Standard Deviation (SD) of 0.01, confirming that the exercises align well with academic standards and instructional objectives. The efficiency evaluation of the exercises (E1/E2) resulted in a score of 80.5/84.9, surpassing the standard benchmark of 80/80. These results demonstrate that the exercises effectively enhance students' fundamental vocal skills and can be successfully implemented to improve vocal training at Yamaha Music School, Mahasarakham, Thailand.
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Mahlelehlele, Bokang, Phiri J Letuka, Masepiriti Takane, Puleng Noka, and Ithabeleng Mochekoane. "Understanding Obesity: A Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Lesotho's Healthcare Settings." American Journal of Medical and Clinical Research & Reviews 03, no. 08 (2024): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.58372/2835-6276.1195.
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Purpose: The study assessed knowledge, attitudes and practices of adults towards obesity in selected hospitals in Lesotho. Design: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study was carried Methods: Researchers recruited 175 adults in outpatient departments from Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital. Questionnaires were used to collect data. The convenience sampling method was used to select respondents. Mean and sample standard deviation scores were computed to determine associations among variables. Findings: Mean and standard deviation scores revealed significant differences in the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices between respondents from different study settings. Respondents from Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital attained maximum scores in attitudes (M = 79.50, SD = 30.09) and practice (M = 33.80, SD = 15.81), while those from St. Joseph Hospital showed better knowledge scores (M = 72.20, SD = 16.83). Conclusion: Despite the satisfying knowledge and attitudes scores of adults towards obesity, their level of practice was alarmingly low.
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Tolosa, Andres F., Joel M. DeRouchey, Mike D. Tokach, et al. "A Meta-Analysis to Understand the Relationship between Pig Body Weight and Variation from Birth to Market." Animals 11, no. 7 (2021): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072088.
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This meta-analysis aims to understand the changes in pig body weight (BW) variation from birth to market and develop prediction equations for coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) as a function of BW. Standard deviation is the measure of dispersion of a set of values from the mean and CV is the SD expressed as a percentage of the mean. Data collected from 16 papers and data sets yielded 117,268 individually weighed pigs with sample size ranging from 120 to 4108 pigs. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted separately for each variation measurement. The resulting prediction equations (CV (%) = 20.04 − 0.135 × (BW) + 0.00043 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.79; SD = 0.41 + 0.150 × (BW) − 0.00041 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.95) suggest that there is a quadratic decreasing relationship between the CV of a population and BW, the slope gets smaller as mean BW increases from birth to market. A quadratic increasing relationship is observed for SD, with slope being smaller as mean BW of pigs increases from birth to market. These prediction equations can be used by swine producers to estimate expected CV and SD of BW among a population of pigs.
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Di Cesare, Ernesto, Alessandra Di Sibio, Antonio Gennarelli, et al. "Low Dose versus Standard Single Heartbeat Acquisition Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 8 (November 15, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcis.jcis_51_18.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare image quality and mean radiation dose between two groups of patients undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) using a 640-slice CT scanner with two protocols with different noise level thresholds expressed as standard deviation (SD). Materials and Methods: Two-hundred and sixty-eight patients underwent a CCTA with 640 slice CT scanner. In the experimental group (135 patients), an SD 51 protocol was employed; in the control group (133 patients), an SD 33 protocol was used. Mean effective dose and image quality with both objective and subjective measures were assessed. Image quality was subjectively assessed using a five-point scoring system. Segments scoring 2, 3, and 4 were considered having diagnostic quality, while segments scoring 0 and 1 were considered having nondiagnostic quality. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the two groups as well as the effective radiation dose (ED) was finally assessed. Results: Comparative analysis considering diagnostic quality (2, 3, and 4 score) and nondiagnostic (score 0 and 1) quality demonstrated that image quality of SD 51 group is not significantly lower than that of S33 group. The noise was significantly higher in the SD 51 group than in the SD 33 group (P < 0.0001). The SNR and CNR were higher in the SD 33 group than in SD 51 group (P < 0.0001). Mean effective dose was 49% lower in the SD 51 group than in SD 33 group; indeed mean effective dose was 1.43 mSv ± 0.67 in the SD 51 group while it was 2.8 mSv ± 0.57 in the SD 33 group. Conclusion: Comparative analysis shows that using a 640-slice CT with a 51 SD protocol, it is possible to reduce the mean radiation dose while maintaining good diagnostic image quality.
