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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Standardized measures

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Academic literature on the topic 'Standardized measures'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Standardized measures"

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Leppa, Carol J. "Standardized Measures of Critical Thinking." Nurse Educator 22, no. 5 (September 1997): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006223-199709000-00012.

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Becker, Betsy Jane. "Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures." British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 41, no. 2 (November 1988): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988.tb00901.x.

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Brown, Seth A. "Standardized measures for substance use stigma." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 116, no. 1-3 (July 2011): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.005.

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Poll, Roswitha. "Standardized measures in the changing information environment." Performance Measurement and Metrics 7, no. 3 (September 2006): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14678040610713093.

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Vitacco, Michael J., Valerie Gonsalves, James Tomony, Brad E. R. Smith, and David A. Lishner. "Can Standardized Measures of Risk Predict Inpatient Violence?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 39, no. 5 (April 16, 2012): 589–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854812436786.

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Riccio, Cynthia A., Candace H. Boan, Deborah Staniszewski, and George W. Hynd. "Concurrent Validity of Standardized Measures of Written Expression." Diagnostique 23, no. 1 (October 1997): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153450849702300103.

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Schay, Brigitte W., Mary Ellen Beach, Jacqueline A. Caldwell, and Christelle LaPolice. "Using standardized outcome measures in the federal government." Human Resource Management 41, no. 3 (2002): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.10046.

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Stowman, Stephanie A., and Brad Donohue. "Assessing child neglect: A review of standardized measures." Aggression and Violent Behavior 10, no. 4 (May 2005): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2004.08.001.

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Mahendra, Ahalya, Jane Y. Polsky, Éric Robitaille, Marc Lefebvre, Tina McBrien, and Leia M. Minaker. "Status report - Geographic retail food environment measures for use in public health." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 37, no. 10 (October 2017): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.37.10.06.

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The Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario (APHEO) Core Indicators Work Group standardizes definitions and calculation methods for over 120 public health indicators to enhance accurate and standardized community health status reporting across public health units in Ontario. The Built Environment Subgroup is a multi-disciplinary group made up of planners, researchers, policy analysts, registered dietitians, geographic information systems (GIS) analysts and epidemiologists. The Subgroup selected and operationalized a suite of objective, standardized indicators intended to help public health units and regional health authorities assess their community retail food environments. The Subgroup proposed three indicators that use readily available data sources and GIS tools to characterize geographic access to various types of retail food outlets within neighbourhoods in urban settings. This article provides a status report on the development of these food environment indicators.

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Madden, Kenneth, Boris Feldman, Shane Arishenkoff, and Graydon Meneilly. "Bedside Ultrasound Measures of Muscle Mass and Frailty Measures in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.861.

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Abstract The age-associated loss of muscle mass and strength in older adults is called sarcopenia, and it is associated with increased rates of falls, fractures, hospitalizations and death. Sarcopenia is one of the most common physical etiologies for increased frailty in older adults, and some recent work has suggested the use of Point-of care ultrasound (PoCUS) measures as a potential measure of muscle mass. The objective of this study was to examine the association of PoCUS measures of muscle thickness (MT) with measures of frailty in community-dwelling older adults. We recruited 150 older adults (age >= 65; mean age 80.0±0.5 years, 66 women, 84 men) sequentially from 5 geriatric medicine clinics (Vancouver General Hospital). We measured lean muscle mass (LMM, by bioimpedance assay) and an ultrasonic measure of muscle quantity (MT, vastus medialis muscle thickness) in all subjects, as well as two outcome measures of frailty (FFI, Fried Frailty Index; RCFS, Rockwood Clinical Frailty Scale). In our models, MT showed an inverse correlation with the FFI (Standardized β=-0.2320±0.107, p=0.032) but no significant correlation with the RCFS (Standardized β = -0.025±0.086, p=0.776). LMM showed no significant association with either FFI (Standardized β=-0.232±0.120, p=0.055) or RCFS (Standardized β = -0.043±0.119, p=0.719). Our findings indicate that PoCUS measures show potential as a way to screen for physical manifestations of frailty and might be superior to other bedside methods such as bioimpedance assay. However, PoCUS measures of muscle thickness will likely miss patients showing frailty in the much broader context captured by the RCFS.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Standardized measures"

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Poplin, Beth Darlene. "Effects of student self-corrective measures on learning and standardized test scores." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2009. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.

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Preston, Jodi. "An investigation of Hmong students' performance on four standardized cognitive ability measures." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999prestonj.pdf.

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Kozlowski, Allan John. "Studies, experience, and reflection on the promotion of standardized outcome measures in physical therapy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26880.

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The use of standardized self-report questionnaires to measure outcome has been promoted in physical therapy (PT) for two decades but has not been widely adopted. Knowledge translation literature has disclosed complex and multidimensional factors associated with practice change in healthcare. Specific barriers and facilitators need to be disclosed to tailor KT interventions. The dissertation is framed with the Ottawa Model for Research Use. Chapter Two describes a comprehensive literature review of interventions to facilitate development of reflective abilities by clinicians, to use reflection to change specific practice abilities, and to implement outcomes measures in healthcare settings. Chapter Three describes a review of Canadian regulatory and professional documents regarding elements of PT practice. Examination and diagnosis elements were represented while prognosis and outcome evaluation were less prevalent. Systematic integration of these latter elements into practice is recommended. Chapter Four describes a statistical evaluation of outcome data collected by a motivated physical therapist and insights she gained from her experience. The evaluation offered an interpretation of data partitioned into meaningful subsets. The clinician’s reflection on her experience provides insight to changes she made in her practice. Chapter Five describes the development of a clinical decision-making model to integrate PT practice elements with the components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Chapter Six describes a preliminary survey and interview on practices and attitudes towards outcome measurement, and barriers and facilitators to the use of self-report questionnaires to measure outcome. Despite the small sample, insight was gained on some limitations of a scale to measure attitude towards outcome measurement and reported barriers. Chapter 7 provides a summary and synthesis of the findings, and reflections on my experience. Studies on interventions to promote changes in clinical decision-making through adoption of outcome measures in healthcare are sparse. Reflection is one cognitive process that can influence decision-making, but the extent to which these cognitive processes can change is unclear. The meaning of outcome must be understood from the clinician’s perspective and integrated into clinical practice. The Ottawa Model of Research Use functions as a framework to guide planning and redirection of implementation studies.

