Journal articles: 'Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index'

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Wang, Long, Hang Yu, Maoling Yang, Rui Yang, Rui Gao, and Ying Wang. "A drought index: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration runoff index." Journal of Hydrology 571 (April 2019): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.023.

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Zhao Jing, Yan Deng-Hua, Yang Zhi-Yong, Hu Yong, Weng Bai-Sha, and Gong Bo-Ya. "Improvement and adaptability evaluation of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index." Acta Physica Sinica 64, no. 4 (2015): 049202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.049202.

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LI, Wei-Guang, Xue YI, Mei-Ting HOU, Hui-Lin CHEN, and Zhen-Li CHEN. "Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index shows drought trends in China." Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 20, no. 5 (December 6, 2012): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2012.00643.

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Gocic, Milan, Danilo Misic, Slavisa Trajkovic, and Mladen Milanovic. "Using GIS tool for presenting spatial distribution of drought." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 18, no. 1 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace200409006g.

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By using GIS tools, it is possible to improve the preview of hydrological processes such as evapotranspiration, precipitation, flood and drought. In order to quantify drought, different type of drought indicators have been developed such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) or Water Surplus Variability Index (WSVI). In this paper the precipitation-based SPI indicator was applied to the monthly precipitation data from Serbia during the period 1948-2012. The data were processed in the QuantumGIS software package. For the purpose of application in the monitoring of drought at the national level, a spatial presentation of meteorological drought was obtained.

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Saengrattanayon, Chanattha, Nuttapong Panthong, Parwapath Phunthirawuthi, and Sukrit Kirtsaeng. "Analysis of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index over Chiangrai and Phayao." Applied Mechanics and Materials 891 (May 2019): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.891.117.

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Drought indices analysis plays a vital role in flood and drought monitoring and early warning, which is a main responsibility of Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), especially the basins that are limited in use o¬¬f water resources such as Kok and Ing river basins. This study aims to analyze drought situations utilized Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at Chiangrai and Phayao provinces (located Kok and Ing basins). Both observed data, precipitation and temperature, are used for calculation (data in between 1951-2018 for Chiangrai and 1981-2018 for Phayao). The result shows that SPEI can determine drought probability and its potential impact in the observed area. This study could be applied to drought monitoring over other basins.

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S L Cheng F Y Zhang Y Q et al, Liu. "Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) Dataset of Yunnan Province, China." Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery 1, no. 4 (2017): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3974/geodp.2017.04.11.

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Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Santiago Beguería, and Juan I. López-Moreno. "A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index." Journal of Climate 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2010): 1696–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2909.1.

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Abstract The authors propose a new climatic drought index: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The SPEI is based on precipitation and temperature data, and it has the advantage of combining multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment. The procedure to calculate the index is detailed and involves a climatic water balance, the accumulation of deficit/surplus at different time scales, and adjustment to a log-logistic probability distribution. Mathematically, the SPEI is similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI), but it includes the role of temperature. Because the SPEI is based on a water balance, it can be compared to the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI). Time series of the three indices were compared for a set of observatories with different climate characteristics, located in different parts of the world. Under global warming conditions, only the sc-PDSI and SPEI identified an increase in drought severity associated with higher water demand as a result of evapotranspiration. Relative to the sc-PDSI, the SPEI has the advantage of being multiscalar, which is crucial for drought analysis and monitoring.

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Ariyanto, Dwi Priyo, Abdul Aziz, Komariah Komariah, Sumani Sumani, and Magarsa Abara. "Comparing the accuracy of estimating soil moisture using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i1.41396.

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<span>The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) are used to monitor and identify different types of drought, including meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts. This study evaluates the accuracy of estimating soil moisture levels using the two indexes. The analysis correlated the SPI and the SPEI over three years (November 2016–October 2019) using <em>Rstudio</em>, with average monthly soil moisture taken using a Soil Moisture Sensor; 3-, 6- and 12-months SPI and SPEI showed a positive correlation for soil moisture (Sig <0.05), whereas 1-month SPI and SPEI results did not. A regression test was used to get an equation model for estimating soil moisture content. The correlation for soil moisture between the 1-month SPI and SPEI results was insignificant (p-value >0.05). In contrast, the 3-, 6-, and 12-months indexes were significant (p-value <0.05). Estimating soil moisture content using the SPEI (50–59.09%) had a higher accuracy value than the SPI (36.36%), which indicates the SPEI can more reliably predict soil moisture.</span>

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Ogunrinde, Akinwale T., David A. Olasehinde, and Yahaya Olotu. "Assessing the sensitivity of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index to three potential evapotranspiration models in Nigeria." Scientific African 8 (July 2020): e00431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00431.

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Beguería, Santiago, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Fergus Reig, and Borja Latorre. "Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited: parameter fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring." International Journal of Climatology 34, no. 10 (December 21, 2013): 3001–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3887.

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Tirivarombo, S., D. Osupile, and P. Eliasson. "Drought monitoring and analysis: Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI)." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 106 (August 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.07.001.

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Chen, Huopo, and Jianqi Sun. "Changes in Drought Characteristics over China Using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index." Journal of Climate 28, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 5430–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00707.1.

