Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Starch – Microscopy'

The possibilities of novel catalytic scanning probe lithography (cSPL) on starch using α-amylase was investigated. For this thin homogeneous layers of starch with good coverage were prepared by spin coating a starch solution on a silicon base. Amylase immobilized to an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever tip were prepared and dragged along a spin coated starch surface. This after verifying the enzyme immobilization method using (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) on a silicon surface. In addition an unmodified cantilever tip were dipped in amylase solution and were dragged along a starch surface to investigate possibilities of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). The preliminary experiments with AFM based enzymatic lithography were promising but non-conclusive. There are still many parameters not fully explored such as water availability, activity and reach of the amylase, speed of the enzymatic process and difference in structure between the starch and the shorter saccharides that are left after the hydrolysis

The sun is the primary source of all chemical energy on the planet. Starch granules have evolved as storage deposits for captured light energy. Many complex biological functions take place at the starch granule surface, including starch granule metabolism and defense. The starch granule-associated protein puroindoline is a known antimicrobial with unique functional and biological properties, attributed to the presence of a unique tryptophan-rich domain. To test puroindoline's tight association, puroindoline removed from the starch granule surface during water-washing was assessed. Washing more than eight times failed to further reduce puroindoline content of starch granules, suggesting a strong association of puroindoline with the starch granule surface. To identify the tryptophan-rich domain tightly associated with the starch granule surface, we used a combination of in situ tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry. We identified the tryptophan-rich domain of puroindoline directly bound to the starch granule surface of wheat. This is the first instance of the tryptophan-rich domain directly observed at the starch granule surface. In addition, using mass spectrometry, we determined that during development and maturation, wheat seeds appear to have resisted infection and lysed the pathogens where, upon desiccation, the molecular evidence remained fixed at the starch granule surface. Proteins with known antimicrobial activity were identified, as well as several proteins from the plant pathogens Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and X. oryzae. Future characterization may reveal previously unknown host-pathogen interactions. Finally, we have demonstrated that puroindoline, when expressed in the seeds of transgenic corn, will localize and associate with the starch granule surface in a pattern similar to the puroindoline expression pattern observed in wheat. Surprisingly, puroindoline expression in transgenic corn is correlated with an increase in total seed oil content.

14 humans and 6 faunal dental calculus samples from the medieval necropolis of Santa Maria do Olival, Tomar were selected for microdebris, isotopes, trace elements and organic residues analyses. The major aim of the study was to setup methods for analysis of dental calculus to complement information from bones and teeth. The isotopic values from dental calculi of humans and fauna were comparable to those from bone collagen and led to similar conclusions on dietary practices. Trace element values from human and faunal calculi followed similar trends to their respective bones. Microscopy yielded stray phytoliths from the Poaceae family and no silica skeletons or starch grains. Organic residues analysis indicated a diet based on protein and carbohydrates. Evidences of poor air quality due to char substances from incomplete combustion of wood and biomass were found. Since this is a pilot study, sample size is restricted. The direction of future research on dental calculus is to analyse a large quantity of samples to generate standard range of values for isotopes and trace element concentrations; Resumo: O estudo interdisciplinar do cálculo dentário no esqueleto é feito no cemitério de Santa Maria do Olival (Tomar, Portugal) - 15th to 16th século A.D. Foram selecionadas 14 amostras de humanos e 6 amostras de cálculo dentário da fauna da necrópole medieval de Santa Maria do Olival, Tomar, para análises de microdíbris, isótopos, oligoelementos e resíduos orgânicos. O principal objetivo do estudo foi configurar métodos para análise de cálculo dentário para complementar informações de ossos e dentes. Os valores isotópicos dos cálculos dentários de humanos e fauna foram comparáveis aos do colágeno ósseo e levaram a conclusões semelhantes sobre práticas alimentares. Os valores dos elementos de traço dos cálculos humanos e faunísticos seguiram tendências semelhantes aos seus respectivos ossos. A microscopia produziu fitólitos dispersos da família Poaceae e nenhum esqueleto de sílica ou grãos de amido. A análise de resíduos orgânicos indicou uma dieta baseada em proteínas e carboidratos. Evidências de baixa qualidade do ar devido a substâncias carbonatadas de combustão incompleta de madeira e biomassa foram encontradas. Como este é um estudo piloto, o tamanho da amostra é restrito. A direção de pesquisas futuras sobre cálculo dentário é analisar uma grande quantidade de amostras para gerar uma faixa padrão de valores para isótopos e concentrações de elementos traços.

In about 30 years of experiments and development, impulse drying is now considered as a well known technology and a good candidate in the constant effort to save energy in the paper industry. The drying section is indeed the most expensive section in the process of paper production. However, this potential technology has a major disadvantage, stopping its implementation in the industry. Paper, which is a porous material with a variable compressibility, experienced a sudden release of energy at the nip opening during impulse drying. Under these conditions of high intensity process (both in temperature and pressure), the fiber mat has a tendency to delaminate. This web disruption is a critical issue against impulse drying. This thesis comes up with a new approach to the problem. These last years, the technology itself has been addressed in this issue and many improvements have been reached in terms of energy release (heat transfer control, material coating ). The novel idea is then to investigate the inner structure of the paper once it has been coated with starch to a large extent (up to 10 or 20% of the relative basis weight). Starch is known for its large use in industry, but also its capability to expand under high temperature. Hence, both relative strength and bulking effects are investigated in this thesis, using numerous experiments with variable temperatures and pressures, along with ultrasonic testing and image analysis. We have the opportunity to appreciate the phenomenon of heat transfer and mass transport in the coated medium, while reaching promising results in terms of strength and bulk. These are finally investigated using scanning electron microscopy as a first step toward a pore expansion model for starch imbued handsheets.

O acúmulo de açúcares solúveis observados em banana madura é resultado da ação de diversas enzimas que atuam sob o amido acumulado durante o seu desenvolvimento. Este processo pode ocorrer fora da planta e, em um período relativamente curto conhecido como amadurecimento. A rápida mobilização associado à escassez de trabalhos que enfoquem o processo de degradação de amido em órgãos que armazenam amido temporariamente, como bananas, o objetivo desse estudo foi localizar cultivares que se comportem diferente do modelo Nanicão, que é objeto de estudo do laboratório há muito tempo, sendo por isso, a cultivar mais conhecida e estudada. Bananas pertencentes a diferentes grupos genômicos foram selecionadas e analisadas, sendo elas: Nanicão (AAA), Terra (AAB), Mysore (AAB), Pacovan (AAB) e Figo (ABB). Quanto aos parâmetros de amadurecimento analisados, as cultivares Nanicão, Terra e Pacovan tiveram um comportamento climatérico típico. A sacarose foi o açúcar predominante em todas as cultivares seguida pela glicose e frutose que mantiveram uma proporção 1: 1. A cultivar Nanicão teve maiores teores de açúcares solúveis seguida pela Figo, Pacovan, Terra e Mysore. Em extrato bruto de banana, os maiores valores de atividade da β-amilase foi verificada nos estágios finais do amadurecimento, enquanto que a da α-amilase foi, praticamente, constante durante o período analisado, com exceção da Figo. Para detectar a presença das amido-fosforilases foi realizado ensaio, em extrato bruto de banana, de eletroforese em condições nãodesnaturantes (PAGE-nativo) e, duas bandas com atividade foram visualizadas nas cultivares, com exceção da Mysore. O inicio do processo de degradação de amido ocorreu anterior a produção autocatalítica de etileno e, as cultivares tiveram diferentes percentuais de degradação de amido, sendo os maiores obtidos na Pacovan seguida pela Mysore, Nanicão, Figo e Terra. Os grânulos de amido das cultivares Terra e Figo mostraram-se resistentes a hidrólise enzimática. Todas as cultivares tiveram atividade de α e β-amilase associadas aos grânulos presentes desde as fases iniciais do amadurecimento. Somente na cultivar Mysore a atividade ligada da α-amilase foi superior ao da β-amilase. O conteúdo de amilose e a distribuição de tamanhos de cadeias da amilopectina não tiveram grandes variações ao longo do amadurecimento. As micrografias revelaram que com o avanço do amadurecimento as superfícies dos grânulos de amido sofrem a exposição de estruturas, os anéis de crescimento, decorrentes da ação de enzimas. As imagens de microscopia de força atômica relevaram a presença de estruturas semelhantes ao modelo dos bloquetes na superfície dos grânulos de amido em banana.
The soluble sugars accumulation in mature banana is consequence of several enzymes action on accumulate starch obtained during its development processo The starch degradation can occur outside the plant in a relatively short time called ripening. Associate at the faster starch mobilization, few works are available focusing this process in organs that store starch temporarily like banana. The aim of this study was identified cultivars that show different pattern of starch degradation when compared with Nanicão model. Bananas of different genomic groups were selected and analyzed, Nanicão (AAA), Terra (AAB), Mysore (AAB), Pacovan (AAB) and Figo (ABB). The Nanicão, Terra and Pacovan cultivars had a typical c1imacteric behavior. Sucrose was the predominant sugar followed by glucose and fructose that maintained 1:1 ratio, in all cultivars. Nanicão had the higher leveis of soluble sugars followed by Figo, Pacovan, Terra and Mysore. The onset of starch degradation seems to be independent of ethylene. The higher activities of β-amylase, in banana pulp, was obtained in the last ripening stages, while α-amylase activities was constant and low at Nanicão and Pacovan. Two bands with activities were visualized in native PAGE which corresponded to cytosolic and plastidial forms of starchphosphorylases, with exception of Mysore. All cultivars had different perceptual of starch degradation and the higher one was observed at Pacovan, followed by Mysore, Nanicão, Figo and Terra. Starches granules of Terra and Figo showed to be resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis. All cultivars had α and β-amylase activities associated to granule throughout the ripening process. Only Mysore showed aamylase activity associated to granule higher than β-amylase. No significant change along the ripening was observed in amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution. The micrographs revealed that granule surface suffer changes along the ripening, exposing structures called growth rings. The Atomic Force Microscopy revealed the presence of blockets at banana granule surface.