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Carlota, Rita. "Why using individualized outcome measures in mental health? A thematic comparison of patient-generated items in PQ with CORE-OM and PHQ-9." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18331.

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This study aims to investigate the utility of PQ (Personal Questionnaire) as an individualized measure. PQ is a tool built by the patient, with the purpose of measuring the patient’s changes during the process of therapy. We intend to explore the ability of this tool to add information concerning the patient’s problems when compared to standartized instruments. From a sample of 105 patients, gathered from a clinical population and from a population of drug abuse, 563 items were collected; these were categorized into 65 sub-themes and classified according to their quality. "Addiction" was the most indicated sub-theme by the sample, mentioned in 46 items (17.8%). About 38% of the items were not covered by the CORE-OM and about 71% were not covered by the PHQ-9. A large part of the sample (69%) showed at least a sub-theme not covered by the CORE-OM and practically the whole sample (97%) mentioned at least a sub-theme not represented by PHQ-9; Porquê usar medidas de resultado individualizadas em saúde mental? Uma comparação temática de itens gerados pelo paciente no PQ com o CORE-OM e o PHQ-9 Resumo: Este estudo pretende investigar a utilidade do PQ (Personal Questionnaire) como medida individualizada. O PQ é um instrumento construido pelo paciente, com a finalidade de medir mudanças do paciente durante o processo de terapia. Pretendemos explorar a capacidade deste instrumento em adicionar informação sobre os problemas dos pacientes quando comparado a instrumentos standartizados. De uma amostra de 105 pacientes, provenientes de uma de população clínica e de uma populaçao de abuso de drogas, recolheram-se 563 itens; estes foram categorizados em 65 subtemas e classificados segundo a sua qualidade. O subtema mais indicado pela amostra foi “Dependência”, mencionado em 46 itens (8.17%). Cerca de 38% dos itens não foram cobertos pelo CORE-OM e cerca de 71% não foram cobertos pelo PHQ-9. Grande parte da amostra (69%) indicou pelo menos um subtema não coberto pelo CORE-OM e praticamente toda a amostra (97%) mencionou pelo menos um subtema não representado pelo PHQ-9.

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Hancock, Kyle Max. "The Utility of Mathematics Curriculum-Based Measurement to Predict Student Risk Status on Standardized Academic Achievement Measures." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/435.

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The predictive utility of mathematics curriculum-based measurement (MCBM) to identify students who are at risk for failure on important educational measures is an emerging area of study in need of further investigation. The present study sought to identify which of four MCBM probes could be accurately used to determine students' risk status on selected subtests of three important educational measures commonly used to make educational placement decisions (WIAT-II, WJ-ACH-III, and KM 3) in grades 2 (n = 49), 4 (n = 48), and 6 (n = 47). The study also sought to determine which type of student performance measurement strategy (i.e., level, slope, or dual discrepancy) on each of the four types of MCBM probes proved to be the best method to determine student risk status. The results of the study indicated that the ability of the MCBM probes to identify students' risk status was generally poor. However, evidence indicated that MCBM probes could be used more reliably and accurately to determine students in the low risk category than those in the high risk category across all probe types and administration times. Finally, the level method generated the greatest support and the slope method generated the least support for identification of high and low risk student status on each probe or combination of probes.

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Koski, Joakim. "A Standardized Approach for Water Reduction Measures in Industrial Companies : Organizational Constraints and Effects on Economy and Environment." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-163585.