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Clausen, Caroline S., Marie L. Ljubicic, Katharina M. Main, et al. "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Children: A Pilot Study of Steroid Hormones Expressed as Sex- and Age-Related Standard Deviation Scores." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 93, no. 4 (2020): 226–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509079.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disease predominantly caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Clinical management in children includes glucocorticoid and often mineralocorticoid treatment alongside monitoring outcomes such as anthropometry, pubertal status, blood pressure, and biochemistry. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this pilot study was to present the use of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) and androgen metabolites expressed as standard deviation (SD) scores rather than actual concentrations as a tool in the management of children with CAH as well as in research settings. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study was a retrospective, longitudinal study that took place in a single, tertiary center and included 38 children and adolescents aged 3–18 years with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Biochemical measurements of 17-OHP, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEAS), and testosterone using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were expressed as SD scores, and outcomes such as genotype, height, bone maturation, blood pressure, and treatment doses were extracted from patient files. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The majority (86%) of CAH patients had 17-OHP measurements above +2 SD during standard hydrocortisone therapy, receiving an average daily hydrocortisone dose of 12.6 mg/m<sup>2</sup>. Androstenedione concentrations were mostly within ±2 SD, whereas DHEAS values were below –2 SD in 47% of patients. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Applying sex- and age-related SD scores to 17-OHP and androgen metabolite concentrations allows for monitoring of hydrocortisone treatment independent of age, sex, assay, and center. We propose that 17-OHP and androgen metabolites expressed as SD scores be implemented as a unifying tool that simplifies research and, in the future, also optimal management of treatment.
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Sweeney, Rose A., and Paul R. Rexroad. "Comparison of LECO FP-228 "Nitrogen Determinator" with AOAC Copper Catalyst Kjeldahl Method for Crude Protein." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 6 (1987): 1028–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.6.1028.
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Abstract The LECO FP-228 "Nitrogen Determinator" was compared with the AOAC copper catalyst Kjeldahl method, 7.033-7.037, for the determination of crude protein in feed materials. The completely microprocessor- controlled instrument determines nitrogen by measuring the nitrogen gas following combustion of the sample; it was easy to operate and broadly applicable. A wide variety of feed materials of various nitrogen levels were analyzed in one mixed sequence. Results were precise, accurate, and rapid. Analysis time for one sample was approximately 3 min. Fourteen samples containing 2.5-15.5% N were selected for study and consisted of meals, grains, forages, and standard organic materials. The overall mean for the 14 samples by the LECO combustion method was 8.61% N compared with an overall mean of 8.58% N for the AOAC Kjeldahl method. Within-sample standard deviations for the LECO combustion method ranged from 0.013 to 0.052% N with a pooled standard deviation (SD) of 0.033% N for the 14 samples. Standard deviations for the AOAC Kjeldahl method ranged from 0.006 to 0.035% N with a pooled SD of 0.022% N. Combined average recovery of nitrogen from tryptophan, lysine- HC1, and EDTA determined by the LECO combustion method was 99.94% compared to 99.88% determined by the AOAC Kjeldahl method.
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Jitendra Kumar, Surabhi Gupta, and Rashmi Kumari. "Use of optical coherence tomography retinal thickness deviation map for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 14, no. 7 (2023): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v14i7.53352.
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Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQS) is widely used to treat several rheumatic and skin diseases and can cause damage to the outer retina, known as HCQS retinopathy, and is common among long-term users of the drug with higher daily dose by weight. The goal of screening for retinopathy is to recognize signs of toxicity at an early enough stage to prevent the loss of visual acuity. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a commercially available retinal thickness deviation map obtained by spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) for screening of HCQS retinopathy. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective comparative study between unaffected (patients who did not develop retina toxicity) and affected (who developed toxicity) of 50 patients of the age group of 14–60 years taking HCQS medication for several dermatological and rheumatologic disorders. The patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were screened for HCQS retinal toxicity using SD-OCT, standard automated perimetry, fundus autofluorescence, and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Results: In this study, in group 2 patients, 60% were having parafoveal, 30% having perifoveal, and 10% having a mixed pattern (P<0.001) of HCQS retinopathy, and the mean deviation and pattern standard deviation increase as the severity of disease increases (P<0.005). Conclusion: This study concluded that HCQS is a safer drug and can be used safely in these patients with proper HCQS retinal toxicity monitoring with an SD-OCT-generated retinal thickness deviation map and with regular follow-up to monitor reduced thickness in the parafoveal region.