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Nas últimas décadas, têm aumentado substancialmente a quantidade de pesquisas focando no desenvolvimento e caracterização de materiais biodegradáveis, particularmente, filmes comestíveis. O uso de polímeros de fontes renováveis, preparados a partir de produtos vegetais, vem ganhando importância nessa abordagem. O concentrado de proteína de soja e amido de mandioca podem ser considerados uma alternativa aos polímeros petroquímicos. O processamento pela radiação ionizante pode ser empregado para a modificação de polímeros e macromoléculas, resultando em novos materiais com grandes perspectivas de utilização industrial. A indústria de alimentos, uma das indústrias tradicionalmente mais inovadoras, exige o desenvolvimento constante de novos produtos. A capacidade de proteínas e polissacarídeos de formar filmes, amplamente conhecida, é um ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais que atendam os variados requerimentos dessa pungente indústria. Neste trabalho elaboraram-se filmes a base de fécula de mandioca e proteína isolada de soja em duas proporções diferentes e posteriormente irradiados e analisados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas, cor, absorção de água, permeabilidade ao vapor de agua, análise térmica TGA e DSC entre outros. Os filmes tornaram-se aparentemente mais solúveis e menos resistentes a perfuração com o aumento da dose de radiação aplicada. Com relação às propriedades térmicas observou-se que os filmes com maior proporção de proteína são mais resistentes. Os filmes apresentaram-se menos permeáveis na dose de 40 kGy, e, com relação a absorção de água, esta foi reduzida em função da dose de radiação. Filmes com boa resistência ao vapor de água e com reduzida absorção podem ser considerados adequados para embalagens de alimentos. A radiação mostrou ser uma ferramenta conveniente na modificação de materiais poliméricos principalmente para elaboração de filmes solúveis onde esta é uma nova tendência para embalagens bioativas.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Unter geeigneten Wachstumsbedingungen weisen Algenkulturen oft eine größere Produktivität der Zellen auf, als sie bei höheren Pflanzen zu beobachten ist. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii-Zellen sind vergleichsweise klein. So beträgt das Zellvolumen während des vegetativen Zellzyklus etwa 50–3500 µm³. Im Vergleich zu höheren Pflanzen ist in einer Algensuspension die Konzentration der Biomasse allerdings gering. So enthält beispielsweise 1 ml einer üblichen Konzentration zwischen 10E6 und 10E7 Algenzellen. Quantifizierungen von Metaboliten oder Makromolekülen, die zur Modellierung von zellulären Prozessen genutzt werden, werden meist im Zellensemble vorgenommen. Tatsächlich unterliegt jedoch jede Algenzelle einer individuellen Entwicklung, die die Identifizierung charakteristischer allgemeingültiger Systemparameter erschwert. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, biochemisch relevante Messgrößen in-vivo und in-vitro mit Hilfe optischer Verfahren zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde ein Puls-Amplituden-Modulation(PAM)-Fluorimetriemessplatz zur Messung der durch äußere Einflüsse bedingten veränderlichen Chlorophyllfluoreszenz an einzelnen Zellen vorgestellt. Die Verwendung eines kommerziellen Mikroskops, die Implementierung empfindlicher Nachweiselektronik und einer geeignete Immobilisierungsmethode ermöglichten es, ein Signal-zu-Rauschverhältnis zu erreichen, mit dem Fluoreszenzsignale einzelner lebender Chlamydomonas-Zellen gemessen werden konnten. Insbesondere wurden das Zellvolumen und der als Maß für die Effizienz des Photosyntheseapparats bzw. die Zellfitness geltende Chlorophyllfluoreszenzparameter Fv/Fm ermittelt und ein hohes Maß an Heterogenität dieser zellulären Parameter in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien der synchronisierten Chlamydomonas-Zellen festgestellt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurden die bildgebende Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie und anschließende Bilddatenanalyse zur quantitativen Erfassung der wachstumsabhängigen zellulären Parameter angewandt. Ein kommerzielles konfokales Mikroskop wurde um die Möglichkeit der nichtlinearen Mikroskopie erweitert. Diese hat den Vorteil einer lokalisierten Anregung, damit verbunden einer höheren Ortsauflösung und insgesamt geringeren Probenbelastung. Weiterhin besteht neben der Signalgewinnung durch Fluoreszenzanregung die Möglichkeit der Erzeugung der Zweiten Harmonischen (SHG) an biophotonischen Strukturen, wie der zellulären Stärke. Anhand der Verteilungsfunktionen war es möglich mit Hilfe von modelltheoretischen Ansätzen zelluläre Parameter zu ermitteln, die messtechnisch nicht unmittelbar zugänglich sind. Die morphologischen Informationen der Bilddaten ermöglichten die Bestimmung der Zellvolumina und die Volumina subzellularer Strukturen, wie Nuclei, extranucleäre DNA oder Stärkegranula. Weiterhin konnte die Anzahl subzellulärer Strukturen innerhalb einer Zelle bzw. eines Zellverbunds ermittelt werden. Die Analyse der in den Bilddaten enthaltenen Signalintensitäten war Grundlage einer relativen Konzentrationsbestimmung von zellulären Komponenten, wie DNA bzw. Stärke. Mit dem hier vorgestellten Verfahren der nichtlinearen Mikroskopie und nachfolgender Bilddatenanalyse konnte erstmalig die Verteilung des zellulären Stärkegehalts in einer Chlamydomonas-Population während des Wachstums bzw. nach induziertem Stärkeabbau verfolgt werden. Im weiteren Verlauf wurde diese Methode auch auf Gefrierschnitte höherer Pflanzen, wie Arabidopsis thaliana, angewendet. Im Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass viele zelluläre Parameter, wie das Volumen, der zelluläre DNA- und Stärkegehalt bzw. die Anzahl der Stärkegranula durch eine Lognormalverteilung, mit wachstumsabhängiger Parametrisierung, beschrieben werden. Zelluläre Parameter, wie Stoffkonzentration und zelluläres Volumen, zeigen keine signifikanten Korrelationen zueinander, woraus geschlussfolgert werden muss, dass es ein hohes Maß an Heterogenität der zellulären Parameter innerhalb der synchronisierten Chlamydomonas-Populationen gibt. Diese Aussage gilt sowohl für die als homogenste Form geltenden Synchronkulturen von Chlamydomonas reinhardtii als auch für die gemessenen zellulären Parameter im intakten Zellverbund höherer Pflanzen. Dieses Ergebnis ist insbesondere für modelltheoretische Betrachtungen von Relevanz, die sich auf empirische Daten bzw. zelluläre Parameter stützen welche im Zellensemble gemessen wurden und somit nicht notwendigerweise den zellulären Status einer einzelnen Zelle repräsentieren.
Under appropriate growth conditions cells of algae cultures often show a greater productivity than it is observed for cells in higher plants. The cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are relatively small. The cell volume during the vegetative cell cycle ranges only between 50-3500 µm³. Compared to higher plants the concentration of biomass in an algal suspension is small. Thus, 1 ml of a suspension with a standard concentration contains between 10E6 and 10E7 algal cells. Quantification of metabolites or macromolecules, which are used for modeling of cellular processes, is usually carried out in the cell ensemble. However, every single algal cell undergoes an individual development, which makes the identification of characteristic universal system parameters far more complicated. The aim of this work was to identify and quantify relevant biochemical parameters, which were measured in vivo and in vitro using optical methods. In the first part, a Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) measuring station was introduced to measure the variable chlorophyll fluorescence of individual cells. A commercial microscope was combined with sensitive detection electronics and the application of suitable immobilization methods. This allowed the achievement of a signal-to-noise ratio which made it possible to measure the fluorescence signals of individual living Chlamydomonas cells. In particular, cell volume and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm as a measure of the photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and cell fitness were determined. A high degree of cellular heterogeneity of these parameters in different development stages of synchronized Chlamydomonas cells was determined. In the second part, the imaging laser scanning microscopy and subsequent image analysis for quantitative detection of the growth-dependent cellular parameters were applied. A commercial confocal microscope was extended by the possibility of non-linear microscopy. Hereby, a more localized excitation of the samples was possible. Hence, a higher spatial resolution and lower overall sample stressing were achieved. Besides signal generation through fluorescence excitation, second harmonic generation (SHG) on biophotonic structures, such as cellular starch, was applied. Based on distribution functions cellular parameters were determined by using theoretical model approaches. This allowed the characterization of parameters that were not directly accessible by measurement. The morphological information of the image data enabled the determination of cell volume and volumes of sub-cellular structures such as nuclei, extra-nuclear DNA, and starch granules. Furthermore, the number of sub-cellular structures within a cell or a cell compound was determined. Analysis of signal intensities constituted the basis of relative quantification of cellular components such as DNA and starch. For the first time, the method of non-linear microscopy and subsequent image analysis enabled the characterization of the cellular starch distribution of a Chlamydomonas population during cell growth, and after induced starch degradation, respectively. Subsequently, this method was additionally applied to frozen sections of higher plants like Arabidopsis thaliana. As a result it was shown that many cellular parameters like volume, cellular DNA content, and number of starch granules are described by means of a log-normal distribution with growth-related parameterization. Cellular parameters, such as concentration and cellular volume, showed no significant correlations among each other. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a high degree of cellular parameter heterogeneity within synchronized Chlamydomonas populations. This applies not only to synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which are currently considered as the most homogeneous form, but also to measured cellular parameters of intact cell assemblies in higher plants. The result is especially important for model-theoretic considerations, which are based on empirical data, and cellular parameters obtained from cell ensembles, respectively.

