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Decourt, L., T. Muromachi, I. K. Nixon, J. H. Schmertmann, S. Thorburn, and E. Zolkov. "Standard penetration test (SPT): International reference test procedure." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 27, no. 2 (April 1990): A93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)95092-f.
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Thorburn, S. "Field Testing: The Standard Penetration Test." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.07.
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AbstractThis introductory lecture discusses the international use of the standard penetration test (SPT) and presents the proposals for International Reference Test Procedures. The application of the SPT as a means of assessing the strength and stiffness of weak rocks is mentioned together with the reliance upon the test at the present time for estimating the liquefaction potential of saturated fine grained non-cohesive soils. The various aspects of the execution of the SPT are discussed which can provide variable and unrepresentative values of resistance (N values).The principle of measuring energy losses and making adjustments to the N values is introduced as a basis for ensuring comparability of test results.Reference is made to the general descriptions of the SPT given in BS 5930:1981 and to the lack of clear guidance in this British Standard.
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Daniel, Chris R., John A. Howie, and Alex Sy. "A method for correlating large penetration test (LPT) to standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-094.
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The standard penetration test (SPT) split-spoon sampler is too small for investigations in gravelly soils. For this reason, several researchers have developed scaled-up versions of the SPT, commonly referred to as "large penetration tests" (LPT), and attempted to correlate the measured blow counts to SPT blow counts. Several LPTs have been in use worldwide; each with different drill rods, sampler dimensions, and hammer energies; hence existing published LPTSPT correlations differ for each system. This paper summarizes the LPT data in the literature and presents a fundamental method for predicting LPTSPT correlations. The proposed method is based on wave equation analyses of SPT and LPT and considers variations in test equipment, penetration resistance, and energy. It is shown that the method provides a unified approach for assimilating the various published LPTSPT correlations. Additional SPT and LPT data were collected at a sand research site to check the proposed method and to expand the LPT database. The observed and predicted correlation factors are shown to be in good agreement. The proposed correlation method will be useful as a logical framework for the comparison of LPT data collected throughout the world. Additional research will be required to extend this procedure to gravel sites.Key words: large penetration test, LPT, fundamental correlation method, wave equation analysis, grain size effects.
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Suryanegara Dwipa, R. S., I. W. Arya, I. W. Wiraga, and I. M. W. Pramana. "Evaluation of liquefaction potential using cone penetration test (CPT) and standard penetration test (SPT)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1450 (February 2020): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1450/1/012016.
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Ji, Peng, Jiling Yang, Nan Zhang, Qian Zhai, Minjie Li, Yueyi Wang, Tianlun Shen, and Alfrendo Satyanaga. "Energy Measurement in Standard Penetration Tests." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 4763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15064763.
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The standard penetration test (SPT) is a widely used in situ test method worldwide that can evaluate soil properties based on the blow counts (N-value). The N-value depends on soil properties, and the energy transferred to the drill pipe during hammering. Currently, European and American scholars generally believe that variation in the amount of hammer energy transmitted to the drill pipe due to different types of drop hammer systems is the primary factor that leads to variations in N-value. In China, there is a lack of research on the quantitative energy transfer efficiency of the drop hammer system based on test data from a penetration test instrument. In this study, an in-situ test in Jiangsu Province was performed at a test site using standard penetration test instruments that are commonly used in China. Corresponding time history curves and strain, acceleration, force, velocity, energy and penetration degree data were obtained through the stress wave test. The propagation law of the stress wave and energy in a drill pipe was analyzed, and the energy transfer efficiency of the domestic SPT system was measured. In the stress wave test, most of the measured hammer energy efficiency was between 74.5 and 84.5%, and the measured average energy was 0.3723 kJ; the average energy efficiency was 78.7%; the standard deviation (SD) of the energy efficiency was 3.82, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of energy transfer efficiency(ER) was 4.9%. The average energy efficiency of 78.7% can be considered to be the energy efficiency of the domestic SPT system. The calculated results reported in this article can be used to improve the quantitative level of domestic investigation. Based on the calculated Er, the results obtained from different SPT systems at home and abroad can be corrected.
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Basoka, I. Wayan Ariyana. "PERBANDINGAN DAYA DUKUNG TIANG PANCANG BERDASARKAN PENGUJIAN CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT) DAN STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) PADA TANAH BERPASIR." UKaRsT 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/ukarst.v4i1.793.
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Design of building structure always related to the foundation, field testing is often done to test the bearing capacity of the soil in the form of a cone penetration test (CPT) and a standard penetration test (SPT). From the two field tests that are often done, it is necessary to research the amount of bearing capacity obtained through CPT and SPT data. This study uses a bearing capacity analysis of the pile foundation using CPT and SPT data in Pesanggaran, Bali, Indonesia. The analysis was carried out by comparing the bearing capacity of pile foundations using pile foundations with dimensions of 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm at a level of 10 meters. The results of the bearing capacity percentage are then compared. From the analysis conducted, the bearing capacity of pile foundations using CPT data has a higher value than the carrying capacity of poles using SPT data with a bearing capacity difference of 10,4-16,3%.Perancangan suatu struktur erat kaitannya dengan fondasi, pengujian lapangan yang sering dilakukan untuk mengetahui daya dukung fondasi berupa cone penetration test (CPT) dan standard penetration test (SPT). Dari dua pengujian lapangan yang sering dilakukan, maka perlu dilakukan dilakukan penelitian mengenai seberapa besar perbedaan hasil daya dukung yang diperoleh melalui data CPT dan SPT. Penelitian ini melakukan perbandingan analisis daya dukung fondasi tiang dengan menggunakan data CPT dan SPT di Pesanggaran, Bali, Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan daya dukung fondasi tiang menggunakan fondasi tiang berdimensi 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, dan 30 cm pada kedalaman 10 meter. Hasil persentase daya dukung yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan. Dari analisis yang dilakukan, diperoleh daya dukung fondasi tiang menggunakan data CPT memiliki nilai lebih tinggi daripada daya dukung tiang menggunakan data SPT dengan perbedaan daya dukung 10,4-16,3%.
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Sy, Alex, and R. G. (Dick) Campanella. "Becker and standard penetration tests (BPT–SPT) correlations with consideration of casing friction." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 3 (June 1, 1994): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-042.
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The Becker penetration test (BPT), through correlations with the standard penetration test (SPT), is widely used for foundation design and liquefaction assessment in gravelly soils. Most of the existing correlations, however, do not adequately account for the variable energy output of the diesel hammer used in the Becker system, and shaft friction on the Becker casing is ignored. An alternative and more rational approach to BPT–SPT correlations is presented, based on experimental and numerical studies conducted at the University of British Columbia. The research involves performing SPT, BPT, and other in situ tests at several sites in British Columbia and includes dynamic measurements of energy transfer in the SPT and BPT. Stress-wave measurements and wave-equation analyses are used to evaluate the effect of friction on the BPT blow count. New BPT–SPT correlations are proposed that consider the energy transfer in both tests and explicitly consider casing friction in the BPT. A recommended procedure for estimating equivalent SPT N60 from BPT blow count is presented. Key words : Becker penetration test, standard penetration test, dynamic measurement, pile driving, stress-wave propagation.
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Göktepe, A. Burak, Selim Altun, and Alper Sezer. "Evaluation and use of clustering algorithms for standard penetration test data classification." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, no. 1 (July 14, 2014): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089006041400033x.
