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Journal articles on the topic 'Staphylococcal disease'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Homsombat, Theeyathart, Sukolrat Boonyayatra, Nattakarn Awaiwanont, and Duangporn Pichpol. "Effect of Temperature on the Expression of Classical Enterotoxin Genes among Staphylococci Associated with Bovine Mastitis." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080975.

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Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), caused by the contamination of staphylococcal enterotoxins, is a common foodborne disease worldwide. The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see, among Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) associated with bovine mastitis; (2) to determine the effect of temperature on the expression of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes in staphylococci in milk. The detection of classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes was performed using S. aureus (n = 51) and CNS (n = 47). The expression of classical enterotoxin genes, including sea, seb, sec, and see, was determined during the growth of staphylococci in milk subjected to ultra-high-temperature processing at two different temperatures: 8 °C and room temperature. Classical staphylococcal enterotoxin genes were expressed more frequently in S. aureus (35.30%) than in CNS (12.77%). The sec gene was most frequently detected in S. aureus (29.41%) and CNS (6.38%). Moreover, the expression of sea and sec was significantly higher at room temperature than at 8 °C after 16 h of incubation (p < 0.05). These results emphasize the importance of maintaining the storage temperature of milk below 8 °C to reduce the risk of SFP.

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2

Speziale, Pietro, and Giampiero Pietrocola. "Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Surface-Exposed and Secreted Proteins from Staphylococci." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050459.

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Staphylococci (specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) are the causative agents of diseases ranging from superficial skin and soft tissue infections to severe conditions such as fatal pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis and endocarditis. The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to serious problems of resistance to staphylococcal disease and has generated a renewed interest in alternative therapeutic agents such as vaccines and antibodies. Staphylococci express a large repertoire of surface and secreted virulence factors, which provide mechanisms (adhesion, invasion and biofilm development among others) for both bacterial survival in the host and evasion from innate and adaptive immunity. Consequently, the development of antibodies that target specific antigens would provide an effective protective strategy against staphylococcal infections. In this review, we report an update on efforts to develop anti-staphylococci monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives: minibodies, antibody–antibiotic conjugates) and the mechanism by which such antibodies can help fight infections. We also provide an overview of mAbs used in clinical trials and highlight their therapeutic potential in various infectious contexts.

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3

Edslev, Sofie Marie, Caroline Meyer Olesen, Line Brok Nørreslet, Anna Cäcilia Ingham, Søren Iversen, Berit Lilje, Maja-Lisa Clausen, et al. "Staphylococcal Communities on Skin Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis and Disease Severity." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020432.

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The skin microbiota of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients is characterized by increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which exacerbates disease symptoms and has been linked to reduced bacterial diversity. Skin bacterial communities in AD patients have mostly been described at family and genus levels, while species-level characterization has been limited. In this study, we investigated the role of the bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus genus using targeted sequencing of the tuf gene with genus-specific primers. We compared staphylococcal communities on lesional and non-lesional skin of AD patients, as well as AD patients with healthy controls, and determined the absolute abundance of bacteria present at each site. We observed that the staphylococcal community, bacterial alpha diversity, and bacterial densities were similar on lesional and non-lesional skin, whereas AD severity was associated with significant changes in staphylococcal composition. Increased S. aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus lugdunensis abundances were correlated with increased severity. Conversely, Staphylococcus hominis abundance was negatively correlated with severity. Furthermore, S. hominis relative abundance was reduced on AD skin compared to healthy skin. In conclusion, various staphylococcal species appear to be important for skin health.

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4

Mourenza, Álvaro, José A. Gil, Luis M. Mateos, and Michal Letek. "Novel Treatments and Preventative Strategies Against Food-Poisoning Caused by Staphylococcal Species." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020091.

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Staphylococcal infections are a widespread cause of disease in humans. In particular, S. aureus is a major causative agent of infection in clinical medicine. In addition, these bacteria can produce a high number of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) that may cause food intoxications. Apart from S. aureus, many coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. could be the source of food contamination. Thus, there is an active research work focused on developing novel preventative interventions based on food supplements to reduce the impact of staphylococcal food poisoning. Interestingly, many plant-derived compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, or terpenoids, show significant antimicrobial activity against staphylococci, and therefore these compounds could be crucial to reduce the incidence of food intoxication in humans. Here, we reviewed the most promising strategies developed to prevent staphylococcal food poisoning.

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5

White, Mark. "Disease Facts: Staphylococcal dermatitis." Livestock 15, no. 2 (March 2010): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2010.tb00276.x.

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6

Kadariya, Jhalka, Tara C. Smith, and Dipendra Thapaliya. "Staphylococcus aureusand Staphylococcal Food-Borne Disease: An Ongoing Challenge in Public Health." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/827965.