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Corn and cassava starches are used thoroughly in several industrial applications. Due to some intrinsic characteristics, chemical modifications in the structure of the starch granules have been developed. In this study, thermo-analytical techniques (TG/DTA and DSC), optical microscopy and X ray diffratometry were used in the analysis of acid-modified (0.15M HCl at temperatures of 30°C and 50 °C), oxidized with different hypochlorite concentrations (0.8; 2 e 5 g Cl/100 g starch) and native corn and cassava starches. The granules of native starches presented characteristic morphology. The morphology of the granules didn't show alteration after oxidative modification but they had alterations in the external morphology after acid treatment. Through the X ray diffraction, it was confirmed the typical crystallinity of cereals and tubers of the native corn and cassava starches, respectively. After modifications there were no differences in the crystallinity patterns. The corn starch enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) reduced after oxidative modification, the same didn't happen for cassava starch. In general, as larger the oxidation degree, larger the enthalpy of elatinization and more exothermic were the reactions of starch decomposition. The onset temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp) and the enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) reduced after acid modification for the starches of both botanical sources.
O amido é uma matéria-prima oriunda de diferentes origens botânicas. Amidos de milho e de mandioca são amplamente utilizados em diversos ramos industriais. Devido a algumas características intrínsecas dos amidos nativos, tem-se optado por realizar modificações químicas na estrutura dos grânulos. Neste estudo, foram empregadas técnicas termoanalíticas (TG/DTA e DSC) e de microscopia óptica na análise de amidos de milho e de mandioca nativos, ácido modificados por HCl 0,15M a 30°C e a 50°C e oxidados com diferentes concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio (0,8; 2 e 5 g Cl/100g de amido). A termogravimetria (TG) e a análise térmica diferencial (DTA) foram realizadas simultaneamente nas seguintes condições: massa da amostra de aproximadamente 9,0 mg em cadinho de α-Al2O3; atmosfera de ar sintético a uma vazão de 100 mL min-1; razão de aquecimento: 20 °C min-1, de 30 °C a 600 °C. Cada amostra levada à analise por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foi misturada à água (proporção amido:água de 1:4) e foi deixada em repouso por pelo menos duas horas. Com auxílio de micro-pipeta, retirou-se 10 μL da suspensão que foi inserida em um microcadinho de alumínio posteriormente selado. A DSC foi realizada nas seguintes condições: atmosfera de ar sintético a 100 mL min-1; razão de aquecimento: 5 °C min-1, de 30 °C a 100 °C. Os grânulos de amido nativo de milho e de mandioca apresentaram morfologia característica e sofreram alterações na sua morfologia externa somente após tratamento ácido. Através da difratometria de raios X confirmou-se a cristalinidade típica de cereais e tuberosas dos amidos nativos de milho e de mandioca, respectivamente. Após as modificações não foi obtida diferença nos padrões de cristalinidade. As temperaturas onset (To) e de pico (Tp) e a entalpia de gelatinização (ΔHgel) reduziram após modificação ácida para os amidos de ambas as fontes botânicas estudadas. A entalpia de gelatinização do amido de milho reduziu após oxidação, o mesmo não ocorreu para o amido de mandioca. Em geral, quanto maior o grau de oxidação, maior a entalpia de gelatinização e mais exotérmicas foram as reações de decomposição dos amidos.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta tesis fue la obtención y caracterización de films biodegradables con características antimicrobianas y/o antioxidantes a partir de quitosano (CH). Para modular sus propiedades y mejorar su funcionalidad, se estudió la combinación con otras matrices poliméricas: almidón de trigo (WS), polivinil alcohol (PVA) y ácido poliláctico (PLA). Además se incorporaron aceites esenciales (EO) de tomillo (Th) o albahaca (B), ¿-tocoferol (Tp) y ácido cítrico (CA). Se evaluó el efecto del tratamiento de homogenización de las dispersiones formadoras de films (FFD) en films de quitosano con EO en diferentes proporciones. La microfluidización dio lugar a una reducción en el tamaño de gota, a una mayor carga superficial de las mismas y una menor viscosidad de las dispersiones. Además, intensificó todos los efectos provocados por la incorporación de EO sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los films debido a potenciación de las interacciones con el polímero. A baja proporción de EO, la microfluidización mejoró las propiedades de barrera al vapor de agua de los films, pero no tuvo un impacto significativo en la permeabilidad al oxígeno. Los films ejercieron un papel protector frente a la oxidación en grasa de cerdo. La presencia de EO en los films, a pesar de aumentar la permeabilidad al oxígeno, dio lugar a una menor velocidad de oxidación de las muestras (especialmente a alta humedad relativa), probablemente por el efecto antioxidante de los componentes de los EO. Los films de quitosano se mostraron efectivos en el control del deterioro microbiano cuando se aplicaron en carne de cerdo picada, pero la incorporación de los EO no mejoró su actividad antimicrobiana. Se incorporó CH en films de WS en diferentes proporciones. La adición de CH en cantidades crecientes dio lugar a un aumento en la viscosidad y estabilidad de las FFD. Ambos polímeros mostraron un alto grado de compatibilidad lo que dio lugar a una microestructura homogénea. El aumento de la proporción de CH dio lugar a films con mejores propiedades mecánicas ya que el CH pareció inhibir la retrogradación del almidón. Los films WS:CH dieron lugar a una reducción de la carga microbiana cuando se aplicaron en muestras de carne de cerdo picada. Se incorporaron diferentes antioxidantes (aceite esencial de tomillo y albahaca, ácido cítrico y ¿-tocoferol) en films mezcla de WS (80%) y CH (20%). Los films presentaron una microestructura heterogénea por la inmiscibilidad de componentes, principalmente el film con ¿-tocoferol que presentó separación de fases. Esto llevó asociado una superficie más rugosa, con menor brillo y, en el caso del ¿-tocoferol, un color más amarillo. No obstante la incorporación de antioxidantes conllevó un aumento de la transparencia y una disminución de la permeabilidad al oxígeno. El CA provocó un aumento en el módulo de elasticidad y un descenso de la extensibilidad de los films. La incorporación de CH en matrices de PVA dio lugar a films altamente homogéneos, debido a la compatibilidad de ambos polímeros. Se obtuvieron films más resistentes y rígidos, pero menos extensibles. Se observó una reducción del grado de cristalinidad y un aumento de la estabilidad térmica, además de una reducción de la trasmisión de la luz UV. Así mismo, cuando se aplicaron a muestras de carne de cerdo picada presentaron una acción antimicrobiana. La incorporación de CH en una matriz de PLA mediante extrusión no afectó al comportamiento térmico del PLA ni a su grado de cristalinidad. Ambos polímeros se mostraron incompatibles. La reducción del tamaño de las partículas de CH minimizó el impacto negativo sobre las propiedades mecánicas y de barrera al vapor de agua. En su aplicación a muestras de carne de cerdo picada, la presencia de CH mejoró las propiedades antimicrobianas de los films.
Bonilla Lagos, MJ. (2013). Desarrollo de films y recubrimientos comestibles bio-activos como soporte de agentes antioxidantes y antimicrobianos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/28370
TESIS

Des etudes structurales et ultrastructurales ont ete entreprises sur d'une part des grains d'amidon et d'autre part des complexes cristallins d'amylose obtenus par recristallisation a partir de solutions. Ces etudes ont necessite le developpement d'une methodologie de microscopie electronique appliquee aux biopolymeres hydrates et sensibles aux radiations electroniques. L'ultrastructure cristalline des grains d'amidon a ete abordee par la mise au point d'une technique d'observation d'ultracoupes de grains apres erosion de la resine d'inclusion. Cette methode permet en particulier une analyse des echantillons par imagerie et diffraction des electrons. L'analyse de l'architecture cristalline des spherocristaux d'amylose de type a et de type b a revele que ces objets se distinguaient par leur mode de croissance. Leurs textures sont tres differentes, ce qui peut expliquer entre autres leur difference de susceptibilite vis a vis de l'hydrolyse enzymatique. Des monocristaux d'amylose v ont ete prepares en precipitant des solutions aqueuses d'amylose par addition de non solvants. Dans ces monocristaux qui ont ete etudies par microscopie et diffraction electronique, on montre que les chaines d'amylose adoptent des conformations helicoidales a 6 ou 8 residus par tour d'helices. Les monocristaux obtenus se regroupent en quatre famille dont trois correspondent a des helices d'amylose d'ordre 6 et a une des helices d'ordre 8. Certains de ces monocristaux sont susceptibles de cristalliser sur la cellulose pour former des structures du type shish-kebab qui ont ete caracterisees