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Alhodaib, Hala, Manal Alshakhs, Sara Alsaidan, et al. "Evaluation of the Role of Twitter in Increasing the Awareness and Knowledge about Diabetes Among Citizens of Saudi Arabia." Open Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (2021): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010605.
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Purpose: The objective of this research was to evaluate the role of Twitter in increasing the awareness and knowledge of diabetes among citizens of Saudi Arabia. Methods: In this research we used a purposive sampling method and carried out a quantitative experimental study design. The participants were adults Twitter users from Saudi Arabia that had relative diabetic patients. The sample size was 200 participants, which were divided into an intervention and a control group. Each group consisted of 100 participants. The intervention group was recruited through Twitter, and the control group was recruited through WhatsApp. Data were analyzed and interpreted using statistical techniques, such as paired t-test, the simple t-test and the ANOVA. Results: The mean diabetes knowledge test (DKT) score of the intervention group was Mean=13.57, SD= 3.46. After the intervention process, the mean (M) increased to 17.06 and the standard deviation (SD) decreased to 2.35. According to these outcomes, the paired t-test showed that the use of Twitter had an influence on increasing diabetes awareness. Instead, for the control group, the mean (M) was 13.68, and the standard deviation (SD) was 3.72 at the baseline. During the study process, the mean (M) of the control group increased to 14 and the standard deviation (SD) augmented to 3.59. Then, according to the paired t-test, we concluded that in the control group, there was no effect on the participants’ knowledge. Conclusion: The results suggested that Twitter had a positive impact on increasing awareness and diabetes knowledge among adult Twitter users in Saudi Arabia.
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Li, Linlin, and Shuanggen Jin. "Estimation and evaluation of hourly Meteorological Operational (MetOp) satellites' GPS receiver differential code biases (DCBs) with two different methods." Annales Geophysicae 41, no. 2 (2023): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-465-2023.
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Abstract. Differential code bias (DCB) is one of the Global Positioning System (GPS) errors, which typically affects the calculation of total electron content (TEC) and ionospheric modeling. In the past, DCB was normally estimated as a constant in 1 d, while DCB of a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite GPS receiver may have large variations within 1 d due to complex space environments and highly dynamic orbit conditions. In this study, daily and hourly DCBs of Meteorological Operational (MetOp) satellites' GPS receivers are calculated and evaluated using the spherical harmonic function (SHF) and the local spherical symmetry (LSS) assumption. The results demonstrated that both approaches could obtain accurate and consistent DCB values. The estimated daily DCB standard deviation (SD) is within 0.1 ns in accordance with the LSS assumption, and it is numerically less than the standard deviation of the reference value provided by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) Data Analysis and Archive Center (CDAAC). The average error's absolute value is within 0.2 ns with respect to the provided DCB reference value. As for the SHF method, the DCB's standard deviation is within 0.1 ns, which is also less than the standard deviation of the CDAAC reference value. The average error of the absolute value is within 0.2 ns. The estimated hourly DCB with LSS assumptions suggested that calculated results of MetOpA, MetOpB, and MetOpC are, respectively, 0.5 to 3.1 ns, −1.1 to 1.5 ns, and −1.3 to 0.7 ns. The root mean square error (RMSE) is less than 1.2 ns, and the SD is under 0.6 ns. According to the SHF method, the results of MetOpA, MetOpB, and MetOpC are 1 to 2.7 ns, −1 to 1 ns, and −1.3 to 0.6 ns, respectively. The RMSE is under 1.3 ns and the SD is less than 0.5 ns. The SD for solar active days is less than 0.43, 0.49, and 0.44 ns, respectively, with the LSS assumption, and the appropriate fluctuation ranges are 2.0, 2.2, and 2.2 ns. The variation ranges for the SHF method are 1.5, 1.2, and 1.2 ns, respectively, while the SD is under 0.28, 0.35, and 0.29 ns.
