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1
Sullivan, Thomas P., Druscilla S. Sullivan, Pontus M. F. Lindgren, and Douglas B. Ransome. "Silviculture and Wildlife: Snowshoe Hare Abundance across a Successional Sequence of Natural and Intensively Managed Forests." ISRN Ecology 2012 (April 17, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/593103.
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We tested the hypotheses H1 that relative habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) would have a bimodal distribution with the highest abundance in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands (both managed and unmanaged), minimal numbers in mature forests, and moderate abundance in old-growth forests and H2 that habitat use would increase in response to enhanced stand attributes from PCT (precommercial thinning) and fertilization treatments. Habitat use was measured by counts of fecal pellets of hares from 1999 to 2003 in forest stands in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Our results did not support the bimodal distribution of hares among coniferous stands, such that old-growth stands, at least in our region, do not provide sufficient habitat for hare populations. High-density (5000 to 13000 stems/ha) unthinned young lodgepole pine stands provide optimum habitat for hares in terms of overstory and stand structure. Thinned and fertilized stands may also provide habitat, particularly at densities ≤1000 stems/ha, and over time as understory conifers develop. Managed stands provided habitat for hares at the same level as mature stands, at 6–10 years after PCT. Maintenance of a range of managed and unmanaged stands in a landscape mosaic would be ideal for integration of silvicultural and wildlife management goals.
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Ausband, David E., and G. Ross Baty. "Effects of precommercial thinning on snowshoe hare habitat use during winter in low-elevation montane forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-152.
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We assessed snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus L.) habitat use during winter on two precommercial thinning treatments in sapling stands in northwestern Montana, USA. One treatment type retained 0.2-ha patches of unthinned saplings, representing 8% of the total stand area, and the second retained 0.8-ha patches of unthinned saplings, representing 35% of the stand area. Snowshoe hare habitat use was also estimated within a nearby control sapling stand and mature conifer stands. We used snow tracking and fecal pellet counts to estimate use before and after thinning treatments were applied. Although we did not find a conclusive trend in hare use of sapling stands after thinning, use within the control stand and adjacent mature stands suggested there was considerable movement of hares to nearby untreated stands after thinning. Hares used retention patches regardless of size, even though large retention patches were four times larger than small retention patches. Because hares demonstrated an affinity for dense patches of residual forest, any retention of untreated saplings may be beneficial for hares during winter when applying precommercial thinning treatments in areas where stand sizes are relatively small (1014 ha), and the resulting thinned matrix is less harsh than in larger thinned stands. Use within thinned portions of the stand and unthinned remnant blocks suggests that over the winter hares may also benefit from a connectivity of dense cover.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., Druscilla S. Sullivan, Pontus M. F. Lindgren, and Douglas B. Ransome. "Long-term responses of mammalian herbivores to stand thinning and fertilization in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 12 (December 2010): 2302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-173.
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Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Exrleben, 1777), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)), and moose (Alces alces (L., 1758)) commonly occur in young coniferous forests. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale pre-commercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization 15–20 years after the onset of treatments in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.) stands would enhance relative habitat use by hares, deer, and moose compared with unmanaged stands. Study areas were located in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Habitat use was measured by fecal pellet and pellet-group counts. Understory vegetation and coniferous stand structure were measured in all stands. Habitat use by deer and moose was highest in heavily thinned stands, probably due to the higher levels of forage and cover provided by understory shrubs and conifers in thinned stands. Habitat use by snowshoe hares was highest in high-density stands, but also in lower-density (≤1000 stems·ha–1) stands where an increase in understory conifers provided essential cover for hares. Managers should consider the long-term nature of understory development in young stands managed for timber production. Heavy thinning (≤1000 stems·ha–1) will generate suitable understory habitat for these herbivores sooner than conventional PCT at higher stand densities.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., Druscilla S. Sullivan, Pontus MF Lindgren, and Douglas B. Ransome. "Influence of repeated fertilization on forest ecosystems: relative habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2080–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-093.
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This study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale precommercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) would enhance relative habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Erxleben) in managed stands. Study areas were located near Summerland, Kelowna, and Williams Lake in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had nine treatments: four pairs of stands thinned to densities of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 stems/ha, with one stand of each pair fertilized five times at 2-year intervals, and an unthinned stand. Understory vegetation and relative habitat use by snowshoe hares were measured annually from 1999 to 2003, 6–10 years after the onset of treatments. Mean crown volume index of herbs was significantly higher in fertilized than unfertilized stands, but density had no effect. Shrub volume was not affected by either treatment. Mean crown volume index of trees was significantly greater in the fertilized and high-density stands. Mean total richness of vascular plants was significantly reduced by fertilization. Mean total structural diversity of vegetation was highest in the low-density stands but was not affected by fertilization. Relative habitat use by hares, based on fecal pellet counts, was highest in the 2000 stems/ha and unthinned stands in summer. This pattern also occurred in winter when hare use was higher in fertilized than unfertilized stands. Overall, fertilized 2000 stems/ha stands provided habitat for hares to a degree comparable with unthinned stands of lodgepole pine.
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Hutchen, J., and K. E. Hodges. "Foraging behaviour of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in conifer forests regenerating after fire." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0222.
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Wildfires in conifer forests create patchy, heterogeneous landscapes. For many animal species, this post-fire variability means having to navigate quite different habitat patches to locate adequate cover and food. For snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777), post-fire landscapes could include risky open patches, as well as dense regenerating stands rich in food and cover. We analyzed snowshoe hare tortuosity, speed of movement, and amount of browse along winter foraging pathways in unburned mature forest and in dense regenerating stands or open areas with sparse regeneration 12–13 years after the Okanagan Mountain Park fire (>25 000 ha near Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada) to determine whether hares change foraging behaviour in relation to cover type. Hares moved the fastest and browsed the least in open habitats. Hares browsed most often in areas where sapling regeneration was dense; their main forage was lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). No differences were found in pathway tortuosity in relation to cover type (open, regenerating, or mature patches). When hares moved slower along foraging pathways, they also moved slightly more tortuously and ate more. These results suggest that hares prefer post-fire areas with dense tree regeneration.
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Kapu, M. M. "The Natural Forages of Northern Nigeria I. Nitrogen and Mineral composition of Grasses and Browse from the Northern Guinea Savanna and Standing Hays from the different Savanna Zones." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 2, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v2i2.2163.
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THE mineral status of nine native grass species and ten browse species from the Northern Guinea Savanna Vegetation was investigated together with the mineral Composition of standing hays from Daura and Kano areas of the Sudan Savanna, Bauchi ranch of the sub-Sudan, Samaru (Shika Kadama) of the Northern Guinea Savanna and Jos area of the Plateau vegetation, in Northern Nigeria. All forage types (grasses, browse and standing hays) which were sampled in April of 1975 were analysed for nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). The grass species included: Andropogon gayanus, A. ascinodis, Brachiaria jubata, Cynodon dactylon, Hyparthelia dissoluta, Pancium phragmitoides, Setaria anceps, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Urelytram muricatum, while the browse consisted of Adenodolichos panicu latus, Annogeissus leocarpus, Briddelia ferruginea, Crossopteryx febrifug, Dichrostachys cenerea (glometata), Khaya senegalensis, Mimosa pigra, Parinari curatellifolis, Psorospermum guineense, and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Both grass and browse species were leafy materials from among those Species considered to be highly consumed by cattle. in general, the average values for Na, P, and Zn in the grasses, browse and standing hays were inadequate for the nutritional needs of cattle one standing hays from all locations contained suboptimum amounts of N, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na and The Cu content of all three forage types was adequate for cattle nutrition. The grass and browse species contained adequate amounts of N, K, Mg and Cu. The trace elements and Ca and Mg tended to be more concentrated in the browse species than in the grass species. The opposite was true of K. Grasses, browse and standing hays contained equal amounts of Na. Similarly, the grass and browse species contained identical amounts of P. Supplementation of mineral concentrates to include Na, P, K, Ca and Zn was suggested.
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Medine, Carolyn M. Jones. "Standing in the Shoes My Mother Made: A Womanist Theologyby Diana L. Hayes." Dialog 51, no. 4 (December 2012): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6385.2012.00710.x.