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AbstractThe standard penetration test (SPT) is the most common test conducted in the field, and it is used to determine in situ properties of different soils. Although it is a matter of debate, these tests are also used for the determination of the consistency of fine-grained soils, whereby the test results can also be utilized to establish numerous empirical correlations to predict the strength of soils in the field. In this study, unsupervised clustering algorithms were employed to classify the SPT standard penetration resistance value (SPT-N) in the field. In this scope, shear strength and liquidity index parameters were used to classify the SPT-N values by taking the classification system of Terzaghi and Peck (1967) into consideration. The results showed that the input parameters were successful for classifying the SPT-N value to an acceptable degree of strength attribute. Therefore, in cases where the SPT tests are unreliable or could not be performed, laboratory tests on undisturbed specimens can give valuable information regarding the consistency and SPT-N value of the soil specimen under investigation. Data in this study is based on several tests that were conducted in a region; nevertheless, it is advised that the results of this study should be evaluated using global data.
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Sahrul Purba, M. Ikhwan Yani, and Fatma Sarie. "KORELASI NILAI STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) TERHADAP PARAMETER UJI KUAT GESER TANAH." Jurnal Teknika: Jurnal Teoritis dan Terapan Bidang Keteknikan 4, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52868/jt.v4i2.2726.
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Tanah memiliki peranan yang penting pada pekerjaan konstruksi. Tanah merupakan pondasi pendukung suatu bangunan yang berdiri diatasnya dan menjadi salah satu pendukung kokohnya suatu konstruksi. Maka perlu diketahui karakteristik tanah dan daya dukung yang dapat diberikan oleh tanah tersebut terhadap bangunan konstruksi. Salah satu parameter daya dukung tanah yang harus diketahui adalah kuat geser tanah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode statistika, yaitu regresi linear antara sudut geser dalam (?) dengan nilai N-SPT dan pengujian statistik meliputi uji regresi (R). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat dan membandingkan hubungan antara N-SPT (Nilai Standard Penetration Test) terhadap sudut geser dalam (?) pada jenis tanah lempung dan pasir. Pekerjaan dil-akukan di lokasi pembangunan gedung IPTEK dan inovasi gambut yang beralamat di lingkungan komplek Universitas Palangka Raya, Kota Palangka Raya, Kalimantan Tengah. Hasil korelasi antara N-SPT sebagai variabel bebas (x) terhadap sudut geser dalam (?) sebagai variabel tidak bebas (y) menghasilkan persamaan y = 0,3212x + 11,995 dengan nilai regresi sebesar 0,8971 di titik 1, dan per-samaan y = 0,3835x + 15,548 dengan nilai regresi 0,9004 di titik 2. Hal ini menjelaskan bahwa adanya hubungan yang sangat kuat antara N-SPT terhadap sudut geser. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai re-gresi mencapai nilai ?0,75.
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Ding, Wei, Qing Liu, Feng Tao Sui, and Kang Kang Sun. "Discussions about Modification Issue of Rod Length in Standard Penetration Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.602.
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SPT (standard penetration test) is a geo-situ test method widely used in engineering. However, the awareness on modification issues about rod length of SPT-N has considerable differences. Based on the comprehensive analysis of existing research results, some valuable suggestions are put forward contraposed modification issues of rod length, which can be referenced for engineering practices and further research.
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Ismael, Nabil F., A. M. Jeragh, O. A. Khalidi, and M. A. Mollah. "Correlation between standard penetration test values and overburden pressure for desert sands." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t88-064.
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The influence of the effective overburden pressure on the standard penetration test (SPT) values in calcareous desert sands is examined by field tests. A simple field testing procedure is proposed and employed in Kuwait at five sites having different relative densities for the surface soils. The correction factors for the SPT are determined from test results and compared with the most reliable correlations for clean silica sand. Key words: field tests, plate bearing tests, overburden pressure, standard penetration test, correction factors, relative density, calcareous soils, shear strength, compressibility.
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Robertson, Peter K., David J. Woeller, and Kofi O. Addo. "Standard penetration test energy measurements using a system based on the personal computer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-062.
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According to the International Reference Test procedure for the standard penetration test (SPT), in situations where comparisons of SPT results are important, calibrations should be made to evaluate the efficiency of the equipment in terms of energy transfer. However, equipment to measure the energy transfer of the hammer anvil system is not commonly available. Ten years ago a system was developed and made commercially available. However, this system is no longer available. An SPT energy calibration system is described that has been developed based on a microcomputer. The load cell to measure the compressive stress wave beneath the SPT anvil consists of a 0.5-m length of strain-gauged AW rod. Specialized software has been developed to record the force–time record for each hammer blow on a portable microcomputer. Examples of energy measurements are presented and discussed. Key words : standard penetration test, in situ, microcomputer, energy.
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Sun, Miaojun, Qianlong Zhang, Honglei Sun, and Zhenqi Weng. "Experimental Study on Axial Stress and Hammer Impacting Energy of Offshore Standard Penetration Test." Applied Sciences 13, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 9487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179487.
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Standard penetration test (SPT) has been widely used in offshore exploration because of its unique advantages. Unlike onshore exploration, offshore construction areas are characterized by high waves and water depths ranging from several meters to tens of meters. As a result, the reliability of offshore SPT is significantly reduced compared with onshore SPT. Currently, the probe rod length correction of SPT is not involved in geotechnical engineering investigation codes and related research, which greatly limits the application of this method in offshore exploration. Therefore, a series of SPTs were carried out in offshore environments with different water depths, with a maximum rod length of 65 m. The acceleration and axial stress at each test point of the rod were monitored by the dynamic signal data acquisition system, and the hammer impacting energy at each test point was obtained by Force–Velocity (F-V) method. The test results show that the correction of the rod length of the offshore SPT is different from that of the traditional SPT, and it needs to be further corrected for the water depth. In this paper, a modified method of rod length for offshore SPT is proposed, which can provide reference for the application of offshore SPT.
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Sari, Undayani Cita, Moh Nur Sholeh, M. Mirza Abdilah Pratama, Ivan James Aritonang, and Febi Danu Prasetya. "ANALISIS KAPASITAS DAYA DUKUNG PADA RAGAM PONDASI BETON BULAT MENGGUNAKAN STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)." Pondasi 26, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/pondasi.v26i1.17461.