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Abstract The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is computed and compared in China using reference evapotranspiration calculated using the Thornthwaite (TH) approach and the Penman–Monteith (PM) equation. The analysis reveals that SPEI_PM outperforms the SPEI_TH with regard to drought monitoring during the period 1961–2012 over China, especially in arid regions of China. Furthermore, the SPEI_PM also performs better with regard to observed variations in soil moisture and streamflow in China. Thus, changes in drought characteristics over China are detected on the basis of variations in the SPEI_PM. The results indicate that droughts over China exhibit pronounced decadal variations over the past 50 yr, with more frequent and severe droughts occurring before the 1980s and in the 2000s compared with the 1980s and 1990s. Since the late 1990s, droughts have become more frequent and severe across China, especially in some regions of northern China. Concurrently, consecutive drought events have also increased across China. This suggests that dry conditions in China have been enhanced in recent years. Further analyses illustrate that the temperature and precipitation anomalies exhibit different roles in detecting droughts across China, which is primarily due to the magnitude of their variations and different climate variability. Considering temperature and precipitation perturbations, droughts exhibit relatively larger responses to temperature fluctuations in northern China and relatively larger responses to precipitation anomalies in southern China.

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Ziese, M., U. Schneider, A. Meyer-Christoffer, K. Schamm, J. Vido, P. Finger, P. Bissolli, S. Pietzsch, and A. Becker. "The GPCC Drought Index – a new, combined and gridded global drought index." Earth System Science Data 6, no. 2 (August 29, 2014): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-285-2014.

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Abstract. The Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Drought Index (GPCC-DI) provides estimations of water supply anomalies with respect to long-term statistics. It is a combination of the Standardized Precipitation Index with adaptations from Deutscher Wetterdienst (SPI-DWD) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Precipitation data were taken from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and temperature data from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC). The GPCC-DI is available with several accumulation periods of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months for different applications. It is issued monthly starting in January 2013. Typically, it is released on the 10th day of the following month, depending on the availability of the input data. It is calculated on a regular grid with 1° spatial resolution. All accumulation periods are integrated into one netCDF file for each month. This data set is referenced by the doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/DI_M_100 and is available free of charge from the GPCC website ftp://ftp.dwd.de/pub/data/gpcc/html/gpcc_di_doi_download.html.

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Jamro, Shoaib, Ghulam Hussain Dars, Kamran Ansari, and Nir Y. Krakauer. "Spatio-Temporal Variability of Drought in Pakistan Using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index." Applied Sciences 9, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 4588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9214588.

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Pakistan is among the top ten countries adversely affected by climate change. More specifically, there is concern that climate change may cause longer and severer spells of droughts. To quantify the change in the characteristics of droughts in Pakistan over the years, we have evaluated spatio-temporal trends of droughts in Pakistan over the period 1902–2015 using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Additionally, the Spatial “K” luster Analysis using Tree Edge Removal (SKATER) method was employed to regionalize droughts into five contiguous zones. The run theory was then applied to each zone to identify drought events and characterize them in terms of duration, severity, intensity, and peak. Moreover, the Modified Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to identify statistically significant trends in SPEI and drought characteristics in each zone. It was found that the southern areas of Pakistan, encompassing Sindh and most of Baluchistan, have experienced a decrease in SPEI, indicating a drying trend. Central Pakistan has witnessed a wetting trend as demonstrated by an increase in SPEI over time, whereas no statistically significant trend was observed for the northern areas of Pakistan. On a zonal basis, the longest duration drought to occur in Pakistan lasted 22 months in zone 5 (Sindh) from 1968 to 1970. In addition, the drought of 1920 and 2000 can be said to be the worst drought in the history of the region as it affected all the zones and lasted for more than 10-months in three zones.

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Tam, Benita Y., Kit Szeto, Barrie Bonsal, Greg Flato, Alex J. Cannon, and Robin Rong. "CMIP5 drought projections in Canada based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index." Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 44, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2018.1537812.

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Wang, Fei, Zongmin Wang, Haibo Yang, Danyang Di, Yong Zhao, and Qiuhua Liang. "A new copula-based standardized precipitation evapotranspiration streamflow index for drought monitoring." Journal of Hydrology 585 (June 2020): 124793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124793.

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Liu, Shaohua, Denghua Yan, Hao Wang, Chuanzhe Li, Baisha Weng, and Tianling Qin. "Standardized Water Budget Index and Validation in Drought Estimation of Haihe River Basin, North China." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9159532.

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The physical-based drought indices such as the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc-PDSI) with the fixed time scale is inadequate for the multiscalar drought assessment, and the multiscalar drought indices including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) based on the meteorological factors are lack of physical mechanism and cannot depict the actual water budget. To fill this gap, the Standardized Water Budget Index (SWBI) is constructed based on the difference between areal precipitation and actual evapotranspiration (AET), which can describe the actual water budget but also assess the drought at multiple time scales. Then, sc-PDSI was taken as the reference drought index to compare with multiscalar drought indices at different time scale in Haihe River basin. The result shows that SWBI correlates better with sc-PDSI and the RMSE of SWBI is less than other multiscalar drought indices. In addition, all of drought indices show a decreasing trend in Haihe River Basin, possibly due to the decreasing precipitation from 1961 to 2010. The decreasing trends of SWBI were significant and consistent at all the time scales, while the decreasing trends of other multiscalar drought indices are insignificant at time scale less than 3 months.