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Hodson, James, Daniel Fortin, and Louis Bélanger. "Changes in relative abundance of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) across a 265-year gradient of boreal forest succession." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 10 (October 2011): 908–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-079.
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Understory regeneration within canopy gaps in old-growth boreal forests may provide suitable habitat for wildlife typically associated with early-seral stages, leading to an increase in their abundance in late succession. We surveyed a chronosequence of postfire (17–265 years) and postharvest (3–63 years) stands in Canada’s eastern boreal forest to determine whether snowshoe hares ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) followed a bimodal abundance distribution with stand age that reflects changes in food and cover during postdisturbance succession. A strong peak in relative hare abundance occurred during the first 80 years of succession, with highest faecal pellet densities observed between 40 and 50 years after disturbance. Changes in hare abundance during this period were similar among fire- and clearcut-origin stands and closely tracked changes in lateral cover and vertical cover. Pellet density increased again in stands >180 years. Variation in hare abundance during late succession was partially mediated by gap dynamics, with highest pellet densities in stands occupied by an intermediate proportion of mortality-origin canopy gaps. Hares thus undergo rapid changes in abundance during early succession followed by a much longer period of subtle changes in density as stands develop old-growth structure. Shifting forest age-class distribution induced by forest management could therefore significantly alter regional spatiotemporal dynamics of snowshoe hares.
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Rihawi, S., B. S. Capper, A. E. Osman, and E. F. Thomson. "Effects of Crop Maturity, Weather Conditions and Cutting Height on Yield, Harvesting Losses and Nutritive Value of Cereal–Legume Mixtures Grown for Hay Production." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 4 (October 1987): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700017415.
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SUMMARYThe introduction of forage or hay crops into fallow land represents a means of increasing feed supplies for small ruminants in north Africa and west Asia. Such fallows lie between zones planted with food crops and traditional grazing areas. Mixtures of vetch with barley, oats or triticale, and peas with barley, were cut at the 10% flowering, 100% flowering (100F) and full pod (FP) stages of the legume component. Effects of crop maturity, weather conditions and cutting height on yield, the chemical composition of the standing crop and re-growth were measured. Barley–vetch mixtures yielded 8147 kg dry matter ha−1 of standing crop at the FP stage in 1983 but only 2283 kg dry matter ha−1 in 1984 under drought conditions. Hay yields were 4377 and 1640 kg dry matter ha−1, respectively. The highest yielding mixture, grown in 1983, was oat–vetch which yielded 8670 kg dry matter ha−1 of standing crop and 4285 kg dry matter ha−1 of hay at the FP stage. Cutting at the 100F or FP stage maximized dry matter yield and minimized the risk of rainfall prolonging hay making. Rain caused slight damage to some hays cut at early stages of maturity. Voluntary intakes and digestibilities of field-cured hays were determined. The voluntary intakes of triticale–vetch hay at the FP stage and all barley–pea hays were low compared with other hays. Hays contained sufficient estimated metabolizable energy (ME) for use in sheep diets during pregnancy and middle or late lactation. ME values averaged 9.2 megajoules per kg dry matter in both 1983 and 1984.
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Light, Aimée Upjohn. "Standing in the Shoes My Mother Made: A Womanist Spirituality - By Diana L. Hayes." Reviews in Religion & Theology 19, no. 1 (January 2012): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9418.2011.00970.x.
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Amoore, Louise. "Introduction: Thinking with Algorithms: Cognition and Computation in the Work of N. Katherine Hayles." Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276418818884.
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In our contemporary moment, when machine learning algorithms are reshaping many aspects of society, the work of N. Katherine Hayles stands as a powerful corpus for understanding what is at stake in a new regime of computation. A renowned literary theorist whose work bridges the humanities and sciences among her many works, Hayles has detailed ways to think about embodiment in an age of virtuality ( How We Became Posthuman, 1999), how code as performative practice is located ( My Mother Was a Computer, 2005), and the reciprocal relations among human bodies and technics ( How We Think, 2012). This special issue follows the 2017 publication of her book Unthought: The Power of the Cognitive Nonconscious, in which Hayles traces the nonconscious cognition of biological life-forms and computational media. The articles in the special issue respond in different ways to Hayles’ oeuvre, mapping the specific contours of computational regimes and developing some of the ‘inflection points’ she advocates in the deep engagement with technical systems.
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Koehler, Gary M. "Population and habitat characteristics of lynx and snowshoe hares in north central Washington." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-122.
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Lynx (Lynx canadensis) and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) population characteristics and use of habitats were studied during 1985–1987 in north central Washington. Lynx used areas above 1463 m elevation that were dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii – Abies lasiocarpa) cover types. Snowshoe hares were the most common prey of lynx, with remains of snowshoe hare occurring in 23 of 29 scats. Counts of tracks and pellets showed snowshoe hares to be most abundant in 20-year-old lodgepole pine stands. Fire suppression and natural fire frequencies in the past 5 decades has limited the amount of these early successional forests, which are important as habitat for snowshoe hares. Marginal habitat conditions for snowshoe hares probably resulted in a scarcity of prey in the study area and may explain the relatively large home ranges of lynx (69 ± 28 km2 for five males and 39 ± 2 km2 for two females), low density of adults (2.3 lynx/100 km2), and high kitten mortality rates (88% for eight kittens in three litters). Demographic characteristics of lynx in the study area may be representative of lynx populations along the southern periphery of their range where habitat conditions are marginal for lynx and snowshoe hares.
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Ferron, Jean, François Potvin, and Christian Dussault. "Short-term effects of logging on snowshoe hares in the boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-113.
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We investigated snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus Erxleben) abundance, home range size, daily movements, survival, and habitat utilization in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands before and after clearcuts with protection of regeneration (CPR) in southwestern Quebec. Hare abundance was indexed by pellet counts in permanent plots 2 years before and over 4 years following logging (1991-1996). Home range size, daily movements, survival, and habitat use were measured by radiotracking 16 hares before and after logging, during 3 months between May and August 1992; some additional fixes were recorded monthly until the end of March 1993 for additional data on survival. Hare reaction to logging included immediate increased daily movements, larger home ranges involving partial or complete relocation, but no change in survival rate. After logging, hares moved to habitat structurally similar to the one they used before logging, but these sites contained larger trees and a greater proportion of deciduous species. Recent cutovers were unsuitable habitats for snowshoe hares despite protection of regeneration. Hares were still rare in clearcuts 4 years after logging. Residual forests are thus necessary to maintain hare populations in commercial timber landscapes.
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Erum, Humaira, Ghulam Abid, Aizza Anwar, Muhammad Fazal Ijaz, and Daisy Mui Hung Kee. "My Family Stands Behind Me: Moderated Mediation Model of Family Support and Work Engagement." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11020024.
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Family motivation as a mediating mechanism is a novel and under-researched area in the field of positive organizational scholarship. Drawing on Social Exchange Theory (SET), this study empirically validates family motivation as a mediator between family support and work engagement. The process by Hayes (2013) was used to analyze time-lagged data collected from 356 employees of the education sector. Results confirm the mediating role of family motivation in the relationship between family support and work engagement and the moderating role of calling in the relationship between family support and family motivation. This study adds to the literature of family-work enrichment accounts by validating family support as a novel antecedent for family motivation and positive attitudes. The implications of the study are discussed.
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Vest, Jay. "The Legend of Jump Mountain: Narrative Dispossession of the Monacan in Postcolonial Virginia." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 36, no. 3 (January 1, 2012): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicr.36.3.6jt8367282957424.
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In north central Virginia there is a local tale - The Legend of Jump Mountain, which purports to explain the origins of the Hayes Creek Indian Burial Mound. A highly romantic legend, it immortalizes post colonial intertribal warfare during the early nineteenth century while ignoring the antiquity of the mound and the local descendants of its aboriginal creators. It is not at all uncommon to find such romantic tales in Indian country where the Native people have become invisible and there remain significant tribal artifacts common to the landscape. However, the standing claim to authenticity remains a matter of significant concern. In this essay, the author considers the tale's effectiveness assessing Indian origins, local history and tribal heritages, as well as the implicit stereotypes and the romantic illusion that it may generate in the popular imagination.
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Keith, Lloyd B., Sara E. M. Bloomer, and Tomas Willebrand. "Dynamics of a snow shoe hare population in fragmented habitat." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-191.