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Staphylococcal food-borne disease (SFD) is one of the most common food-borne diseases worldwide resulting from the contamination of food by preformedS. aureusenterotoxins. It is one of the most common causes of reported food-borne diseases in the United States. Although several Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) have been identified, SEA, a highly heat-stable SE, is the most common cause of SFD worldwide. Outbreak investigations have found that improper food handling practices in the retail industry account for the majority of SFD outbreaks. However, several studies have documented prevalence ofS. aureusin many food products including raw retail meat indicating that consumers are at potential risk ofS. aureuscolonization and subsequent infection. Presence of pathogens in food products imposes potential hazard for consumers and causes grave economic loss and loss in human productivity via food-borne disease. Symptoms of SFD include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps with or without diarrhea. Preventive measures include safe food handling and processing practice, maintaining cold chain, adequate cleaning and disinfection of equipment, prevention of cross-contamination in home and kitchen, and prevention of contamination from farm to fork. This paper provides a brief overview of SFD, contributing factors, risk that it imposes to the consumers, current research gaps, and preventive measures.

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7

Dollani, Lorena C., and Kalyani S. Marathe. "Impetigo/Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Disease." Pediatrics in Review 41, no. 4 (April 2020): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2018-0206.

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8

Foster, Aiden P. "Staphylococcal skin disease in livestock." Veterinary Dermatology 23, no. 4 (July 24, 2012): 342—e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01093.x.

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9

Kirby, William M. M. "THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL DISEASE." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 128, no. 1 (December 16, 2006): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb11653.x.

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10

Arbuthnott, J. P., D. C. Coleman, and Joyce S. de Azavedo. "Staphylococcal toxins in human disease." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 69 (January 1990): 101S—107S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01802.x.

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11

Hazariwala, Amita, Quesha Sanders, Charlene R. Hudson, Charles Hofacre, Stephan G. Thayer, and John J. Maurer. "Distribution of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes Among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Poultry and Humans with Invasive Staphylococcal Disease." Avian Diseases 46, no. 1 (January 2002): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0132:dosega]2.0.co;2.

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12

Brooks, David, Vincent Thomas, and Jessica Snowden. "Staphylococcus capitis Osteomyelitis: Case Report." Global Pediatric Health 6 (January 2019): 2333794X1983373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x19833736.

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This case report describes an unusual invasive infection with Staphylococcus capitis, in a child with a history of repaired congenital heart disease and an acute presentation of osteomyelitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are rare causes of osteomyelitis without an implanted device in the bone and, as such, should prompt evaluation for associated infections that may be contributing to the unusual presentation. Additionally, this case highlights the importance of considering methicillin heteroresistance in staphylococcal infections when the clinical course is not proceeding as expected.

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13

Tan, Agnes, and Geoff Hogg. "Staphylococcus aureus and food borne disease." Microbiology Australia 29, no. 3 (2008): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma08155.

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Staphylococcal food poisoning, which usually presents clinically at 2-6 hours post exposure, is attributed to the ingestion of food containing pre-formed staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) which are quite resistant to acid and proteolysis. Most cases of staphylococcal intoxication resolve within 24-48 hours, although they may be serious.

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14

Grama, Alina, Oana Cristina Mărginean, Lorena Elena Meliț, and Anca Meda Georgescu. "Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in Child. A Case Report and a Review from Literature." Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jccm-2016-0028.

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Abstract Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is the medical term used to define a skin condition induced by the exfoliative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. The disorder is also known as Ritter disease, bullous impetigo, neonatal pemphigus, or staphylococcal scarlet fever. The disease especially affects infants and small children, but has also been described in adults. Prompt therapy with proper antibiotics and supportive treatment has led to a decrease in the mortality rate. The current case report describes the clinical progress of a patient with generalized erythema and fever, followed by the appearance of bullous lesions with tendency to rupture under the smallest pressure, and with extended areas of denudation. The patient aged four years and six months was admitted to our clinic to establish the aetiology and treatment of a generalized bullous exanthema, followed by a skin denudation associated with fever and impaired general status. Based on clinical and paraclinical examinations a diagnosis of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome was established which responded favourably to antibiotic treatment, hydro-electrolytic re-equilibration, and adequate local hygiene. Staphylococcal infection can represent a problem of significant pathological importance sometimes requiring a multidisciplinary approach involving paediatricians, dermatologists, infectious diseases specialists, and plastic surgeons.

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15

Imanishi, Ichiro, Jumpei Uchiyama, Toshihiro Tsukui, Junzo Hisatsune, Kaori Ide, Shigenobu Matsuzaki, Motoyuki Sugai, and Koji Nishifuji. "Therapeutic Potential of an Endolysin Derived from Kayvirus S25-3 for Staphylococcal Impetigo." Viruses 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090769.