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Starch is an abundant carbohydrate in nature, can be extracted from several botanical sources and has many industrial applications, mainly in the food sector.Due to some limitations of native starch, the production of modified starch has been an alternative to overcome these restrictions and promote increase in use of this polymer. This study used techniques thermoanalitycal TG, DTA and DSC for the evaluation of thermal properties (stability, gelatinization and enthalpy). Also has been applied optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction in samples of native cassava starch, extracted in laboratory and commercial sample wich were modified by action of H2O2 in different concentrations (1, 2 and 3%) with and without addition of the catalyst FeSO4 (0,01%). The results of thermal analysis showed that the onset temperature (To) and peak (Tp), and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) vary with the degree of oxidation. The native starch granules showed characteristic morphology and only showed small changes in morphology after treatment with H2O2 in the concentration of 3%. Through X-ray diffraction can be seen the typical crystallinity of starches and were observed few changes in the patterns of crystallinity of the modified starches.
O amido é um carboidrato abundante na natureza, pode ser extraído de diversas fontes botânicas e possui muitas aplicações industriais, principalmente no ramo alimentício. Devido a algumas limitações dos amidos nativos, a produção de amidos modificados tem sido uma alternativa para superar tais restrições e promover o aumento da utilidade deste polímero. Neste estudo foram utilizadas técnicas termoanaliticas TG, DTA e DSC para a avaliação das propriedades térmicas (estabilidade, gelatinização e entalpia). Também foram aplicadas microscopia óptica e difratometria de raios X nas amostras de amido de mandioca nativo, tanto extraídos em laboratório quanto comercial, que foram modificados pela ação de H2O2 em diferentes concentrações (1, 2 e 3%) com ou sem a adição do catalisador FeSO4 (0,01%). Os resultados da análise térmica mostraram que as temperaturas onset (To) e de pico (Tp) e a entalpia de gelatinização (ΔHgel) variam de acordo com o grau de oxidação. Os grânulos do amido nativo apresentaram morfologia característica e somente apresentaram pequenas alterações após tratamento com H2O2 na concentração de 3%. Através da difratometria de raios X pode-se perceber a cristalinidade típica de amidos e para os amidos modificados foram observadas poucas alterações nos padrões de cristalinidade.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
O pinhÃo-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) à uma planta oleaginosa, pertencente à famÃlia Euphorbiaceae, cujas sementes sÃo reconhecidas como matÃria-prima com potencial para a produÃÃo de Ãleo. Essa planta tambÃm à considerada tolerante a condiÃÃes adversas, tais como dÃficit hÃdrico e deficiÃncia nutricional do solo, o que favorece o seu cultivo em regiÃes Ãridas e semiÃridas. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a germinaÃÃo e a mobilizaÃÃo das reservas de sementes e plÃntulas de pinhÃo-manso, por meio de anÃlises bioquÃmicas, fisiolÃgicas e ultraestruturais. Os parÃmetros germinativos foram negativamente afetados pelo estresse salino, observando-se reduÃÃes significativas principalmente no percentual de germinaÃÃo e no Ãndice de velocidade de germinaÃÃo. Similarmente, a matÃria seca, avaliada no eixo embrionÃrio e no endosperma, foi reduzida pela salinidade. Com relaÃÃo aos compostos de reserva, os lipÃdios foram os mais abundantes, correspondendo a 64,0% da matÃria seca do endosperma da semente quiescente. Estes compostos apresentaram forte retardo em sua mobilizaÃÃo em condiÃÃo de estresse salino. As proteÃnas, a segunda reserva mais abundante (21,3%), tambÃm tiveram sua mobilizaÃÃo severamente afetada pelo tratamento salino. O amido foi detectado em pequena quantidade (5,5%), porÃm, verificou-se o aumento transiente de seu teor aos 5 dias apÃs a semeadura (DAS), que coincidiu com a intensa mobilizaÃÃo de lipÃdios, em condiÃÃes controle. Entretanto, em condiÃÃes de estresse salino, o amido foi pouco mobilizado. Os produtos da mobilizaÃÃo das reservas, em condiÃÃes controle, principalmente os aÃÃcares nÃo-redutores e aminoÃcidos livres aumentaram no endosperma, enquanto que, sob condiÃÃes de salinidade, eles foram pouco alterados. AlÃm disso, as anÃlises citoquÃmicas e ultraestruturais confirmaram a abundante quantidade de lipÃdios e proteÃnas, sendo detectados inÃmeros corpos proteicos e lipÃdicos no citoplasma das cÃlulas endospÃrmicas dessas sementes. A salinidade tambÃm promoveu alteraÃÃes morfolÃgicas e ultraestruturais nas cÃlulas endospÃrmicas durante a germinaÃÃo e desenvolvimento de plÃntulas. O presente estudo tambÃm avaliou o metabolismo lipÃdico atravÃs da anÃlise da composiÃÃo dos Ãcidos graxos do endosperma e da anÃlise da atividade enzimÃtica e da expressÃo gÃnica das enzimas lipase, liase do isocitrato e sintase do malato. Os Ãcidos graxos insaturados foram os mais abundantes, destacando-se o oleico e o linoleico-linolÃnico, que apresentaram incrementos em seus teores, em condiÃÃes controle, ao longo do perÃodo avaliado, porÃm, sob estresse salino foram pouco alterados. A lipase apresentou incremento na sua atividade ao longo da germinaÃÃo, que coincidiu com a intensa mobilizaÃÃo de lipÃdios observada no controle. Similarmente, a reduÃÃo dessa atividade foi correspondente ao retardo na mobilizaÃÃo dos lipÃdios em condiÃÃo de estresse salino. A atividade enzimÃtica da liase do isocitrato nÃo apresentou diferenÃas significativas entre os tratamentos atà Ãs 96 horas apÃs a semeadura (HAS), porÃm apÃs esse perÃodo, verificaram-se as maiores reduÃÃes na condiÃÃo de estresse salino, quando comparado ao controle. Jà a atividade da sintase do malato foi significativamente maior em condiÃÃes controle atà Ãs 144 HAS, entretanto, a partir desse perÃodo, essa atividade se mostrou superior em condiÃÃes salinas. Verificaram-se reduÃÃes na atividade dessas enzimas em decorrÃncia do estresse, o que teve correlaÃÃo com as mudanÃas na expressÃo dos genes da lipase e liase do isocitrato. Portanto, pode-se concluir que a salinidade contribuiu para o retardo na mobilizaÃÃo dos lipÃdios, a principal reserva encontrada nas sementes de J. curcas, o que foi correlacionado a reduÃÃo na atividade das enzimas envolvidas no seu metabolismo.
Jatropha curcas L. is an oilseed species belonged to Euphorbiaceae family, whose seeds are recognized as promising source for biodiesel production. Its ability to survive in adverse conditions, such as water stress and poor nutritional soil, is noteworthy, which favors its cultivation in arid and semiarid regions. Here we evaluate the negative effects promoted by NaCl salt stress on seed germination, reserve mobilization of J. curcas through biochemical, physiological and ultrastructural analysis. The seed germination parameters were significantly affected by salt stress, being observed that the main parameters affected were germination percentage and germination speed index. Similarly, the embryo and endosperm dry mass were reduced by Na+ and Cl- increase in the medium. Considering the reserve compounds, the most abundant reserve of these seeds were the lipids, which corresponded to 64.0% of endosperm seed quiescent dry mass. They showed a stronger delay in reserve mobilization under saline conditions. Proteins were the second most important reserve (21.3%), being severally affected by salinity. The starch was detected in little amount (5.5% of quiescent seed dry mass), however there was a transient increase in this contents at 5 DAI (days after imbibition), which was correlated to the intense lipid mobilization, in control conditions. On the other hand, in salinity, it was observed that starch mobilization was reduced. The seed reserve products (mainly non-reducing sugars and free amino acids) were increased in endosperm in control in relation to quiescent seed, during germination, whereas for salt conditions, these products were few changed. Additionally, cytochemical and ultrastructural analyses confirmed the large amount of protein and lipid bodies in endosperm cells, reaching the identification of a huge amount of protein and lipid bodies. Salt stress promoted morphological and ultrastructural changes in endospermic cells, during germination and seedling development confirming the biochemical analyses. The present study also evaluated the lipid metabolism, using the fatty acid composition analysis and enzymatic and expression genic analyses for lipase, isocitrate liase, malate sintase. The unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant, highlighting oleic (C18:1) and linoleic-linolenic (C18:2; C18:3), showing increase in their contents, in control conditions, during the evaluated period. However, the fatty acids practically were not changed in salinity conditions. Lipase showed increase in their activity during germination, which corresponded to intense mobilization in lipids in control. In similar way, the reduction of this activity happened in salinity, correlating to lipid delay mobilization. The evident delay of protein and oil body mobilization could strongly affect initial seedling development. The liase isocitrate activity did not show significant differences between treatments until 96 hours after imbibition (HAI), however, following this period, it was verified the strongest reduction in salt stress condition. The activity of malate synthase was not significantly higher in control conditions until 144 HAI, however, following this period, this activity was higher in salinity. It were verified reductions in enzymatic activity due to salt stress, which were correlated to gene expression changes of lipase and isocitrate lyase. Therefore, salinity contributed negatively to lipid mobilization, the main reserve of J. curcas seeds, which was correlated to reduction in activity of the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.

