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Books on the topic 'Standard observation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Di, Liping, and H. K. Ramapriyan, eds. Standard-Based Data and Information Systems for Earth Observation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88264-0.

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2

Olivia, Ekert-Jaffé, ed. Standards of living and families: Observation and analysis. John Libbey Eurotext, 1994.

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3

Edronova, Valentina. Statistics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1577822.

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In this textbook, the methodology of statistics is presented in the unity of quantitative assessment and meaningful analysis of the state, development, forecast and connections of socio-economic phenomena. The evolution of statistics as a science and its subject, methods of calculating absolute, relative, average indicators in the assessment of socio-economic phenomena are considered. The content and types of statistical observation and summary are described. The characteristic of selective observation and methods of calculating its errors are given. The methods of research of developmen

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4

Krueger, Alan B. Observations on international labor standards and trade. Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section, 1996.

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5

Krueger, Alan B. Observations on international labor standards and trade. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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6

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Instructions for use of U.S. Geological Survey standard field note summary form for visit to remote seismograph station. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1990.

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7

Usländer, Thomas. Heterogeneous missions accessibility: Design methodology, architecture and use of geospatial standards for the ground segment support of earth observation missions. ESA Communications, 2012.

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8

W, George C., Trethewey Diane L, and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Handcrew fireline production rates--some field observations. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1992.

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9

Hale, Deborah K. Observation status: A guide to compliant site of service designations. 2nd ed. HCPro, 2008.

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10

Boyd-Batstone, Paul. Anecdotal records assessment: An observational tool with a standards-based focus. Christopher-Gordon Publishers, 2006.

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11

National Climatic Data Center (U.S.), ed. Divisional normals and standard deviations of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days 1971-2000 (and previous normals periods). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National Climatic Data Center, 2002.

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12

United States. Federal Emergency Management Agency. and United States. Federal Insurance Administration., eds. Building performance, Hurricane Andrew in Florida: Observations, recommendations and technical guidance. The Agency, 1992.

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13

Jackson, Rhiain M. The introduction of a community service scheme into a standard seven programme (perceptions, observations and projections). Oxford Brookes University, 1995.

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14

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards. Ocean exploration and coastal and ocean observing systems: Joint oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards, Subcommittee on Research, Committee on Science, and the Subcommittee on Fisheries Conservation, Wildlife, and Oceans, Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, July 12, 2001. U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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15

Great Britain. Committee on Standards in Public Life. Standards of conduct in the House of Lords: Summary and list of recommendations and observations. Committee on Standards in Public Life, 2000.

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16

Bouchamma, Yamina. A guide to teacher evaluation: Structured observations for all evaluators. Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2008.

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17

Maslevich, Tat'yana, and Yuliya Syaglova. Risk management. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2025. https://doi.org/10.12737/1995393.

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The textbook provides a general understanding of scientific methodology, examines the specifics of the subject of research in the social sciences, describes the most common methods of collecting sociological and psychological information (survey, observation, document analysis, testing), as well as data analysis methods (quantitative and qualitative). Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the field of Economics and Management.

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18

H, Crescenti Gennaro, and Air Resources Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Surface and upper-air meteorological data acquired during the central California ozone study (CCOS). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Laboratories, Air Resources Laboratory, 2000.

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19

R, LeCroy Stuart, Darnell Wayne L, and Langley Research Center, eds. Standard-resolution TOVS observations for the FIRE/SRB Wisconsin Experiment Region from October 9 through November 2, 1986. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1987.

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20

R, LeCroy Stuart, Darnell Wayne L, and Langley Research Center, eds. Standard-resolution TOVS observations for the FIRE/SRB Wisconsin Experiment Region from October 9 through November 2, 1986. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1987.

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21

Standard, Paul. Observations of a "resolute outsider": Excerpts from the writings of Paul Standard presented in commemoration of his eighty-fifth birthday. Typocrafters, 1993.