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Ziese, M., U. Schneider, A. Meyer-Christoffer, K. Schamm, J. Vido, P. Finger, P. Bissolli, S. Pietzsch, and A. Becker. "GPCC Drought Index – a new, combined, and gridded global drought index." Earth System Science Data Discussions 7, no. 1 (April 29, 2014): 243–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-7-243-2014.

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Abstract. The Global Precipitation Climatology Centre Drought Index (GPCC-DI) provides estimations of precipitation anomalies with respect to long term statistics. It is a combination of the Standardized Precipitation Index with adaptations from Deutscher Wetterdienst (SPI-DWD) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Precipitation data were taken from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) and temperature data from NOAA's Climate Prediction Center (CPC). The GPCC-DI is available with several averaging periods of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months for different applications. Since spring 2013, the GPCC-DI is calculated operationally and available back to January 2013. Typically it is released at the 10th day of the following month, depending on the availability of the input data. It is calculated on a~regular grid with 1° spatial resolution. All averaging periods are integrated into one netCDF-file for each month. This dataset can be referenced by the DOI:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/DI_M_100 and is available free of charge from the GPCC website ftp://ftp.dwd.de/pub/data/gpcc/html/gpcc_di_doi_download.html.

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Serrano-Barrios, L., S. M. Vicente-Serrano, H. Flores-Magdaleno, L. Tijerina-Chávez, and D. Vázquez-Soto. "Variabilidad espacio-temporal de las sequías en la cuenca Pacífico Norte de México (1961-2010)." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2857.

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This article analyses the spatio-temporal variability of droughts in the North Pacific Basin of México between 1961 and 2010, using two drought indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). We used data from 48 weather stations with available data of precipitation and monthly minimum and maximum temperature. In 22 of the weather stations, time series of Piché evaporation were also available. The reference evapotranspiration, necessary to obtain the SPEI, was calculated by means of the Hargreaves equation. Results show that major droughts occurred in the 1980s and 2000s, although there is a noticeable spatial variability across the region. Finally, the potential impact of the atmospheric evaporative demand on drought severity observed by the different drought indices is discussed, and the possible implications for an appropriate risk assessment.

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Katipoğlu, Okan Mert, Reşat Acar, and Selim Şengül. "Comparison of meteorological indices for drought monitoring and evaluating: a case study from Euphrates basin, Turkey." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, S1 (November 11, 2020): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2020.171.

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Abstract Drought incidents occur due to the fact that precipitation values are below average for many years. Drought causes serious effects in many sectors, such as agriculture, economy, health, and energy. Therefore, the determination of drought and water scarcity, monitoring, management, and planning of drought and taking early measures are important issues. In order to solve these issues, the advantages and disadvantages of five different meteorological drought indices were compared, and the most effective drought index was determined for monitoring drought. Accordingly, in the monthly, 3-month, and 12-month time period, covering the years between 1966 and 2017 (52 years), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Statistical Z-Score Index (ZSI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) were used. It was concluded that precipitation-based SPI and ZSI are similar patterns and precipitation, and temperature-based SPEI and RDI are similar patterns. Also, it has been determined that RAI is more effective than other indices in determining the periods of extreme drought or wet. Furthermore, SPEI and RDI have been found to be superior to other indices as they take into account the water consumption and climate effects caused by evapotranspiration.

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Mohammed, Ruqayah, and Miklas Scholz. "Climate Variability Impact on the Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Drought and Aridityin Arid and Semi-Arid Regions." Water Resources Management 33, no. 15 (December 2019): 5015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-019-02397-3.

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AbstractInvestigating the spatiotemporal distribution of climate data and their impact on the allocation of the regional aridity and meteorological drought, particularly in semi-arid and arid climate, it is critical to evaluate the climate variability effect and propose sufficient adaptation strategies. The coefficient of variation, precipitation concentration index and anomaly index were used to evaluate the climate variability, while the Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope were applied for trend analysis, together with homogeneity tests. The aridity was evaluated using the alpha form of the reconnaissance drought index (Mohammed & Scholz, Water Resour Manag 31(1):531–538, 2017c), whereas drought episodes were predicted by applying three of the commonly used meteorological drought indices, which are the standardised reconnaissance drought index, standardized precipitation index and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. The Upper Zab River Basin (UZRB), which is located in the northern part of Iraq and covers a high range of climate variability, has been considered as an illustrative basin for arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. There were general increasing trends in average temperature and potential evapotranspiration and decreasing trends in precipitation from the upstream to the downstream of the UZRB. The long-term analysis of climate data indicates that the number of dry years has temporally risen and the basin has experienced succeeding years of drought, particularly after 1994/1995. There was a potential link between drought, aridity and climate variability. Pettitt’s, SNHT, Buishand’s and von Neumann’s homogeneity test results demonstrated that there is an evident alteration in the mean of the drought and aridity between the pre- and post-alteration point (1994).