A banana é considerada um bom modelo para o estudo da transformação amido-sacarose, já que acumula um alto teor de amido durante o desenvolvimento que é rapidamente degradado durante o amadurecimento. Várias enzimas e provavelmente mais de uma via metabólica estão envolvidas neste processo. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as características estruturais dos grânulos, bem como, a atuação das enzimas envolvidas em sua degradação. Os grânulos de amidos foram isolados de bananas controle (não tratadas) e submetidas a diferentes tratamentos: etileno, 1-MCP, frutos mantidos a 13°C e frutos tratados com etileno e mantidos a 13°C. Os resultados obtidos mostraram alta atividade de enzimas α e β-amilases ligadas ao grânulo tanto por ensaios in vitro como por géis de eletroforese contendo amilopectina como substrato. Os resultados obtidos para Western blot utilizando anticorpos produzidos contra essas enzimas, indicaram que a α-amilase atua no início da degradação enquanto a β-amilase foi encontrada no momento em que o amido estava em pleno processo. de degradação. Nos estudos de imunolocalização observou-se que as proteínas associadas aos grânulos de amido e em cortes do fruto demonstraram que estas enzimas estão localizadas na superfície do grânulo. As técnicas utilizadas para observação dos grânulos de amido foram a de Microscopia Óptica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Microscopia de Varredura Confocal a Laser. Os grânulos apresentaram um padrão de degradação diferenciado para cada tratamento realizado nos frutos. O teor de amilose encontrado para os amidos foi ao redor de 15%, não variando durante a degradação. O padrão de difração de Raios-X foi do tipo B em amidos de banana recém-colhidas e tipos A e B foram encontrados em amidos degradados. O grau de cristalinidade aumentou de 15% para 17% nos amidos em degradação.
Banana fruit is considered a good example for studying the starch-sucrose transformation, accumulating high starch content during the development being rapidly degraded during the ripening. Several enzymes and, probably more then one metabolic way are involved in this processo Then, the aim of this work was to study the structural characteristics of starch granules and the action of the enzymes involved in its degradation. Starch granules were isolated from bananas control (fruits without treatment), and exposed to different treatments, such as: ethylene, 1-MCP, stored fruits to 13°C and stored fruits to 13°C + ethylene. Results obtained showed high activities of enzymes α and β-amylases associated to starch granules, measured by in vitro assay and native PAGE containing amylopectin like substrate. Results obtained by Western blot using antibodies against these enzymes, indicated that α-amylase is responsible for the initial attack on the starch, and β-amylase was localized at moment that starch was in degradation processo Results of the immunolocalization of proteins associated on starch granule and proteins on banana tissue confirmed that these enzymes are localized on granule surface. When techniques of microscopy were used to starch, such as Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, was observed that granules showed a different degradation pattern, for each treatment made on fruits. Amylose content obtained for starch was around 15%, not changing during degradation. B-type diffraction pattern was found for green banana starch, and A and. B-type patterns for degraded starch. Degree of crystallinity increased from 15% to 17% for starches during degradation.

Thesis (M.S.F.S.) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Condoms have been used in sexual assaults as a means of preventing the transmission of biological fluids. Current sexual assault evidence collection kit processing protocols do not regularly take advantage of the information that can be gathered by examining residues left by condoms during intercourse. A biphasic liquid-liquid extraction technique was developed to separate polar and non-polar condom residues, which had been collected on cotton tipped swabs. This research involved the examination of twenty condom brands by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Five brands were selected to examine the consistency of this technique when the lubricants were exposed to body and storage temperature conditions for various times and in the presence of oral, vaginal, and blood samples. Additionally, starches collected from the condoms under each of the above conditions were examined. Although all lubricants were identifiable using this IR technique, the nonoxynol-9 (spermicide) containing samples produced spectra which were not identical to those produced by nonoxynol-9 standards. Although there was a decrease in the percent transmittance within IR spectra as the time between the collection and the extraction of the swabs increased, the condom residues of interest remained identifiable at all time points examined. The use of vaginal and oral swabs in the collection caused a negligible amount of background interference, which could be eliminated through spectral subtraction of the swab.
2031-01-01

La culture du blé est l’une des plus importantes au monde. Le grain de blé est un matériau composite naturel dont la majeure partie est constituée d’albumen amylacé formé d’un assemblage compact de granules d’amidons (glucides) enchâssés dans une matrice protéique (gluten). Pour obtenir des produits comme la farine, la structure de l'albumen doit être fragmentée en broyant les grains sous des fortes contraintes. La quantité et la qualité des produits obtenus dépendent du comportement de l’albumen à la fragmentation. En raison de sa nature composite, le comportement rhéologique du grain est tributaires des propriétés mécaniques des phases qui le composent (granules, gluten, pores), de leurs interactions, ainsi que de leur distribution spatiale. Les granules d’amidons sont de formes relativement sphériques et de tailles micrométriques, tandis que les protéines sont organisées en un réseau entourant les granules. L'interaction entre l'amidon et ce réseau protéique est influencée par certaines protéines, les puroindolines, dont la présence et le type d’allèle sont contrôlées génétiquement. Si les gènes codant pour les puroindolines sont présents sous forme sauvages, la dureté meunière, c’est à dire l’aptitude à la fragmentation du grain est faible. L’origine de ce comportement est liée à une adhérence limitée entre matrice protéique et amidon. L'absence totale de puroindolines chez le blé dur conduit au contraire à une dureté très élevée des grains et à une forte adhérence. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier, à partir d’une approche multidisciplinaire, la biomécanique du fractionnement du grain de blé en mettant l'accent sur le rôle des granules d'amidon. Des échelles de taille différentes sont considérées : échelle micrométrique du granule et de la matrice protéique; agencement complexe de ces composants dans l'albumen et échelle millimétrique du grain. Ainsi, des expériences de broyage à l'échelle du grain ont été combinées avec des mesures nano-mécaniques par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et des simulations numériques.Le comportement au broyage a été étudié en utilisant un micro-moulin instrumenté. Une comparaison a été effectuée entre des essais réalisés sur une variété de blé dur et sur la même variété dans laquelle ont été introduits les gènes codant pour les puroindolines. Un changement significatif du comportement mécanique des grains transformés, attribuable uniquement à la présence de puroindolines, a été observé - en termes d'énergie consommée, - de productivité en farine et - de taux d'amidon endommagé. Ces changements sont compatibles avec l'hypothèse d'une faible adhérence, entre granules d'amidon et matrice protéique, induite par la présence des puroindolines et montrent l'effet significatif de celles-ci sur le comportement à la fragmentation. Ces modifications de comportement mécanique peuvent être étudiées par des mesures AFM nano-mécaniques. Pour compléter des travaux antérieurs ayant permis la mesure des propriétés de l'amidon et du gluten, une méthode basée sur des mesures AFM en mode résonance de contact (CR-AFM) a été développée. Celle-ci permet de cartographier les propriétés directement à l'intérieur des granules d’amidon et prend en compte à travers un modèle théorique les variations importantes de topographie observées dans les sections de grains. Ces études CR-AFM de l'albumen ont ensuite porté sur les propriétés mécaniques des granules d'amidon d'origines botaniques différentes (céréales et légumineuses).Enfin, le rôle de la distribution bimodale en taille des granules d'amidon sur la fragmentation de l'albumen a été précisé à partir d’une étude numérique paramétrique détaillée. Les propriétés mécaniques élastiques et à la rupture ont été analysées en détail, ainsi que le rôle dominant de la ténacité des granules et de l'adhérence à l'interface sur l’endommagement de l’amidon
The wheat grain is a natural composite material of worldwide importance. The major part of the grain is the starchy endosperm. To obtain food products, such as flour, the endosperm’s compact structure needs to be disintegrated, which is achieved by milling the grains under high forces. The quantity and quality of the milling products notably depend on the fragmentation behaviour of the endosperm.Due to the endosperm’s composite nature, this behaviour depends strongly on the mechanical properties of its components and their interaction. The main components of the endosperm are carbohydrates and proteins. The carbohydrates are deposited as starch in the form of granules of micro-meter size, whereas proteins form a network (gluten), which surrounds the starch granules. The interactions between starch and proteins is believed to be influenced by certain non-gluten proteins (puroindolines), whose presence and allelic state are genetically controlled. If puroindoline genes are present in the wild-type form, grain hardness is low, which have been related to low starch-protein adhesion. The complete absence of puroindolines in the durum wheat species leads to very high grain hardness and indicates a strong adhesion.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the biomechanics of wheat grain fractionation with a focus on the role of the starch granules therein, which was pursued with a multi-disciplinary approach. Different size scales were considered, from the micro meter-sized structures of starch and protein, the complexity of their arrangement in the endosperm, up to the millimeter-sized grains. In this work, grain-scale milling experiments were combined with nano-mechanical measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and numerical simulations.The milling behaviour of a transgenic durum wheat line, which contained puroindoline genes, was determined by grain scale milling experiments and compared to the milling behavior of non-modified durum wheat. A significant change of milling behavior of the transformed durum wheat grains was observed in terms of milling energy, flour yield and starch damage, which was solely attributable to the presence of puroindolines. The observed changes were consistent with the hypothesis of a lower adhesion between starch granules and protein matrix due to the presence of puroindolines and confirmed the significant effect of puroindolines on the fragmentation behaviour, independent of the grain’s genetic background.The change of fragmentation behaviour is a result of modifications of the mechanical properties of the endosperm’s components and/ or their interaction. Such modifications can be investigated by AFM nano-mechanical measurements. Based on previous work illuminating the global nano-mechanical properties of starch and gluten, contact-resonance AFM (CR-AFM) was applied to obtain maps of the nano-mechanical properties inside the grains. Due to the high topography variations of grain section surfaces and the non-trivial correlation between surface slope and contact resonance-frequency, which hindered a straight-forward interpretation of CR-AFM measurements, a practical method based on existing analytical models of the cantilever vibration was developed to correct the measurements. CR-AFM studies of the endosperm were then focused specifically on the mechanical properties of starch granules and the link to starch structure, and applied to the study of starches from wheat in comparison to plants from different botanical origin (other cereals and legumes).Finally, the role of starch granules, their size distribution, and mechanical properties on endosperm fragmentation was analysed by parametric numerical studies. The influence of the bi-modal size distribution of granules on the mesoscale mechanical properties was shown, as well as the governing role of granule toughness and interface adhesion on the granule damage