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ABSTRACT One of the field investigations to determine the characteristics of the soil is Standard Penetration Test (SPT). In the SPT test, soil samples can also be obtained, then it can be used to determine the physical and mechanical properties of a soil. Meanwhile, the value of SPT (N-SPT) can be used to determine the bearing capacity of deep foundations. Deep foundations are usually used in high-rise buildings that have large loads with hard soil conditions that are relatively deep. This study analyzes the bearing capacity of spherical concrete pile with various diameters of 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, and 100 mm. In this study, the pile depth was determined at 20 meters. The analysis was carried out using empirical methods and Allpile programming. The location of this study was in the northern part of Semarang. The results show that the diameter has an effect on increasing the bearing capacity. Mapping of the results of the bearing capacity was also presented using GIS. Based on the map, it is found that the lowest bearing capacity is located in the northern part (location of Tanjung Mas Semarang) with soft soil classification. Meanwhile, the highest carrying capacity is shown in Central Semarang with medium soil classification.Keywords: spherical pile, bearing capacity, N-SPT, empirical method, Allpile, GIS mapping ABSTRAK Salah satu investigasi dilapangan untuk mengetahui karakteristik tanah adalah menggunakan Standard Penetration Test (SPT). Pada pengujian SPT juga dapat diperoleh sampel tanah yang selanjutnya dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui propertis fisik dan mekanis dari suatu tanah. Sementara itu, nilai SPT (N-SPT) dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui kapasitas daya dukung pondasi dalam. Pondasi dalam ini biasanya digunakan pada bangunan bertingkat yang memiliki beban besar dengan kondisi tanah keras yang relatif cukup dalam. Pada studi ini menganalisis hasil kapasitas daya dukung pondasi bulat beton dengan berbagai variasi diameter dari 70 mm, 80 mm, 90 mm, dan 100 mm. Pada studi ini, kedalaman pondasi ditentukan pada 20 meter. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan metode empirik dan pemrograman Allpile. Lokasi tinjauan studi ini adalah pada wilayah Semarang bagian Utara. Hasil menunjukkan diameter pondasi berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kapasitas daya dukungnya. Pemetaan hasil dari kapasitas daya dukung juga ditampilkan dengan menggunakan GIS. Berdasarkan pemetaan yang dibuat, diperoleh bahwa kapasitas daya dukung terendah terletak di bagian utara (lokasi Tanjung Mas Semarang) dengan klasifikasi tanah lunak. Sedangkan, kapasitas daya dukung tertinggi ditunjukkan adalah di Semarang Tengah dengan klasifikasi tanah sedang. Kata kunci: pondasi bulat, kapasitas daya dukung, N-SPT, metode empirik, Allpile, pemetaan GIS
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Hatta, Khairul Anwar, and Syed Baharom Azahar Syed Osman. "Correlation of Electrical Resistivity and SPT-N Value from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) of Sandy Soil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 702–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.702.
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In general practice, soil investigation (SI) incorporating bore hole sampling produced the most reliable value of the relevant soil parameters for the purpose of actual calculation on factor of safety (FOS) in slopes even tough time consuming and very expensive. Assessments of slope stability using electrical parameters have least been research by many scholars due to non-destructive and very sensitive and it is attractive tool for describing the subsurface properties of the slope without disturbing the physical characteristic of the soil. The method has been applied in various contexts like groundwater exploration, agronomical management by identifying areas of excessive or soil horizon thickness and bedrock depth. This paper investigates the relationship between electrical resistivity and SPT-N values of sandy soils. The research work consists of field resistivity surveys, soil boring and soil characterization tests. Field survey included 1D vertical electrical sounding (VES) and SPT method in obtaining SPT-N value. The test being conducted on 3 different areas and 11 sandy soil sample with electrical, physical soil characterization data which being used for least-squares regression method. In this part of the study, correlations of electrical resistivity with SPT values of soil were assessed. The findings showed good correlation between the resistivity and soil properties. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility usage of electrical resistivity survey as an alternative to standard penetration test SPT is possible.
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Yusof, N. Q. A. M., and H. Zabidi. "Reliability of Using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) in Predicting Properties of Soil." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1082 (August 2018): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1082/1/012094.
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Tini, Tini, Adrin Tohari, and Mimin Iryanti. "Analisis Potensi Likuifaksi Akibat Gempa Bumi Menggunakan Metode SPT (Standar Penetration Test) Dan Cpt (Cone Penetration Test) Di Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta." Wahana Fisika 2, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/wafi.v2i1.7022.
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Gempa bumi yang terjadi di daerah Bantul, Yogyakarta pada 27 Mei 2006 dengan magnitudo gempa bumi sebesar 6.3 SR dapat menyebabkan terjadinya bahaya likuifaksi yang dapat merusak bangunan khususnya di wilayah Bantul Yogyakarta. Investigasi geoteknik yang telah dilakukan di Bantul, Yogyakarta dapat memberikan gambaran lapisan tanah yang berpotensi terjadinya likuifaksi. Analisis potensi likuifaksi dilakukan berdasarkan data SPT (Standard Penetration Test) dan CPT (Cone Penetration Test) dengan percepatan maksimum tanah menurut Gutenberg Richter di daerah penelitian rata-rata bernilai sebesar 2.93 m/s2 dan menurut Donovan sebesar 2.88 m/s2. Hasil analisis penelitian menunjukan bahwa lapisan tanah yang berpotensi likuifaksi didominasi oleh jenis tanah pasir lanauan da lanau pasiran yang berada pada kedalaman 0.2 – 3 m, 0.4 m, 2.4 m, 3.6 m, 7.6 – 7.8 m dan 8.2 m. Pengaruh percepatan maksimum tanah menurut Gutenberg Richter lebih besar terhadap terjadinya likuifaksi daripada menurut Donovan. Perbandingan hasil analisis potensi likuifaksi antara data SPT (Standard Penetration Test ) dan CPT (Cone Penetration Test) pada daerah penelitian menunjukan adanya kesamaan potensi likuifaksi pada lapisan tanah dengan kedalaman yang sama diantaranya pada kedalaman 0.2 m-4 m, dengan nilai Cyclic Strees Ratio (CSR) rata-rata sebesar 0.2, sedangkan berdasarkan nilai Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) terdapat perbedaan nlai. Analisis berdasarkan data CPT lebih baik daripada data SPT karena data CPT lebih rapat daripada data SPT.The earthquake that occurred in Bantul, Yogyakarta on May 27, 2006 with the magnitudo of the earthquake of 6.3 SR can caused liquefaction hazard which could damage to teh building in the municipals of Bantul, Yogyakarta. Geotechnical investigation was carried in Bantul Yogyakarta, can give information about liquefaction hazard in soil layer. The liquefaction potential lanalysis was conducted using SPT and CPT methods, with Gutenberg-Richter’s maximum ground acceleration is 2.93 m/s2 and Donovan’s maximum ground acceleration is 2.88 m/s2. Result of liquefaction analysis indicate that the soil layer domination of silty sand dan sandy silt at the depth of 0.2 – 3 m, 3.6 m, 4 m 7.6 – 7.8 m and 8.2 m. Gutenberg-Richter’s maximum ground acceleration having influential for liquefaction potential better than Donovan’s maximum ground acceleration. Ratio result of liquefaction was conducted using SPT same as soil layer with CPT in resech location at the depth 0.2 m-4 m, with value Cyclic Strees Ratio (CSR) is 0.2. Even value Cyclic Resistances Ratio (CSR) have different value. The liquefaction potential lanalysis was conducted using CPT method better than SPT methods.
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Hendro, Bosco, and Widjojo A. Prakoso. "MODEL INDEKS LIKUIFAKSI BERBASIS STANDARD PENETRATION TEST MENGGUNAKAN MULTI-GENE GENETIC PROGRAMMING." Racic : Rab Construction Research 8, no. 1 (June 26, 2023): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/racic.v8i1.2924.
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Gempa dan rangkaian fenomena khusus di Palu dan berbagai belahan dunia mengakibatkan likuifaksi yang melibatkan korban jiwa dan kerugian ekonomi yang luar biasa. Evaluasi potensi likuifaksi berdasarkan standard penetration test (SPT) data menggunakan telah digunakan secara luas. Model indeks likuifaksi diperlukan untuk penetapan kurva kondisi batas antara kasus likuifaksi dan non-likuifaksi dengan mempertimbangkan masalah bias dalam metode deterministik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan model indeks likuifaksi sebagai relasi antara (N1)60 dan CSR7,5 menggunakan multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) untuk penyusunan kurva kondisi batas dan perbandingannya dengan model dari penelitian terdahulu. Model indeks likuifaksi yang dibangun berdasarkan data SPT menggunakan MGGP menghasilkan performa keberhasilan prediksi 93% untuk testing datasets.