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The access of water globally is becoming more strained, why the focus on industrial water use is increasing. The present study examined how industries should approach water efficiency projects, what organizational constraints that should be addressed, and what effects water saving measures have on economic costs, environmental impact and influence from water related risks. The study has been conducted at Saab Group. Primary data for water supply amount and cost has been obtained from twelve sites for the year of 2018. Data from these sites has been used to estimate the water use for the other 43 sites included in this study. Interviews with employees across Saab´s organization and with external stakeholders have functioned as important sources of information, combined with investigations of internal company documents. To facilitate for companies to structurally address water efficiency projects, the concept of the Deming Cycle is developed in this study. The steps included are necessary to address major identified organizational constraints which are lack of communication, lack of incentives for employees, and lack of economic incentives. Furthermore, with water often having energy embedded into it, a new Water Management Hierarchy is developed to include the interrelated aspects of energy supply and energy recovery. The potential for pipe leakages and the challenge to detect these are also identified. If the time from leak occurrence to repair in 2018 was eliminated, the total water supply in Arboga could have been reduced with 10100 m3 which corresponds to 35% of total supply to the site, respectively 35900 m3 and 42% in Björkborn. In Tannefors, water saving measures are identified for a surface treatment process, a facility with testing equipment, and by utilization of groundwater. Not all water saving measures result in reduced annual operating costs, due to an increased energy demand. Furthermore, if neglecting the possibility of energy recovery when aiming for water use reduction, the results show that replacing a once-through cooling system using potable municipal water as a medium with a dry-cooling unit, can increase greenhouse gas emissions. In 2018, the simultaneously implementable water saving measures in Tannefors would have reduced the water supply with 40600 m3, which corresponds to 22% of the total supply to the site. The greenhouse gas emissions would simultaneously have been reduced with 0.4 tonnes CO2eq. If also addressing energy supply reduction and energy recovery, some measures achieves a reduction of over 35 tonnes CO2eq, which results in enhanced economic viability from reduced operating costs. This study suggest that organizational constraints have to be addressed to successfully implement identified water saving measures. To allow economic motivation for all water saving measures in Tannefors, a payback period of over 7 years has to be applied, which can be lowered if the measure also reduces energy demand or increases energy recovery. In order to avoid sub-optimization of water saving measures, the current Water Management Hierarchy has to include the aspects of energy supply and energy recovery. If the aim is to reduce a corporation’s water use, the largest sites with heavy industrial processes should be addressed first. However, the potential impact from water related risks at smaller sites should not be neglected, in order to ensure safe operations and avoid increased costs in the company´s supply chain.
Tillgången av vatten blir alltmer ansträngd globalt, varför fokus på industriell vattenanvändning ökar. Den här studien undersökte hur industrier bör förhålla sig till vatteneffektivitetsprojekt, vilka organisatoriska begränsningar som bör hanteras, och vilka effekter vattenbesparande åtgärder har på ekonomiska kostnader, miljöpåverkan och påverkan från vattenrelaterade risker. Studien har genomförts på Saab Group. Primärdata för vattentillförselmängd och kostnad har erhållits från tolv platser för år 2018. Data från dessa siter har används för att uppskatta vattenanvändningen för de övriga 43 siterna som ingår i denna studie. Intervjuer med anställda inom Saabs organisation och med externa intressenter har fungerat som viktiga informationskällor, i kombination med undersökningar av interna företagsdokument. För att underlätta för företag att strukturellt ta itu med vatteneffektivitetsprojekt, så utvecklas Demingcykel-konceptet i den här studien. De inkluderade stegen är nödvändiga för att hantera viktiga identifierade organisatoriska begränsningar som är brits på kommunikation, brist på incitament för anställda och brist på ekonomiska incitament. Vidare, då vatten ofta är en energibärare, utvecklas en ny vattenminskningshierarki för att inkludera de sammanhängande aspekterna av energitillförsel och energiåtervinning. Potentialen för rörläckage och utmaningen att upptäcka dessa identifieras också. Om tiden från läckage till reparation under 2018 eliminerades, kunde den totala vattentillförseln i Arboga ha minskat med 10100 m3 vilket motsvarar 35% av total vattentillförsel till siten, respektive 35900 m3 och 42% i Björkborn. I Tannefors identifieras vattenbesparingsåtgärder för en ytbehandlingsprocess, en anläggning med testutrustning, och genom utnyttjande av grundvatten. Alla vattenbesparande åtgärder resulterar inte i minskade årliga driftkostnader, på grund av ett ökat energibehov. Vidare, om möjligheten för energiåtervinning förbises när reducering av vattenanvändning är målet, visar resultaten att ersättningen av ett kylsystem som använder kommunalt dricksvatten utan recirkulering med en luftkyld enhet, att utsläppen av växthusgaser kan öka. Under 2018, så skulle de simultant implementerbara vattenbesparande åtgärderna i Tannefors ha minskat vattentillförseln med 40600 m3, vilket motsvarar 22% av den totala tillförseln till siten. Utsläppen av växthusgaser hade samtidigt minskats med 0.4 ton CO2eq. Om även energitillförsel och energiåtervinning tas i beaktande, uppnår vissa åtgärder en minskning på över 35 ton CO2eq, vilket resulterar i förbättrad ekonomisk lönsamhet från minskade driftkostnader. Denna studie föreslår att organisatoriska begränsningar måste hanteras för att framgångsrikt genomföra identifierade vattenbesparande åtgärder. För att möjliggöra ekonomisk motivering för alla vattenbesparande åtgärder i Tannefors, måste en återbetalningstid på över sju år tillämpas, vilken kan sänkas om åtgärden också minskar energibehovet eller ökar energiåtervinningen. För att undvika suboptimering av vattenbesparande åtgärder, måste den nuvarande vattenhierarkin inkludera aspekterna av energitillförsel och energiåtervinning. Om målet är att minska ett företags vattenanvändning, bör de största anläggningarna med tunga industriprocesser först adresseras. Dock bör den potentiella påverkan från vattenrelaterade risker på mindre siter inte försummas, för att säkerställa säker drift och undvika ökade kostnader i företagets värdekedja.

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Mowder-Tinney, J. J. "Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Continuing Professional Development Module on Physical Therapists Use of Standardized Balance Measures: A Knowledge Translation Study." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2008. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/11.

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Purpose: This study had three objectives. The first objective was to develop the contents of a continuing professional development module (CPDM) for physical therapists geared toward increasing the use of standardized balance measures examine patients with balance dysfunction. The second objective was to assess the impact of the CPDM by measuring change in the clinicians' choice of measures using a patient case as well as the degree to which they changed their practice. The final purpose was to identify barriers and facilitators of knowledge translation using a CPDM. Subjects: A sample of convenience was used to recruit therapists through two home care agencies. Forty therapists participated in a one-day continuing professional development module (CPDM) regarding the use of standardized balance measures for patients with balance dysfunction. Method: A CPDM was designed based on the literature on adult learning, knowledge translation, and continuing professional development formats. Overlapping themes derived from this literature were combined to develop and present the module. Balance measures chosen for the content of the course were based on the literature and clinical relevance. Several tools were developed and administered to collect data on four levels of evaluation including: 1) participation using return rate of commitment to change forms, 2) satisfaction using a 5-point Likert evaluation form, 3) change in learning using change in pre/post case study scoring and a self assessment tool, and 4) change in performance using a commitment to change form and interview themes. Statistical tests used included descriptive, paired t-tests, and wilcoxon ranked sign test. In addition, semi-structured interviews were utilized. Results: Subjects satisfaction in the module was excellent and there was an 80% return rate of the commitment to change (CTC) forms. Statistically significant change scores were found in pre/post case study testing and self-assessment questions in regards to learning occurring following the module. Commitment to change forms and interview themes supported an actual change in clinicians' performance. Conclusion: Knowledge transfer can occur in a CPDM. The changes appeared to result from utilizing principles including accountability, multiple teaching strategies and facility support. The results of this study support the development of a CPDM to facilitate knowledge transfer in this specific area of physical therapy practice, as well as provide a model for other knowledge translation studies in the profession of physical therapy.