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22

Yapaskurt, Oleg, and Evgeniya Karpova. Stadial analysis of lithogenesis. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21034.

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The tutorial deals with modern methods stadial analysis which allows you to retroactively recreate the stages of the successive changes in the substance of sludge as its transformation into the breed and during the stay of the breed in stratisphere. Seems some of the techniques of deciphering and mineral structural and textural transformations, corresponding to different stages of lithogenesis and early metamorphism using optical and electron microscopy, as well as methods of synthesis of such observations on genetic (lithofacies and formational) basis, theoretical understanding of the mechani

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23

United States. General Accounting Office, ed. Financial management: Senate observations and counts. The Office, 1998.

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24

Durston, Sarah, and Ton Baggerman. The Universe, Life and Everything. Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987401.

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Our current understanding of our world is nearly 350 years old. It stems from the ideas of Descartes and Newton and has brought us many great things, including modern science and increases in wealth, health and everyday living standards. Furthermore, it is so ingrained in our daily lives that we have forgotten it is a paradigm, not a fact. There are, however, some problems with it. First, there is no satisfactory explanation for why we have consciousness and experience meaning in our lives. Second, modern-day physics tells us that observations depend on characteristics of the observer at the l

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25

Liping Di,H. K. Ramapriyan. Standard-Based Data and Information Systems for Earth Observation. Springer, 2010.

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26

Ramapriyan, H. K., and Liping Di. Standard-Based Data and Information Systems for Earth Observation. Springer, 2012.

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27

Standard-based data and information systems for earth observation. Springer, 2010.

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28

Standard-Based Data and Information Systems for Earth Observation (Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography). Springer, 2009.

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29

Cheng, Russell. Change-Point Models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0011.

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This chapter investigates change-point (hazard rate) probability models for the random survival time in some population of interest. A parametric probability distribution is assumed with parameters to be estimated from a sample of observed survival times. If a change-point parameter, denoted by τ‎, is included to represent the time at which there is a discrete change in hazard rate, then the model is non-standard. The profile log-likelihood, with τ‎ as profiling parameter, has a discontinuous jump at every τ‎ equal to a sampled value, becoming unbounded as τ‎ tends to the largest observation.

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30

M¨uhlherr, Bernhard, Holger P. Petersson, and Richard M. Weiss. Linked Tori, II. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691166902.003.0006.

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This chapter proves several more results about weak isomorphisms between Moufang sets arising from quadratic forms and involutory sets. It first fixes a non-trivial anisotropic quadratic space Λ‎ = (K, L, q) before considering two proper anisotropic pseudo-quadratic spaces. It then describes a quaternion division algebra and its standard involution, a second quaternion division algebra and its standard involution, and an involutory set with a quaternion division algebra and its standard involution. It concludes with one more small observation regarding a pointed anisotropic quadratic space and

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31

Cheng, Russell. Box-Cox Transformations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505044.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the well-known Box-Cox method, which transforms a sample of non-normal observations into approximately normal form. Two non-standard aspects are highlighted. First, the likelihood of the transformed sample has an unbounded maximum, so that the maximum likelihood estimate is not consistent. The usually suggested remedy is to assume grouped data so that the sample becomes multinomial. An alternative method is described that uses a modified likelihood similar to the spacings function. This eliminates the infinite likelihood problem. The second problem is that the power trans

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32

Fisher, Michael L. Exploring the Close Reading Standard: Ideas and Observations. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.

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33

Kwame Harrison, Anthony. Introduction to Ethnography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199371785.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter introduces ethnography as a distinct research and writing tradition. The author begins by historically contextualizing ethnography’s professionalization within the fields of anthropology and sociology. While highlighting the formidable influences of, for example, Bronislaw Malinowski and the Chicago school, the author complicates existing understandings by bringing significant, but less-recognized, influences and contributions to light. The chapter next outlines three principal research methods that most ethnographers utilize—namely, participant-observation, fieldnote

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34

Geodetic Reference Frames Iag Symposium Munich Germany 914 October 2006. Springer, 2009.