Les deperissements forestiers observes depuis les annees 1970 chez les coniferes europeens resultent de l'action conjuguee de differents facteurs biotiques et abiotiques dont l'importance relative varie en fonction des sites. La presente etude vise a l'identification de stress abiotiques a partir de l'anatomie d'aiguilles de sujets atteints. Une comparaison de differents sites forestiers des vosges et des alpes dauphinoises externes avec des experimentations en conditions controlees a ete realisee. En conditions controlees, une augmentation de l'apport d'ammonium aggrave les effets de carences en magnesium sur de jeunes epiceas. Une augmentation de l'apport total d'azote provoque une stimulation de la xylogenese par le cambium secondaire, une diminution de l'accumulation d'amidon et une alteration des chloroplastes. L'exposition a des doses d'ozone augmentees provoque l'apparition de necroses dans le mesophylle et de cristaux intracellulaires d'oxalate de calcium chez de jeunes epiceas. Dans les aiguilles de l'annee de jeunes sapins, on observe une reduction de l'accumulation d'amidon alors que, dans les aiguilles de l'annee precedente, on observe de nombreuses necroses dans le parenchyme palissadique, une alteration des chloroplastes et une proliferation de cellules du parenchyme lacuneux. Sur le site des vosges, on retrouve l'effet des facteurs abiotiques etudies: un collapse du phloeme chez sapins et epiceas ainsi qu'une accumulation d'amidon chez l'epicea indiquent des carences en magnesium. Chez le sapin, la presence d'anomalies de croissance dans le cylindre central et dans le parenchyme lacuneux suggerent respectivement l'effet d'une augmentation de la nutrition azotee et de concentrations elevees l'ozone. Dans les sites des alpes dauphinoises externes, aucun signe de carences minerales n'est observable alors que des anomalies de croissance du mesophylle laissent suspecter une influence de l'ozone. Une lignification precoce a ete observee sur deux arbres de ces sites a l'aide de la met

Solid state physics comprises many interesting physical phenomena driven by the complex interplay of the crystal structure, magnetic and orbital degrees of freedom, quantum fluctuations and correlation. The discovery of materials which exhibit exotic phenomena like low dimensional magnetism, superconductivity, thermoelectricity or multiferroic behavior leads to various applications which even directly influence our daily live. For such technical applications and the purposive modification of materials, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms in solids is a precondition. Nowadays DFT based band structure programs become broadly available with the possibility to calculate systems with several hundreds of atoms in reasonable time scales and high accuracy using standard computers due to the rapid technical and conceptional development in the last decades. These improvements allow to study physical properties of solids from their crystal structure and support the search for underlying mechanisms of different phenomena from microscopic grounds. This thesis focuses on the theoretical description of low dimensional magnets and intermetallic compounds. We combine DFT based electronic structure and model calculations to develop the magnetic properties of the compounds from microscopic grounds. The developed, intuitive pictures were challenged by model simulations with various experiments, probing microscopic and macroscopic properties, such as thermodynamic measurements, high field magnetization, nuclear magnetic resonance or electron spin resonance experiments. This combined approach allows to investigate the close interplay of the crystal structure and the magnetic properties of complex materials in close collaboration with experimentalists. In turn, the systematic variation of intrinsic parameters by substitution or of extrinsic factors, like magnetic field, temperature or pressure is an efficient way to probe the derived models. Especially pressure allows a continuous change of the crystal structure on a rather large energy scale without the chemical complexity of substitution, thus being an ideal tool to consistently alter the electronic structure in a controlled way. Our theoretical results not only provide reliable descriptions of real materials, exhibiting disorder, partial site occupation and/or strong correlations, but also predict fascinating phenomena upon extreme conditions. In parts this theoretical predictions were already confirmed by own experiments on large scale facilities. Whereas in the first part of this work the main purpose was to develop reliable magnetic models of low dimensional magnets, in the second part we unraveled the underlying mechanism for different phase transitions upon pressure. In more detail, the first part of this thesis is focused on the magnetic ground states of spin 1/2 transition metal compounds which show fascinating phase diagrams with many unusual ground states, including various types of magnetic order, like helical states exhibiting different pitch angles, driven by the intimate interplay of structural details and quantum fluctuations. The exact arrangement and the connection of the magnetically active building blocks within these materials determine the hybridization, orbital occupation, and orbital orientation, this way altering the exchange paths and strengths of magnetic interaction within the system and consequently being crucial for the formation of the respective ground states. The spin 1/2 transition metal compounds, which have been investigated in this work, illustrate the great variety of exciting phenomena fueling the huge interest in this class of materials. We focused on cuprates with magnetically active CuO4 plaquettes, mainly arranged into edge sharing geometries. The influence of structural peculiarities, as distortion, folding, changed bonding angles, substitution or exchanged ligands has been studied with respect to their relevance for the magnetic ground state. Besides the detailed description of the magnetic ground states of selected compounds, we attempted to unravel the origin for the formation of a particular magnetic ground state by deriving general trends and relations for this class of compounds. The details of the treatment of the correlation and influence of structural peculiarities like distortion or the bond angles are evaluated carefully. In the second part of this work we presented the results of joint theoretical and experimental studies for intermetallic compounds, all exhibiting an isostructural phase transition upon pressure. Many different driving forces for such phase transitions are known like quantum fluctuations, valence instabilities or magnetic ordering. The combination of extensive computational studies and high pressure XRD, XAS and XMCD experiments using synchrotron radiation reveals completely different underlying mechanism for the onset of the phase transitions in YCo5, SrFe2As2 and EuPd3Bx. This thesis demonstrates on a series of complex compounds that the combination of ab-initio electronic structure calculations with numerical simulations and with various experimental techniques is an extremely powerful tool for a successful description of the intriguing quantum phenomena in solids. This approach is able to reduce the complex behavior of real materials to simple but appropriate models, this way providing a deep understanding for the underlying mechanisms and an intuitive picture for many phenomena. In addition, the close interaction of theory and experiment stimulates the improvement and refinement of the methods in both areas, pioneering the grounds for more and more precise descriptions. Further pushing the limits of these mighty techniques will not only be a precondition for the success of fundamental research at the frontier between physics and chemistry, but also enables an advanced material design on computational grounds.

Abstract The properties of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) labeled with the fluorescent dye pyrene (Py-SNPs) were probed by using fluorescence quenching, pyrene excimer formation, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pyrene labeling of the SNPs was achieved by reacting 1-pyrenebutyric acid with the hydroxyl groups of the SNPs under basic conditions and in the presence of diisopropylcarbodiimide. This procedure did not degrade the SNPs as confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and afforded a means to generate a pyrene labeling level ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mol% of the glucose units making up the SNPs. A polymeric quencher was also synthesized to probe the accessibility of the interior of the Py-SNPs by using fluorescence quenching measurements. The polymeric quencher was a 2K poly(ethylene glycol) terminated at one end with a methyl group and a nitropropane group at the other. Unfortunately these quenching experiments were abandoned when it was found that the polymeric quencher synthesized for these experiments absorbed too strongly where pyrene absorbs. Intramolecular pyrene excimer formation in the Py-SNPs was investigated by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. These experiments demonstrated that the Py-SNPs contract but do not overlap like linear polymers do in the semi-dilute regime. They also showed that despite the inherent rigidity of starch, the Py-SNPs deformed in water to allow their hydrophobic pyrene labels to cluster toward the center of the SNPs to minimize pyrene-solvent contacts. This segregation of the hydrophobic pyrene labels led to a distinct core-shell structure for the Py-SNPs which was illustrated in TEM images acquired on films prepared with the Py-SNPs. In summary, this thesis has uncovered some unexpected properties of the SNPs. Their branched structure makes their interpenetration difficult in the semi-dilute regime which forces them to contract. SNPs are thus deformable and their deformation can be probed quantitatively by using fluorescence and TEM.