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Mac, Donald Tanya. "Standardized functional capacity outcome measures in post-operative cardiac surgery: A survey of current clinical practice and development of a clinical practice guideline (CPG)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28369.

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The objectives of the thesis were to determine the prevalence of functional capacity outcome measure use among physiotherapists working with post-operative cardiac surgery clients and to develop evidence-based recommendations regarding their use in clinical practice. The thesis consisted of a systematic review of the literature; a survey of outcome measure use in clinical practice; and the development of a clinical practice guideline. Thirty-one functional capacity outcome measures were included in the review. Only 2.6% of survey respondents reported almost always using outcome measures in their clinical practice. The Six Minute Walk Test, the modified Borg Rating Scale of Perceived Exertion and vital signs were recommended for routine use in clinical practice. A variety of outcome measures are available for use in clinical practice however their use in clinical practice continues to be less than optimal. There is a need for continued training in outcome measure use in clinical practice.

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Rhoad, Randy. "The Relationship Among Subtest Scores on the Structure of Intellect-Learning Abilities Test, Teacher Assigned Grades & Standardized Measures of Achievement for a Population of Gifted Students." TopSCHOLAR®, 1986. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2758.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship, among gifted students, between scores obtained on the Structure of Intellect-Learning Abilities (SOI-LA) test and two measures of achievement: teacher assigned grades and scores obtained on the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS). This study was based on the assertion that academic abilities should be linked to specific cognitive abilities measured by the SOI-LA subtests. Significant, positive relationships between academic abilities and SOI-LA subtest scores would imply that curricula based on the Structure of Intellect theory, in areas identified as deficient by the SOI-LA tests, may increase achievement among the gifted population. One hundred fifty-seven academically gifted students enrolled in grades 5 through 7 during the 1984-1985 school year were selected for this study. All of the participants qualified for admittance into the Gifted and Talented (GAT) program in a south central Kentucky school district. The SOI-LA and CTBS were administered between November 1984 and April 1985 by one of two GAT teachers; classroom teachers additionally provided grades in reading, language arts, and mathematics. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that: Convergent Production of Semantic Systems (NSS) alone was the best predictor model for teacher assigned math grades. Cognition of Semantic Relations (CMR) and Divergent Production of Semantic Units (DMU) together provided the best predictor model for teacher assigned reading grades. None of the SOI-LA test variables proved significant predictors of teacher assigned language arts grades. The combination of Evaluation of Symbolic Classes (ESC), Cognition of Semantic Relations (CMR), Convergent Production of Figural Units (NFU), Memory of Symbolic Implications (MSI), Convergent Production of Symbolic Systems (NSS), and Cognition of Symbolic Relations (CSR) provided the best predictor model for CTBS math scores. The combination of CMR and CMU was shown to be the best predictor model for CTBS reading scores. The best predictor model for CTBS language scores was Convergent Production of Symbolic Transformations (NST), ESC, Memory of Symbolic Units-Visual (MSU-V), DMU, MSI, CMR, and NFU. Pearson product-moment coefficients were additionally calculated to facilitate the interpretation of the multiple regression analyses. An explanation for the SOI-LA test's relatively poor predictive power for teacher assigned grades, compared to standardized test scores, may be the subjective nature of the assigned grades rather than the validity of the SOI-LA test.

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Schelin, Victoria, Emma Magnusson, and Malin Kjell. "En prövning av TEMPO- modellen för mätning av transporteffektivitet : En fallstudie på Alwex AB." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36616.

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I transportbranschen finns behov av ett gemensamt och standardiserat mått för mätning av effektivitet och trots avancerade IT-system och moderna verktyg råder det idag avsaknad av detta. Transportföretagen behöver inte bara ta fram egna, interna mått utan också accepterade och vedertagna mått som kan användas för att kommunicera med kunder, myndigheter och andra externa intressenter.
The transportation industry is in need of a common and standardized measure for measuring the efficiency and despite advanced IT systems and modern tools, there is currently a lack of this. Carriers need not only to develop their own, internal dimensions, but also accepted and recognized measurements that can be used to communicate with customers, governments and other external stakeholders.

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Books on the topic "Standardized measures"

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Comparison of in-home collection of physical measurements and biospecimens with collection in a standardized setting: The health measures at home study. Hyattsville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2014.

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A measure of failure: The political origins of standardized testing. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009.

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F, Madaus George, and Lyons Robert 1965-, eds. The fractured marketplace for standardized testing. Boston: Kluwer-Academic Publishers, 1993.

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A, Van House Nancy, Zweizig Douglas, and Public Library Association. New Standards Task Force., eds. Output measures for public libraries: A manual of standardized procedures. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Library Association, 1987.

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Output measures for public libraries: a manual for standardized procedures. PLA, 1987.

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Walter, Virginia A. Output Measures for Public Library Service to Children: A Manual of Standardized Procedures. American Library Association, 1992.

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Piping benchmark problems for the ABB/CE System 80+ standardized plant. Washington, D.C: Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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Bright, Elizabeth R. Portfolio assessment and standardized achievement measures as outcomes in Title I evaluation at the school-district level. 1996.

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van Tubergen, Astrid, and Robert Landewé. Clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0012.