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Lopes, Francisco, Osvangivaldo Oliveira, and Marcio Almeida. "Assessing the undrained strength of very soft clays in the SPT." Soils and Rocks 44, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2021.060520.
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The log of a SPT in very soft clay may simply indicate a zero blow-count, or present information on the penetration – under self-weight – of the composition (sampler, rods and hammer) as recommended by some standards. The second type of information is often disregarded by design engineers due to the lack of a standard procedure for measuring these penetrations or because the test is regarded as not sensitive enough to give an indication on the undrained shear strength of soft clays. The penetration under the composition’s selfweight, however, can indicate the magnitude of Su, which, along with other more specific and sensitive tests, can help in assessing the spatial distribution of clay consistency in a large deposit. A proposed test procedure and interpretation had been given in an earlier technical note. This note presents an extended formulation and an evaluation of Su via the SPT at a construction site in Rio de Janeiro, including comparisons with results of piezocone and vane tests. The values of Su obtained with the SPT lie between the profiles given by vane tests, corrected by Plasticity Index, and the Critical State Theory, the latter representing a lower bound to the clay strength.
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Tan, Jia Jun, and Harris Ramli. "EFFECT OF STANDARD PENETRATION TEST CORRECTIONS ON THE ESTIMATION OF UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 29, no. 6 (August 22, 2023): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2023.18441.
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This paper evaluated the influence of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) correction factors, namely the hammer energy efficiency, borehole diameter, drill rod length, and sampling method, on the correlations between SPT resistance (SPT-N) and undrained shear strength (Su). Comparisons were made between new equations (with and without SPT corrections), which were derived from soil data collected from Penang Island, Malaysia. The coefficient of determination, Absolute Average Relative Error, Standard Deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were employed as the basis for the assessments. Finally, a comprehensive analysis was carried out to evaluate the relationship between uncorrected ratio (Su/N) or corrected ratio (Su/N60) and Plasticity Index (PI)/Liquidity Index (LI). Based on the results, all correction factors recorded a significant impact on the estimated Su, as the ANOVA calculation suggested that the borehole diameter correction was the most statistically significant. Furthermore, the Su/N and Su/N60 exhibited increasing trends with increased PI and LI, which may be attributed to the soil’s state and behaviour. Additionally, cubic regression is the best-fit equation to correlate the parameters. In summary, this study provided new insights into the influence of correction factors, which can be used to improve the accuracy of the empirical correlations and engineering designs.
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Basari, Ender, and Gurkan Ozden. "Effects of grain shape on the standard penetration test and particle packing." Acta Geotechnica Slovenica 17, no. 2 (2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/actageotechslov.17.2.65-75.2020.
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Coarse soils can contain flaky grains in addition to rounded or angular grains, along with a varying fines content. Depending on the regional geology, however, the mica grain content can be remarkable, reaching 30 % or higher. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that mica grains would affect the soil behaviour. In this study, soils of a delta deposit that are known to involve mica grains were examined. The river sand was considered as the host material and the mica grain contents were determined by means of the flotation technique. A correlation between the mica content as found using the flotation technique and XRD count numbers obtained using an X-ray diffraction test method for each soil sample was established. The standard penetration test (SPT) blow counts from various boreholes were interpreted from the mica content’s influence point of view. The results showed that the mica grains would reduce the SPT resistance at certain fines-content, host-sand, mica-grain combinations. The reduction in the SPT resistance as a result of the presence of mica grains might reach eight units at depths close to the ground surface. This influence is expressed by means of a dimensionless parameter (MCef); however, it diminished with an increasing effective stress and fines content. The findings of the present study show that the influence of particle shape on the overall soil behaviour deserves further study.
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Treen, Curtis R., Peter K. Robertson, and David J. Woeller. "Cone penetration testing in stiff glacial soils using a downhole cone penetrometer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-049.
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Cone penetration testing (CPT) in Canada is usually performed using locally available drilling rigs. The limited pushing capacity of most drilling rigs coupled with the risk of damage to expensive cone penetrometers has tended to restrict the CPT to generally loose or soft soils. Therefore, in regions dominated by stiff glacial soils the more rugged standard penetration test (SPT) is still the most commonly used in situ test during geotechnical investigations. However, there are many limitations with the SPT with respect to interpretation and repeatability, especially the uncertainty with the energy delivered from various SPT hammer anvil systems. A downhole cone penetration test (DCPT) has been developed by modifying the equipment and procedure of the standard electric CPT. The DCPT consists of a simple, inexpensive electric cone penetrometer attached to a 1.5 m (5 ft) length of AW drill rod. The test is performed by pushing the cone 1.5 m into the base of an open borehole to produce a continuous profile of penetration resistance Qc, over the 1.5-m interval or whatever interval penetration is possible. The test incorporates the simplicity, ruggedness, and depth capability of the SPT but is able to define a near-continuous, accurate, and repeatable cone penetration resistance profile. The equipment and procedure of the DCPT is described in detail, and results from a near-continuous DCPT and an adjacent continuous CPT are presented and compared with the results obtained from an adjacent borehole with SPT. Excellent agreement was found between the results of the DCPT and the CPT. Key words : in situ, cone penetration testing, stiff soils.
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Febriana, Rima Putri, Selly Feranie, and Adrin Tohari. "ANALISIS POTENSI LIKUIFAKSI DI DAERAH CEKUNGAN BANDUNG BERDASARKAN DATA STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)." Jurnal Lingkungan dan Bencana Geologi 11, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34126/jlbg.v11i1.277.
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Daerah Cekungan Bandung tersusun oleh endapan aluvial yang terdiri atas lapisan lempung dengan sisipan lapisan pasir yang belum mengalami pemadatan sehingga mempunyai potensi likuifaksi. Makalah ini menyajikan hasil analisis potensi likuifaksi di wilayah Cekungan Bandung berdasarkan data Standard Penetration Test (SPT) dengan mempertimbangkan percepatan tanah puncak akibat gempa bumi Sesar Lembang (Mw 6,5) dan akibat gempa bumi subduksi (Mw 7,0). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa potensi likuifaksi terjadi pada lapisan pasir di kedalaman yang bervariasi dan pengaruh percepatan tanah puncak terhadap potensi likuifaksi akibat gempa bumi Sesar Lembang lebih besar daripada gempa bumi subduksi. Mempertimbangkan ketebalan lapisan pasir, penurunan tanah total akibat likuifaksi dapat mencapai 40,66 cm akibat gempa bumi Sesar Lembang dan penurunan tanah total hingga 26,08 cm akibat gempa bumi di zona subduksi.
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Li, Zhao Yan, Zhen Zhong Cao, and Yu Run Li. "New Prediction Formula of Sand Liquefied on Bachu-Jiashi Earthquake Survey." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2880–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2880.