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Impetigo is a contagious skin infection predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Decontamination of S. aureus from the skin is becoming more difficult because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. Bacteriophage endolysins are less likely to invoke resistance and can eliminate the target bacteria without disturbance of the normal microflora. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of a recombinant endolysin derived from kayvirus S25-3 against staphylococcal impetigo in an experimental setting. First, the recombinant S25-3 endolysin required an incubation period of over 15 minutes to exhibit efficient bactericidal effects against S. aureus. Second, topical application of the recombinant S25-3 endolysin decreased the number of intraepidermal staphylococci and the size of pustules in an experimental mouse model of impetigo. Third, treatment with the recombinant S25-3 endolysin increased the diversity of the skin microbiota in the same mice. Finally, we revealed the genus-specific bacteriolytic effect of recombinant S25-3 endolysin against staphylococci, particularly S. aureus, among human skin commensal bacteria. Therefore, topical treatment with recombinant S25-3 endolysin can be a promising disease management procedure for staphylococcal impetigo by efficient bacteriolysis of S. aureus while improving the cutaneous bacterial microflora.

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16

Herrmann, Mathias, Salim Abdullah, Abraham Alabi, Pedro Alonso, Alexander W. Friedrich, Günther Fuhr, Anja Germann, et al. "Staphylococcal disease in Africa: another neglected ‘tropical’ disease." Future Microbiology 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.126.

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17

Ramos, M. C., M. Ing, E. Kim, M. D. Witt, and A. S. Bayer. "Ampicillin-sulbactam is effective in prevention and therapy of experimental endocarditis caused by beta-lactamase-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 1 (January 1996): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.1.97.

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Optimal strategies for the prophylaxis and therapy of endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci in patients with native or prosthetic valvular heart disease are not well defined. We compared the in vivo efficacies of ampicillin-sulbactam-based regimens with those of vancomycin-based oxacillin-resistant, beta-lactamase-producing coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolate (Staphylococcus haemolyticus SE220). Ampicillin-sulbactam (100 and 20 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, given intramuscularly in a two-dose regimen) was equivalent to vancomycin (30 mg/kg given intravenously in a two-dose regimen) in its prophylactic efficacy against the coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain (93 and 80%, respectively). The combination of ampicillin-sulbactam plus either rifampin or vancomycin did not enhance the prophylactic efficacy compared with that of ampicillin-sulbactam or vancomycin alone. In the therapy of established aortic valve endocarditis in rabbits caused by this same coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain, animals received 7-day ampicillin-sulbactam-based or vancomycin-based regimens with or without rifampin. All treatment regimens were effective at lowering intravegetation coagulase-negative staphylococcal densities and rendering vegetations culture negative compared with the coagulase-negative staphylococcal densities and vegetations of untreated controls, with ampicillin-sulbactam in combination with rifampin or vancomycin being the most active regimen. However, only the regimen of ampicillin-sulbactam in combination with vancomycin effectively prevented relapse of endocarditis posttherapy after a 5-day antibiotic-free period. For animals receiving rifampin-containing regimens, relapses of endocarditis were associated with the in vivo development of rifampin resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates in the vegetation. Ampicillin-sulbactam was highly effective in the prevention of experimental endocarditis caused by a beta-lactamase-producing, oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain. Ampicillin-sulbactam was also efficacious for the therapy of coagulase-negative staphylococcal endocarditis, especially when it was combined with vancomycin to prevent posttherapeutic relapses.

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18

Day, Nicholas PJ. "Panton-Valentine leucocidin and staphylococcal disease." Lancet Infectious Diseases 13, no. 1 (January 2013): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70265-7.

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19

Manders, Steven M. "Toxin-mediated streptococcal and staphylococcal disease." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 39, no. 3 (September 1998): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70314-7.

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20

Vasileiou, Natalia G. C., Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos, Stela Sarrou, Ilektra A. Fragkou, Angeliki I. Katsafadou, Vasia S. Mavrogianni, Efthimia Petinaki, and George C. Fthenakis. "Role of staphylococci in mastitis in sheep." Journal of Dairy Research 86, no. 3 (August 2019): 254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029919000591.

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AbstractStaphylococci have been isolated from various sites of the body of healthy sheep, as well as from many infections of those animals, the main one being mastitis. The objective of this review is to appraise the importance and significance of staphylococci in causing mastitis in ewes. The review includes a brief classification and taxonomy of staphylococci and describes the procedures for their isolation and identification, as well as their virulence determinants and the mechanisms of resistance to antibacterial agents. Various staphylococcal species have been implicated in staphylococcal mastitis and the characteristics of isolates are discussed with regards to potential virulence factors. Staphylococcal mastitis is explicitly described, with reference to sources of infection, the course of the disease and the relevant control measures. Finally, the potential significance of staphylococci present in ewes’ milk for public health is discussed briefly.

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21

Taksande, A., and K. Vilhekar. "Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome in an Infant." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 32, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i2.5494.