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In general, axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) follows a chronic course, requiring regular medical care and monitoring. The outcome of axSpA may vary substantially due to heterogenic presentation. For both research and clinical practice, it is important to have relevant, reliable, validated instruments for measuring outcome, to evaluate patients in a standardized way and capture all disease aspects. The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society has developed core sets and instruments to measure these domains, and recommends only the most important domains being measured with best available methods. This chapter provides an overview of the most important outcomes in axSpA and most commonly used instruments to measure these. Additional measures frequently used but not (yet) included in the core set are addressed, and several sets of response criteria applied in axSpA research described. This chapter also provides guidance in which setting (research versus practice) and with which frequency these measures can be used.

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Cauli, Alberto. Domains and instruments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0023.

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In order to define and validate standardized outcome measurement tools both for therapeutic trials and for real life clinics, the need to precisely identify the relevant domains of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis has led to the ‘rassemblement’ of experts and patients in the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA). The output of intensive work, performed according to the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) scientific method, has been the definition of the key domains and instruments relevant in PsA evaluation. This chapter summarizes the present approach in PsA assessment, focusing on the ‘pathophysiological manifestations’, as well as current ideas regarding future revisions. Patient-related outcome measures and composite scores will be detailed in other chapters.

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Book chapters on the topic "Standardized measures"

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Acquadro, Catherine, and Katrin Conway. "Copyright Issues on Standardized Measures." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1295–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3581.

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McCarney, Patricia L., and Anita M. McGahan. "The Case for Comprehensive, Integrated, and Standardized Measures of Health in Cities." In Innovating for Healthy Urbanization, 307–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7597-3_14.

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Brachinger, Hans Wolfgang. "From Variance to Value at Risk: A Unified Perspective on Standardized Risk Measures." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 91–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60187-3_8.

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Settle, Robert B., Pamela L. Alreck, and Michael A. Belch. "A Standardized Measure of Sex Role Prescriptions." In Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science, 261–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16976-7_65.

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Wali, Wafa, Bilel Gargouri, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. "Using Standardized Lexical Semantic Knowledge to Measure Similarity." In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 93–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12096-6_9.

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Morley, Stephen, Ciara Masterson, and Chris J. Main. "Standardised measures and what you can do with them." In Single-Case Methods in Clinical Psychology, 19–40. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315412931-2.

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Berens, Guido, Charles J. Fombrun, Leonard J. Ponzi, Nicolas Georges Trad, and Kasper Nielsen. "Country RepTrak™: A Standardized Measure of Country Reputation." In International Place Branding Yearbook 2011, 77–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230343320_7.

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Bijlsma, Hannah. "The Quality of Student Perception Questionnaires: A Systematic Review." In Student Feedback on Teaching in Schools, 47–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75150-0_4.

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AbstractStudent perceptions of teaching are promising for measuring the quality of teaching in primary and secondary education. However, generating valid and reliable measurements when using a student perception questionnaire (SPQ) is not self-evident. Many authors have pointed to issues that need to be taken into account when developing, selecting, and using an SPQ in order to generate valid and reliable scores. In this study, 22 SPQs that met the inclusion criteria used in the literature search were systematically evaluated by two reviewers. The reviewers were most positive about the theoretical basis of the SPQs and about the quality of the SPQ materials. According to their evaluation, most SPQs also had acceptable reliability and construct validity. However, norm information about the quality rating measures was often lacking and few sampling specifications were provided. Information about the features of the SPQs, if available, was also often not presented in an accessible way by the instrument developers (e.g., in a user manual), making it difficult for potential SPQ users to obtain an overview of the qualities of available SPQs in order to decide which SPQs best fit their own context and intended use. It is suggested to create an international database of SPQs and to develop a standardized evaluation framework to evaluate the SPQ qualities in order to provide potential users with the information they need to make a well-informed choice of an SPQ.

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Looks, Hanna, Jannik Fangmann, Jörg Thomaschewski, María-José Escalona, and Eva-Maria Schön. "Towards a Standardized Questionnaire for Measuring Agility at Team Level." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 71–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78098-2_5.

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AbstractContext: Twenty years after the publication of the agile manifesto, agility is becoming more and more popular in different contexts. Agile values are changing the way people work together and influence people’s mindset as well as the culture of organizations. Many organizations have understood that continuous improvement is based on measurement.Objective: The objective of this paper is to present how agility can be measured at the team level. For this reason, we will introduce our questionnaire for measuring agility, which is based on the agile values of the manifesto.Method: We developed a questionnaire comprising 36 items that measure the current state of a team’s agility in six dimensions (communicative, change-affine, iterative, self-organized, product-driven and improvement-oriented). This questionnaire has been evaluated with respect to several expert reviews and in a case study.Results: The questionnaire provides a method for measuring the current state of agility, which takes the individual context of the team into account. Furthermore, our research shows, that this technique enables the user to uncover dysfunctionalities in a team.Conclusion: Practitioners and organizations can use our questionnaire to optimize collaboration within their teams in terms of agility. In particular, the value delivery of an organization can be increased by optimizing collaboration at the team level. The development of this questionnaire is a continuous learning process with the aim to develop a standardized questionnaire for measuring agility.

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Ganzeboom, Harry B. G., and Donald J. Treiman. "Three Internationally Standardised Measures for Comparative Research on Occupational Status." In Advances in Cross-National Comparison, 159–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9186-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Standardized measures"

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Yang, Yi. "Simulation Analysis of Standardized Management Measures of Enterprise Accounting Based on Cloud Computing." In 2020 International Conference on Advance in Ambient Computing and Intelligence (ICAACI). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaaci50733.2020.00036.

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Hawk, Amanda K. "Implementing Standardized Statistical Measures and Metrics for Public Services in Archival Repositories and Special Collections Libraries." In Library Assessment Conference—Building Effective, Sustainable, Practical Assessment. Association of Research Libraries, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/lac.2018.78.