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Roghmann, Mary-Claire, Alison Lydecker, Lona Mody, C. Daniel Mullins, and Eberechukwu Onukwugha. "Strategies to Prevent MRSA Transmission in Community-Based Nursing Homes: A Cost Analysis." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 8 (2016): 962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.96.
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OBJECTIVETo estimate the costs of 3 MRSA transmission prevention scenarios compared with standard precautions in community-based nursing homes.DESIGNCost analysis of data collected from a prospective, observational study.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTSCare activity data from 401 residents from 13 nursing homes in 2 states.METHODSCost components included the quantities of gowns and gloves, time to don and doff gown and gloves, and unit costs. Unit costs were combined with information regarding the type and frequency of care provided over a 28-day observation period. For each scenario, the estimated costs associated with each type of care were summed across all residents to calculate an average cost and standard deviation for the full sample and for subgroups.RESULTSThe average cost for standard precautions was $100 (standard deviation [SD], $77) per resident over a 28-day period. If gown and glove use for high-risk care was restricted to those with MRSA colonization or chronic skin breakdown, average costs increased to $137 (SD, $120) and $125 (SD, $109), respectively. If gowns and gloves were used for high-risk care for all residents in addition to standard precautions, the average cost per resident increased substantially to $223 (SD, $127).CONCLUSIONSThe use of gowns and gloves for high-risk activities with all residents increased the estimated cost by 123% compared with standard precautions. This increase was ameliorated if specific subsets (eg, those with MRSA colonization or chronic skin breakdown) were targeted for gown and glove use for high-risk activities.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:962–966
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Shilov, Viktor V., A. A. Vershinin, G. E. Guseinov, V. A. Lukin, and O. L. Markova. "The standard deviation of the red blood cells distribution width by volume as an assumed biomarker of chronic alcohol intoxication." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 6 (2020): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-6-645-648.
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Introduction. At present, Russia occupies one of the leading places in the world in ethanol consumption per capita. The actual and unsolved problem remains the diagnosis and prevention of chronic alcoholism. The definition of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin proposed by many authors has many drawbacks, in particular, a rather high cost, as well as a limited sensitivity of the index after two weeks from an episode of ethanol consumption. For this reason, it seems necessary to search for alternative biomarkers of chronic alcoholism. One of the applicants for the role of a marker of chronic alcohol intoxication is the Red blood cell Distribution Width - standard deviation (RDW-SD). The article contains the results of a study of changes in the standard deviation of the RDW-SD in the venous blood of patients with acute ethanol poisoning in cases with chronic alcohol intoxication.The aim of this work was to quantify the change in RDW-SD in patients with alcohol dependence (chronic alcohol intoxication) during periods of exacerbation (acute alcohol poisoning of moderate severity). Material and methods. The research materials were clinical blood tests of 245 patients on the first day after admission to the Department of Toxicology of the I.I. Dzanelidze. Research Institute of Emergency Medicine.Results. From the literature, it is known that the RDW-SD is largely associated with folic acid deficiency. Vitamin B9 deficiency can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease due to the development of hyperhomocysteinemia in patients. Particular attention is required for patients aged 46-65 years, who have the highest level of RDW-SD with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular events. At the same time, the highest mortality rate in this age group from the reasons associated with the use of ethanol is noted, which gives reason to consider RDW-SD as one of the possible indices of the mortality risk. Conclusion. The possibility of using the magnitude of the change in the RDW-SD index as a biomarker of chronic alcohol intoxication in patients with a certain risk of cardiovascular complications is discussed with the rationale for the appointment of folic acid preparations as part of the complex treatment of chronic alcohol intoxication.
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Heni, Heni, and Ulvi Nurlika. "Tingkat Konsentrasi Belajar Anak pada Siswa Kelas IV SD melalui Brain Gym (Senam Otak)." Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari 5, no. 1 (2021): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jks.v5i1.2820.
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This study aims to determine the effect of the brain gym on the level of concentration in children's learning in fourth-grade elementary school students at SDN Cimalaka II, Cimalaka District, Sumedang Regency. The research method used is a quasi-experimental design using one group pre-test and post-test design. The results showed that the average level of learning concentration in fourth-grade elementary school students before the brain gym was done was 6.18, with a standard deviation of 1.632. Meanwhile, the intermediate level of learning concentration in fourth-grade elementary school students after brain gym is done 7.01 with a standard deviation of 1.291. Bivariate analysis showed that the average increase was 7.09, evidenced by a p-value of 0.001 <0.05. In conclusion, the brain gym affects concentration in children's learning in fourth-grade elementary school students at SDN Cimalaka II, Cimalaka District, Sumedang Regency.