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Through the Bachu-Jiashi Ms6.8 earthquake liquefaction investigation and test, obtain the 47 the standard penetration test date, examine the existing standard applicability based on standard penetration test of soil liquefaction identification method, and put forward the new sandy soil liquefaction evaluation formula. Analysis shows that the current assessment formula base on SPT counts of soil liquefaction are not applicable to Xinjiang region, will give the risky results. In the new survey data of soil liquefaction evaluation model established of five parameters by the earthquake intensity, the measured SPT counts, datum SPT values, groundwater level, and sand buried depth. The datum SPT values, the influencing coefficients of water and sand depths are gain by a normalized method and by an optimizing method. Establish new formula of soil liquefaction evaluation to the success judging rate is higher, the model shows that constructing reasonable and calculation formula is reliable, can be employed for regional code formulation in Xinjiang area.
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Juang, C. Hsein, Caroline J. Chen, Tao Jiang, and Ronald D. Andrus. "Risk-based liquefaction potential evaluation using standard penetration tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-064.
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In this paper, a new approach is presented for developing a liquefaction limit state function, which defines a boundary that separates liquefaction from no-liquefaction occurrence. The new approach is developed using a database consisting of 243 field liquefaction performance cases at sites where standard penetration tests (SPT) had been conducted. This database is first used to train and test an artificial neural network for predicting the occurrence of liquefaction or no liquefaction. The successfully trained neural network is then used to establish a liquefaction limit state function. Based on the developed limit state function, mapping functions that relate calculated factors of safety to probability of liquefaction are established. The established mapping functions form a basis for the development of a risk-based chart for liquefaction potential evaluation.Key words: probability, risk-based design, liquefaction potential, SPT, artificial neural network.
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Nugroho, Soewignjo Agus, Hendra Fernando, and Reni Suryanita. "Estimation of standard penetration test value on cohesive soil using artificial neural network without data normalization." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i1.pp210-220.
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Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are often used recently by researchers to solve complex and nonlinear problems. Standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) are field tests that are often used to obtain soil parameters. There have been many previous studies that examined the value obtained through the SPT test with the CPT test, but the research carried out still uses equations that are linear. This research will conduct an estimated value of SPT on cohesive soil using CPT data in the form of end resistance and blanket resistance, and laboratory test data such as effective overburden pressure, liquid limit, plastic limit and percentage of sand, silt and clay. This study used 242 data with testing areas in several cities on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. The developed artificial neural network will be created without data normalization. The final results of this study are in the form of root mean square error (RMSE) values 3.441, mean absolute error (MAE) 2.318 and R2 0.9451 for training data and RMSE 2.785, MAE 2.085, R2 0.9792 for test data. The RMSE, MAE and R2 values in this study indicate that the ANN that has been developed is considered quite good and efficient in estimating the SPT value.
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Zhang, Ningning, Marcos Arroyo, Matteo Ciantia, and Antonio Gens. "DEM examination of SPT correction factors." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 14017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124914017.
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The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used method for dynamic testing of soils. The test is simple and robust but difficult to control and not fully standardized. As a result, experimental results typically show large variations and poor repeatability. To mitigate that correction factors such as energy normalization and rod length have been introduced in SPT practice. This study provides an examination of the two correction factors using models based on the discrete element method (DEM).
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Osman, Bashir H. "Correlation of Cohesion and Friction Angle Based on SPT-N Values: A Comprehensive Review." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 4, no. 3 (April 1, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2023.1821.
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Soil parameters such as physical, chemical, and strength parameters play an important issue to classify the soil. Cohesion and friction angle are an important factor to understand the nature of the soil. Furthermore, standard Penetration Test (SPT) is one of the most common tests in the field and used to determine the strength of soil in the field prior laboratory tests. The variation in the properties of the soil in different regions, give differ values when using the standard methods, formulas, and correlations. In this paper, an overview of the methods and guidelines currently available in the scientific literature for evaluating the strength capacity of the soil, is reported. Further, important practical issues which contribute in the soil strength in different regions based on cohesion and friction angle used SPT are discussed. Moreover, the correlation results from the standard penetration test compared with those from cohesion and friction angle based on samples number and regions. Finally, the paper mentions the famous correlation in this domain and others from the standard code at USA, Jordan, Japan and UK. The compared results using guides from these standards showed big different, which let us to recommend that, these standards are not suitable for soil strength calculations due to different in the soil parameters from region to other.
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Jusi, Ulfa. "ANALISA KUAT DUKUNG PONDASI BORED PILE BERDASARKAN DATA PENGUJIAN LAPANGAN (CONE DAN N-STANDARD PENETRATION TEST)." SIKLUS: Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 50–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/siklus.v1i2.136.
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Pondasi merupakan suatu pekerjaan yang sangat penting dalam suatu pekerjaan teknik sipil, karena pondasi inilah yang memikul dan menahan suatu beban yang bekerja diatasnya yaitu beban konstruksi atas. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk menghitung kuat dukung tiang bored pile dari hasil sondir dan standar penetrasi test (SPT) kemudian membandingkan hasil kuat dukung tiang bored pile. Metode perhitungan kuat dukung untuk data sondir menggunakan metode Schmertmann dan Nottingham serta metode Meyerhoff, untuk data SPT menggunakan metode O’Neil dan Reese, metode Meyerhoff, metode Coyle dan Castello. Berdasarkan data sondir diperoleh hasil perhitungan dari metode Schmertmann dan Nottingham titik sondir S-3 Qu = 2026,44 kN, dengan metode Meyerhoff diperoleh Qu = 2276,20 kN. Sementara untuk data SPT diperoleh hasil perhitungan dari metode O’Neil dan Reese Qu = 476,21 kN, metode Meyerhoff Qu = 1948,87 kN dan metode Coyle dan Castello Qu = 734,37 kN. Dari hasil perhitungan kapasitas kuat dukung bored pile dari data sondir, metode Schertmann dan Nottingham lebih optimis, begitu pula metode O’Neil dan Reese untuk data N-SPT dengan safety factor yang relatif kecil.
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Peixoto, Anna S. P., and David de Carvalho. "Determination of soil properties from standard penetration test complemented by torque measurement (SPT-T)." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 36, no. 4 (2014): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v36i4.18759.
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Tham, Duong Hong, and Truong Nhu Manh. "Predicting the bearing capacity of pile installed into cohesive soil concerning the spatial variability of SPT data (A case study)." ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46223/hcmcoujs.tech.en.11.1.1405.2021.
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Nowadays, in situ tests have played a viable role in geotechnical engineering and construction technology. Besides lab tests conducted on undisturbed soil samples, many different kinds of in-situ tests were used and proved to be more efficient in foundation design such as pressuremeter PMT, cone penetration test CPT, standard SPT, etc. Among them, a standard penetration test (SPT for short) is easy to carry out at the site. For decades, it has proved reliable to sandy soil, but many viewpoints and opinions argued that the test was not appropriately applicable to cohesive soil because of scattered and dispersed data of SPT blow counts through different layers. This paper firstly studies how reliable the SPT data can predict the physical and mechanical properties; secondly, the soil strength is determined in terms of corrected N-SPT values, and finally the bearing capacity of a pile penetrating cohesion soil. By analyzing data from 40 boreholes located in 18 projects in Ho Chi Minh City, South VietNam, coefficients of determination between SPT numbers and physical and mechanical properties of different soil kinds are not the same: R2 = 0.623 for sand, =0.363 for sandy clay and =0.189 for clay. The spatial variability of soil properties is taken into account by calculating the scale of fluctuation θ=4.65m beside the statistically-based data in horizontal directions. Finally, the results from two theoretical approaches of predicting pile bearing capacity were compared to those of finite element program Plaxis 3D and static load test at site. Correlation between the capacity computed by using corrected N-values instead of soil strength and results of static load test has proved to be well suitable in evaluating the bearing capacity of driven and jack-in piles, particularly installing in the cohesive soil using the SPT blows.