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During November 1988 – December 1991 we livetrapped, radio-collared, and monitored the survival, reproduction, and movements of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in highly fragmented habitat near the species' geographic limit in central Wisconsin. Our 7 study areas centered on 5- to 28-ha patches of prime habitat: dense stands of willow (Salix), alder (Alnus), and regenerating aspen (Populus) on poorly drained soils. Maximum hare densities averaged 1.6 – 0.8/ha, and were unrelated to patch size. Rapid declines to extinction occurred on 3 of the 5 smallest study areas; on another, where extinction seemed imminent, juvenile ingress restored the population. On the 2 largest areas (23 – 28 ha of prime habitat) hare populations were stationary during the first 2 years, but declined by 50 – 70% in the third as mean annual (September – August) survival of radio-collared hares fell from 0.27 (1988 – 1990) to 0.07 (1990 – 1991). Annual survival on the 3 extinction sites averaged just 0.015 compared with 0.179 elsewhere. Reproduction did not differ between small (5 – 7 ha) vs. larger (23 – 28 ha) patches nor between years. Estimated dispersal of adult and juvenile hares from the 5 small study areas was twice as high as from the 2 larger, viz. 16 vs. 35% annually. Dispersers appeared to have markedly lower survival. Predation, chiefly by coyotes (Canis latrans), was the proximate cause of 96% (117 of 122) of natural deaths among radio-collared hares, and was therefore the overwhelming determinant of survival and thus population trend. Results of this study suggest that probabilities of extinction in such fragmented habitat depend importantly on patch size and attendant hare numbers; i.e., fall populations of < 10 hares frequenting patches of prime habitat ≤ 5 ha are not likely to persist long without ingress.
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Ferron, Jean, and Jean-Pierre Ouellet. "Daily partitioning of summer habitat and use of space by the snowshoe hare in southern boreal forest." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-294.
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We investigated daily partitioning of summer habitat and use of space by the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) by means of radiotelemetry. Two periods corresponding to low and high activity were considered: resting during daytime and feeding at dawn and dusk. Areas used during the feeding and resting periods overlapped within each home range. During the feeding period, males occupied larger areas than during the resting period, but females did not. Vegetation characteristics were compared between 3 groups of plots corresponding to sites used during the feeding and resting periods and to low-utilization areas. Microhabitat characteristics differed between high-utilization and low-utilization sites, with mature conifer stands and areas with sparse hardwood understory characterizing low-utilization sites. Furthermore, the degree of utilization was related to habitat structure, not to vegetation species composition. Hares were also located more often in ecotones between different habitat types. During the feeding period, hares utilized sites with a greater ground cover of herbs and a lesser cover of ligneous plants, humus, and moss, and with a greater canopy closure, than during the resting period. Hares frequently utilized dense understory during both periods. These results do not support the predictions of Belovsky's model, based on thermal physiology, of snowshoe hare habitat selection according to the time of day.
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Bella, I. E. "Pest Damage Incidence in Natural and Thinned Lodgepole Pine in Alberta." Forestry Chronicle 61, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc61233-3.
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Thinned stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in west-central Alberta had a higher incidence of attack by common pest organisms than unthinned stands. Based on a sample of nearly 3000 potential crop trees (on 240 temporary plots) growing on 120 naturally regenerated cut blocks, the rate of attack in thinned vs. unthinned stands was 30% and 18% for western gall rust (Endo-cronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka) and 25%. and 16% for leader damage due to terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis Hopp.) and pitch twig moth (Petrova spp.) Damage from other agents, including that from small mammals, was low and little affected by thinning. Forest management implication of these results are discussed. Key words: western gall rust terminal weevil, pitch twig moth, snowshoe hares, red squirrels.
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Etcheverry, Pierre, Jean-Pierre Ouellet, and Michel Crête. "Response of small mammals to clear-cutting and precommercial thinning in mixed forests of southeastern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-208.
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The impacts of forest management on habitat characteristics, species richness, and population dynamics of small mammals remain ambiguous. We studied the response of small-mammal populations, including snowshoe hares, to clear-cutting with protection of advanced regeneration and soils (CPRS) and precommercial thinning (PCT). We compared stands recently treated by CPRS or PCT with established stands dominated by deciduous or coniferous trees in two large blocks of mixed forests. We measured habitat components and abundance of small mammals in the four stand types. Trees (DBH ≥ 9 cm) became very rare in CPRS stands and remained at low density in PCT stands, which stimulated the growth of herbs and seedlings, resulting in increased lateral cover. Tree harvest also generated coarse woody debris in CPRS stands, which did not persist in PCT stands. Small mammals responded to these disturbances in a species-specific manner but, overall, relative abundance and species richness of small mammals were lower in PCT stands than in CPRS and closed stands. Our results suggest that forest managers should exclude some stands from PCT following CPRS or natural perturbations, to maintain ecosystem diversity at the landscape level.
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Olnes, Justin, Knut Kielland, Hélène Genet, and Roger Ruess. "Postfire deciduous canopies drive patterns in snowshoe hare herbivory of regenerating black spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 11 (November 2019): 1392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0150.
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The future of boreal forests in Alaska, United States, will likely consist of more deciduous-dominant stands because larger and more severe fires facilitate the establishment of deciduous species such as trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and Alaska birch (Betula neoalaskana Sarg.). Whether stands transition to a deciduous-dominant system or mixed-wood forest or return to being dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) depends on the capacity of regenerating black spruce to grow and produce seed before the next fire. We hypothesized that winter herbivory by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) can suppress black spruce under deciduous canopies. We addressed this question by measuring changes in spruce height and herbivory across 54 plots in Interior Alaska that burned 8–88 years ago and related these data to plot-level data collected by the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research program. Spruce were more likely browsed at deciduous-dominant sites with dense canopies, and this browsing likely reduced their height growth. Although we found more subtle effects of browsing on height at the individual level, browsing was an important variable in a confirmatory path analysis at the plot level. These observations affirm our broader hypothesis of the selectivity of hare browsing, in that snowshoe hares prefer to browse spruce that are taller and faster growing, effectively “leveling” regenerating seedlings and saplings so that browsed and unbrowsed individuals within a site are the same height.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., John A. Krebs, and Paul K. Diggle. "Prediction of stand susceptibility to feeding damage by red squirrels in young lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-003.
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This paper provides a forecast model to predict when and where significant feeding damage by red squirrels (Tamiasciurushudsonicus Erxleben) will occur in managed stands of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). Information from 51 managed stands (average DBH > 6.0 cm) in the interior of British Columbia and from past squirrel population studies was used to formulate the model. Incidence of damage was significantly greater in stands originating from wildfire than from harvesting. Stands within the Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zone had the highest levels of damage of the five zones sampled. There was no relationship between damage incidence and average stand diameter, area of managed stand, or site class. In a subset of stands where understory shrub data were available, shrub cover was positively related to incidence of damage. Major factors in the forecast model that influence stand susceptibility include (i) stand origin and proximity to mature timber; (ii) frequency of cone crops leading to squirrel population increases in juvenile pine; and (iii) shrub cover, which may provide security from predators. Additional potential factors include (iv) switching of predators from squirrels to snow-shoe hares (Lepusamericanus Erxleben) during peak years of the hare cycle and (v) fertilization. A decisionmaking profile is outlined for prespacing surveys to identify susceptible stands.
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Mackensen, Michael. "A late mid-Roman African red slip ware lamp from Sabratha and lamp production at Djilma (central Tunisia)." Libyan Studies 33 (2002): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005124.
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AbstractA central Tunisian red slip ware lamp from Sabratha, published by D. M. Bailey in 1994, should be classified as Type Salomonson I/Atlante I. Its discus decoration is a personification of Autumn, a standing female figure with a basket of fruit as a seasonal attribute and a Cupid (Eros) sitting on it. The prototype of the moulded decoration motif appears as an appliqué on a Hayes 171 el-Aouja sigillata jug of C1 quality. The lamp, which probably dates from the third quarter of the third century or the late third century AD, was subjected to chemical analysis and comparison with recently published reference groups from central Tunisian pottery-making centres showed that it was made at the central Tunisian fine-ware potteries at Henchir el Guellal near Djilma. A/D and C1-C4 sigillata as well as Type Atlante IV A, VI B, VII A1, VII A2 and VIII C1a lamps were produced there from about the second quarter of the third century until the mid fifth century AD.