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Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a bullous disease of the skin caused by toxins (exfoliatins) secreted by certain types of Staphylococcus aureus. These toxins may act as superantigens, stimulating the proliferation of T lymphocytes, with a massive release of cytokines and consequent epidermal damage. In neonates, the lesions are mostly found on the perineum or periumbilically, while the extremities are more commonly affected in older children. The disease begins with erythema and fever, followed by formation of large fluid filled bullae which quickly rupture on slightest pressure to leave extensive areas of denuded skin. We present a case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in infant. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2012;32(2):178-180 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i2.5494

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22

Abdurrahman, Goran, Frieder Schmiedeke, Claus Bachert, Barbara M. Bröker, and Silva Holtfreter. "Allergy—A New Role for T Cell Superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus?" Toxins 12, no. 3 (March 12, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030176.

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Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) are among the most potent T cell mitogens known. They stimulate large fractions of T cells by cross-linking their T cell receptor with major histocompatibility complex class-II molecules on antigen presenting cells, resulting in T cell proliferation and massive cytokine release. To date, 26 different SAgs have been described in the species S. aureus; they comprise the toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1), as well as 25 staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) or enterotoxin-like proteins (SEls). SAgs can cause staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome and contribute to the clinical symptoms of staphylococcal infection. In addition, there is growing evidence that SAgs are involved in allergic diseases. This review provides an overview on recent epidemiological data on the involvement of S. aureus SAgs and anti-SAg-IgE in allergy, demonstrating that being sensitized to SEs—in contrast to inhalant allergens—is associated with a severe disease course in patients with chronic airway inflammation. The mechanisms by which SAgs trigger or amplify allergic immune responses, however, are not yet fully understood. Here, we discuss known and hypothetical pathways by which SAgs can drive an atopic disease.

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23

Gogoi, Mayuri, Nilakshi Borah, and Ajanta Sharma. "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with superadded fungal infection in a neonate." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 12 (November 25, 2017): 5456. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20175473.

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Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) or acute staphylococcal epidermolysis is an exfoliative skin disease and a toxin mediated staphylococcal infection affecting mostly neonates and adolescents. We describe here a case of 10-day old full term, vaginally delivered baby weighing 1530gms presenting with erythematous lesions first developing on the face and later spreading to the entire body for the last 6 days. The mucosal areas were spared. Blood culture of the patient revealed growth of Methicllin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Culture from the skin lesions also revealed growth of MRSA with similar antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Fungal culture from the skin lesions revealed growth of Candida tropicalis. The diagnosis of SSSS was based on clinical criteria and microbiological findings.

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24

Healy, C. M. "Features of Invasive Staphylococcal Disease in Neonates." PEDIATRICS 114, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0043.

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25

Huvenne, Wouter, Peter W. Hellings, and Claus Bachert. "Role of Staphylococcal Superantigens in Airway Disease." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 161, no. 4 (2013): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000350329.

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26

Hörner, Andreas, Rosmari Hörner, Adenilde Salla, Melise Silveira Nunes, Litiérri Razia Garzon, Roberta Filipini Rampelotto, Rosiéli Martini, et al. "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a premature newborn caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: case report." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 133, no. 5 (October 2015): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2013.79400715.

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CONTEXT: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is an exfoliative skin disease. Reports of this syndrome in newborns caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are rare but, when present, rapid diagnosis and treatment is required in order to decrease morbidity and mortality. CASE REPORT: A premature newly born girl weighing 1,520 g, born with a gestational age of 29 weeks and 4 days, developed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome on the fifth day of life. Cultures on blood samples collected on the first and fourth days were negative, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus sp. (vancomycin-sensitive) developed in blood cultures performed on the day of death (seventh day), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens were identified in cultures on nasopharyngeal, buttock and abdominal secretions. In addition to these two Gram-negative bacilli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in a culture on the umbilical stump (seventh day). The diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome was based on clinical criteria.

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McAdow, Molly, Andrea C. DeDent, Carla Emolo, Alice G. Cheng, Barry N. Kreiswirth, Dominique M. Missiakas, and Olaf Schneewind. "Coagulases as Determinants of Protective Immune Responses against Staphylococcus aureus." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 10 (July 23, 2012): 3389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00562-12.

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ABSTRACTDuring infection,Staphylococcus aureussecretes two coagulases (Coa and von Willebrand factor binding protein [vWbp]), which, following an association with host prothrombin and fibrinogen, form fibrin clots and enable the establishment of staphylococcal disease. Within the genomes of differentS. aureusisolates, coagulase gene sequences are variable, and this has been exploited for a classification of types. We show here that antibodies directed against the variable prothrombin binding portion of coagulases confer type-specific immunity through the neutralization ofS. aureusclotting activity and protection from staphylococcal disease in mice. By combining variable portions of coagulases from North American isolates into hybrid Coa and vWbp proteins, a subunit vaccine that provided protection against challenge with different coagulase-typeS. aureusstrains in mice was derived.

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Anderson, James C. "Dissemination of staphylococci in mice with experimental mastitis." Journal of Dairy Research 54, no. 3 (August 1987): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900025516.