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Liu, Songyu, and Roman D. Hryciw. "Evaluation and Quality Control of Dry-Jet-Mixed Clay Soil-Cement Columns by Standard Penetration Test." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1849, no. 1 (January 2003): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1849-06.
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Dry jet mixing has been widely used since the 1980s for stabilization of soft soil. The quality and strength of the dry-jet-mixed columns must be evaluated to confirm the success of the stabilization. The standard penetration test (SPT) is shown to be a simple and effective method for this task. The strength characteristics along the length of the column were determined, and correlations between the SPT blow count and the unconfined compressive strength were developed.
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Zhang, Lianyang, and Jin-Jian Chen. "Effect of spatial correlation of standard penetration test (SPT) data on bearing capacity of driven piles in sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 4 (April 2012): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-005.
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In this paper, the effect of spatial correlation of standard penetration test (SPT) data on the bearing capacity of driven piles in sand is analyzed. First, the direct approach for using SPT data to determine the bearing capacity of piles in sand is used to derive the expressions for probabilistic prediction of pile bearing capacity by considering the spatial correlation of the SPT data. To analyze the relationship between the probability of failure and the factor of safety, a procedure based on the advanced first-order, second-moment (FOSM) method is used. Then parametric studies are conducted on the spatial correlation between the spatial average of SPT numbers over the pile length, NLV, and the spatial average of SPT numbers over an interval near the pile base, NbV, and its effect on the bearing capacity of piles. The results indicate that it is important to consider the spatial correlation between NLVand NbVin the probabilistic prediction of pile bearing capacity. Ignoring this spatial correlation will underestimate the probability of failure and lead to unsafe design. Finally, three tested piles are analyzed to demonstrate the probabilistic analysis of piles by considering the spatial correlation of SPT data and the procedure for probabilistic analysis of pile bearing capacity is summarized.
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Zhang, Hui, and Bao Yuan Zhang. "Study on Deformation Parameters in Dynamic Compaction Desert Foundation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.357.
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This paper studies on deformation parameters through plate loading test (PLT) of some different areas plate, Standard penetration test (SPT) and laboratory test in Dynamic Compaction (DC) desert foundation in Inner Mongolia based on engineering practice. According to the result of experiment, it established relationships between deformation modulus and SPT counts values, compression modulus and SPT counts values, compression modulus and dry density, that can gain experience for detection of DC in similar site.
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Ghafghazi, Mason, Jason T. DeJong, and Daniel W. Wilson. "Evaluation of Becker penetration test interpretation methods for liquefaction assessment in gravelly soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 9 (September 2017): 1272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0413.
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The Becker penetration test (BPT) is the only tool available for characterizing gravelly soils with a probe diameter that is meaningfully larger than that of the standard penetration test (SPT) and the cone penetration test (CPT). Measurements on the BPT system during operation provide information on how penetration is controlled by the driving energy and frictional resistance along the shaft. This has led to development of the instrumented Becker penetration test (iBPT), which uses measurements of force and acceleration obtained directly behind the drill string tip to compute the residual energy and displacement induced by each hammer blow. These measurements are used to produce a continuous profile of normalized blow counts that are repeatable, unaffected by varying driving energy or accumulated shaft resistance, and can be used to directly estimate equivalent SPT N60 blow count values as per DeJong et al. and Ghafghazi et al. in their 2017 studies. The measurements obtained also enabled evaluation of previously developed methods by Harder and Seed in 1986 and Sy and Campanella in 1994. This evaluation revealed that the hammer energy normalization approaches employed by Sy and Campanella and especially Harder and Seed are not robust across the broad range of conditions observed. The predicted equivalent SPT N60 values by Harder and Seed and Sy and Campanella methods are influenced by the shaft resistance magnitude as both methods are based on above-ground field measurements. Estimated N60 values produced by the two methods can be inconsistent with each other, with N60 values produced by the iBPT, and with measured N60 values obtained directly from SPT (where values are obtained in the absence of gravel).
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Angelov, Lyubomir, and Tanya Vasileva. "Interpretation of CPTu and SPT data about sandy soils in the Plovdiv region." Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 83, no. 3 (December 2022): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2022.83.3.235.
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CPTu (Piezocone Penetration Test) and Penetration tests – SPT (Standard Penetration Test) are the most used in situ tests in order to map a soil stratigraphy and determine the geotechnical parameters of construction soils. A comparison has been made between the relative density values obtained on the basis of the two types of field trials. The soils examined are classified according to well-established classification diagrams. The sandy soils are described in the range of dense to very dense. They have good strength and deformation characteristics – with a high friction angle and high Young’s modulus but the presence of a high level of groundwater is a prerequisite for their liquefaction under dynamic impacts.
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Lin, Shibin, and Jeramy C. Ashlock. "Improved seismic profiling by minimally invasive multimodal surface wave method with standard penetration test source (MMSW-SPT)." Geophysical Journal International 208, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 1308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw471.
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Abstract Surface waves propagating in layered media inherently possess multimodal dispersion characteristics. However, traditional surface wave testing methods employing measurements at the free surface usually capture only a single apparent dispersion curve, especially when using short geophone arrays common to near surface and geotechnical-scale investigations. Such single-mode or fragmented multimode apparent dispersion curves contain only a fraction of the possible dispersion information, thus limiting the accuracy of inverted profiles. To enable more robust measurement of higher Rayleigh-wave modes, a recently developed hybrid minimally invasive multimodal surface wave method is combined herein with the widely used geotechnical standard penetration test (SPT), which is employed as a practical and ubiquitous downhole source. Upon superimposing surface wave dispersion data for a range of SPT impact depths within the soil, higher modes can be measured more consistently and reliably relative to traditional non-invasive testing methods. As a result, misidentification of multiple dispersion modes can be practically eliminated, significantly improving the accuracy and certainty of inversion results.
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Victoria, Lucas Costa, Vinicius de Freitas Hermes, Joaquim Vaz, Juliana Costi, William Correa Marques, Luiz Alberto Oliveira Rocha, Elizaldo Domingues dos Santos, Michel Kepes Rodrigues, Cesare Biserni, and Liércio André Isoldi. "Methodology Allying Standard Penetration Test and Era-Interim Data Set for Numerical Simulations of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 76, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.76.2.4364.
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Earth-Air Heat Exchangers are devices installed on buildings to reduce electrical energy consumption with air conditioner systems. They consist of buried ducts where the air is blown and induces heat exchange with the surrounding soil. Aiming to develop a consistent numerical simulation approach to study its behavior, this research allies the usage of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Era-Interim as part of the computational methodology. The results indicate that the proposed methodology can be adequately adopted, allowing the soil properties assignment from SPT reports, the prescription of inlet air temperature, and soil surface temperature from ERA/Interim data.
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Ateş, Ali, İnan Keskin, Ermedin Totiç, and Burak Yeşil. "Investigation of Soil Liquefaction Potential around Efteni Lake in Duzce Turkey: Using Empirical Relationships between Shear Wave Velocity and SPT Blow Count (N)." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/290858.
