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Journal articles on the topic 'Starling Resistor'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Pranevicius, Mindaugas, and Osvaldas Pranevicius. "Cerebral Venous Steal: Blood Flow Diversion with Increased Tissue Pressure." Neurosurgery 51, no. 5 (2002): 1267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200211000-00023.

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Abstract PURPOSE Flow in areas with increased tissue pressure is described by a Starling resistor and is determined by the inflow pressure (Pi), the external pressure (Pe), and the outflow or venous pressure (Pv). Flow is in Zone 1 at Pe > Pi > Pv, Zone 2 at Pi > Pe > Pv, and Zone 3 at Pi > Pv > Pe. A focal tissue pressure increase after stroke or trauma may lead to a transition from Zone 1 or 2 in the center to Zone 3 in the periphery. We hypothesize that the coexistence of different zones may lead to steal-like blood flow diversion in the perifocal a
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2

Bertram, C. D., C. J. Raymond, and K. S. A. Butcher. "Oscillations in a Collapsed-Tube Analog of the Brachial Artery Under a Sphygmomanometer Cuff." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 111, no. 3 (1989): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3168364.

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To determine whether self-excited oscillations in a Starling resistor are relevant to physiological situations, a collapsible tube conveying an aqueous flow was externally pressurized along only a central segment of its unsupported length. This was achieved by passing the tube through a shorter and wider collapsible sleeve which was mounted in Starling resistor fashion in a pressure chamber. The tube size and material, and all other experimental parameters, were as used in our previous Starling resistor studies. Both low- and high-frequency self-excited oscillations were observed, but the low-
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3

Wellman, Andrew, Pedro R. Genta, Robert L. Owens, et al. "Test of the Starling resistor model in the human upper airway during sleep." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 12 (2014): 1478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00259.2014.

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The human pharyngeal airway during sleep is conventionally modeled as a Starling resistor. However, inspiratory flow often decreases with increasing effort (negative effort dependence, NED) rather than remaining fixed as predicted by the Starling resistor model. In this study, we tested a major prediction of the Starling resistor model—that the resistance of the airway upstream from the site of collapse remains fixed during flow limitation. During flow limitation in 24 patients with sleep apnea, resistance at several points along the pharyngeal airway was measured using a pressure catheter wit
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4

Caruso, Riccardo, Alessandro Pesce, and Venceslao Wierzbicki. "Starling resistor and Miyazaki syndrome." Child's Nervous System 32, no. 11 (2016): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3220-1.

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5

Rock, P., G. A. Patterson, S. Permutt, and J. T. Sylvester. "Nature and distribution of vascular resistance in hypoxic pig lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 6 (1985): 1891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1891.

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We used the vascular occlusion technique in pig lungs isolated in situ to describe the effects of hypoxia on the distribution of vascular resistance and to determine whether the resistive elements defined by this technique behaved as ohmic or Starling resistors during changes in flow at constant outflow pressure, changes in outflow pressure at constant flow, and reversal of flow. During normoxia, the largest pressure gradient occurred across the middle compliant region of the vasculature (delta Pm). The major effect of hypoxia was to increase delta Pm and the gradient across the relatively non
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6

Wilkes, Peter R. H., Robert W. Hoskin, Eric A. Semlacher, Keith L. MacCannell, and John V. Tyberg. "Reevaluation of the balloon in gastrointestinal manometry." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 9 (1994): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-136.

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Although the flow-through catheter (FTC) system has been useful and satisfactorily accurate for gastrointestinal manometry, we hypothesized that a cylindrical, liquid-filled balloon would also accurately reflect stress imposed by a sphincter. Latex balloons were fitted over the side ports of a closed-end catheter. The responses of the balloon and FTC system were compared in a cylindrical chamber commonly identified as a Starling resistor. Independent, constant-pressure sources were used to control both the inwardly directed "contact pressure" of the Starling resistor (Ps) and the intraluminal
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7

Linehan, J. H., J. Dent, W. J. Dodds, and W. J. Hogan. "Sleeve device functions as a Starling resistor to record sphincter pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 248, no. 2 (1985): G251—G255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.248.2.g251.

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In 1976 Dent (Gastroenterology 71: 263–267) introduced a sleeve-catheter device for obtaining continuous recording of lower esophageal sphincter pressure. The infused sleeve accommodates for axial sphincter movement by providing a large surface of collapsible membrane that is capable of sensing maximal sphincter pressure at any point along the sleeve. Although sleeve performance was tested previously, the precise physical principal of its function has not been delineated. This study tests the hypothesis that the sleeve device functions as a Starling resistor. The term “Starling resistor” is an
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8

Melot, C., M. Delcroix, J. Closset, et al. "Starling resistor vs. distensible vessel models for embolic pulmonary hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 268, no. 2 (1995): H817—H827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.2.h817.