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Li, Jun, Zhaoli Wang, Xushu Wu, Chong-Yu Xu, Shenglian Guo, and Xiaohong Chen. "Toward Monitoring Short-Term Droughts Using a Novel Daily Scale, Standardized Antecedent Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 5 (May 2020): 891–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0298.1.

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AbstractRecent events across many regions around the world have shown that short-term droughts (i.e., daily or weekly) with sudden occurrence can lead to huge losses to a wide array of environmental and societal sectors. However, the most commonly used drought indices can only identify drought at the monthly scale. Here, we introduced a daily scale drought index, that is, the standardized antecedent precipitation evapotranspiration index (SAPEI) that utilizes precipitation and potential evapotranspiration and also considers the effect of early water balance on dry/wet conditions on the current day. The robustness of SAPEI is first assessed through comparison with two typical monthly indices [Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI)] and soil moisture, and then applied to tracking short-term droughts during 1961–2015 for the Pearl River basin in south China. It is demonstrated that SAPEI performs as well as SPEI/self-calibrating PDSI at the monthly scale but outperforms SPEI at the weekly scale. Moreover, SAPEI is capable of revealing daily drought conditions, fairly consistent with soil moisture changes. Results also show that many of the historical short-term droughts over the Pearl River basin have multiple peaks in terms of severity, affected area, and intensity. The daily scale SAPEI provides an effective way of exploring drought initiation, development, and decay, which could be conducive for decision-makers and stakeholders to make early and timely warnings.

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Ionita, Monica, and Viorica Nagavciuc. "Changes in drought features at the European level over the last 120 years." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 1685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1685-2021.

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Abstract. In this study we analyze drought features at the European level over the period 1901–2019 using three drought indices: the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI). The results based on the SPEI and scPDSI point to the fact that Central Europe (CEU) and the Mediterranean region (MED) are becoming dryer due to an increase in the potential evapotranspiration and mean air temperature, while North Europe (NEU) is becoming wetter. By contrast, the SPI drought does not reveal these changes in the drought variability, mainly due to the fact that the precipitation does not exhibit a significant change, especially over CEU. The SPEI12 indicates a significant increase both in the drought frequency and area over the last three decades for MED and CEU, while SPI12 does not capture these features. Thus, the performance of the SPI may be insufficient for drought analysis studies over regions where there is a strong warming signal. By analyzing the frequency of compound events (e.g., high temperatures and droughts), we show that the potential evapotranspiration and the mean air temperature are becoming essential components for drought occurrence over CEU and MED. This, together with the projected increase in the potential evapotranspiration under a warming climate, has significant implications concerning the future occurrence of drought events, especially for the MED and CEU regions.

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Moorhead, Jerry E., Gary W. Marek, Prasanna H. Gowda, Thomas H. Marek, Dana O. Porter, Vijay P. Singh, and David K. Brauer. "Exceedance Probability of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index in the Texas High Plains." Agricultural Sciences 08, no. 08 (2017): 783–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2017.88058.

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Wu, Mengjie, Yi Li, Wei Hu, Ning Yao, Linchao Li, and De Li Liu. "Spatiotemporal variability of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in mainland China over 1961–2016." International Journal of Climatology 40, no. 11 (January 31, 2020): 4781–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.6489.

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Oertel, Melanie, Francisco Meza, Jorge Gironás, Christopher A. Scott, Facundo Rojas, and Nicolás Pineda-Pablos. "Drought Propagation in Semi-Arid River Basins in Latin America: Lessons from Mexico to the Southern Cone." Water 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111564.

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Detecting droughts as early as possible is important in avoiding negative impacts on economy, society, and environment. To improve drought monitoring, we studied drought propagation (i.e., the temporal manifestation of a precipitation deficit on soil moisture and streamflow). We used the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), and Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSMI) in three drought-prone regions: Sonora (Mexico), Maipo (Chile), and Mendoza-Tunuyán (Argentina) to study their temporal interdependence. For this evaluation we use precipitation, temperature, and streamflow data from gauges that are managed by governmental institutions, and satellite-based soil moisture from the ESA CCI SM v03.3 combined data set. Results confirm that effective drought monitoring should be carried out (1) at river-basin scale, (2) including several variables, and (3) considering hydro-meteorological processes from outside its boundaries.

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Nagy, Patrik, Martina Zeleňáková, Slávka Galas, Helena Hlavatá, and Dorota Simonová. "Identification of dry and wet 6 months’ period in eastern Slovakia using indices." MATEC Web of Conferences 310 (2020): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031000047.

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In the paper we evaluated dry and wet 6 months’ periods, which reflect changes in water resources of the country. We assessed Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). The time period was 1960 - 2015 and the study area includes eastern Slovakia – selected water and climatic stations. The results indicate dry periods and wet periods. The results of work are presented in the table for separate evaluated indices.

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Nedealcov, M., V. Răileanu, R. Sîrbu, and R. Cojocari. "The Use Of Standardized Indicators (SPI And SPEI) In Predicting Droughts Over The Republic Of Moldova Territory." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2015-0032.