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Babka, Susie Paulik. "Standing in the Shoes My Mother Made: A Womanist Theology. By Diana L. Hayes. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2011. xi + 208 pages. $22.00 (paper)." Horizons 39, no. 1 (2012): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900008823.
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Hills, Darrius. "Standing in the Shoes My Mother Made: A Womanist Theology. - By Diana L. Hayes. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2011. Pp. 208. $22.00." Religious Studies Review 39, no. 3 (September 2013): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rsr.12052_13.
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Parker, G. R. "The Importance of Cover on Use of Conifer Plantations by Snowshoe Hares in Northern New Brunswick." Forestry Chronicle 62, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc62159-3.
Full textAbstract:
Five conifer plantations were sampled in northern New Brunswick for winter use by snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). In 8-year old plantations winter hare pellets were 20 times more abundant in a jack pine (Pinus banksiana) than in a black spruce (Picea mariana) stand, which in turn contained 30% more pellets than a red pine (Pinus resinosa) stand. In two 13-year-old plantations, hare pellets were more abundant in a black spruce than a jack pine stand. Conifer cover 1-3 m in height influenced pellet densities. Conifer cover < 1 m in height did not influence pellet densities (winter hare use) probably due to snow depths of approximately that height. Winter pellet densities did not relate to availability of deciduous twigs (preferred food). In young plantations (~8 years), conifer cover was greatest in jack pine stands. By 13 years, high hare densities and subsequent browsing reduced critical conifer cover values in jack pine stands. Conifer cover values and hare densities increased with age of spruce plantations due to less browsing intensity in earlier years. It is concluded that conifer cover 1-3 m above ground is the single most important factor influencing distribution of hares among spruce and pine plantations (and consequent feeding damage to stock species) during winter in northern New Brunswick. Key words: Snowshoe hare, New Brunswick, winter use of pine and spruce plantations, importance of cover.
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Iqbal, Qaisar. "The Era of Environmental Sustainability: Ensuring That Sustainability Stands on Human Resource Management." Global Business Review 21, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918778967.
Full textAbstract:
Organizations around the world are shifting from processes that exploit the environment towards environmentally friendly processes. Today, there is extreme enthusiasm among practitioners and academic researchers for green management. The fundamental factor of such enthusiasm is that people expect managers to utilize resources wisely and responsibly and make minimum use of air, water, minerals and other materials in the final product. Green management has certain significance on the normative or moral scale. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to collect data. The G* (where* represents general stand-alone nature of this application in statistical tests across social and behavioral research) power programme suggested a minimum of 43 observations assuming a significance level of 5 per cent, the effect size of 0.15 and a statistical power of 80 per cent with five predictors (Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009, Behavioral Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160). A convenience purposive sampling technique was employed. The reliability of instrument was checked through values of Cronbach’s Alpha. The normality of data was checked through the Shapiro–Wilk test. The normality plot was used to find the outlier in collected data. Andrew Hayes’s methodology was employed to investigate the moderating role in the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) (Hayes, 2012, PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling, Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas). This study confirms the significant moderating role of green human resource management (GHRM) over the scale of the employees’ green behaviours (EGBs) and environmental sustainability. Going forward, researchers recommend more research like this, illuminating the role of GHRM activities in enhancing and perhaps even driving environmental management initiatives.
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Fonn, Birgitte Kjos. "“Approaching an Abyss”: Liberalist Ideology in a Norwegian Cold War Business Paper." Media and Communication 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i1.1189.
Full textAbstract:
The international business press has been a powerful and influential voice in modern societies and, as its formative years took place during the Cold War, a closer look at the ideologies that were promoted in this part of the press is of interest. Until the 1970s, <em>Farmand</em> was the only Norwegian business magazine of any size and standing. Trygve J. B. Hoff,<em> Farmand</em>’s editor from 1935, was part of the Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS), a neoliberal intellectual collective established in 1947 with participants such as Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises. This article is a study of the ideas that Hoff promoted, particularly in <em>Farmand</em>, from the 1940s to the 1970s.
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Kropin, Yu A. "The Theory of Private Money and the Problem of Positioning the Central Bank as Emission Body." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-3-19-26.
Full textAbstract:
The topic of the article is acute due to different factors, on the one hand, it is the 120th anniversary of F. A. Hayek, the Nobel prize winner, who was awarded for a series of works dealing with the theory of private money and on the other hand, it is a controversial standing of the Central Bank within the frames of the current monetary system. Therefore, the research includes two interconnected sections: the theory of private money put forward by F. A. Hayek and the Central Bank as an emission body. The goal of the research is to analyze the theory of private money from the standpoint of the Russian school of economic thought and to show the groundless granting of the emission function to the Central Bank in today’s conditions. The article used methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, organic sequence and others. The author came to the conclusion that such foundation of cash emission as the Central Bank reputation is groundless and even exceeds the limits of science competence, as it is based on violation of the fundamental law of the material world development, i.e. the law of conversion of matter, energy. The bank reputation cannot be estimated by anything and at the same time it cannot be compared with the volume of cash emission. The status of the Central Bank as an emission body (a bank of banks) should be transformed.
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Cottrell, Allin. "Comment on Horwitz's Article." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 18, no. 2 (1996): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200003291.
Full textAbstract:
Austrian economics is arousing increasing interest, not to say enthusiasm, these days. No doubt this is in part due to the collapse of the planned economies of the Soviet type, which has lent credibility to the claims of Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek regarding the impossibility of rational economic calculation under socialism-claims which were disputed by the mainstream neoclassical economists of a generation ago. The phenomenon also reflects a relatively long-standing dissatisfaction with neoclassical economics. For many years it was the radical critics of capitalism who felt most keenly the attractions of alternative approaches in economics. Now, increasingly, champions of the market are coming to believe that neoclassical theory does not offer a deep and firm enough basis for asserting the virtues of the market system, and the counterproductive effects of government intervention therein.
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Dutta, Ankuran, and K. G. L. A. N. S. Jayawardhana. "STRUGGLING TO BREATHE: THE THORNY ROAD THAT SRI LANKAN COMMUNITY RADIO TRAVELLED THROUGH." Journal of Content Community and Communication 12 (December 31, 2020): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31620/jccc.12.20/27.
Full textAbstract:
Radio is considered as the most widespread electronic mass medium in the world and a unique means of reaching the world‟s poorest communities. However, as far as community radio (CR) is concerned, it addresses issues relevant to the public interest of a particular geographic group or community. It is the foremost medium that gives the marginalised a voice, when their voices are suppressed by the haves and the mainstream mass media which is also under the control of haves. The community radio in Sri Lanka has a four decade old history; yet, the country stands the risk of having this pioneering experience with CR locked away as a memory, as, of now, there is no community radio in true sense available in Sri Lanka. This paper has attempted to find out the reasons behind the failure of community radio broadcasting in Sri Lanka. Using semi-structured indepth interviews, eight leading community radio activists, advocates and researchers in Sri Lanka were interviewed. The causes identified for the failure of CR in Sri Lanka are state control over CR stations, an inexistent legal framework for community radio, inadequate funding, and human resources, misconceptions of responsible government authorities‟, the lack of knowledge about the true sense and relevance of community radio, the appointment of permanent staff from Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation than giving more priority to the volunteers from the same community, competition with mainstream media, and less dedication to community radio.
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Thompson, Ian D., and William J. Curran. "Habitat suitability for marten of second-growth balsam fir forests in Newfoundland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-242.
Full textAbstract:
The marten subspecies on the island of Newfoundland, Martes americana atrata, is threatened. Survey data suggest that most of the extant marten population lives in old uncut balsam fir (Abies balsamea) forests, but a very few live in adjacent 40- to 60-year-old second-growth stands of balsam fir. We compared habitat structure and composition and prey abundance in old forest and second-growth stands to test the hypotheses that either food abundance or habitat quality, or both, limit use of the 40- to 60-year-old forests by marten. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americana) were most abundant in 40-year-old forests and also occurred in old forests, but field voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were not found in second-growth stands. A multivariate discriminant model indicated that older, uncut forests contained more structure than younger forests at ground level, because there was more woody debris, more young balsam fir, less litter, more mosses, and more low shrubs. Canopy cover was similar in all forest types, and subnivean access did not differ among the three age-classes when snow was about 1 m deep. We suggest that marten did not use 40- or 60-year-old forest stands because of the lack of the meadow voles that form a necessary part of their diet. Meadow voles likely respond to ground-level forest structure in selecting habitat, and this structure is unavailable in young forests. We recommend a management strategy for marten that would preserve current old forests as long as possible and allow sufficient second-growth balsam fir forest to become old forest with the required characteristics to maintain a viable marten population.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., and Druscilla S. Sullivan. "Impact of feeding damage by snowshoe hares on growth rates of juvenile lodgepole pine in central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 1145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-202.