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SummaryDuring the course of an acute, fatal mastitis in mice caused by intra-mammary injection of ∼ 105 cfu of Staphylococcus aureus, small numbers of staphylococci were detected in liver, spleen, kidney and heart. Transport from the mammary gland was by the venous blood system with no evidence of lymph node involvement. Intravenous injection of 100 times more staphylococci (∼107 cfu) than were fatal by the intramammary route failed to kill the mice and small numbers of staphylococci were found in the visceral organs. However, intravenous injection of ∼ 108 cfu of Staph. aureus was fatal and large numbers of staphylococci were found in the visceral organs. Treatment with cloxacillin (500 μg) by the intramammary or subcutaneous routes, or equally divided between these two routes, cleared the visceral organs of staphylococci; subcutaneous therapy had a limited and variable effect on numbers of staphylococci in the mammary gland while intramammary and divided treatments significantly reduced the numbers of staphylococci. Thus, staphylococci are disseminated to visceral organs during acute staphylococcal mastitis, but this makes a negligible contribution to the clinical disease.

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29

Sahoo, Rasmi Ranjan, Sourav Pradhan, Akhil Pawan Goel, and Anupam Wakhlu. "Staphylococcus-associated acute glomerulonephritis in a patient with dermatomyositis." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 1 (January 2021): e236695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236695.

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Staphylococcus-associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN) occurs as a complication of staphylococcal infection elsewhere in the body. Dermatomyositis (DM) can be associated with glomerulonephritis due to the disease per se. We report a case of a 40-year-old male patient with DM who presented with acute kidney injury, and was initially pulsed with methylprednisolone for 3 days, followed by dexamethasone equivalent to 1 mg/kg/day prednisolone. He was subsequently found to have SAGN on kidney biopsy along with staphylococcus bacteraemia and left knee septic arthritis. With proof of definitive infection, intravenous immunoglobulin 2 g/kg over 2 days was given and steroids were reduced. He was treated with intravenous vancomycin. With treatment, the general condition of the patient improved. On day 38, he developed infective endocarditis and died of congestive heart failure subsequently. Undiagnosed staphylococcal sepsis complicating a rheumatological disease course can lead to complications like SAGN, infective endocarditis and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, as is exemplified by our case.

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30

Tilahun, Ashenafi Y., Melissa Karau, Alessandro Ballard, Miluka P. Gunaratna, Anusa Thapa, Chella S. David, Robin Patel, and Govindarajan Rajagopalan. "The Impact ofStaphylococcus aureus-Associated Molecular Patterns on Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Toxic Shock Syndrome and Pneumonia." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/468285.

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Staphylococcus aureusis capable of causing a spectrum of human illnesses. During seriousS. aureusinfections, the staphylococcal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, and lipoproteins and even intactS. aureus, are believed to act in conjunction with the staphylococcal superantigens (SSAg) to activate the innate and adaptive immune system, respectively, and cause immunopathology. However, recent studies have shown that staphylococcal PAMPs could suppress inflammation by several mechanisms and protect from staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, a life-threatening systemic disease caused by toxigenicS. aureus. Given the contradictory pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of staphylococcal PAMPs, we examined the effects ofS. aureus-derived molecular patterns on immune responses driven by SSAgin vivousing HLA-DR3 and HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice. Our study showed that neitherS. aureus-derived peptidoglycans (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), nor heat-killedStaphylococcus aureus(HKSA) inhibited SSAg-induced T cell proliferationin vitro. They failed to antagonize the immunostimulatory effects of SSAgin vivoas determined by their inability to attenuate systemic cytokine/chemokine response and reduce SSAg-induced T cell expansion. These staphylococcal PAMPs also failed to protect HLA-DR3 as well as HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice from either SSAg-induced toxic shock or pneumonia induced by a SSAg-producing strain ofS. aureus.

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31

Dryla, Agnieszka, Sonja Prustomersky, Dieter Gelbmann, Markus Hanner, Edith Bettinger, Béla Kocsis, Tamás Kustos, Tamás Henics, Andreas Meinke, and Eszter Nagy. "Comparison of Antibody Repertoires against Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Individuals and in Acutely Infected Patients." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 3 (March 2005): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.3.387-398.2005.