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Abstract The drought events frequent manifestation over the Republic of Moldova territory, in the context of climate change requires a scientific monitoring adjusted to international researchers. In recent years, internationally, the estimation of this phenomenon occurs through standardized indexes. The most used of these, being the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Since there is no a unified definition of drought, the World Meteorological Organization proposes to calculate the indexes, through developed calculation software. Thus, based on multi-annual data (1980-2014) a regional spatio-temporal estimation concerning drought in the Republic of Moldova was performed, thereby realizing the regional investigations framing in the international ones.

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Mishra, Nischal, Puneet Srivastava, and Sarmistha Singh. "What Do Climate Change Projections Say About Future Droughts in Alabama and Georgia?" Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 4 (2017): 1139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.11854.

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Abstract. Frequent severe droughts in recent years in the humid southeast U.S. have called for pragmatic approaches to better prepare for the consequences of droughts. This article examines how climate change will influence future droughts in Alabama and Georgia. Historic and future droughts were quantified by means of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), and changes in the frequency, severity, and spatial extent of droughts were examined using severity-area-frequency (SAF) curves. Precipitation and temperature data, regionally downscaled using a regional spectral model (RSM) for the southeast U.S. for the high emission scenario (A2) from three general circulation models (GCM), i.e., Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 (HadCM3), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and Community Climate System Model (CCSM), from the Third Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP3) archive were used for this study. Data from 1969 to 1999 were used for historical simulation, and 2039 to 2069 were used for future projections. The results showed that droughts similar to those in the past would be observed frequently in the future as well. The SPI and SPEI from the GFDL and HadCM3 models indicated higher frequency, severity, and spatial extent of droughts in the future. The SPI from the CCSM model did not show drastic changes in drought characteristics in either of the two states. The results of this research can be used by policymakers as a guide to determine how drought characteristics are expected to change in the future, and to develop drought mitigation policies. Keywords: Climate change, Drought, Drought indices, Severity-area-frequency curves, Standardized precipitation index, Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index.

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Oikonomou, Panagiotis D., Christos A. Karavitis, and Elpida Kolokytha. "Multi-Index Drought Assessment in Europe." Proceedings 7, no. 1 (November 15, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-3-05822.

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Any attempt for the application of integrated drought management requires identifying and characterizing the event, per se. The questions of scale, boundary, and of geographic areal extent are of central concern for any efforts of drought assessment, impact identification, and thus, of drought mitigation implementation mechanisms. The use of drought indices, such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), has often led to pragmatic realization of drought duration, magnitude, and spatial extension. The current effort presents the implementation of SPI and SPEI on a Pan-European scale and it is evaluated using existing precipitation and temperature data. The ENSEMBLES Observations gridded dataset (E-OBS) for precipitation, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature used covered the period 1969–2018. The two indices estimated for time steps of 6 and 12 months. The results for the application period of recurrent droughts indicate the potential that both indices offer for an improvement on drought critical areas of identification, threshold definitions and comparability, and towards contingency planning, leading to better mitigation efforts.

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Ahmadebrahimpour, Edris, Babak Aminnejad, and Keivan Khalili. "Assessing future drought conditions under a changing climate: a case study of the Lake Urmia basin in Iran." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (April 12, 2019): 1851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.062.

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Abstract This study was conducted to assess the impacts of climate change on drought over the Lake Urmia basin, Iran. Drought events for 2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100 were analyzed based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and were compared with the adopted baseline period (1976–2005). The SPI and SPEI were calculated using the precipitation and temperatures obtained from the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP 8.5 as optimistic and pessimistic scenarios respectively. The results of SPI analyses revealed that under RCP 2.6 the frequency of droughts is almost constant while under RCP 8.5 drought frequency increased especially in the period 2071–2100. The calculated SEPI under both scenarios and during all future periods predict that the frequency and duration of droughts will increase. Generally, the difference between the SPI and SPEI is related to the input to each index. SPI is solely based on precipitation while the SPEI accounts for both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET). Under global warming and changing climate, the significant role of PET was highlighted. It was concluded that the SPEI outperformed the SPI for drought studies under a changing climate.

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Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Diego G. Miralles, Fernando Domínguez-Castro, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Ahmed El Kenawy, Tim R. McVicar, Miquel Tomás-Burguera, Santiago Beguería, Marco Maneta, and Marina Peña-Gallardo. "Global Assessment of the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) for Drought Analysis and Monitoring." Journal of Climate 31, no. 14 (July 2018): 5371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0775.1.

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This article developed and implemented a new methodology for calculating the standardized evapotranspiration deficit index (SEDI) globally based on the log-logistic distribution to fit the evaporation deficit (ED), the difference between actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and atmospheric evaporative demand (AED). Our findings demonstrate that, regardless of the AED dataset used, a log-logistic distribution most optimally fitted the ED time series. As such, in many regions across the terrestrial globe, the SEDI is insensitive to the AED method used for calculation, with the exception of winter months and boreal regions. The SEDI showed significant correlations ( p < 0.05) with the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) across a wide range of regions, particularly for short (<3 month) SPEI time scales. This work provides a robust approach for calculating spatially and temporally comparable SEDI estimates, regardless of the climate region and land surface conditions, and it assesses the performance and the applicability of the SEDI to quantify drought severity across varying crop and natural vegetation areas.