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Evaluation of the liquefaction potential of a liquefaction-prone area is important for geotechnical earthquake engineering, both for assessment for site selection and for planning and new constructions. The liquefaction potential index for the city of Duzce in northwestern Turkey using the empirical relationships between the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and the Shear Wave Velocity Test (VS) was investigated in this study. After,VSvalues based on SPT blow counts (N) were obtained from the alluvial soils in the city of Duzce. The liquefaction potential indexes of the soils were determined using the empirical relationships between the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and the Shear Wave Velocity Test (VS) calculating for a probable earthquake ofMW=7.2. In the result of the study, the liquefaction potential index (LPI) values were interpreted and compared evaluating the SPTNblow count values obtained from the study area. Based on the empirical relationships assumed for the soils, it was observed that there was not a perfect agreement between the results of the two methods. The liquefaction potential index values using the SPTNblow counts were found to be lower than those of theVSmethod.
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Askthreed, Askthreed, Hermansyah Hermansyah, and Denny Meisandy Hutauruk. "ANALISIS KEKUATAN TIANG PANCANG PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JEMBATAN JALAN BEBAS HAMBATAN MEDAN-KUALANAMU-TEBING TINGGI." Selodang Mayang: Jurnal Ilmiah Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir 9, no. 2 (August 10, 2023): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47521/selodangmayang.v9i2.306.
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One of the important structures in a bridge construction is foundation. Many things need to be considered when building a foundation, from choosing the type of foundation to calculating the foundation load. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the strength of the pile foundation in the construction project of the Medan-Kualanamu-Tebing Tinggi highway bridge. Calculation of the pile foundation strength is carried out by calculating the carrying capacity of single piles and the carrying capacity of group piles in one abutment. The bearing capacity of the pile foundation is calculated based on the soil investigation test results, namely sondir, Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) using the Meyerhoff method. Based on the calculation of single pile, the bearing capacity of pile groups can be calculated using the Converse-Labarre method. The dimensions of the piles used are circular with a diameter of 60cm and a length of 22m. From the calculations using the Meyerhoff method, based on sondir data, the carrying capacity of a single pile is 200.45 tons. Based on the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data, the single pile carrying capacity is 260.10 tons. The results from the PDA test data is 299.99 tons.
Struktur penting pada suatu pembangunan jembatan salah satunya adalah pondasi. Banyak hal yang perlu dipertimbangkan pada saat akan membangun pondasi, mulai dari pemilihan jenis pondasi sampai pada perhitungan beban pondasi tersebut. Maksud dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa kekuatan pondasi tiang pancang pada proyek pembangunan jembatan jalan jalan bebas hambatan Medan-Kualanamu-Tebing Tinggi. Perhitungan kekuatan pondasi tiang pancang dilakukan dengan menghitung besar daya dukung tiang tunggal dan daya dukung tiang kelompok pada satu abutmen. Daya dukung pondasi tiang pancang dihitung berdasarkan data hasil uji penyelidikan tanah yaitu sondir, Standart Penetration Test (SPT) dan Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) dengan menggunakan metode Meyerhoff. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan tiang tunggal, daya dukung kelompok tiang dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan metode Converse-Labarre. Dimensi tiang pancang yang digunakan berbentuk lingkaran dengan diameter 60cm dan panjang tiang 22m. Dari perhitungan yang telah dilakukan dengan metode Meyerhoff, berdasarkan data sondir diperoleh nilai daya dukung tiang tunggal sebesar 200,45 ton. Berdasarkan data Standart Penetration Test (SPT) diperoleh nilai daya dukung tiang tunggal sebesar 260,10 ton. Hasil daya dukung yang diperoleh dari data PDA test adalah 299,99 ton.
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Sy, Alex, and R. G. (Dick) Campanella. "Dynamic performance of the Becker hammer drill and penetration test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1993): 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-053.
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The Becker penetration test (BPT) blow counts are commonly correlated to the standard penetration test (SPT) N-values for foundation design and liquefaction potential assessment in coarse-grained soils. Most of the existing correlations, however, do not adequately account for the variable energy output of the ICE 180 diesel hammer used in the Becker system, and the shaft resistance acting on the Becker pipe is often ignored. To obtain reliable BPT–SPT correlations, an extensive study of the BPT has been conducted at several sites in British Columbia. Dynamic measurements of Becker drill rigs and penetration tests were conducted that included hammer combustion and bounce chamber pressures, as well as force and acceleration near the top of the drill pipe. The dynamic field data are presented, including the maximum energy transferred to the top of the Becker pipe (ENTHRU). An energy approach for correcting Becker blow counts to a reference ENTHRU level of 30% of the hammer-rated energy is proposed. Different combustion conditions, drill rigs, and pipe sizes are investigated in the study. The test results show that ENTHRU is a fundamental and useful parameter for normalizing the BPT blow counts to account for the variable energy transfer from the diesel hammer. Key words : penetration test, dynamic measurement, energy, pile driving, diesel hammer, stress-wave propagation.
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Du, Guangyin, Changhui Gao, Songyu Liu, Qian Guo, and Tao Luo. "Evaluation Method for the Liquefaction Potential Using the Standard Penetration Test Value Based on the CPTU Soil Behavior Type Index." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (March 12, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5612857.
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Taking the project of the Su-xin highway treated by using the resonant compaction method as the reference, a new method for the evaluation of liquefaction potential is proposed based on the piezocone penetration test (CPTU) and the standard penetration test (SPT). The soil behavior type index (Ic) obtained from CPTUs and the standard penetration test index (N63.5), obtained from SPTs, are analyzed for saturated silty sand and silt. The analysis result reveals a linear relationship between N63.5 and Ic, given by N63.5=−18.8Ic+52.0. The larger the value of Ic is, the greater the viscosity of soil is, and the smaller the value of N63.5 is. According to the method, liquefaction assessment of saturated silty sand and silt foundation can be conducted by using N63.5 based on the Code of Seismic Design of Building. N63.5 is expressed by a single Ic, which is calculated from the CPTU data. Compared with existing evaluation methods, this method can provide continuous standard penetration test values, moreover, this method involves a simple calculation, and the results obtained using the method are reliable.
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Listanti, Sinta Nur Rizqi, Darsono Darsono, and Yusep Muslih Purwana. "A Comparison between Drilling and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Data to the Electrical Resistivity Sounding with Schlumberger Configuration in UNS Area." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 8, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v8i2.17962.
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<p>The geophysics test using electrical resistivity method has been conducted in the area of UNS Campus to indicate the lithological of subsurface. This method is categorized as a Non-Destructive Test (NDT) due to the data acquisition is done at the ground level and no destruction during the test, which is more advantageous than destructive method such as drilling and SPT test. This study was performed with Schlumberger configuration in three location by electrical resistivity sounding. The acquisition data uses Resistivity meter OYO 2119 McOHM-EL with the track length is 100 m, while the data processing use IPI2Win to get a logarithmic graph between distance and resistivity and Origin to obtain graphic of resistivity and SPT. The result of this study indicates that electrical resistivity has a good correlation with SPT data. The electrical resistivity graph shows a linear increase along with increment of the depth, which is similar to the SPT graph. The slope difference at the first location is 2.44±1,197, the second location is 2.028±0.822, and the third location is 0.622±0.735.</p>
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Lai, Sheng-Yao, Ping-Sien Lin, Ming-Jyh Hsieh, and Hoi-Fung Jim. "Regression model for evaluating liquefaction potential by discriminant analysis of the SPT N value." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 856–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-020.