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ABSTRACT The management of staphylococcal diseases is increasingly difficult with present medical approaches. Preventive and therapeutic vaccination is considered to be a promising alternative; however, little is known about immune correlates of protection and disease susceptibility. To better understand the immune recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the human host, we studied the antistaphylococcal humoral responses in healthy people in comparison to those of patients with invasive diseases. In a series of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses performed using 19 recombinant staphylococcal cell surface and secreted proteins, we measured a wide range of antibody levels, finding a pronounced heterogeneity among individuals in both donor groups. The analysis revealed marked differences in the antibody repertoires of healthy individuals with or without S. aureus carriage, as well as in those of patients in the acute phase of infection. Most importantly, we identified antigenic proteins for which specific antibodies were missing or underrepresented in infected patients. In contrast to the well-described transient nature of disease-induced antistaphylococcal immune response, it was demonstrated that high-titer antistaphylococcal antibodies are stable for years in healthy individuals. In addition, we provide evidence obtained on the basis of opsonophagocytic and neutralizing activity in vitro assays that circulating antistaphylococcal serum antibodies in healthy donors are functional. In light of these data we suggest that proper serological analysis comparing the preexisting antibody repertoires of hospitalized patients with different outcomes for nosocomial staphylococcal infections could be extremely useful for the evaluation of candidate vaccine antigens in addition to protection data generated with animal models.

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Terman, David S., and Robert K. Oldham. "Protein a and staphylococcal products in neoplastic disease." Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 4, no. 2 (January 1985): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-8428(85)80012-3.

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Burgner, David, Nigel Curtis, Anna Goodsall, Elena Xixi, and Michael Levin. "Novel Staphylococcal Superantigens in Children with Kawasaki Disease." Pediatric Research 53, no. 1 (January 2003): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200301000-00036.

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Herrlinger, Klaus R., Annette Borutta, Gabriel Meinhardt, Eduard F. Stange, and Klaus Fellermann. "Fatal Staphylococcal Sepsis in Crohn’s Disease After Infliximab." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 10, no. 5 (September 2004): 655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00054725-200409000-00024.

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35

Turnidge, John D. "High Burden of Staphylococcal Disease in Indigenous Communities." Journal of Infectious Diseases 199, no. 10 (May 15, 2009): 1416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598219.

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Strandberg, Kristi L., Jessica H. Rotschafer, Sara M. Vetter, Rebecca A. Buonpane, David M. Kranz, and Patrick M. Schlievert. "Staphylococcal Superantigens Cause Lethal Pulmonary Disease in Rabbits." Journal of Infectious Diseases 202, no. 11 (December 2010): 1690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657156.

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Bachert, Claus, Nan Zhang, Joke Patou, Thibaut van Zele, and Philippe Gevaert. "Role of staphylococcal superantigens in upper airway disease." Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 8, no. 1 (February 2008): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aci.0b013e3282f4178f.

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38

Kim, Hwan Keun, Carla Emolo, Andrea C. DeDent, Fabiana Falugi, Dominique M. Missiakas, and Olaf Schneewind. "Protein A-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies and Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus Disease in Mice." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 10 (July 23, 2012): 3460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00230-12.

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ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis a leading cause of human soft tissue infections and bacterial sepsis. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains (methicillin-resistantS. aureus[MRSA]) has prompted research into staphylococcal vaccines and preventive measures. The envelope ofS. aureusis decorated with staphylococcal protein A (SpA), which captures the Fcγ portion of immunoglobulins to prevent opsonophagocytosis and associates with the Fab portion of VH3-type B cell receptors to trigger B cell superantigen activity. Nontoxigenic protein A (SpAKKAA), when used as an immunogen in mice, stimulates humoral immune responses that neutralize the Fcγ and the VH3+Fab binding activities of SpA and provide protection from staphylococcal abscess formation in mice. Here, we isolated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against SpAKKAAthat, by binding to the triple-helical bundle fold of its immunoglobulin binding domains (IgBDs), neutralize the Fcγ and Fab binding activities of SpA. SpAKKAAMAbs promoted opsonophagocytic killing of MRSA in mouse and human blood, provided protection from abscess formation, and stimulated pathogen-specific immune responses in a mouse model of staphylococcal disease. Thus, SpAKKAAMAbs may be useful for the prevention and therapy of staphylococcal disease in humans.

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Shupp, Jeffrey W., Marti Jett, and Carol H. Pontzer. "Identification of a Transcytosis Epitope on Staphylococcal Enterotoxins." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 4 (April 2002): 2178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.4.2178-2186.2002.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) are exoproteins produced by Staphylococcus aureus that act as superantigens and have been implicated as a leading cause of food-borne disease and toxic shock. Little is known about how these molecules penetrate the gut lining and gain access to both local and systemic immune tissues. To model movement in vitro of staphylococcal enterotoxins, we have employed a monolayer system composed of crypt-like human colonic T-84 cells. SEB and SEA showed comparable dose-dependent transcytosis in vitro, while toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) exhibited increased movement at lower doses. Synthetic peptides corresponding to specific regions of the SEB molecule were tested in vitro to identify the domain of the protein involved in the transcytosis of SE. A toxin peptide of particular interest contains the amino acid sequence KKKVTAQELD, which is highly conserved across all SE. At a toxin-to-peptide ratio of 1:10, movement of SEB across the monolayers was reduced by 85%. Antisera made against the SEB peptide recognized native SEB and also inhibited SEB transcytosis. Finally, the conserved 10-amino-acid peptide inhibited transcytosis of multiple staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEA, SEE, and TSST-1. These data demonstrate that this region of the staphylococcal enterotoxins plays a distinct role in toxin movement across epithelial cells. It has implications for the prevention of staphylococcal enterotoxin-mediated disease by design of a peptide vaccine that could reduce systemic exposure to oral or inhaled superantigens. Since the sequence identified is highly conserved, it allows for a single epitope blocking the transcytosis of multiple SE.