 
 Keywords: Brain Gym, Learning Concentration, Elementary School Students
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Priska Nurlia Br Simanungkalit. "Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Terhadap Hasil Pembelajaran Tematik Terpadu Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri 055981 Beruam Kabupaten Langkat." Al Yazidiy Jurnal Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 3, no. 2 (2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/ay.v3i2.74.
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The average student learning outcomes before using the problem based learning model (pre-test) in thematic learning in class VI was 67.75 and the standard deviation obtained was 11.12. The lowest score is 45 and the highest score is 85. The average student learning outcomes after using the problem based learning model (post-test) in thematic learning in class VI is 76.57 and the standard deviation obtained is 8.95. With the lowest value being 55 and the highest value being 90. Based on the calculation of the t-test, a tcount of 8.83 is obtained with db = 28 -1 = 27 with a significant level (
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Berecka, Anna, Anna Gumieniczek, and Hanna Hopkaa. "Development and Validation of a New High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination of Gliclazide and Repaglinide in Pharmaceutical Formulations." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 2 (2006): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.2.319.
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Abstract A new high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantitation of gliclazide and repaglinide in pharmaceutical formulations. Determination was performed using a LiChroCART RP-18 column, a mobile phase containing acetonitrilephosphate buffer (pH 2.1; 60 + 40, v/v), and ultraviolet (UV) detection at 225 nm. Repaglinide was used as an internal standard for gliclazide determination and gliclazide for repaglinide assay. The method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, robustness, ruggedness, accuracy, and specificity. The calibration graphs ranged from 0.015 to 0.09 mg/mL for gliclazide and 0.06 to 0.36 mg/mL for repaglinide. Intra- and interday relative standard deviation values for the standard solutions were 0.70 and 1.01% for gliclazide and 0.78 and 0.93% for repaglinide, respectively. Total recoveries of gliclazide and repaglinide from the laboratory-prepared mixtures were 99.82 0.58 and 101.50 0.46% for gliclazide and repaglinide, respectively (mean standard deviation (SD)]. In forced degradation studies, the effect of acid, base, oxidation, UV light, and temperature on both drugs was also investigated. Finally, the method was applied for the quality control of commercial gliclazide and repaglinide tablets. Total recovery was 100.40 0.35 and 104.46 0.23% f SD). or gliclazide and repaglinide, respectively [mean SD).
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Coskun, Abdurrahman, and Wytze P. Oosterhuis. "Statistical distributions commonly used in measurement uncertainty in laboratory medicine." Biochemia medica 30, no. 1 (2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11613/bm.2020.010101.
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Uncertainty is an inseparable part of all types of measurement. Recently, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released a new standard (ISO 20914) on how to calculate measurement uncertainty (MU) in laboratory medicine. This standard can be regarded as the beginning of a new era in laboratory medicine. Measurement uncertainty comprises various components and is used to calculate the total uncertainty. All components must be expressed in standard deviation (SD) and then combined. However, the characteristics of these components are not the same; some are expressed as SD, while others are expressed as a ± b, such as the purity of the reagents. All non-SD variables must be transformed into SD, which requires a detailed knowledge of common statistical distributions used in the calculation of MU. Here, the main statistical distributions used in MU calculation are briefly summarized.
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Pouladzadeh, Mandana, Mehdi Safdarian, Parastoo Moradi Choghakabodi, Fatemeh Amini, and Alireza Sokooti. "Validation of red cell distribution width as a COVID-19 severity screening tool." Future Science OA 7, no. 7 (2021): FSO712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0199.
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Aim: The aim of this study is the predictive validation of red cell distribution width (RDW) in COVID-19 patients. Method: In total, 331 COVID-19 patients were classified as ‘severe’ and ‘nonsevere’ groups based on the WHO standard criteria. The levels of RDW standard deviation (SD) were evaluated as both continuous and categorical variables. Multivariate statistical analyses were used. Results: RDW-SD ≤43 and ≤47 fl thresholds showed high specificity (90.1–91.4%) for diagnosing nonsevere illness and no risk of death. RDW-SD >47 indicated severe illness and a high mortality risk while 43<RDW-SD≤47 indicated severe illness with low risk of death. Conclusion: RDW-SD levels may be a potent independent predictor of the infection severity and mortality probability in COVID-19 patients.