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35

Duncan, Dustin T., William C. Goedel, and Rumi Chunara. Quantitative Methods for Measuring Neighborhood Characteristics in Neighborhood Health Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0003.

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Research connecting neighborhoods and health has characterized neighborhood factors in multiple ways. This chapter discusses standard and emerging methods to measure and study neighborhood characteristics. In particular, this chapter provides an overview of neighborhood characteristic assessment methods, including self-report, systematic social observation, geographic information system (GIS) methods, Web-based geospatial methods, real-time geospatial methods, crowd-sourced geospatial methods, and information retrieval methods from online sources such as Instagram and Twitter. This chapter als

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36

Wong, Han Hsi, Basma Greef, and Tim Eisen. Treatment of metastatic renal cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0089.

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Metastatic renal cancer is resistant to standard chemotherapy. Although some patients with indolent disease can be initially managed with observation, the majority of patients will require aggressive treatment soon after diagnosis. Options include cytoreductive nephrectomy, resection of a solitary metastasis in highly selected cases, or systemic therapy options. The TKIs sunitinib and pazopanib are currently the first-line treatments of choice. Whilst axitinib and cabozantinib have important roles in the second line the PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab, is now established as standard secon

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37

Homburg, Stefan. Constrained Credit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 considers economies with borrowing constraints. This assumption is motivated by the observation that monetary expansions after the Great Recession did not entail inflation in the expected manner. At the same time, nominal and real interest rates tended to decline in many advanced economies. The text offers an in-depth analysis of credit crunches, liquidity traps, and interest rates at the zero lower bound and demonstrates that borrowing constraints help reconcile theory and evidence. According to the key insight, a binding borrowing constraint detaches money creation from credit crea

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38

Aristotle. On the Heavens I and II. Edited by Stuart Leggatt. Liverpool University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9780856686627.001.0001.

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The first two books of Aristotle's On the Heavens (De Caelo) offer perspectives on the cosmology of a thinker whose ideas in this area were considered authoritative by many until the seventeenth century. This new translation and commentary provide the modern reader with the opportunity to appraise Aristotle's ideas in relation to the cosmologies of his predecessors. While tied to the thinking of the day, Aristotle nevertheless succeeded in placing cosmology on a new footing; indeed, as the commentary in this volume shows, his use of mathematics-style demonstration, along with his appeal to obs

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39

Stokke, Andreas. The Difference between Lying and Misleading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0005.

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The notions of what is said and assertion, as relative to questions under discussion, are used to provide an account of the lying-misleading distinction. The chapter argues that utterances are sometimes interpreted relative to the so-called Big Question, roughly paraphrased by “What is the world like?” This observation is shown to account for the fact that, when conveying standard conversational implicatures, what is asserted is likewise proposed for the common ground. The chapter applies the resulting account of the lying-misleading distinction to ways of lying and misleading with incomplete

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40

Parisi, Malcolm. Air Quality Observation in the U. S.: Systems, Needs, and Standards. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.

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41

Samuel, Pat, and Jonathan D. Hills. Collaborating to Raise Standards: A Brief Practical Guide to Peer Observation. Independently Published, 2018.

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42

Gosudarstvennai︠a︡ sluzhba vremeni, chastoty i opredelenii︠a︡ parametrov vrashchenii︠a︡ zemli. VNIIFTRI, 2007.

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43

Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0008.

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The supposed problem of perceptual error, including illusion and hallucination, has led most theories of perception to deny formulations of direct realism. The standard response to this apparent problem adopts the mistaken presupposition that perception is indeed liable to error. However, the prevailing conditions of observation are themselves elements of perceptual representation, functioning in the manner of predicate modifiers. They ensure that the predicates applied in perceptual representations do indeed correctly attribute properties that perceived physical objects actually instantiate.