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Figueroa, Jonine D., Ruth Pfeiffer, Maya Palakal, Amy C. Degnim, Derek Radisky, Lynn C. Hartmann, Marlene Frost, et al. "Abstract 4682: Standardized measures of lobular involution and subsequent breast cancer risk among women with benign breast disease." In Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4682.

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Matsumoto, Shunsaku, Vivek Jaiswal, Tadashi Sugimura, Shintaro Honjo, and Piotr Szalewski. "Mooring Integrity Management through Digital Twin and Standardized Inspection Data." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31036-ms.

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Abstract This paper presents a concept of a mooring digital twin frameworkand a standardized inspection datatemplate to enable digital twin. The mooring digital twin framework supports real-time and/or on-demand decision making in mooring integrity management, which minimizes the failure risk while reducing operation and maintenance cost by efficient inspection, monitoring, repair, and strengthening. An industry survey conducted through the DeepStar project 18403 identified a standard template for recording inspection data as a high priority item to enable application of the digital twins for integrity management. Further, mooring chain was selected as a critical mooring component for which a standard inspection template was needed. The characteristics of damage/performance prediction with the proposed mooring digital twin framework are (i) to utilize surrogates and/or reduced-order models trained by high-fidelity physics simulation models, (ii) to combine all available lifecycle data about the mooring system, (iii) to evaluate current and future asset conditions in a systematic way based on the concept of uncertainty quantification (UQ). The general and mooring-specific digital twin development workflows are described with the identified essential data, physics models, and several UQ methodologies such as surrogate modeling, local and global sensitivity analyses, Bayesian prediction etc. Also, the proposed digital twin system architecture is summarized to illustrate the dataflow in digital twin development andutilization. The prototype of mooring digital twin dashboard, web-based risk visualization and advisory system, is developed to demonstrate the capability to visualize the system health diagnosis and prognosis and suggest possible measures/solutions for the high-risk components as a digital twin's insight.

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Zhou, Feng, Xingda Qu, Jianxin Roger Jiao, and Martin G. Helander. "Affect Prediction for Emotional Design: A Comparison Study of Physiological and Subjective Self-Report Data." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48914.

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Emotional design has attracted much attention due to its important role in the development of products and services towards high value-added user satisfaction and performance enhancement. However, how to predict users’ affective states in real time and without having to interrupt the user is critical to emotional design. This study compared affect prediction between using physiological measures and using self-report subjective measures. Specifically, an experiment was designed to elicit seven different affective states using standardized affective pictures as visual stimuli. Each stimulus was presented for 6 seconds and multiple physiological signals were measured, including facial electromyography, respiration rate, electroencephalography, and skin conductance response. Subjective ratings were also recorded immediately after stimulus presentation. Three data mining methods (i.e., decision rules, k-NN, and decomposition tree) based on the rough set theory were applied to construct prediction models from physiological measures and subjective measures, respectively. We obtained the highest mean prediction rate at 73.69% for physiological models and 52.43% for subjective models, respectively, across the 7 affective states. It demonstrates that physiological data are able to predict better result than subjective self-report data did and that physiological computing offers great potential for the development of emotional design.

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Boss, Terry, J. Kevin Wison, Charlie Childs, and Bernie Selig. "Gas Transmission Pipeline Safety and Integrity Activities and Results for INGAA Pipeline Companies." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90490.

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Interstate natural gas transmission pipelines have performed some standardized integrity management processes since the inception of ASME B3.18 in 1942. These standardized practices have been always preceded by new technology and individual company efforts to improve processes. These standardized practices have improved through the decades through newer consensus standard editions and the adoption of pipeline safety regulations (49 CFR Part 192). The Pipeline Safety Improvement Act which added to the list of these improved practices was passed at the end of 2002 and has been recently reaffirmed in January of 2012. The law applies to natural gas transmission pipeline companies and mandates additional practices that the pipeline operators must conduct to ensure the safety and integrity of natural gas pipelines with specific safety programs. Central to the 2002 Act is the requirement that pipeline operators implement an Integrity Management Program (IMP), which among other things requires operators to identify so-called High Consequence Areas (HCAs) on their systems, conduct risk analyses of these areas, and perform baseline integrity assessments and reassessments of each HCA, according to a prescribed schedule and using prescribed methods. The 2002 Act formalized, expanded and standardized the Integrity Management (IM) practices that individual operators had been conducting on their pipeline systems. The recently passed 2012 Pipeline Safety Act has expanded this effort to include measures to improve the integrity of the total transmission pipeline system. In December 2010, INGAA launched a voluntary initiative to enhance pipeline safety and communicate the results to stakeholders. The efforts are focused on analyzing data that measures the effectiveness of safety and integrity practices, detects successful practices, identifies opportunities for improvement, and further focuses our safety performance by developing an even more effective integrity management process. During 2011, a group chartered under the Integrity Management Continuous Improvement initiative(IMCI) identified information that may be useful in understanding the safety progress of the INGAA membership as they implemented their programs that were composed of the traditional safety practices under DOT Part 192, the PHMSA IMP regulations that were codified in 2004 and the individual operator voluntary programs. The paper provides a snapshot, above and beyond the typical PHMSA mandated reporting, of the results from the data collected and analyzed from this integrity management activity on 185,000 miles of natural gas transmission pipelines operated by interstate natural gas transmission pipelines. Natural gas transmission pipeline companies have made significant strides to improve their systems and the integrity and safety of their pipelines in and beyond HCAs. Our findings indicate that over the course of the data gathering period, pipeline operators’ efforts are shown to be effective and are resulting in improved pipeline integrity. Since the inception of the IMP and the expanded voluntary IM programs, the probability of leaks in the interstate natural gas transmission pipeline system continues on a downward slope, and the number of critical repairs being made to pipe segments that are being reassessed under integrity programs, both mandated and voluntary, are decreasing dramatically. Even with this progress, INGAA members committed in 2011 to embarking on a multi-year effort to expand the width and depth of integrity management practices on the interstate natural gas transmission pipeline systems. A key component of that extensive effort is to design metrics to measure the effectiveness to achieve the goals of that program. As such, this report documents the performance baseline before the implementation of the future program.