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Sun, Shanlei, Haishan Chen, Jinjian Li, Jiangfeng Wei, Guojie Wang, Ge Sun, Wenjian Hua, Shujia Zhou, and Peng Deng. "Dependence of 3-month Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index dryness/wetness sensitivity on climatological precipitation over southwest China." International Journal of Climatology 38, no. 12 (July 31, 2018): 4568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.5690.

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Zou, Lidong, Sen Cao, Anzhou Zhao, and Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa. "Assessing the Temporal Response of Tropical Dry Forests to Meteorological Drought." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142341.

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Due to excessive human disturbances, as well as predicted changes in precipitation regimes, tropical dry forests (TDFs) are susceptible to meteorological droughts. Here, we explored the response of TDFs to meteorological drought by conducting temporal correlations between the MODIS-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) to a standardized precipitation index (SPI) between March 2000 and March 2017 at the Santa Rosa National Park Environmental Monitoring Super Site (SRNP-EMSS), Guanacaste, Costa Rica. We conducted this study using monthly and seasonal scales. Our results indicate that the NDVI and LST are largely influenced by seasonality, as well as the magnitude, duration, and timing of precipitation. We find that greenness and evapotranspiration are highly sensitive to precipitation when TDFs suffer from long-term water deficiency, and they tend to be slightly resistant to meteorological drought in the wet season. Greenness is more resistant to short-term rainfall deficiency than evapotranspiration, but greenness is more sensitive to precipitation after a period of rainfall deficiency. Precipitation can still strongly influence evapotranspiration on the canopy surface, but greenness is not controlled by the rainfall, but rather phenological characteristics when leaves begin to senesce.

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Vergni, L., F. Todisco, and F. Mannocchi. "Evaluating the uncertainty and reliability of standardized indices." Hydrology Research 48, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.076.

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Standardized indices are widely used in the spatio-temporal monitoring of several hydrological variables. The estimation of these indices is affected by uncertainty which depends on the methods adopted for their quantification and on the characteristics (i.e., size and variability) of the available sample of observations. In this paper various uncertainty measures, applicable to any kind of standardized index, are proposed. These measures derive from bootstrap-based confidence intervals expressed in years of return period and are effective for assessing both the uncertainty and the reliability of the index estimate. In the illustrative case study the indices considered are the Standardized Precipitation Index and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Their time series have been quantified by both nonparametric and parametric approaches, using the weather data of a single station in central Italy. For the parametric approach, two possible types of distributions have been assumed for each index. The results are discussed in order to analyze the behavior of the proposed uncertainty measures in relation to: sample size, type of approach (parametric or nonparametric), time scale, type of standardized index, and type of anomaly (excess or deficit).

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Ivits, Eva, Stephanie Horion, Rasmus Fensholt, and Michael Cherlet. "Global Ecosystem Response Types Derived from the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and FPAR3g Series." Remote Sensing 6, no. 5 (May 8, 2014): 4266–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs6054266.

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Shi, Benlin, Xinyu Zhu, Yunchuan Hu, and Yanyan Yang. "Drought characteristics of Henan province in 1961-2013 based on Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index." Journal of Geographical Sciences 27, no. 3 (December 18, 2016): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-017-1378-4.

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Pramudya, Y., T. Onishi, M. Senge, K. Hiramatsu, and Prasetyo M. R. Nur. "Evaluation of recent drought conditions by standardized precipitation index and potential evapotranspiration over Indonesia." Paddy and Water Environment 17, no. 3 (March 30, 2019): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00728-z.

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Liu, Weilin, and Lina Liu. "Analysis of Dry/Wet Variations in the Poyang Lake Basin Using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index Based on Two Potential Evapotranspiration Algorithms." Water 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071380.

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Global warming has resulted in unevenly distributed changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration, which has some influence on dry/wet conditions, thus exerting a tremendous impact on national life and the social economy, especially agricultural production. In order to characterize the dry/wet variations in the Poyang Lake basin during 1958–2013, based on the potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimated by the Thornthwaite (TH) and Penman–Monteith (PM) formulas, two types of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), namely SPEI_th and SPEI_pm, were calculated in this study. The characteristic of dry/wet variations in the Poyang Lake basin was analyzed and a comparative analysis of two SPEIs was conducted. The results indicate that both SPEI series showed a wet trend in the Poyang Lake basin on an annual scale as well as seasonal scales during 1958–2013, except for spring and autumn. A drying trend was observed in spring, while in autumn, the dry and wet conditions in two SPEIs had opposite trends. However, all trends from two SPEIs were not significant, except for summer SPEI_pm. Meanwhile, significant positive correlations were detected between precipitation and two SPEIs, with the correlation coefficients above 0.95, whereas negative correlations were detected between PET and two SPEIs, with the correlation coefficients ranging from −0.17 to −0.85. This indicates that precipitation was the main climatic factor to determine change in dry/wet conditions in the Poyang Lake basin. Although there were obvious differences between the accumulated values of the Penman–Monteith-based PET (ET_pm) and Thornthwaite-based PET (ET_th), trends in the SPEI_pm series were generally consistent with those in the SPEI_th series, revealing that the method for PET calculation was not critical to the change in dry/wet conditions. Moreover, the results of the conditional probability of SPEI_pm and SPEI_th show that both SPEI_pm and SPEI_th could detect wet or dry events that were identified by SPEI_pm or SPEI_th.