Structural, thermo-mechanical and molecular changes in starch gels and bread were studied at variable moisture contents, storage times and temperature. Glassy-rubbery transition was characterized in systems with and without "freezable" water using thermal analysis and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) in conjunction with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to describe structural relaxation (long range) while $\sp1$H cross-relaxation NMR and $\sp{13}$C CP-MAS (Cross-Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning) NMR were used to observe the starch molecular motions (short range). DMA results showed a transition region covering a large temperature range which was found to be moisture dependent. Overlapping tan $\delta$ (T) curves were deconvoluted into asymmetric double Sigmoidal curve (glassy-rubbery transition) and Gaussian curve (ice melting). The latter was found to highly correlate with the amount of "freezable" water (DSC data). The asymmetric curve was also confirmed as a glassy-rubbery transition on a molecular level using $\sp1$H cross-relaxation NMR and $\sp{13}$C CP-MAS NMR. Both NMR data showed a decrease in starch mobility with lowering temperature around the asymmetric (glassy-rubbery) transition observed by DMA. As the moisture content decreased so that the amount of "freezable" water was depleted, the transition temperature range increased, shifting to a higher temperature, typical of a glassy-rubbery transition. Firming of aging starch gels was related to amylopectin recrystallization (which followed amylose crystallization), glassy-rubbery transition or network formation (DMA), starch molecular mobility (NMR) and "freezable" water. A distribution of glassy-rubbery transition temperatures increased with storage time. The structural network was nonuniformly distributed leading to heterogeneous domains exhibiting different glassy-rubbery transition temperatures. However, only increased overall solid fractions (intensity) was observed by both $\sp1$H cross-relaxation and $\sp{13}$C CP-MAS NMR methods but no change in the molecular transition temperature range. This suggested that the "network" formation formed during the aging of starch did not occur on the molecular level but on a structural one.

碩士
國立陽明大學
生醫光電研究所
101
Starch is one of the major components in our daily diet. It is also a natural second harmonic (SH) generator, with amylopectin as the active component. The molecular structure and optical activity of starch may well be reflected by SH. In this work, we investigated the polarization states of SH from starch by 4-channel based Stokes’ polarimeter. The change of SH and its polarization states are monitored throughout the denaturation processes for both dry and hydrated starch. It was found that SH disappears at the gelatinization temperature. The results are consistent with those from differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the loss of birefringence from hydrated starch during heating. For comparison, SH from dry starch decreases gradually. When comparing the data of DSC and SH from starch during heating, the endothermic peak at 65 degree is observed for hydrated starch, at which the intermolecular bonds in amylopectin are broken down to result in the disruption of the concentric symmetrical structure. The change in structure is reflected by SH and the corresponding polarization states and is verified by scanning electric microscopy (SEM). In SEM micrographs, the dry starch granules show only destroyed surface, while the hydrated ones exhibits near total disintegration of granular structures due to gelatinization, reflecting the fact that water is crucial for the cooking of rice.

Physical and functional properties of advanced nano-composite materials and biological structures are determined by self-organized atoms and molecules into nanostructures and in turn by microscopic organization of the nanostructures into assemblies of higher structural complexity. Therefore, microscopes are indispensable tools for structural investigations at various levels of organization. In this work, novel nonlinear optical microscopy methods were developed to non-invasively study structural organization at the nanoscopic and microscopic levels. Atomic organization of semiconductor nanowires, molecular organization of amylose biocrystallites in starch granules, and microscopic organization of several photosynthetic organisms was elucidated. The structure of ZnSe nanowires, key components in many modern nanodevices, was investigated using polarization harmonic generation microscopy. Based on nonlinear optical properties of the different crystal lattices, zinc blende and wurtzite nanowires were differentiated, and the three-dimensional orientation of the zinc blende nanowires could be found. The structure of starch granules, a model biocrystal, important in food as well as health sciences, was also investigated using polarization harmonic microscopy. The study was combined with ab initio calculations using the crystal structures of amylose A and B, revealing that second harmonic signals originate from the hydroxide and hydrogen bonds in the starch granules. Visualization of several photosynthetic organisms including the green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, two species of cyanobacteria, Leptolyngbya sp. and Anabaena sp., aggregates of light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes as well as chloroplasts from green plants were also explored, revealing that future nonlinear microscopy applications could include structural studies of cell walls, the Chlamydomonas eyespot, and photosynthetic membranes. In this study, several nonlinear optical microscopy modalities were developed for quantitative structural investigations of nano and micro-sized architectures. Non-invasive extraction of crystallographic information in microscopic samples will have a number of potential benefits, for example, in clinical applications, allowing observations of disease states inside tissues without the need for biopsy. Industrial nanotechnology will benefit from fast determination of nanostructures with nonlinear microscopy that will improve quality of nanodevices.

The main goal of this MSc. is to use Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in studies of yeast cell wall structure aimed at (i) expected differences between young and aged S. cerevisiae cells, (ii) the effects of glucose concentration in culthuring media on the quality of yeast cell wall. AFM can image biological systems with molecular resolution in real time, and under natural condition. Numerous AFM images of the surface of S. cerevisiae yeast cells (strains AD 1-3,IL,US and JC 482A, AD-JC 488A) have been obtained, which surpassed that one of standard results of still-rare AFM studies of yeast cells. No clear effect of glucose concentration has been found. On the other hand, AFM studies have revealed ageing-related changes in the structure of yeast cells (crumpling, rough surface). Highresolution images of yeast bud scars, including their fine details were also obtained.

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
食品科學系碩士班
105
Resistant starch (RS) is desirable for the human diet because of its prebiotic effects and associated health benefits for the colon. There are five types of resistant starch, type 3 (RS3) is consists mainly of retrograded or recrystallized amylose. Crystallization of starchy materials into RS3 is a result of the re-association of amylose chains in the form of double helices that are loosely arranged into a partially crystalline system that resists the diffusion and binding of hydrolytic enzymes. Post-crystallization treatments to modify the crystalline structure have been well documented for hydrothermal treatments, i.e., autoclaving-cooling cycles. Enzymatic debranching using pullulanase has been invesigateed to produce linear starch chains from rice starch, providing for more mobility of chains and ordered alignment; thus, the chains aggregate into crystalline structures and forming RS. The previous investigations have revealed, the waxy rice starch significantly increased RS content compared with rice flour after steam jet cooking with enzymatic debranch and retrogradation treatment. Rice starch is the result of an alkali treatment made from rice flour. The main difference between them is the protein content. Therefore, in this study the rice flour with different degree of alkali treatment to remove part of rice protein were used to prepare RS3 by steam jet cooking, enzymatic debranching and retrogradation treatment. The effect of protein on formation of RS3 content and microscopic structures of final products was investigated. Physicochemical properties, crystalline structure and in-vitro digestibility of flour and starch samples were investigated. The result showed that after 0.1% NaOH alkaline treatment, protein content of rice starch reduced to 0.09%, and the resistant starch generated by steam jet cooking, enzymatic debranching and retrogradation treatment was significantly higher than rice flour without treatment, The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that: after steam jet cooking, enzymatic debranching and retrogradation treatment, all of the products had V-type crystallization. The SEM image showed, the structure of particle with the reduction in the protein content had formed more closely solid.

Excessive consumption of diet rich in fat has been identified as a risk factor for lifestyle diseases. Fat replacers which can imitate the functional properties of fats with lower or no calorie contribution have been developed to produce low-calorie foods. Starch (mostly modified) can be used as fat replacer in low fat foods. Teff (a cereal indigenous to Africa, which is underutilized and underresearched) and maize starches modified with stearic acid (a naturally occurring fatty acid), has resulted in a paste with reduced gelling ability and higher viscosity in previous research. This suggests that these modified starches may have potential to be used as fat replacers. This project investigates the effect of teff and maize starch pastes modified with stearic acid as fat replacer on the rheological properties (flow properties and viscoelastic behaviour), microstructure (using light and confocal laser scanning microscopy), and freeze-thaw and high temperature stability of low-calorie mayonnaise type emulsions (LCMTE). Starch suspensions (10% w/v of starch in water) containing stearic acid (1.5%) were pasted for an extended holding time of 2 hr at 91 °C in a Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and used to prepare LCMTE with the oil replaced at 50%, 80% and 100% in comparison to a full fat mayonnaise. All samples exhibited a shear thinning behaviour and yield stress in terms of flow properties. Modification of teff and maize starches with stearic acid decreased the yield stress and viscosity of the LCMTE compared to unmodified starches. LCMTE with maize starch had higher yield stress and viscosity compared to LCMTE with teff starch. The yield stress value decreased on increasing the level of oil replacement from 50% to 80% and then increased when the oil replacement was 100% except for LCMTE with modified teff starch. The yield stress value for LCMTE with modified teff starch decreased with increasing level of oil replacement. Storage for 8 days was found to increase the yield stress and viscosity except for LCMTE with modified teff starch. Viscoelastic properties of mayonnaise were characterized using dynamic oscillatory shear test and it was observed that all samples behaved like solid with storage modulus (G') greater than loss modulus (G") and tanδ < 1. Generally LCMTE with modified starches had lower G', G" and tanδ than LCMTE with unmodified starches, suggesting less gelling behaviour of teff and maize starch pastes modified with stearic acid. The optical and laser scanning microscopy images showed all samples to consist of oil droplets dispersed in aqueous phase except the LCMTE at 100% oil replacement level. LCMTE had oil droplets of smaller size (1-10 μm) compared to the full fat mayonnaise (5-10 μm). LCMTE with modified starches had larger size oil droplets compared to LCMTE with unmodified starches. LCMTE with maize starches seemed to have smaller oil droplets compared to LCMTE with teff starches especially with the modified starches with stearic acid. The smaller size oil droplets of LCMTE with unmodified starches can be related to the higher yield stress and viscosity values compared to the LCMTE with modified starches which have larger size oil droplets. All the LCMTE with modified and unmodified starches were found to be more stable to freezethaw cycles and high temperature storage compared to full fat mayonnaise. Generally, LCMTE could be produced with modified and unmodified teff and maize starches, the properties being dependent on the level of oil reduction. At 50% oil replacement modified and unmodified teff and maize starch with stearic acid could produce LCMTE. When the oil content was further decreased to 80% and 100% only the LCMTE with modified starches were similar to the full fat. The LCMTE with unmodified starches were found to have non-pourable gel-like behaviour with higher yield stress and viscosity values than the full fat mayonnaise. Teff and maize starches modified with stearic acid (1.5%) could be used as fat replacers in mayonnaise replacing up to 100% oil and this can substantially decrease the calorific value of mayonnaises. The reduction in the calorie may contribute to weight loss, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The starch pastes modified with stearic acid may also have a potential to be used as emulsifiers.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Food Science
Unrestricted