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Kugel, Karin, Peter Brennecke, Stefan Steyer, Detlef Gruendler, Wilma Boetsch, and Claudia Haider. "Characterization of Radioactive Wastes With Respect to Harmful Materials." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96134.

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In addendum 4 to the license of the German KONRAD repository, which considers mainly radiological aspects, a water law permit was issued in order to prevent the pollution of the near-surface groundwater. The water law permit stipulates limitations for 10 radionuclides and 2 groups of radionuclides as well as mass limitations for 94 substances and materials relevant for water protection issues. Two collateral clauses, i.e. additional requirements imposed by the licensing authority, include demands on the monitoring, registering and balancing of non-radioactive harmful substances and materials /1/. In order to fulfill the requirements of the water law permit the German Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) being the operator of the KONRAD repository has developed a concept, which ensures the compliance with all requirements of the water law permit and which provides standardized easy manageable guidance for the waste producers to describe their wastes. On 15 March 2011 the competent water authority, the “Niedersaechsischer Landesbetrieb fuer Wasserwirtschaft, Kuesten- und Naturschutz” (NLWKN) issued the approval for this concept. Being the most essential part of this concept the procedural method and the developed description of non-radioactive waste package constituents by use of standardized lists of materials and containers is addressed and presented in this paper. The waste producer has to describe his waste package in a standardized way on the base of the lists of materials and containers. For each material in the list a comprehensive description is given comprising the composition, scope of application, quality control measures, thresholds and other data. Each entry in the list has to be approved by NLWKN. The scope of the lists is defined by the waste producers’ needs. Using some particular materials as examples, the approval procedure for including materials in the list is described. The procedure of describing the material composition has to be considered in the KONRAD waste acceptance requirements. The respective part of these requirements will be introduced. In order to clarify the procedure of describing waste packages by use of the standardized lists of materials and containers some examples of typical waste package descriptions will be presented.

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Shah, Jami J., Roger E. Millsap, Jay Woodward, and S. M. Smith. "Applied Tests of Design Skills: Divergent Thinking Data Analysis and Reliability Studies." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28886.

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A number of cognitive skills relevant to conceptual design were identified. They include Divergent Thinking, Visual Thinking, Spatial Reasoning, Qualitative Reasoning and Problem Formulation. A battery of standardized tests have been developed for these skills. We have previously reported on the contents and rationale for divergent thinking and visual thinking tests. This paper focuses on data collection and detailed statistical analysis of one test, namely the divergent thinking test. This particular test has been given to over 500 engineering students and a smaller number of practicing engineers. It is designed to evaluate four direct measures (fluency, flexibility, originality, quality) and four indirect measures (abstractability, afixability, detailability, decomplexability). The eight questions on the test overlap in some measures and the responses can be used to evaluate several measures independently (e.g., fluency and originality can be evaluated separately from the same idea set). The data on the 23 measured variables were factor analyzed using both exploratory and confirmatory procedures. Two variables were dropped from these exploratory analyses for reasons explained in the paper. For the remaining 21 variables, a four-factor solution with correlated (oblique) factors was deemed the best available solution after examining solutions with more factors. Five of the 21 variables did not load meaningfully on any of the four factors. These indirect measures did not appear to correlate strongly either among themselves, or with the other direct measures. The remaining 16 variables loaded on four factors as follows: The four factors correspond to the different measures belonging to each of the four questions. In other words, the different fluency, flexibility, or originality variables did not form factors limited to these forms of creative thinking. Instead the analyses showed factors associated with the questions themselves (with the exception of questions corresponding to indirect measures). The above four-factor structure was then taken into a confirmatory factor analytic procedure that adjusted for the missing data. After making some adjustments, the above four-factor solution was found to provide a reasonable fit to the data. Estimated correlations among the four factors (F) ranged from a high of .32 for F1 and F2 to a low of .06 for F3 and F4. All factor loadings were statistically significant.

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Kugel, Karin, Peter Brennecke, Stephan Steyer, Detlef Gruendler, Wilma Boetsch, and Claudia Haider. "Control of Materials Harmful to Water in the German KONRAD Repository." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16125.

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In order to avoid a pollution of the near surface ground water during the post closure phase of the Konrad repository the acceptable amount of material harmful to water in the radioactive waste is restricted. For this purpose the KONRAD plan approval order includes waste requirements referring to the German water law (“water law permission”). In a first part of this contribution the water law permission for the KONRAD repository is introduced. This permission contains a list of materials harmful to water with the respective limitations in mass and many instructions and proposals regarding the registering and balancing of these materials as well as quality assurance aspects. The second part deals with the implementation of the water law permission in the waste acceptance criteria. The waste producer has to describe his waste in a standardized way with respect to the material composition. The operator of the repository has to check this description and to register and balance the materials and substances harmful to water. This procedure is based on a standardized list of materials and a list of containers. In the third part quality control measures used for the proof of the compliance with the acceptance criteria (with respect to the water law permission) are described. In particular objective of the quality control, possible quality control options and acceptable margins are dealt with.

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Shakarji, Craig M., Vijay Srinivasan, Vincent D. Lee, Meghan Shilling, and Bala Muralikrishnan. "Standards for Evaluating the Influence of Materials on the Performance of X-Ray Computed Tomography in Measuring Geometric Variability." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24651.