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Wang, Keyi, Tiejian Li, and Jiahua Wei. "Exploring Drought Conditions in the Three River Headwaters Region from 2002 to 2011 Using Multiple Drought Indices." Water 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020190.

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The Three River Headwaters Region (TRHR) has great uncertainty on drought conditions under climate change. The aim of this study is to compare the drought conditions detected by multiple drought indices across the TRHR. We applied four single drought indices, i.e., Precipitation Condition Index (PCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Soil Moisture Condition Index (SMCI), and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), and two combined drought indices, i.e., Combined Meteorological Drought Index (CMDI) and Combined Vegetation drought index (CVDI), to explore the drought conditions across the TRHR. Three in situ drought indices, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Non-Parametric Index (SNPI) were used to evaluate the performances of multiple drought indices. The results include various drought conditions detected by multiple drought indices, as well as a comparative study among different drought indices. Through the comparative study, we found that PCI was a desirable single index to monitor meteorological drought. TCI was suitable for monitoring agricultural/vegetation drought. SMCI and VCI should be avoided for monitoring drought in this region. CMDI was an appropriate meteorological drought index, and CVDI was a promising indicator in monitoring agricultural/vegetation drought.

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Yao, Ning, Yi Li, Qin'ge Dong, Linchao Li, Lingling Peng, and Hao Feng. "Influence of the accuracy of reference crop evapotranspiration on drought monitoring using standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in mainland China." Land Degradation & Development 31, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3447.

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Abatzoglou, John T., Renaud Barbero, Jacob W. Wolf, and Zachary A. Holden. "Tracking Interannual Streamflow Variability with Drought Indices in the U.S. Pacific Northwest." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 5 (September 25, 2014): 1900–1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0167.1.

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Abstract Drought indices are often used for monitoring interannual variability in macroscale hydrology. However, the diversity of drought indices raises several issues: 1) which indices perform best and where; 2) does the incorporation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in indices strengthen relationships, and how sensitive is the choice of PET methods to such results; 3) what additional value is added by using higher-spatial-resolution gridded climate layers; and 4) how have observed relationships changed through time. Standardized precipitation index, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), Palmer drought severity index, and water balance runoff (WBR) model output were correlated to water-year runoff for 21 unregulated drainage basins in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. SPEI and WBR with time scales encompassing the primary precipitation season maximized the explained variance in water-year runoff in most basins. Slightly stronger correlations were found using PET estimates from the Penman–Monteith method over the Thornthwaite method, particularly for time periods that incorporated the spring and summer months in basins that receive appreciable precipitation during the growing season. Indices computed using high-resolution climate surfaces explained over 10% more variability than metrics derived from coarser-resolution datasets. Increased correlation in the latter half of the study period was partially attributable to increased streamflow variability in recent decades as well as to improved climate data quality across the interior mountain watersheds.

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Kim, ByungSik, Jang Hyun Sung, Byung Hyun Lee, and Do Jung Kim. "Evaluation on the Impact of Extreme Droughts in South Korea using the SPEI and RCP8.5 Climate Change Scenario." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 13, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2013.13.2.097.

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Jincy Rose, M. A., and N. R. Chithra. "Evaluation of temporal drought variation and projection in a tropical river basin of Kerala." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, S1 (April 20, 2020): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2020.240.

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Abstract Temperature is an indispensable parameter of climate that triggers evapotranspiration and has vital importance in aggravating drought severity. This paper analyses the existence and persistence of drought conditions which are said to prevail in a tropical river basin which was once perennial. Past observed data and future climate projections of precipitation and temperature were used for this purpose. The assessment and projection of this study employ the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) compared with that of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The results indicate the existence of drought in the past and the drought conditions that may persist in the future according to RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The past drought years identified in the study were compared with the drought declared years in the state and were found to be matching. The evaluation of the future scenarios unveils the occurrence of drought in the basin ranging from mild to extreme conditions. It has been noted that the number of moderate and severe drought months has increased based on SPEI compared to SPI, indicating the importance of temperature in drought studies. The study can be considered as a plausible scientific remark helpful in risk management and application decisions.

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Tuncok, Ismail Kaan. "Drought planning and management: experience in the Seyhan River Basin, Turkey." Water Policy 18, S2 (December 1, 2016): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.019.

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The focus of this study was to integrate drought planning and management into local and regional decision-making processes in the Seyhan River Basin, which is the second-largest basin after the Nile in the Eastern Mediterranean and agriculturally one of the most productive regions in Turkey and Europe. The methodological approach consisted of two steps: Step 1 – review and analyse historical data sets to evaluate and characterize water resources and drought-driven elements; Step 2 – evaluate drought indices to characterize drought conditions through use of the Standardized Precipitation Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. Historical and future expected drought periods were identified in the context of hydrologic, meteorologic and agricultural drought conditions.

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Pyrgou, Santamouris, Livada, and Cartalis. "Retrospective Analysis of Summer Temperature Anomalies with the Use of Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Rates." Climate 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7090104.