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Discriminant models are developed for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, using standard penetration test (SPT) data for 592 occurrences of liquefaction and nonliquefaction. The discriminant model used is a multivariate statistical method. The square root of the SPT N value, (N1)601/2, and the logarithm of the cyclic stress ratio, ln CSR7.5, are adopted as the major parameters for analyses. Two models measuring liquefaction resistance through the SPT N value are also established in this study, which allows calculated results to be compared with the empirical curves. Key words: liquefaction, discriminant analysis, misclassified probability.
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Wei, Yingjie, Duli Wang, Jiawang Li, Yuxin Jie, Zundong Ke, Jianguang Li, and Tsunming Wong. "Evaluation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Pre-Stressed High-Strength Concrete Pipe Pile Embedded in Saturated Sandy Soil Based on In-Situ Test." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 6269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186269.
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Estimation of ultimate bearing capacity (UBC) of pre-stressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe pile is critical for optimizing pile design and construction. In this study, a standard penetration test (SPT), static cone penetration test (CPT) and static load test (SLT) were carried out to assess, determine and compare the UBC of the PHC pipe pile embedded in saturated sandy layers at different depths. The UBC was calculated with three methods including the JGJ94-2008 method, Meyerhof method and Schmertmann method based on in-situ blow count (N) of SPT (SPT-N) which was higher than the values recommended in survey report regardless of pile length. The average UBC values calculated with cone-tip resistance and sleeve friction from CPTs was also higher than the value recommended in the survey report. Moreover, the actual UBC values directly obtained by load-displacement curves from SLTs were in line with the calculated values based on in-situ SPTs and CPTs, but approximately twice as high as the values recommended in the survey report regardless of pile length. For the SPT method, the application of bentonite mud in saturated sand layers is critical for the assessment of pile capacity in the survey phase, CPTs can provide reliable results regardless of soil characteristics and groundwater if the soil layer can be penetrated, and SLTs are necessary to accurately determine the UBC in complex stratum.
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Thomi, Rajib Bithom, and RR Susi Riwayati. "Analisa Daya Dukung Tiang Pancang Mini (Mini Pile) Pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Layanan Pendidikan Poltekkes Kemenkes Palembang." TEKNIKA: Jurnal Teknik 7, no. 1 (July 22, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35449/teknika.v7i1.130.
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Pembangunan suatu konstruksi, pertama – tama sekali yang dilaksanakan dan dikerjakan dilapangan adalah pekerjaan pondasi ( struktur bawah ) baru kemudian melaksanakan pekerjaan struktur atas. Pembangunan suatu pondasi sangat besar fungsinya pada suatu konstruksi. Secara umum pondasi didefinisikan sebagai bangunan bawah tanah yang meneruskan beban yang berasal dari berat bangunan itu sendiri dan beban luar yang bekerja pada bangunan ke tanah yang disekitarnya. Pondasi yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pondasi tiang pancang dengan sistem hidrolik.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisa dan menghitung daya dukung tiang pancang (mini pile) menggunakan data cone penetration test (CPT) dengan metode lansung dan metode Van Der Ween, data standart penetration test (SPT) dengan metode Mayerhoff dan Luciano De Court, dan hasil perhitungan korelasi pembacaan manometer pada Hydraulic Jack.
Perhitungan kapasitas daya dukung rata-rata kedalaman 12 m pada data sondir (CPT) menggunakan Metode Langsung lebih efektif dibandingkan Metode Van Der Ween karena menghasilkan daya dukung rata-rata yang lebih besar dengan Qult (186,75 > 66,96) ton, dan Qijin (45,30 > 22,57) ton, pada data standard penetration test (SPT) menggunakan Metode Luciano De Court lebih efektif dibandingkan Metode Mayerhoff karena menghasilkan daya dukung rata-rata yang lebih besar dengan Qult (197,08 > 139,22) ton dan Qijin (65,69 > 46,41) ton.
Kata Kunci: Pondasi tiang, kapasitas daya dukung
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Marto, Aminaton, Go Sakai, Naoaki Suemasa, and Nadiah Jamaludin. "An Attempt of Screw Driving Sounding Test in Malaysia." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820304008.
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Conventional soil investigation methods such as Mackintosh Probe Test (MPT) have limitations, e.g., require manual work for the equipment and data accuracy is low due to human error. While Standard Penetration test (SPT) needs high skilled workers and the cost per testing is expensive. Hence, Screw Driving Sounding test (SDS) was developed in Japan as a solution to the aforementioned disadvantages. An attempt was done to implement this test in Malaysia at different types of soils. This paper presents the results obtained from Batu Pahat and Cheras sites. Data from SDS tests were compared with the existing data of SPT and MPT available from Batu Pahat and Cheras sites, respectively. Results of the coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.721 for Batu Pahat Site and 0.851 for Cheras Site illustrate that the SPT and MPT results are highly correlated with SDS test results. From this preliminary findings, it shows that SDS test has the potential for soil characterizations in soil investigation work in Malaysia.
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Kuo, Yu-Shu, Kai-Jun Chong, Shang-Chun Chang, Juin-Fu Chai, and Hui-Ting Hsu. "A Hybrid Method to Evaluate Soil Liquefaction Potential of Seabed at Offshore Wind Farm in Taiwan." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071853.
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This paper undertakes liquefaction analysis with simplified procedures with standard penetration test (SPT) data and cone penetration test (CPT) data obtained from an offshore wind farm in the Changhua area. The soil liquefaction resistance calculated by the SPT-based simplified procedure suggested by the Japan Railway Association was in agreement with the laboratory results. The CPT is widely used in the site investigation of offshore wind farms. However, Taiwan’s registered professional engineers are still familiar with soil liquefaction analysis for offshore wind farms using SPT-based methods. Hence, a hybrid method that incorporates an SPT–CPT correlation into the New Japan Road Association (NJRA) method is proposed to evaluate the soil liquefaction potential for offshore wind farms in Taiwan. In the case studies of soil liquefaction with five groups of adjacent boreholes in Changhua’s offshore wind farms, the hybrid method shows that the soil liquefaction potential with CPT data is consistent with the results calculated with SPT-based simplified procedures. To quantify the risk of soil liquefaction, Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the uncertainty of CPT–qc for estimating the probability of soil liquefaction with the hybrid method.
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Robertson, P. K. "In situ testing and its application to foundation engineering." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-086.
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The status of in situ testing and its application to foundation engineering are presented and discussed. The in situ test methods are discussed within the framework of three groups: logging, specific, and combined test methods. The major logging test methods discussed are standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration test (CPT), and the flat plate dilatometer test (DMT). The major specific test methods discussed are the prebored pressuremeter test (PMT), the self-bored pressuremeter test (SBPMT), and the screw plate load test (SPLT). Discussion is also presented on recent tests that combine features of logging tests (using the CPT) and specific tests (e.g. the seismic, the electrical resistivity/dielectric, and the lateral stress sensing cone penetration tests). A brief discussion is also presented on the applicability, as perceived by the author, of existing in situ test methods and the future of in situ testing applied to foundation engineering. Key words: in situ testing, foundation engineering, penetration testing, pressuremeter.
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de Freitas Luiz, Augusto Montor, and Nelcí Helena Maia Gutierrez. "Geostatistical data analysis of the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) conducted in Maringá-Brazil and correlations with geomorphology." Soils and Rocks 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.434619.
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