Full textAbstract:
This study assessed the impact of snowshoe hare (Lepusamericanus Erxleben) feeding injuries on diameter and height growth of juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.). Five-year growth increments of undamaged and damaged crop trees in control (unspaced) and spaced stands, 20 km east of Prince George, B.C., were compared using analysis of variance. Semigirdling (sublethal) damage clearly suppressed diameter growth of small diameter (control, 41–60 mm; spaced, 31–50 mm) trees, but had little effect on larger stems. Height increment was significantly reduced by semigirdling in all diameter classes except for the 61–80 mm class in the control. Surface area or amount of bark and vascular tissue removed had little effect on growth increments in the spaced stand. The recommendation to delay spacing until the average tree diameter is >60 mm to avoid snowshoe hare damage is further supported for diameter but not necessarily for height growth.
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Staley, Richard. "The Interwar Period as a Machine Age: Mechanics, the Machine, Mechanisms, and the Market in Discourse." Science in Context 31, no. 3 (September 2018): 263–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889718000236.
Full textAbstract:
ArgumentThis paper examines some of the ways that machines, mechanisms, and the new mechanics were treated in post-World War I discourse. Spengler's 1919Decline of the Westand Hessen's 1931 study of Newton have usually been tied closely to Weimar culture in Germany, and Soviet politics. Linking them also to the writings of Rathenau, Simmel, Chase, Mumford, Hayek, and others, as well as to Dada and film studies of the city will indicate central features of a wide-ranging, international discourse on the machine and mechanization. I argue that machines were so thoroughly integrated into social and economic experience that we can treat this as a distinctive new phase in the cultural history of mechanics, what some contemporaries called the “machine age”: a period in which rather than the hand mill or steam engine, the city stands as an appropriate realization (and sometimes symbol) of the significance but also ambiguities and tensions of mechanical life; and concepts of mechanization were extended to encompass the economy and market mechanisms.
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Bellefeuille, Sonia de, Louis Bélanger, Jean Huot, and Agathe Cimon. "Clear-cutting and regeneration practices in Quebec boreal balsam fir forest: effects on snowshoe hare." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-140.
Full textAbstract:
We compared utilization by the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus Erxleben) of recent clearcuts subjected to three regeneration scenarios commonly used in boreal forest: natural regeneration, plantation with herbicide release (glyphosate), and plantation with manual release (brushsaw). Refuges for snowshoe hare, on a landscape dominated by clearcuts, were also investigated. Colonization of regenerating sites by the hare comes late in the humid boreal forest because clear-cut stands take more than 10 years to reach the sapling stage. Our sites were in the seedling stage 79 years after cutting, and hares avoided them year round because of an inadequate protective cover. Therefore, regeneration treatments did not affect habitat use by the hare on a short-term basis. During the seedling stage, the snowshoe hare were found in the remaining forest which occupied at least 25% of the area of each home range. The preservation of residual forests is thus essential to maintain local populations on an area dominated by commercial clearcuts.
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Schenk, Paul, Chloe Beddingfield, Tanguy Bertrand, Carver Bierson, Ross Beyer, Veronica Bray, Dale Cruikshank, et al. "Triton: Topography and Geology of a Probable Ocean World with Comparison to Pluto and Charon." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 3476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173476.
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The topography of Neptune’s large icy moon Triton could reveal important clues to its internal evolution, but has been difficult to determine. New global digital color maps for Triton have been produced as well as topographic data for <40% of the surface using stereogrammetry and photoclinometry. Triton is most likely a captured Kuiper Belt dwarf planet, similar though slightly larger in size and density to Pluto, and a likely ocean moon that exhibited plume activity during Voyager 2′s visit in 1989. No surface features or regional deviations of greater than ±1 km amplitude are found. Volatile ices in the southern terrains may take the form of extended lobate deposits 300–500 km across as well as dispersed bright materials that appear to embay local topography. Limb hazes may correlate with these deposits, indicating possible surface–atmosphere exchange. Triton’s topography contrasts with high relief up to 6 km observed by New Horizons on Pluto. Low relief of (cryo)volcanic features on Triton contrasts with high-standing massifs on Pluto, implying different viscosity materials. Solid-state convection occurs on both and at similar horizontal scales but in very different materials. Triton’s low relief is consistent with evolution of an ice shell subjected to high heat flow levels and may strengthen the case of an internal ocean on this active body.
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Espinosa-García, Francisco J. "Revisión sobre la alelopatía de Eucalyptus L'Herit." Botanical Sciences, no. 58 (April 27, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1487.
Full textAbstract:
Some eucalyptus species can be associated to the production of zones where vegetation is absent, sparse and/or less diverse and vigorous than surrounding zones away from eucalypts. These zones have been documented with eucalypts growing as native or introduced species. Yield reduction and poor plant performance is frequent when some crops, annual or perennial, are planted within or around eucalypt stands. Although competition for water, light and nutrients can explain some of these inhibition patterns, it is insufficient to explain others. Field evidence suggests that allelopathy explains, at least partially, the aforementioned inhibition areas. Inhibition zones are absent where the soil does not accumulate allelochemicals and the watering or rainy regime leaches them out, or the plants surronding eucalypts are unaffected by the chemicals. Phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids and/or terpenoids have been isolated from eucalypt bark, litter and leaves; leaf hates or extracts from these parts have been shown to be phytotoxic in vitro and in greenhouse experiments for most target speciestested. Allelochemicals are normally released, from intact, dead or alive, eucalypt tissues and accumulated in water or soil in concentrations high enough to produce allelopathic effects. Milled or chopped eucalypt parts release more allelochemicals and faster than intact parts. Although no published work contains a li the undisputed evidence required to demonstrate eucalypts allelopathy, the body of evidence in the published works suggests that some eucalypt species do produce allelopathic effects in natural conditions.
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Lewis, George H. "Storm blowing from paradise: social protest and oppositional ideology in popular Hawaiian music." Popular Music 10, no. 1 (January 1991): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000004311.
Full textAbstract:
In the early 1970s, in the American Island State of Hawaii, popular music began a transformation that was, to some extent, similar in form to what occurred on the American mainland ten to fifteen years earlier, when popular music first merged with the civil rights movement and then with the anti-Vietnam movement. Hawaiian popular musicians, reacting to the commercially slick music of the tourist trade and the Wai Ki Ki nightclubs, reached back to embrace the few ethnic artists still alive and performing. They searched their island past for traditional material and, as the movement consolidated, merged this material with their own pressing social and cultural concerns to create a new type of music – part contemporary, part traditional and all wrapped in a cloak of strong social protest against non-native Hawaiians who they saw as having nearly totally destroyed their culture, their selfidentity, their pride and their sacred land. As Haunai-Kay Trask (1982, p. C2), a spokesperson for the movement, put it:Any society that has experienced the kind of impact the Hawaiian culture and Hawaiian people have experienced wind up being on the bottom because they are inundated with another culture … High rises, fancy clothes, and freeways – that's what United States culture stands for. It's grotesque. They have no feeling for the fragility of life. Or flora or fauna. Part of me hates the haoles with a passion, but part of me doesn't care. They're just stupid and I want them to stay away.
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Bellefeuille, Sonia de, Nancy Gagné, Louis Bélanger, Jean Huot, Agathe Cimon, Stéphane Déry, and Jean-Pierre Jetté. "Effets de trois scénarios de régénération de la sapinière boréale sur les passereaux nicheurs, les petits mammifères et le lièvre d'Amérique." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-071.