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Ivić, Ivo, Jakica Karanović, and Mirela Pavičić-Ivelja. "Sepsis with multiple abscesses caused by staphylococcus warneri: a case report." Open Medicine 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-012-0066-0.

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AbstractCoagulase-negative Staphylococcus warneri is a rare cause of human disease, which as a rule manifests as an insidious and protracted infection of various prostheses and endovascular catheters. A case of Staphylococcus warneri sepsis with multiple abscesses in an immunocompetent patient free from the usual predisposing factors for coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection is presented. To our knowledge, this is the first case of sepsis with multiple abscesess caused by this bacterium reported in the literature.

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Ragle, Brook E., and Juliane Bubeck Wardenburg. "Anti-Alpha-Hemolysin Monoclonal Antibodies Mediate Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 7 (April 20, 2009): 2712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00115-09.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is one of the most common invasive diseases caused by this human pathogen. S. aureus alpha-hemolysin, a pore-forming cytotoxin, is an essential virulence factor in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Vaccine-based targeting of this toxin provides protection against lethal staphylococcal pneumonia in a murine model system, suggesting that a monoclonal antibody-based therapy may likewise prove to be efficacious for prevention and treatment of this disease. We report the generation of two distinct anti-alpha-hemolysin monoclonal antibodies that antagonize toxin activity, preventing human lung cell injury in vitro and protecting experimental animals against lethal S. aureus pneumonia. Each of these two monoclonal antibodies recognized an epitope within the first 50 amino acid residues of the mature toxin and blocked the formation of a stable alpha-hemolysin oligomer on the target cell surface. Active immunization with the first 50 amino acids of the toxin also conferred protection against S. aureus pneumonia. Together, these data reveal passive and active immunization strategies for prevention or therapy of staphylococcal pneumonia and highlight the potential role that a critical epitope may play in defining human susceptibility to this deadly disease.

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Chen, Xinhai, Miaomiao Shi, Xin Tong, Hwan Keun Kim, Lai-Xi Wang, Olaf Schneewind, and Dominique Missiakas. "Glycosylation-dependent opsonophagocytic activity of staphylococcal protein A antibodies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 37 (August 27, 2020): 22992–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003621117.

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Antibodies may bind to bacterial pathogens or their toxins to control infections, and their effector activity is mediated through the recruitment of complement component C1q or the engagement with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). For bacterial pathogens that rely on a single toxin to cause disease, immunity correlates with toxin neutralization. Most other bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, secrete numerous toxins and evolved multiple mechanisms to escape opsonization and complement killing. Several vaccine candidates targeting defined surface antigens of S. aureus have failed to meet clinical endpoints. It is unclear that such failures can be solely attributed to the poor selection of antibody targets. Thus far, studies to delineate antibody-mediated uptake and killing of Gram-positive pathogens remain extremely limited. Here, we exploit 3F6-hIgG1, a human monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes the abundant surface-exposed Staphylococcal protein A (SpA). We find that galactosylation of 3F6-hIgG1 that favors C1q recruitment is indispensable for opsonophagocytic killing of staphylococci and for protection against bloodstream infection in animals. However, the simple removal of fucosyl residues, which results in reduced C1q binding and increased engagement with FcγR, maintains the opsonophagocytic killing and protective attributes of the antibody. We confirm these results by engineering 3F6-hIgG1 variants with biased binding toward C1q or FcγRs. While the therapeutic benefit of monoclonal antibodies against infectious disease agents may be debatable, the functional characterization of such antibodies represents a powerful tool for the development of correlates of protection that may guide future vaccine trials.

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Hodille, Elisabeth, Warren Rose, Binh An Diep, Sylvain Goutelle, Gerard Lina, and Oana Dumitrescu. "The Role of Antibiotics in Modulating Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 30, no. 4 (July 19, 2017): 887–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00120-16.

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SUMMARY Staphylococcus aureus is often involved in severe infections, in which the effects of bacterial virulence factors have great importance. Antistaphylococcal regimens should take into account the different effects of antibacterial agents on the expression of virulence factors and on the host's immune response. A PubMed literature search was performed to select relevant articles on the effects of antibiotics on staphylococcal toxin production and on the host immune response. Information was sorted according to the methods used for data acquisition (bacterial strains, growth models, and antibiotic concentrations) and the assays used for readout generation. The reported mechanisms underlying S. aureus virulence modulation by antibiotics were reviewed. The relevance of in vitro observations is discussed in relation to animal model data and to clinical evidence extracted from case reports and recommendations on the management of toxin-related staphylococcal diseases. Most in vitro data point to a decreased level of virulence expression upon treatment with ribosomally active antibiotics (linezolid and clindamycin), while cell wall-active antibiotics (beta-lactams) mainly increase exotoxin production. In vivo studies confirmed the suppressive effect of clindamycin and linezolid on virulence expression, supporting their utilization as a valuable management strategy to improve patient outcomes in cases of toxin-associated staphylococcal disease.