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Pineda, Rence Anne, Jovelyn Salvador, Ronnielyn Galabyo, et al. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER PREFERENCES BETWEEN THE SHOPPING APPLICATIONS: TIKTOK AND SHOPEE." Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 2 (2024): 8–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10632976.
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This comparative analysis of consumer preference between Shopee and TikTok, aiming to explain the factors influencing user choices and preferences.This paper used quantitative research to investigate the reaction of some people in Valenzuela and Caloocan; their awareness and judgment in understanding how their exposure in online shopping affect their buying preference. This study show the profile mean and standard deviation of the participants perceived usefulness of Shopee app (x =3.55; SD =0.43) indicating users find it generally more valuable and seamless .The mean and standard deviation of perceived ease of use Tiktok shops (x = 3.57 ; SD =0.45) users perceive it as more user-friendly and convenient. The mean and standard deviation of attitude toward use Tiktok shops (x =3.57; SD =0.43) possibly stems from its entertaining short videos and influencer promotions. Society nowadays has a lot of online shopping trends when it comes to their advertisement that it can be a channel for reaching both current and new customers when it comes to shopping. The study analysis revealed that there are no significant difference between the Tiktok shop and Shopee App in terms of Consumer Preference (r(99) = 0.215,p=.83021). In conclusion, while Shopee stands out for its usefulness, Tiktok has an advantage in terms of ease of use and positive attitude towards it. Its worth nothing that both platforms have unique strengths and cater to different user preferences, which means that users could benefit from exploring both of them.
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Lee, Jiann-Der, Ya-Wen Kuo, Chuan-Pin Lee, Yen-Chu Huang, Meng Lee, and Tsong-Hai Lee. "Development and Validation of a Novel Score for Predicting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischemic Stroke." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (2022): 7277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127277.
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Atrial fibrillation (AF)—whether paroxysmal or sustained—increases the risk of stroke. We developed and validated a risk score for identifying patients at risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (pAF) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). A total of 6033 patients with AIS who received 24 h Holter monitoring were identified in the Chang Gung Research Database. Among the identified patients, 5290 with pAF and without AF were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to develop the pAF prediction model. The ABCD-SD score (Age, Systolic Blood pressure, Coronary artery disease, Dyslipidemia, and Standard Deviation of heart rate) comprises age (+2 points for every 10 years), systolic blood pressure (−1 point for every 20 mmHg), coronary artery disease (+2 points), dyslipidemia (−2 points), and standard deviation of heart rate (+2 points for every 3 beats per minute). Overall, 5.2% (274/5290) of patients had pAF. The pAF risk ranged from 0.8% (ABCD-SD score ≤ 7) to 18.3% (ABCD-SD score ≥ 15). The model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) of 0.767 in the model development group. The ABCD-SD score could aid clinicians in identifying patients with AIS at risk of pAF for advanced cardiac monitoring.
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Wibowo, Ari. "Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas V SD Inpres Batua II Bertingkat Makassar Melalui Penerapan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Numbered Head Together." Pepatudzu : Media Pendidikan dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 15, no. 1 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35329/fkip.v15i1.305.
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This research is classroom action research which aims to determine whether the application of Numbered Head Together type of cooperative learning can improve the mathematics learning outcomes of fifth grade students of Makassar-level Elementary Inpres Batua II. The subject of this study was the fifth grade students of SD Makassar Inpres Batua II Bertingkat. Data was collected by using test results of learning and observation. The results showed that the average score of students in the first cycle was 54.16 with a standard deviation of 14.76. while in Cycle II the average score is 69.80 with a standard deviation of 11.06. This shows that students have achieved classical learning outcomes.
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Hsu, Wei-Hao, Chia-Wei Lai, Szu-Chia Chen, et al. "GREATER LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL VARIABILITY INCREASES THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS." Endocrine Practice 25, no. 9 (2019): 918–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep-2019-0002.