Full textAbstract:
We compared wildlife utilization of recent clearcuts subjected to three regeneration scenarios commonly used in boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests: natural regeneration, plantation of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) followed by herbicide release (glyphosate), and plantation of black spruce followed by manual release (brushsaw). The wildlife species studied were songbirds, small mammals and the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus Erxleben). Surveys were conducted during the 2 years preceding and the 5 years following conifer release. The abundance of songbirds decreased the second and third years after both types of release, and the abundance of the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors) was reduced for 2 years following herbicide release. Snowshoe hares rarely used the stands during the 8 to 10 years that followed logging, so conifer release did not affect them. In this study, the short- and mid-term effects of the regeneration scenarios on wildlife may have been mitigated by the poor quality of clearcuts as wildlife habitats at the time of release and by the fact that plantations, like naturally regenerated sites, had a heterogeneous vegetation and a well-developed herb and shrub cover. In the humid balsam fir forest, where vegetation growth is slow and snow cover deep, the size and distribution of clearcuts would have greater effects on wildlife in the short and mid term than the regeneration scenario used for forest renewal. A landscape management approach inspired by natural disturbance dynamics is proposed as a mitigation measure.
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Yu, Chia-ping, Mei-Lien Young, and Bao-Chang Ju. "Consumer software piracy in virtual communities." Internet Research 25, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2013-0187.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – In consumer marketing literature, the ethical/moral components of consumer behavior have been recognized as important factors in individuals’ involvement in software piracy. However, there remains unanswered the question of which specific components are being referred to and how they explain consumer software piracy in the virtual knowledge-sharing community. This question is particularly unaddressed for those consumers who take the risks associated with piracy believing their acts to be taking from the haves (software producers) and giving to the have-nots. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – In this research, the authors propose a synergistic model that adopts the perspective of heroism and social exchange, and test it with the data collected from a virtual community. To test the proposed research model, the authors investigated 489 subjects and examined the hypotheses by applying the partial least squares method. Findings – The findings show that the heroism construct has significant influence on sharing behavior in relation to cost factors, but not to benefit factors. Heroism stands out as the major construct in explaining sharing behavior. Thus, the research shows that the consumer software piracy present in the virtual knowledge-sharing community is a social behavior of exchange. Originality/value – Methodologically, the study proposes a new model for researchers and practitioners to understand consumer software piracy in the virtual community. Managerially, software producers should take it into consideration when formulating their product-pricing strategy, to ensure that software producers and the young can both win in the “buy or steal” war.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., and Druscilla S. Sullivan. "Influence of nitrogen fertilization on abundance and diversity of plants and animals in temperate and boreal forests." Environmental Reviews 26, no. 1 (March 2018): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2017-0026.
Full textAbstract:
Aerial and land-based applications of nitrogen-based fertilizers to enhance forest growth makes nutrients potentially available to all trees, plants, and wildlife in a given ecosystem and, therefore, may have direct and indirect effects on wildlife and biodiversity. A scientific review of these potential effects was conducted with 106 published studies covering vascular and nonvascular plants, amphibians, birds, mammals, terrestrial invertebrates, and soil animals associated with fertilization in temperate and boreal forests, primarily in North America and Scandinavia. In terms of direct effects, amphibians and domestic mammals appear to be the most sensitive to urea used in fertilization programs. The avoidance behaviour and (or) mortality of amphibians in laboratory studies was species dependent. Ruminant animals, including wild ungulates, rapidly convert urea to ammonia and are susceptible to toxicity following ingestion of large amounts of urea. Feeding on urea pellets by small mammals or gallinaceous birds appears to be minimal as granules are unpalatable. In terms of indirect effects, the majority of responses of understory herbs to nitrogen fertilization showed an increase in abundance. Some shrubs in repeatedly fertilized stands eventually increased in abundance in long-term studies, whereas dwarf shrubs and abundance of bryophytes (mosses and terrestrial lichens) declined. In general, species richness and diversity of understory herbs and shrubs declined, or were unaffected, in fertilized stands. Response in abundance and species richness-diversity of vascular plants to a single application of nitrogen showed either an increase or no change. Repeated applications (2–5 and >5) usually resulted in declines in these responses. Relative abundance of mule deer (Odocoileus Rafinesque spp.), moose (Alces alces L.), and hares (Lepus L. spp.), and forage quantity and quality were usually increased by fertilization. Small mammal species generally showed increases or no change in abundance; decreases may be related to fertilizer-induced changes in food sources. Forest fertilization may provide winter feeding habitat for coniferous foliage-gleaning insectivorous birds in some cases. Six species of forest grouse showed no response to fertilizer treatments. Responses of soil animals to nitrogen fertilization appeared to be species- and dose-specific and are ameliorated by surrounding micro- and macro-habitat characteristics.
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Mehran, Malik Muhammad, Tanveer Kashmiri, and Ahmad Tisman Pasha. "Effects of Brand Trust, Brand Identification and Quality of Service on Brand Evangelism: A Study of Restaurants in Multan." Journal of Arable Crops and Marketing 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jacm.002.02.3191.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate how customer-band relationships and quality of service influences brand evangelism. And more importantly, this study examines the moderating effect of the brand love on brand trust, quality of service, brand identification and brand evangelism relations. Brand evangelism mends to customers’ advocacy behaviour and positive or negative word-of-mouth (for a particular brand) that influence the purchase decision. Based on the prior studies conducted on the brand relationships, an integrated conceptual framework on consumer-brand relationships, quality of service and brand evangelism is developed. The snowball sampling technique was employed in this study, and the sample drawn was consisted of 400 brand conscious customers of the different restaurants serving in Multan. The sample was focused on the salaried class, working at different organizations in Multan only. For more robust testing of the theory, brand love was included as a moderating variable. For testing of the moderation effect Process by Andrew F. Hayes was used with the assistance of SPSS version 23. Research findings revealed that the impacts of the brand trust, quality of service and brand identification on brand evangelism are significant. And brand love as a moderating variable moderate the relationships between brand trust, quality of service, brand identification and brand evangelism. The mindsets of the today customers are changing, and they are getting more brand conscious, they love to share their good and bad experience about the different brands that exist in the market. Today, it is very important for brand managers to know the feelings of the customers about their brands. This study suggests the brands to cultivate brand trust, quality in their services, brand identification and brand love in their service for longer standing in diversifying the market. Brand evangelism is not an old construct, especially, it is new for the graphical location where we are conducting this study, because there is no similar study available here. This study is only focused on the restaurants in Multan, other geographical locations or industries (e.g. beverage industry, cellular operators, electronics etc.) may be used to more clearly understand the brand evangelism construct. Also, comparative studies can be performed to compare the brand evangelism level in customers of a specific at different graphical location markets. This study takes brand customers as brand evangelists but persons from sales department workforce may also be considered as a brand evangelist, because evangelism may also reside there.
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Poole, Kim G. "A Review of the Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i3.738.
Full textAbstract:
The Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) is the most common and widespread member of the cat family in Canada. Lynx are distributed throughout forested regions of Canada and Alaska and into portions of the northern contiguous United States, closely paralleling the range of its primary prey, the Snowshoe Hare (Lepus americanus). They are most common in the boreal, sub-boreal and western montane forests, preferring older regenerating forests (>20 years) and generally avoiding younger stands, and occupy roughly 95% of their former range in Canada. Lynx population size fluctuates 3–17 fold over an 8–11 year cycle, tracking the abundance of Snowshoe Hares with a 1–2 year lag. During increasing and high hare abundance, lynx have high reproductive output and high kit and adult survival. The decline phase is characterized by reproductive failure, increased natural mortality, and high rates of dispersal. Dispersal distances of over 1000 km have been recorded. During the cyclic low, kit recruitment essentially fails for 2–3 years, and is followed by several years of modest reproductive output. Reproductive parameters in southern lynx populations appear similar to those found during the cyclic low and early increase phase in more northern populations. Trapping is a significant source of mortality in some areas. Field studies have documented from 2–45 lynx/100 km2 at various times in the cycle and in various habitats. Although the amplitude of the cyclic fluctuations in lynx numbers may have decreased somewhat in recent decades, there is no evidence to suggest a significant decline in numbers in Canada. Lynx are managed as a furbearer in Canada, with harvest regulated primarily by seasons, quotas, and closures. The harvest over the past decade has declined concurrent with declining pelt prices, and is currently a fraction of historic levels. Lynx are fully protected in less than 2–3% of their range in Canada. There is no evidence to suggest that overall lynx numbers or distribution across Canada have declined significantly over the past two decades, although loss of habitat through increased urbanization and development and forestry is likely affecting lynx populations along the southern fringe of its range. Its high potential to increase in numbers and propensity to disperse long distances suggest that the species is relatively resilient to localized perturbations and reductions, given time and removal of the factors that cause the initial decrease. Lowered lynx harvests, coupled with a greater awareness of the need for proactive lynx management, suggests that the overall future of lynx in Canada is secure.