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Le, Hao Hong Thi, Anders Dalsgaard, Paal Skytt Andersen, Huong Minh Nguyen, Yen Thi Ta, and Trung Thanh Nguyen. "Large-Scale Staphylococcus aureus Foodborne Disease Poisoning Outbreak among Primary School Children." Microbiology Research 12, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12010005.

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A large-scale food poisoning outbreak happened at a school canteen in Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam, in 2018, resulting in the hospitalization of 352 students with clinical symptoms indicative of a staphylococcal food poisoning. A subsequent laboratory investigation detected Staphylococcus aureus in two food items—deep-fried shrimp and chicken floss—at up to 103 CFU/mL, and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in chicken floss at ≥0.211 ng SEs/g. S. aureus was also isolated from patients’ vomit and stool samples, and kitchen workers’ stool samples, as well as in frozen chicken meat, but not on the kitchen workers’ hand surfaces, suggesting the cause of this food poisoning outbreak was S. aureus contamination of the chicken meat. Molecular characterization revealed the S. aureus strains isolated from all samples were closely related; all belonged to sequence type (ST) ST6 and spa type t701 and carried both sea and sec genes. This SE-producing strain was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, while still susceptible to oxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, methicillin, and vancomycin. Since S. aureus food poisonings are often underreported, our investigation added to the sparse qualitative and quantitative data of pathogenic S. aureus monitoring and surveillance in Vietnam, providing needed knowledge to guide preventative measures for future outbreaks.

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Kalashnikova, V. A. "MOLECULAR TYPING OF METHICILLIN-SUSCEPTIBLE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MSSA), ISOLATED FROM MONKEYS, BASED ON COAGULASE GENE POLYMORPHISM." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-3-30-57-62.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a very dangerous microorganism that causes more than 100 nosological forms of disease in humans and animals, including pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, food toxicoinfections, wound abscess, etc. Numerous studies on genotyping Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from humans, food and bovine mastitis have been carried out. The lack of information on the genotyping of these pathogens detected in monkeys living in captivity served as a stimulus to conduct a similar research, since staphylococcal infections in the primates are widespread. The present study is devoted to the study of the polymorphism of a variable region of the coagulase gene and to the typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from monkeys of different species kept at Adler monkey farm. 115 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were studied using phenotypic and molecular genetic methods. Genotyping was performed using PCR, real-time PCR and PCR with subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP). A real-time PCR analysis allowed to classify all Staphylococcus aureus as methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (MSSA). After amplification of a variable region of the coagulase gene, 4 types of amplicons of 600, 700, 800, and 900 bp were generated. This data demonstrates structural differences of this gene in the studied isolates. The coagulase gene of 900 bp prevailed. The use of the Cfo1 endonuclease allowed to identify 23 different restriction profiles of the coa gene, but only three of them predominated. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with seven types of coagulase gene were found only in the lungs of monkeys that died of pneumonia. The results obtained suggest that these isolates have tropism for lung tissue. Among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pneumonia cases, isolates with three types of the coa gene prevailed. Staphylococcus aureus of eleven types of coagulase gene can be attributed to the invasive isolates, since they were detected in the tissues of various organs. Staphylococcal infection in monkeys kept at the monkey farm is caused by genotypically heterogeneous population of Staphylococcus aureus.

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UMEDA, Kaoru, Jun OGASAWARA, and Atsushi HASE. "Prevalence of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin and Enterotoxin-like Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Relatedto Foodborne Disease." Japanese Journal of Food Microbiology 29, no. 2 (2012): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5803/jsfm.29.114.

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Rodrigues, Cristina F. "Staphylococcal Scarlet Fever in a Child." Neonatology and Clinical Pediatrics 8, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.24966/ncp-878x/100071.

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48

EYKYN, S. "STAPHYLOCOCCAL SEPSIS The Changing Pattern of Disease and Therapy." Lancet 331, no. 8577 (January 1988): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90294-2.

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Chambers, Henry F. "Editorial Commentary: Staphylococcal Purpura Fulminans: A Toxin‐Mediated Disease?" Clinical Infectious Diseases 40, no. 7 (April 2005): 948–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/428584.

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Yeruham, I., S. Perl, D. Elad, and Y. Avidar. "A Generalized Staphylococcal Scalded Skin-Like Disease in Lambs." Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B 46, no. 9 (November 1999): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.1999.00272.x.

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