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44

Dunson, David. Flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.1.

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This article focuses on flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data involving pregnancy outcomes. It first provides an overview of finite mixture models and nonparametric Bayes methods before discussing some of the possibilities focusing on gestational age at delivery, DDE and age data from the Longnecker et al. (2001) study. More specifically, it examines how risk of premature delivery is impacted by maternal exposure to the pesticide DDT. The results showcase the use of Bayesian analysis in epidemiological studies that collect continuous health outcomes data, and in which the scientific

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45

Andreas, Maurer. Part IV The Role of Arbitrators in the Development of Shipping Law, 14 Transnational Shipping Law: The Role of Private Legal Actors in International Shipping. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0014.

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This chapter develops a threefold argument. First, using empirical data it shows the maritime industry’s move away from litigation and towards arbitration. Second, it argues that private actors play a major role in the development of substantial rules of international shipping by the means of standard contracts. Since these contracts do not only result from a unilateral imposition of the terms by one party on the other but from participative procedures that involve many stakeholders, these rules are not only general terms and conditions, they can claim normativity for themselves and thus are a

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46

Cohen, Jonathan. Synesthetic Perception as Continuous with Ordinary Perception, or. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688289.003.0004.

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It appears that the distinctive feature at the core of our understanding of synesthesia—informational integration between psychological systems—is also ubiquitous in normal perception. This observation invites the question whether synesthesia is a fundamentally distinct, pathological outlier, or a syndrome continuous with capacities present in normal perception. In this chapter I offer several arguments for the continuity view. I suggest that the forms of integration in synesthetic and normal perception exhibit striking, detailed, and unexpected similarities, while the evidence some have taken

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47

Lichtman, Robert M. Vietnam War Decisions and Some Observations. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037009.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the Court’s decisions during the Vietnam War, which represent a high-water mark in the protection of First Amendment freedoms in wartime. The cases showed graphically the changes in the mode of dissent that occurred in the 1960s. In one group of decisions, the Court reviewed the criminal convictions of three individuals who mocked sacrosanct patriotic symbols—the flag, the military uniform—in conveying their antiwar message. However, the icing on the cake for supporters of a robust First Amendment was the adoption in 1969 of a new formula to replace the altered clear-and

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48

Campbell, John, Joey Huston, and Frank Krauss. Data at the TEVATRON. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199652747.003.0008.

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Before the LHC, there was the Tevatron, which ran at the high-energy frontier for approximately 25 years. Many of the modern analysis tools used at the LHC were first developed at the Tevatron. In this chapter, benchmark data analyses (and related theoretical tools), such as for W/Z bosons, photons, and jets, are described. The apex of the Tevatron was the discovery of the top quark. Measurements of the top quark cross section and of the top quark mass are examined and tt¯ asymmetry measurements and predictions are reviewed. Although attributed to many Beyond-the-Standard Model scenarios, the

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49

Farrar, John T. Understanding clinical trials in palliative care research. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0193.

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Advances in basic science, translational, and clinical research have led to rapid improvements in our understanding of many disease processes. The randomized clinical trial (RCT) has played an important role in validating the benefits and harms of therapies thought to be potentially useful based on scientific theory or clinical observation, and has become the ‘gold standard’ for the demonstration of efficacy. As in all clinical study designs, the RCT has strengths and weaknesses that must be understood to appropriately interpret the study results. While randomization of the intended study popu

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50

Trudgill, Peter. The Anthropological Setting of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.13.

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A sociolinguistically oriented study of polysynthesis literature reveals one rather striking observation. Varieties often cited as being incontrovertibly polysynthetic include languages from many different language families and different areas of the world. But many of these languages have a number of social characteristics in common: they are spoken in relatively small, traditional, non-industrialized communities, over relatively small territories. This chapter suggests that this is not a coincidence. There seems to be considerable agreement in the literature, for instance, that polysynthetic

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