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Lee, Youngjae, Sophia Ulman, Sunwook Kim, and Divya Srinivasan. "Effects of Mental and Physical Fatigue Inducing Tasks on Balance and Gait Characteristics." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631401.
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150-Word Abstract Fatigue may reduce human performance and increase injury risk. This study investigated the effects of mental and physical fatigue inducing tasks (MF and PF) on balance and gait characteristics of healthy young adults (n = 10; gender balanced). During quiet stance, PF led to increases in center-of-pressure mean velocity and sway area. Although MF was associated with the same trend, the differences were not statistically significant. Among gait measures, PF was associated with expected changes in mean spatiotemporal measures (shorter and faster steps). However, MF was associated with increased inter-trial variability (standard deviations) in stride and stance times, and decreased variability in step width. Furthermore, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) exponent of step width, indicating the presence of long-range persistent correlations across time, decreased significantly after both MF and PF. Our results suggest that balance and gait characteristics of healthy young adults are affected differentially by PF and MF. Extended Abstract Fatigue is considered a multidimensional construct including physical and mental components (Smets, Garssen, Bonke, & De Haes, 1995), which may reduce human performance and potentially lead to increased risks of falls and fall-related injuries (Helbostad, Leirfall, Moe-Nilssen, & Sletvold, 2007; Miles, Ives, & Vincent, 1997). While the effects of both physical and mental fatigue have been separately investigated in diverse populations under various experimental conditions, a few studies have compared the effects of physical vs. mental fatigue on postural control and gait in the same cohort. Thus, as a first step, we aimed to investigate the comparative effects of mental and physical fatigue on balance and gait characteristics among healthy young adults. We hypothesized that both mental and physical fatigue will have adverse effects on balance and gait characteristics of the healthy young adults. Ten healthy individuals (21-28 years old, 5 males and 5 females) from the university and local community completed the two experimental sessions. In the balance session, participants performed three pre-fatigue, quiet standing trials. Each trial lasted 45 seconds, during which participants were asked to stand as still as possible. Then, participants were instructed to complete a 30-minute mental fatigue inducing task (MF). Following the completion of MF, participants were instructed to complete five post-fatigue standing trials at 0 (immediately after the task), 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 minutes. Next, participants completed a physical fatigue inducing task (PF). They performed calf raises repeatedly at 40 bpm until voluntary exhaustion. Similar to MF, participants were instructed to complete five post-fatigue standing trials following the completion of PF. A 10-minute rest period was provided between MF and PF. In the gait session, participants performed a 6-minute baseline walking trial on the treadmill at their preferred walking speed (PWS), determined following the procedures developed by Jordan, Challis, and Newell (2007). Then, similar to the balance session, 6-minute walking trials were collected immediately following the completion of MF and PF respectively, with a 10-minute rest period provided between the tasks. Mean center-of-pressure (COP) velocity, in both anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions, and 95% confidence ellipse area (95EA) of sway were computed for the balance measures. Means and variability (standard deviations) of spatiotemporal gait parameters, including spatial parameters (i.e., step length, step width, and stride length) and temporal parameters (i.e., step, stride, swing, and stance times), were computed for the gait measures. In addition, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) was performed on COP time series in the AP and ML directions separately, as well as on step time, length, and width from the gait data, in order to quantify long-range correlations over time. Separate repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed to examine the effect of fatigue (pre vs. post mental fatigue, or pre vs. post physical fatigue) on the dependent variables, with gender included as a blocking variable. Significance level, p ≤ 0.05, was used to conclude significant influences. The results showed that PF significantly increased COP mean velocity in the AP (26.4%) and ML (19.1%) directions as well as the COP 95EA (31.7%). However, no significant changes were observed for the COP-based measures after MF. The DFA exponent of the COP trajectory in both AP and ML directions showed no significant differences after MF or PF, although the decrease in DFA exponent in COPAP approached statistical significance in both cases ( p = 0.056 and 0.054, respectively after MF and PF). In addition, there was no significant gender effect in any COP-based measures. Regarding the gait measures, with the exception of stance time, all spatial and temporal parameter means changed significantly following PF. As such, the mean value of step length, stride length, step time, stride time, and swing time decreased by 1.0%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 0.8%, and 1.7%, respectively, while the mean value of step width increased by 7.4%. After MF, only the mean value of step width significantly increased by 8.6%, compared to the baseline (pre-fatigue) condition. However, the inter-trial variability in step width, stride time, and stance time changed significantly following MF: step width variability decreased by 12.5%, while stride time and stance time variability increased by 15.4% and 18.2%, respectively. Stance time variability was the only variability measure that showed a significant change (18.2% increase) after PF. The DFA exponent of step width decreased significantly following both MF (16.9%) and PF (16.6%). Lastly, no significant gender differences were found for gait measures. The findings from the study can help better understand the effects of MF and PF on balance and gait characteristics of healthy young adults. Our hypothesis that both MF and PF would affect balance and gait characteristics was partly supported. MF and PF showed significant influences on gait characteristics, but only PF showed significant influence on balance characteristics. From this exploratory study, it seems that, while PF induced by local muscle fatigue in the ankle changed average gait measures, MF may have a greater influence on control of the gait patterns (as indicated by the changed variability and DFA measures). In conclusion, these results suggest that both PF and MF may cause different effects on balance and gait characteristics of healthy young adults.
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Chochorowski, Ja. "ARISTOCRAT?, AMAZON?, OR PRIESTESS? (Some Remarks on the Status of Women in Greco-Scythian Communities)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.13.
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In the year 2000, a joint expedition from the Archaeological Museum in Odessa and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków conducted excavations in a Greco-Scythian necropolis at Koshary, near the Tiligul Estuary. In a circle of tombs surrounding a Scythian barrow (no. 55), grave no. 111 (dated to the late 4th century BC) stood out with its noticeably special status. In a large niche tomb meticulously carved in the bedrock, a young woman aged Infans II / Iuvenis (i. e. 14—15 years old) was buried on a bed made from reeds and grass and covered with felt. The body was placed to grave with the head to the east, and the burial stands out from other female graves in the Koshary necropolis by an impressive set of jewellery. The set was comprised of the following: silver earrings in the shapes of the heads of Demeter and Persephone, with bronze hooks for attachment, glass beads from a string on the neck, 6 bronze finger rings (4 on the left and 2 on the right hand), and 2 round bosses or appliques made of bronze on the chest. In addition, a tray containing a portion of meat and an iron knife provided with a bone handle was placed by the woman’s head. Immediately by the tray, a set of Greek vessels was placed, consisting of a thin-walled cup-skyphos, a saltcellar, and two small handmade bowls. Four bronze rings (possibly earrings) were also found near the vessels. A leather quiver with Scythian-type arrowheads, deposited to the right from the body, is a unique element. The deceased most likely had Greek origins (buried with the head to the east), but was connected with the family / lineage whose progenitor had been the man buried in the Scythian (in terms of burial orientation) barrow no. 55. Taking into account the over-standard furnishing, the size of the tomb, careful arrangement of the burial, and the monumental size of the stone barrier closing the niche, one can certainly regard the deceased woman as belonging to a group or class of high economic status and representing local elites. Her social role seems to be hinted at by the symbolism of Demeter and Persephone featuring on the ceremonial earrings, namely that of the longing mother and daughter lured by Hades into the underworld, whose cyclical, spring-summer meetings were supposed to bless the Earth with good harvest. The deposition of a «Scythian» quiver by the body was probably meant to additionally emphasise her prestige and social status, and her role as a guardian of her kinsmen’s fortunes. The newly forming, syncretic communities developing at the fringes of civilisations were undoubtedly distinguished by a very high degree of «openness» of their social structures towards «foreign» individuals. Of crucial importance were economic objectives determining the strategy of subsistence. For the Koshary community this was first of all cereal farming, as evidenced by a significant number of grain-storing structures (suggesting an industrial scale) discovered in a settlement adjoining the necropolis. This role of the Black Sea coast as a supplier of food (cereals in particular) for Greece allowed the region to be introduced into civilizational arteries of the Mediterranean world. This is why agricultural cults and Eleusinian Mysteries became important elements of spiritual life in the region. Thus, it comes as no surprise that individuals engaged in agricultural cults (associated with the ideology of immortality and afterlife) enjoyed high prestige in the analysed community. Perhaps, such person was the young women buried in grave no. 111, with the set of exquisite jewellery including impressive silver earrings with the heads of Demeter and Persephone.