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Objective: Variability in lipid levels has been associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) variability can be used to predict cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: A total of 5,354 patients with type 2 DM were enrolled in this study. Cardiovascular events including peripheral arterial disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death were defined as the study endpoints, and standard deviations of lipid levels were used to define intra-individual lipid variability. Results: Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that LDL-C standard deviation (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.016; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.006 to 1.022; P<.001) was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that an increase in LDL-C standard deviation significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular events (HR = 1.063; 95% CI = 1.025 to 1.102; P = .01). Kaplan-Meier analysis of cardiovascular event-free survival showed that the patients in tertiles 2 and 3 of the standard deviation of LDL-C had worse cardiovascular event-free survival compared to those in tertile 1. Conclusion: Variability in LDL-C could predict cardiovascular events in the patients with type 2 DM in this study. Abbreviations: CAD = coronary artery disease; CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HR = hazard ratio; KMUHRD = Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Research Database; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD = standard deviation; UACR = urine albumin to creatinine ratio
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James, Oliver A., Yvonne Elce, Eugenio Cillán-Garcia, and Richard J. M. Reardon. "Ex Vivo Comparison of the Accuracy of a Clamped with a Hand-Held Drill Guide for Drilling Distal Third Metacarpals and Metatarsals in Equids." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33, no. 01 (2019): 015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694972.
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Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether a clamped drill guide can be used effectively to drill across equine distal third metacarpals and metatarsals and to compare accuracy and speed of a drilling with a hand-held drill guide. Study Design Eighty equine cadaver limbs were divided between four surgeons with varying experience. The limbs were randomly allocated to clamped or hand-held drill guides and placed in a stand in an upright/standing position on a metal table. Drilling times from cis- to trans cortices were measured. Post-drilling computed tomography images were used to assess drilling deviations in the dorsopalmar and proximodistal directions. Results Mean proximodistal deviation of the drill hole was distad for both guides and significantly (p = 0.01) less for the clamped drill guide +0.35° (range: –5.42°, +6.61°, standard deviation [SD] ± 3.18°) than the hand-held drill guide +2.05° (range: –5.24°, +9.81°, SD ± 3.69°). Mean dorsopalmar/plantar deviation was non-significantly (p = 0.17) less for the clamped drill guide −0.27° (range: −9.72°, +6.58°, SD ± 3.57°) than the hand-held drill guide +0.60° (range: −9.74°, + 12.33°, SD ± 4.51°). Mean time taken to drill from cis to trans cortex was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter with the clamped drill guide (41.2s) than the hand-held guide (56.6s). Conclusion The clamped drill guide could be used successfully on the equine distal third metacarpals and metatarsals and resulted in some improved accuracy and reduced drilling time compared with the hand-held guide. The use of the clamped drill guide in vivo could be supported. This may be of benefit for certain fracture repairs in equids.
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Isnain, Auliya Rahman, and Yuri Rahmanto. "Employee Performance Evaluation Using the Standard Method of Deviation Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis." Journal of Information Technology, Software Engineering and Computer Science (ITSECS) 2, no. 4 (2024): 202–10. https://doi.org/10.58602/itsecs.v2i4.164.
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Employee performance refers to the extent to which an employee can achieve the goals and expectations that have been set by the organization, both in terms of quantity and quality of work. Employee performance appraisals cover various aspects, such as productivity, skills, discipline, creativity, and the ability to adapt to change. The main problem in employee performance evaluation is often related to the accuracy of assessments of various aspects of performance. Employee performance appraisal is a systematic process to evaluate the extent to which an employee meets the standards set by the organization in carrying out his or her duties and responsibilities. The purpose of this study is to apply the SD-MOORA method in evaluating employee performance objectively and comprehensively in the evaluation process, improve the accuracy of assessment, and provide a clearer picture of employee performance based on relevant criteria. The results of employee performance evaluation using the SD-MOORA method show that Siti Aisyah and Dina Putri occupy the top position with the same preference value, which is 0.47715, which indicates that their performance is superior in meeting the evaluation criteria. Both of these employees demonstrated consistent performance across the various aspects measured. In second place, there is Ahmad Firdaus with a preference score of 0.42932, which also reflects a fairly good contribution, although slightly lower than the two employees in the first rank. These results provide guidance for management to identify the best performing employees as well as design appropriate development strategies for other employees to increase their contributions in the future.