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Drought and extreme temperatures forecasting is important for water management and the prevention of health risks, especially in a period of observed climatic change. A large precipitation deficit together with increased evapotranspiration rates in the preceding days contribute to exceptionally high temperature anomalies in the summer above the average local maximum temperature for each month. Using a retrospective approach, this study investigated droughts and extreme temperatures in the greater area of Nicosia, Cyprus and suggests a different approach in determining the lag period of summer temperature anomalies and precipitation. In addition, dry conditions defined with the use of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were associated with positive temperature anomalies at a percentage up to 33.7%. The compound effect of precipitation levels and evapotranspiration rates of the preceding days for the period 1988–2017 to summer temperature anomalies was demonstrated with significantly statistical R squared values up to 0.57. Furthermore, the cooling effect of precipitation was higher and prolonged longer in rural and suburban than urban areas, a fact that is directly related to the evaporation potential of the area in concern. Our work demonstrates the compound effect of precipitation levels and evapotranspiration rates of the preceding days to summer temperature anomalies.

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Rahmat, Siti Nazahiyah, Niranjali Jayasuriya, and Muhammed Bhuiyan. "Assessing droughts using meteorological drought indices in Victoria, Australia." Hydrology Research 46, no. 3 (March 21, 2014): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2014.105.

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Droughts adversely impact rural and urban communities, industry, primary production and, thus, a country's economy. Drought monitoring is directed to detecting the onset, persistence and severity of the drought. In this study, meteorological drought indices such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and deciles were assessed to investigate how well these indices reflect drought conditions in Victoria, Australia. The Theory of Runs was also used to identify the drought deficit. The study uses 55 years (1955–2010) of monthly precipitation and reference evapotranspiration data for five selected meteorological stations in Victoria, Australia. Results show that drought characterization using SPI and RDI provides a standardized classification of severity thus exhibiting advantages over deciles. As RDI considers both rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in calculations, it could be sensitive to climatic variability. For characterizing agricultural droughts, the application of the RDI is recommended. The use of the SPI was shown to be satisfactory for assessing and monitoring meteorological droughts. The SPI was also successful in detecting the onset and the end of historical droughts for the selected events.

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Fendeková, Miriam, Tobias Gauster, Lívia Labudová, Dana Vrablíková, Zuzana Danáčová, Marián Fendek, and Pavla Pekárová. "Analysing 21st century meteorological and hydrological drought events in Slovakia." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2018-0026.

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Abstract Several quite severe droughts occurred in Europe in the 21st century; three of them (2003, 2012 and 2015) hit also Slovakia. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were used for assessment of meteorological drought occurrence. The research was established on discharge time series representing twelve river basins in Slovakia within the period 1981–2015. Sequent Peak Algorithm method based on fixed threshold, three parametric Weibull and generalized extreme values distribution GEV, factor and multiple regression analyses were employed to evaluate occurrence and parameters of hydrological drought in 2003, 2011–2012 and 2015, and the relationship among the water balance components. Results showed that drought parameters in evaluated river basins of Slovakia differed in respective years, most of the basins suffered more by 2003 and 2012 drought than by the 2015 one. Water balance components analysis for the entire period 1931–2016 showed that because of continuously increasing air temperature and balance evapotranspiration there is a decrease of runoff in the Slovak territory.

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Peña-Gallardo, M., S. R. Gámiz-Fortís, Y. Castro-Diez, and M. J. Esteban-Parra. "Análisis comparativo de índices de sequía en Andalucía para el periodo 1901-2012." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2946.

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The aim of this paper is the analysis of the detection and evolution of droughts occurred in Andalusia for the period 1901-2012, by applying three different drought indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Standardized Drought-Precipitation Index (IESP), computed for three time windows from the initial period 1901-2012. This analysis has been carried out after a preliminary study of precipitation trends with the intention of understanding the precipitation behaviour, because this climatic variable is one of the most important in the study of extreme events. The specific objectives of this study are: (1) to investigate and characterize the meteorological drought events, mainly the most important episodes in Andalusia; (2) to provide a global evaluation of the capacities of the three different considered indices in order to characterize the drought in a heterogeneous climatically territory; and (3) to describe the temporal behaviour of precipitation and drought indices series in order to establish the general characteristics of their evolution in Andalusia. The results have shown that not all the indices respond similarly identifying the intensity and duration of dry periods in this kind of region where geographical and climatic variability is one of the main elements to be considered.

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Feizi, Mehdi, Najmeh Heidarzadeh Janatabadi, and Ahmad Saradari Torshizi. "Rainfall and social disputes in Iran." Water Policy 21, no. 4 (May 22, 2019): 880–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.101.

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Abstract Water crisis and, particularly, drop in rainfall in Iran are not only an environmental matter but also a security issue. This paper tries to draw attention to the substantial social consequences of climate change in Iran and particularly addresses whether precipitation scarcity from 2007 to 2014 has a conflict-making effect in the province of Iran using the system GMM model. We show that rainfall shortage and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), as an index of drought, could stimulate the propensity for individuals to engage in disruptive activities in provinces of Iran.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index'

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