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Abstract The industrial use of X-ray Computed Tomography (known briefly as XCT, or sometimes simply as CT) is on the rise because a single XCT scan can measure an arbitrary number of features, and XCT instruments can measure features inaccessible to contact or optical instruments — even features that are completely encased in material. This makes XCT a natural metrological companion to additive manufacturing where internal features (e.g., lattice structures) can be produced. But this advantage of being able to measure through material is somewhat mitigated by the fact that the obstructing material has a strong influence on the geometric measurement and is a dominant source of error. This problem is addressed by two emerging documentary standards in ASME and ISO (International Organization for Standardization). These documents define standardized tests for metrological accuracies of an XCT system, where accuracies — now unambiguously defined — can be expressed as Maximum Permissible Errors (MPEs). These tests rely on calibrated artifacts that are designed to reveal various XCT error sources when the system measures these artifacts in prescribed manners. This paper gives the general philosophy behind Coordinate Measuring System standards and then applies them to XCT systems in particular. Rationale is given for the artifact choices contained within these standards, with particular emphasis on material effects, and clarifies the metrological coverage of these standards.

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Reports on the topic "Standardized measures"

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Gliklich, Richard E., Michelle B. Leavy, and Fang Li. Standardized Library of Asthma Outcome Measures. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepclibraryasthma.

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Gliklich, Richard E., Michelle B. Leavy, and Fang Li. Standardized Library of Depression Outcome Measures. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepclibrarydepression.

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Gliklich, Richard E., Michelle B. Leavy, and Fang Li. Standardized Library of Atrial Fibrillation Outcome Measures. Agency for Healthcare Research and Policy (AHRQ), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcwhitepaperharmonization.

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Gliklich, Richard E., Michelle B. Leavy, and Fang Li. Standardized Library of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Outcome Measures. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepclibrarylumbar.

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Gliklich, Richard E., Michelle B. Leavy, and Fang Li. Standardized Library of Lung Cancer Outcome Measures. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepclibrarylungcancer.

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Fontanari, Claudia, Antonella Palumbo, and Chiara Salvatori. The Updated Okun Method for Estimation of Potential Output with Broad Measures of Labor Underutilization: An Empirical Analysis. Institute for New Economic ThinkingInstitute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp158.

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This paper extends to different indicators of labor underutilization the Updated Okun Method (UOM) for estimation of potential output proposed in Fontanari et al (2020), which, from a demand-led growth perspective, regards potential output as an empirical approximation to full-employment output, as in A.M.Okun’s (1962) original method. Based on the apparent incapability of the official rate of unemployment to fully account for labor underutilization, in this paper we offer estimates of Okun’s law both with broad unemployment indicators and with an indicator of ‘standardized hours worked’ which we propose as a novel measure of the labor input. The paper reflects on the possible different empirical measures of full employment. The various measures of potential output that we extract from our analysis show greater output gaps than those produced by standard methods, thus highlighting a systematic tendency of the latter to underestimate potential output. Output gaps that underestimate the size of the output loss or that tend to close too soon during recovery, may produce a bias towards untimely restriction.

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Russel, Bruce W., and Dallas R. Rose. Investigation of Standardized Tests to Measure the Bond Performance of Prestressing Strand. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pci.rr.mat-006.

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Furbo, Simon, Weiqiang Kong, and Jianhua Fan. Simulation and design of collector array units within large systems. IEA SHC Task 55, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2019-0003.

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Investigation of measured long-term field performance in relation to standardized collector test information and tools/models for annual performance prediction at different operating conditions and field designs.

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Weiss, W. Jason, Chunyu Qiao, Burkan Isgor, and Jan Olek. Implementing Rapid Durability Measure for Concrete Using Resistivity and Formation Factor. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317120.

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The durability of in-place concrete is a high priority issue for concrete pavements and bridges. Several studies have been conducted by INDOT to use electrical resistivity as a measure of fluid transport properties. Resistivity is dependent on the chemistry of the cement and supplementary cementitious system used, as such it has been recommended that rather than specifying resistivity it may be more general to specify the formation factor. Samples were tested to establish the current levels of performance for concrete pavements in the state of Indiana. Temperature and moisture corrections are presented and acceptable accelerated aging procedure is presented. A standardized testing procedure was developed (AASHTO TP 119–Option A) resulting in part from this study that provides specific sample conditioning approaches to address pore solution composition, moisture conditioning, and testing procedures. An accelerated aging procedure is discussed to obtain later age properties (91 days) after only 28 days.

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Gómez Vidal, Analía, Fabiana Machado, and Darcia Datshkovsky. Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America: Access and Quality Outlook. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003285.

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Tracking progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is critical to evaluate how far the water and sanitation sector is from achieving these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer to them. But this is not a simple task. To truly assess collective progress towards achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that help track all types of access, their reliability, and their quality. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources and locations because they rely on different definitions and categories. Samples are often not representative of all groups within the population. More developed areas are more likely to collect data, which results in the overrepresentation of groups that enjoy better services. Still in some areas and for some categories of information data is not available at all. In response to these challenges, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnered with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to gather nationally representative and comparable data in 18 countries in the region. The goal of this effort was to provide an initial outlook of the current landscape of water and sanitation services in the region, using two batteries of questions in the LAPOP questionnaire for the 2018-2019 wave. The main message that arises is that the Latin American and the Caribbean region faces a wide range of challenges, that vary both across and within countries. Some areas face the primary challenge of closing access gaps, while others display higher deficiency in service quality, such as continuity. The gaps in quality of services, in particular, are not clearly perceived by users. In general, levels of satisfaction with the services received is quite high among the population, much higher than warranted by the objective measures of service quality. This raises important issues for accountability in the sector. If users are mostly satisfied with the current state of affairs, it is unlikely they will pressure governments and utilities to improve service delivery. A more in-depth analysis is required to understand the reasons behind these opinions and possible ways to raise awareness.

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