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Azevedo, Mário Luiz Neves de. "Bem público, teoria do capital humano e mercadorização da educação: aproximações conceituais e uma apresentação introdutória sobre "público" nas Declarações da CRES-2008 e CRES-2018 (Public good, human capital theory and commodification of education)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 13, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993591.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the so-called human capital theory and to clarify the concept of public good, as well as the frequency of the expression "public" in the Declarations adopted at the Regional Conferences of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2008 and 2018. For this, in methodological terms, this article analyzes documents from certain International Organizations (UNESCO, World Bank and OECD) and seeks theoretical support in Reinhart Koselleck's History of Concepts and other authors such as Roger Dale, Susan Robertson, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson , Karl Polanyi and Pierre Bourdieu.ResumoO presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a chamada teoria do capital humano e precisar o conceito de bem público, bem como a frequência da expressão “público” nas Declarações aprovadas nas Conferências Regionais de Educação Superior na América Latina e Caribe, em 2008 e 2018. Para isto, em termos metodológicos, o presente artigo analisa documentos de determinadas Organizações Internacionais (UNESCO, Banco Mundial e OCDE) e busca apoio na História dos Conceitos de Reinhart Koselleck e em autores como Roger Dale, Bob Jessop, Stephen Gill, Paul Samuelson, Karl Polanyi, Pierre Bourdieu.Keywords: Public good, Human capital theory, Commodification, Education, CRES 2008 and CRES 2018.Palavras-chave: Bem público, Teoria do capital humano, Mercadorização, Educação, CRES 2008 e CRES 2018.ReferencesALVES, Giovanni. O que é o precariado? Blog da Boitempo. Extraído de <https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2013/07/22/o-que-e-o-precariado/>, 22 Jul 2013, acesso em 28 fev 2019.ARENDT, Hannah. A crise na educação. In: Entre o passado e o futuro. Tradução: Mauro W. Barbosa de Almeida. 3ª reimpressão da 5ª ed. de 2000. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2005.AUDITORIA CIDADÃ DA DÍVIDA. Dividômetro: quanto pagamos (juros e amortizações) – dívida pública federal. Auditoria Cidadã da Dívída. 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Hutchen, Jenna, and Karen E. Hodges. "Impact of wildfire size on snowshoe hare relative abundance in southern British Columbia, Canada." Fire Ecology 15, no. 1 (October 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42408-019-0050-z.
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Abstract Background Large wildfires result in more heterogeneous fire scars than do smaller fires because of differences in landscape context and high variability in burn intensity and severity. Previous research on mammal response to wildfire has often considered all fires as comparable disturbances regardless of size. Here, we explicitly examine whether fire size affects relative abundances of a keystone herbivore, snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777), in regenerating stands of the same age. We surveyed vegetation and fecal pellets of snowshoe hares in nine 13-year-old wildfires, specifically, three fires in three size categories—small (80 to 200 ha), medium (1000 to 5000 ha), and large (>10 000 ha)—and in mature forests in southern British Columbia, Canada. Results Snowshoe hare density was low (0.4 hares ha−1), but hares were present at 57% of mature sites. Hares were absent from all areas where small fires had burned and were found in only one medium area post fire (0.2 hares ha−1). Hares were found within the fire scars of all three large burned areas, and with much higher numbers (3.8 hares ha−1) than in the medium fire area or mature forest. Snowshoe hare abundance was highly correlated with the number of sapling trees, especially lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon). Sapling densities were highly variable, but dense stands of saplings were found only in burn scars from large wildfires. Conclusions Fire size is an important predictor of snowshoe hare relative abundance in areas that are regenerating post fire; fires of different sizes are not comparable disturbances. Specifically, the post-fire heterogeneity after large fires enabled both the highest hare numbers as well as patches with no hares. These results suggest that forest and wildlife managers should protect areas with dense regeneration post fire, as these sites are necessary for hares after large wildfires.
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Hermans, Ben, and Francesc Torres-Tamarit. "Onset Weight with Branchingness Constraints: The Case of Pirahã." Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology 3 (June 21, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v3i0.3655.
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In this paper we develop an analysis of onset-driven stress in Pirahã based on the idea that onsets can be parsed under the vocalic mora (Hyman type) or adjoin to the syllable node (Hayes type) depending on their sonority. We propose a set of constraints standing in stringency relations that prohibit branching structures in metrical dependent positions to account for the fact that syllables with voiceless onsets in Pirahã are the best stress attractors.
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O'Shea, Jerry. "Hayek's Spiritual Science." Modern Intellectual History, December 7, 2020, 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244320000517.
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This article argues that Hayek's thought had a consistent epistemological core that he developed with the aim of undermining prevailing positivism and replacing it with a metaphysical and spiritualistic philosophy of science. This becomes clear when an intellectual-historical method is used to elucidate Hayek's psychological and methodological works. We see that the approaches and arguments he found most convincing were those of nineteenth-century neo-Kantianisms, Gestalt psychology, vitalism, phenomenology, and theological mathematician Georg Cantor. Hayek thought his spiritual science superior because it explained “the place where the human individual stands in the order of things,” thereby clarifying science's epistemic standpoint, but also its meaning. The article will be of interest to scholars of neoliberalism and contemporary politics because its reading of Hayek suggests that the allegiance between, and apparent attractiveness of, Hayekian and religious conservative thought may have something to do with their common claims to marry order, freedom, and purpose.
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Nordhagen, Per Jonas, and Per Olav Folgerø. "The Case of the Missing Anastasis. An iconographical conundrum in the presbytery of S. Maria Antiqua." CLARA 6 (December 5, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/clara.v6i0.8374.
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In the present contribution, two authors approach a limited part of the iconography in the sanctuary of Santa Maria Antiqua in Rome, painted during the pontificate of John VII (705-707 AD). Two different hypotheses will try to come closer to a solution of a problem concerning the Christ cycle on the sanctuary side walls, where Christ’s appearance to the Disciples on the Road to Emmaus is the concluding motif. This rather reasonable solution stands, however, in huge contrast to John’s Christ cycle in his oratory in Old Saint Peter’s Basilica which concludes with the ʽHarrowing of Hellʼ or Christ’s descent into Hades. Being a novelty, this, so called Anastasis-scene, where Christ liberates the prisoners of Hades, has a strong soteriological, or salvation historical, meaning. Anastasis, which, in fact, appears in two different locations in John’s rich assembly of motifs in S. Maria Antiqua, is wholly absent from the highly ʽcerebralʼ sanctuary iconography. Our two alternative solutions to this absence both include an Anastasis, either as a free hanging icon (Nordhagen), or as a motif included in the vast Adoration scene on the triumphal arch, here located below the Crucifixion on the steep Cliff of Golgotha (Folgerø).
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"Notes from the Editor." American Political Science Review 100, no. 2 (May 2006): iii—viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305540606206x.
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The American founders were distrustful of the masses and concerned about controlling their political influence. Might the greater threat, however, emanate not from the “have-nots” but from the “haves”–as symbolized by our cover photo of the fabulously wealthy J. P. Morgan being restrained by a peace officer while angrily swinging his cane at one of his social lessers? In the lead article in this issue, “Contain the Wealthy and Patrol the Magistrates: Restoring Elite Accountability to Popular Government,” John P. McCormick argues that the long-standing preoccupation with controlling the masses is misdirected. Looking beyond the American founders to ancient constitutions for guidance about present-day problems, McCormick provides a typology of measures meant to curb undue elite influence. Along the way, he offers evidence that modern republics are in far greater danger from the excessive influence of political and economic elites than from the discontents and passions of the masses. This is important food for thought for all, regardless of one's bank balance.