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We investigated whether the Starling resistor model (Mitzner et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 51: 1065–1071, 1981) or a distensible vessel model (Haworth et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 15–26, 1991) best describes pulmonary vascular pressure-flow (Q) relationships in embolic pulmonary hypertension. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa)-Q plots at constant left atrial pressure (Pla) and Ppa-Pla plots at constant Q were investigated in seven dogs before and after 500-micron glass bead pulmonary embolism. Embolization to a mean angiographic obstruction of 78% increased the slope and extrapolated pressure i
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9

Shrier, I., and S. Magder. "Response of arterial resistance and critical pressure to changes in perfusion pressure in canine hindlimb." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, no. 6 (1993): H1939—H1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.6.h1939.

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The dynamic pressure-flow relationship in the canine hindlimb at normal arterial pressure is best explained by modeling a Starling resistor (critical pressure, Pcrit) at the level of the arterioles. Regulation of flow can therefore occur at the Starling resistor through changes in Pcrit or along the length of the vessel through changes in arterial resistance (Ra). We hypothesized that increasing perfusion pressure (Pper) would increase Pcrit due to the myogenic response but would decrease Ra because of flow-mediated vasodilation and passive effects. We pump-perfused vascularly isolated hindlim
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10

Munis, James, and Leonardo Lozada. "110 A Cerebral Circulation Model without a Starling Resistor." Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 11, no. 4 (1999): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008506-199910000-00047.

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11

Krahmer, R.-L., H. K. Fang, J. Vitello, E. B. Rypins, and W. R. Law. "125; PERVASIVE PULMONARY STARLING RESISTOR INFLUENCES DURING ENDOTOXIN SHOCK." SHOCK 1, Supplement (1994): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-199401001-00126.

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12

Smith, P. L., R. A. Wise, A. R. Gold, A. R. Schwartz, and S. Permutt. "Upper airway pressure-flow relationships in obstructive sleep apnea." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 2 (1988): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.2.789.

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We examined the pressure-flow relationships in patients with obstructive sleep apnea utilizing the concepts of a Starling resistor. In six patients with obstructive sleep apnea, we applied incremental levels of positive pressure through a nasal mask during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. A positive critical opening pressure (Pcrit) of 3.3 +/- 3.3 (SD) cmH2O was demonstrated. As nasal pressure was raised above Pcrit, inspiratory airflow increased in proportion to the level of positive pressure applied until apneas were abolished (P less than 0.01). However, at pressures greater than Pcrit, esopha
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13

Her, Charles. "Starling Resistor Effects on Pulmonary Artery Occlusion Pressure in Endotoxin Shock." Critical Care Medicine 25, no. 9 (1997): 1612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199709000-00036.

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14

WHITTAKER, ROBERT J., MATTHIAS HEIL, JONATHAN BOYLE, OLIVER E. JENSEN, and SARAH L. WATERS. "The energetics of flow through a rapidly oscillating tube. Part 2. Application to an elliptical tube." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 648 (April 7, 2010): 123–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992916.

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In Part 1 of this work, we derived general asymptotic results for the three-dimensional flow field and energy fluxes for flow within a tube whose walls perform prescribed small-amplitude periodic oscillations of high frequency and large axial wavelength. In the current paper, we illustrate how these results can be applied to the case of flow through a finite-length axially non-uniform tube of elliptical cross-section – a model of flow in a Starling resistor. The results of numerical simulations for three model problems (an axially uniform tube under pressure–flux and pressure–pressure boundary
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15

Linehan, J. H., S. T. Haworth, L. D. Nelin, G. S. Krenz, and C. A. Dawson. "A simple distensible vessel model for interpreting pulmonary vascular pressure-flow curves." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (1992): 987–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.987.

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A simple distensible vessel model was developed for the purpose of interpreting the vascular pressure-flow curve in the zone 3 lung. The model-governing equation has two parameters: R0, representing the hemodynamic resistance of the undistended pulmonary vascular bed, and alpha, representing the distensibility of the resistance vessels. To evaluate the model, the governing equation was used in a nonlinear regression analysis of the pressure-flow data from isolated dog lung lobes. The dependency of the estimates of the model parameters in response to changes in perfusate viscosity (hematocrit)
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16

Toung, Thomas J. K., H. Aizawa, and Richard J. Traystman. "Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure ventilation on cerebral venous pressure with head elevation in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 2 (2000): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.655.

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Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may prevent venous air embolism in the sitting position because cerebral venous pressure (Pcev) could be increased by the PEEP-induced increase in right atrial pressure (Pra). Whereas it is clear that there is a linear transmission of the PEEP-induced increase in Pra to Pcev while the dog is in the prone position, the mechanism of the transmission with the dog in the head-elevated position is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that a Starling resistor-type mechanism exists in the jugular veins when the head is elevated. In one
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17

Owens, Robert L., Bradley A. Edwards, Scott A. Sands, et al. "The classical Starling resistor model often does not predict inspiratory airflow patterns in the human upper airway." Journal of Applied Physiology 116, no. 8 (2014): 1105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00853.2013.