The utility of dental calculus as a proxy for diet and mouth use is explored for the Middle Holocene Cis-Baikal region of Central Siberia based on two methods: a macroscopic analysis of severity and a microscopic analysis of particles within deposits. The study area was inhabited by two culturally and biologically distinct cultures, the Early Neolithic (EN) Kitoi culture (8,000 to 7,000/6,800 cal B.P.) and the Late Neolithic-Early Bronze Age (LN-EBA) Isakovo-Serovo-Glaskovo (ISG) cultural complex (6,000/5,800 to 4,000 cal B.P.), separated by a period of cultural transition marked by a cessation in formal cemetery use. Data were collected from four cemetery sites, two dating to the EN and two dating to the LN-EBA. Nonparametric testing of calculus severity revealed that, for adult males and juveniles, lakeshore populations displayed greater affinity to each other than to their contemporaneous cultural counterpart populations living along riverine systems in the Angara River Valley. Trends within the EN cemetery Shamanka II contrasted to the other cemetery populations, with noticeably larger deposits in anterior quadrants and significant sexual distinctions. The proportion of protein to carbohydrates consumed is known to influence calculus formation, but both cultural groups lived on a diet based predominately on meat sources so dietary ratios alone do not adequately explain the differences distinguished. A complex multifactorial model involving microregional differences in resources/environment, foraging patterns, individual variation, and dental wear patterns provides at least a partial explanation for the results observed. A wide range of particles were recovered during the microscopic analysis of calculus, albeit in low concentrations. The low starch grain counts were consistent with a diet based predominately on meats but still provide some of the first direct evidence for plant consumption in the Cis-Baikal, including possible plant processing by cooking or grinding based on damage evident on the grains. Other particles recovered may provide evidence of mouth use activities or palaeoenvironmental influences. Together, the two components of this analysis offer strong evidence that dental calculus is a useful tool for reconstructing hunter-gatherer lifeways but also highlight the limitations of conducting this type of research on previously excavated and potentially contaminated material.

Solid state physics comprises many interesting physical phenomena driven by the complex interplay of the crystal structure, magnetic and orbital degrees of freedom, quantum fluctuations and correlation. The discovery of materials which exhibit exotic phenomena like low dimensional magnetism, superconductivity, thermoelectricity or multiferroic behavior leads to various applications which even directly influence our daily live. For such technical applications and the purposive modification of materials, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms in solids is a precondition. Nowadays DFT based band structure programs become broadly available with the possibility to calculate systems with several hundreds of atoms in reasonable time scales and high accuracy using standard computers due to the rapid technical and conceptional development in the last decades. These improvements allow to study physical properties of solids from their crystal structure and support the search for underlying mechanisms of different phenomena from microscopic grounds. This thesis focuses on the theoretical description of low dimensional magnets and intermetallic compounds. We combine DFT based electronic structure and model calculations to develop the magnetic properties of the compounds from microscopic grounds. The developed, intuitive pictures were challenged by model simulations with various experiments, probing microscopic and macroscopic properties, such as thermodynamic measurements, high field magnetization, nuclear magnetic resonance or electron spin resonance experiments. This combined approach allows to investigate the close interplay of the crystal structure and the magnetic properties of complex materials in close collaboration with experimentalists. In turn, the systematic variation of intrinsic parameters by substitution or of extrinsic factors, like magnetic field, temperature or pressure is an efficient way to probe the derived models. Especially pressure allows a continuous change of the crystal structure on a rather large energy scale without the chemical complexity of substitution, thus being an ideal tool to consistently alter the electronic structure in a controlled way. Our theoretical results not only provide reliable descriptions of real materials, exhibiting disorder, partial site occupation and/or strong correlations, but also predict fascinating phenomena upon extreme conditions. In parts this theoretical predictions were already confirmed by own experiments on large scale facilities. Whereas in the first part of this work the main purpose was to develop reliable magnetic models of low dimensional magnets, in the second part we unraveled the underlying mechanism for different phase transitions upon pressure. In more detail, the first part of this thesis is focused on the magnetic ground states of spin 1/2 transition metal compounds which show fascinating phase diagrams with many unusual ground states, including various types of magnetic order, like helical states exhibiting different pitch angles, driven by the intimate interplay of structural details and quantum fluctuations. The exact arrangement and the connection of the magnetically active building blocks within these materials determine the hybridization, orbital occupation, and orbital orientation, this way altering the exchange paths and strengths of magnetic interaction within the system and consequently being crucial for the formation of the respective ground states. The spin 1/2 transition metal compounds, which have been investigated in this work, illustrate the great variety of exciting phenomena fueling the huge interest in this class of materials. We focused on cuprates with magnetically active CuO4 plaquettes, mainly arranged into edge sharing geometries. The influence of structural peculiarities, as distortion, folding, changed bonding angles, substitution or exchanged ligands has been studied with respect to their relevance for the magnetic ground state. Besides the detailed description of the magnetic ground states of selected compounds, we attempted to unravel the origin for the formation of a particular magnetic ground state by deriving general trends and relations for this class of compounds. The details of the treatment of the correlation and influence of structural peculiarities like distortion or the bond angles are evaluated carefully. In the second part of this work we presented the results of joint theoretical and experimental studies for intermetallic compounds, all exhibiting an isostructural phase transition upon pressure. Many different driving forces for such phase transitions are known like quantum fluctuations, valence instabilities or magnetic ordering. The combination of extensive computational studies and high pressure XRD, XAS and XMCD experiments using synchrotron radiation reveals completely different underlying mechanism for the onset of the phase transitions in YCo5, SrFe2As2 and EuPd3Bx. This thesis demonstrates on a series of complex compounds that the combination of ab-initio electronic structure calculations with numerical simulations and with various experimental techniques is an extremely powerful tool for a successful description of the intriguing quantum phenomena in solids. This approach is able to reduce the complex behavior of real materials to simple but appropriate models, this way providing a deep understanding for the underlying mechanisms and an intuitive picture for many phenomena. In addition, the close interaction of theory and experiment stimulates the improvement and refinement of the methods in both areas, pioneering the grounds for more and more precise descriptions. Further pushing the limits of these mighty techniques will not only be a precondition for the success of fundamental research at the frontier between physics and chemistry, but also enables an advanced material design on computational grounds.:Contents List of abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Methods 2.1. Electronic structure and magnetic models for real compounds 2.1.1. Describing a solid 2.1.2. Basic exchange and correlation functionals 2.1.3. Strong correlations 2.1.4. Band structure codes 2.1.5. Disorder and vacancies 2.1.6. Models on top of DFT 2.2. X-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption at extreme conditions 2.2.1. Diamond anvil cells 2.2.2. ID09 - XRD under pressure 2.2.3. ID24 - XAS and XMCD under pressure 3. Low dimensional magnets 3.1. Materials 3.1.1 AgCuVO4 - a model compound between two archetypes of Cu-O chains 3.1.2 Li2ZrCuO4 - in close vicinity to a quantum critical point 3.1.3 PbCuSO4(OH)2 -magnetic exchange ruled by H 3.1.4 CuCl2 and CuBr2 - flipping magnetic orbitals by crystal water 3.1.5 Na3Cu2SbO6 and Na2Cu2TeO6 - alternating chain systems 3.1.6 Cu2(PO3)2CH2 - magnetic vs. structural dimers 3.1.7 Cu2PO4OH - orbital order between dimers and chains 3.1.8 A2CuEO6 - an new family of spin 1/2 square lattice compounds 3.2. General trends and relations 3.2.1. Approximation for the treatment of strong correlation 3.2.2. Structural elements 4. Magnetic intermetallic compounds under extreme conditions 115 4.1. Itinerant magnets 4.1.1. YCo5 - a direct proof for a magneto elastic transition by XMCD 4.1.2. SrFe2As2 - symmetry-preserving lattice collapse 4.2. Localized magnets 4.2.1. EuPd3Bx - valence transition under doping and pressure 5. Summary and outlook A. Technical details B. Crystal Structures C. Supporting Material Bibliography List of Publications Acknowledgments