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Hariati, Hariati, Rizka Hidayah Husin Lubis, and Emy Hariati. "Pengaruh Pembelajaran Berbasis Lingkungan Terhadap Minat Belajar Siswa Kelas V SD Islamiyah Tahun Ajaran 2023/2024." Pedagogika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Kependidikan 4, no. 1 (2024): 77–81. https://doi.org/10.57251/ped.v4i1.1608.
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This study investigates the impact of the Environment-Based Learning Model on students' interest in learning in Class V at Islamiyah Private Elementary School during the 2023/2024 academic year. Using a quantitative research approach, the study employed experimental and control groups to measure the effectiveness of the learning model. The results indicate that the environment-based learning model significantly enhances students' interest in learning. The experimental group, which utilized this model, achieved an average score of 82.2 with a standard deviation of 9.06, whereas the control group obtained an average score of 51.67 with a standard deviation of 7.18. Hypothesis testing yielded a calculated t-value of 0.06, which, when compared to the t-table value (0.245 at a 5% significance level), confirmed the acceptance of the hypothesis. These findings suggest that integrating environment-based learning strategies can effectively improve students' engagement and academic motivation.
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Elsworthy, M., and P. N. Plowman. "Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts during standard conformal radiotherapy and TomoTherapy/IMRT for prostate cancer." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 7, no. 4 (2008): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396908006444.
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AbstractLymphopaenia is the earliest and the most sensitive routinely assessed biological parameter of corporeal radiation exposure in clinical practice; bone marrow, lymph nodes and peripheral blood lymphocyte populations are also at risk. During radical prostate radiotherapy, in 28 patients, the mean peripheral lymphocyte count fell from 1.76 × 109/l (standard deviation (SD) 0.63, 95% confidence interval (conf.) 0.23) to 1.10 × 109/l (SD 0.38, conf. 0.14), (p < 0.05). The question was asked as to whether intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) by TomoTherapy would cause more lymphopaenia than three-field conformal radiotherapy, bearing in mind the ‘low dose bath’ effect of IMRT and the long ‘beam-on’ times. Thirteen patients receiving three-field conformal radiotherapy experienced a fall in peripheral lymphocyte counts from 2.02 (SD: 0.62. conf. 0.43) to 1.17 × 109/l (SD: 0.47, conf. 0.26) after 34–38 Gy, as compared to a fall from 1.6 × 109/l (SD: 0.6, conf. 0.35) to 1.04 × 109/l (SD: 0.3, conf. 0.15) for 15 TomoTherapy patients—non-significant differences. We conclude that for this (approximately) standard, small-volume pelvic radiotherapy and to the dose under scrutiny, we cannot detect differences between the two radiotherapy techniques in terms of the lymphopaenia accruing. Neutrophil counts were similarly non-significantly different.
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Bansal, Rajinder Kumar, Manu Bansal, Reeshu Garg, and Dolphi Bansal. "Comparison of tooth substance loss and angle deviation in access cavity preparation using guided endodontics and conventional method in calcified canals – An in vitro study." Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 28, no. 1 (2025): 90–95. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcde.jcde_533_24.
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Abstract Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of access cavity preparation using guided endodontics (GE) and conventional technique (CT) in calcified canals. Subjects and Methods: Twenty teeth with calcification up to middle third were collected after scanning through RadioVisioGraphy (RVG). Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan was done and samples were randomly divided into two groups of ten samples each on the basis of method of access cavity preparation. Group 1: Access cavity was prepared by CT, Group 2: Access cavity was prepared by GE. 3D template and corresponding guide drill were made for group 2 samples after performing optical surface scans. After access cavity preparation, postoperative CBCT scanning was performed for all samples. The amount of tooth structure loss and angle deviation were calculated using Sidexis Software. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22. A t-test compared tooth structure loss and angle deviation between groups, and a one-way ANOVA calculated tooth structure loss in multiple directions for both groups (P < 0.001). Results: Our study found that the mean tooth volume loss (17.19 mm3 ± 06.11 standard deviation [SD]) and angle deviation (4.82° ±01.66 SD) in GE was significantly less (P < 0.001) as compared to mean tooth structure loss (38.85 mm3 ± 19.07 SD) and angle deviation (13.16° ±2.34 SD) by CT. Conclusion: GE is more accurate and conservative than CT in management of calcified canals.