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The upper airway is often modeled as a classical Starling resistor, featuring a constant inspiratory airflow, or plateau, over a range of downstream pressures. However, airflow tracings from clinical sleep studies often show an initial peak before the plateau. To conform to the Starling model, the initial peak must be of small magnitude or dismissed as a transient. We developed a method to simulate fast or slow inspirations through the human upper airway, to test the hypothesis that this initial peak is a transient. Eight subjects [4 obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 4 controls] slept in an “iron
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18

Schwartz, Alan R., and Philip L. Smith. "CrossTalk proposal: The human upper airway does behave like a Starling resistor during sleep." Journal of Physiology 591, no. 9 (2013): 2229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.250654.

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19

Giebler, Reiner M., Matthias Behrends, Thorsten Steffens, Martin K. Walz, Klaus Peitgen, and Jürgen Peters. "Intraperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Carbon Dioxide Insufflation Evoke Different Effects on Caval Vein Pressure Gradients in Humans." Anesthesiology 92, no. 6 (2000): 1568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200006000-00013.

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Background The authors hypothesized that intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal carbon dioxide insufflation during surgical procedures evoke markedly different effects on the venous low-pressure system, induce different inferior caval vein pressure gradients at similar insufflation pressures, and may provide evidence for the Starling resistor concept of abdominal venous return. Methods Intra- and extrathoracic caval vein pressures were measured using micromanometers during carbon dioxide insufflation at six cavity pressures (baseline and 10, 15, 20, and 24 mmHg and desufflation) in 20 anesthetize
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Rocco, Angelo G., James H. Philip, Robert A. Boas, and David Scott. "Epidural Space as a Starling Resistor and Elevation of Inflow Resistance in a Diseased Epidural Space." Regional Anesthesia: The Journal of Neural Blockade in Obstetrics, Surgery, & Pain Control 22, no. 2 (1997): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-00115550-199722020-00011.

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Background and ObjectivesThe origin and the presence of negative pressure in the epidural space as well as the relationship of the extent of epidural anesthesia to epidural pressure has long been a subject of controversy. To further elucidate epidural pressure and its time course, the pressure at the needle tip was continuously measured as it traversed the interspinous ligament and the ligamentum flavum.MethodsIn a group of 22 patients, fluid was infused under gravity, and in a second group of 25 patients, boluses of fluid were administered at controlled infusion rates and under gravity. The v
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ROCCO, A., J. PHILIP, R. BOAS, and D. SCOTT. "Epidural space as a starling resistor and elevation of inflow resistance in a diseased epidural space." Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 22, no. 2 (1997): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-7339(06)80037-4.

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22

Mélot, C., J. J. Moraine, and J. Berré. "47 DOES A STARLING RESISTOR REGULATE CEREBRAL VENOUS OUTFLOW IN COMATOSE PATIENTS WITH ELEVATED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE?" Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 11, no. 2 (1999): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008506-199904000-00070.

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Butler, James P., Robert L. Owens, Atul Malhotra, and Andrew Wellman. "CrossTalk opposing view: The human upper airway during sleep does not behave like a Starling resistor." Journal of Physiology 591, no. 9 (2013): 2233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242297.

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Zhu, Kaixian, Ramon Farré, Ira Katz, Sébastien Hardy, and Pierre Escourrou. "Mimicking a flow-limited human upper airway using a collapsible tube: relationships between flow patterns and pressures in a respiratory model." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 2 (2018): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00877.2017.

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The upper airway (UA) in humans is commonly modeled as a Starling resistor. However, negative effort dependence (NED) observed in some patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) contradicts predictions based on the Starling resistor model in which inspiratory flow is independent of inspiratory driving pressure when flow is limited. In a respiratory bench model consisting of a collapsible tube and an active lung model (ASL5000), inspiratory flow characteristics were investigated in relation to upstream, downstream, and extra-luminal pressures (denoted as Pus, Pds, and Pout, respectively) by va
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Eastwood, Peter R., Irene Szollosi, Peter R. Platt, and David R. Hillman. "Collapsibility of the Upper Airway during Anesthesia with Isoflurane." Anesthesiology 97, no. 4 (2002): 786–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200210000-00007.

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Background The unprotected upper airway tends to obstruct during general anesthesia, yet its mechanical properties have not been studied in detail during this condition. Methods To study its collapsibility, pressure-flow relationships of the upper airway were obtained at three levels of anesthesia (end-tidal isoflurane = 1.2%, 0.8%, and 0.4%) in 16 subjects while supine and spontaneously breathing on nasal continuous positive airway pressure. At each level of anesthesia, mask pressure was transiently reduced from a pressure sufficient to abolish inspiratory flow limitation (11.8 +/- 2.7 cm H(2
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Cho, Ki Ju, and Sang-Wook Kim. "Pathophysiology of Upper Airway Collapse." Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 63, no. 12 (2020): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2020.01011.

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Previous pathophysiologic studies have revealed that the upper airway dimension reaches a minimal value at the end of expiration, and pharyngeal negative pressure is not an essential prerequisite for upper airway collapse. Furthermore, pharyngeal collapse occurs in spite of increased activity of upper airway dilator muscles in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared with normal subjects. Pharyngeal sensory threshold is elevated in patients with OSA, which contributes to inadequate activity of upper airway dilator muscles. Pharyngeal narrowing results in several types of airflow li
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Magder, S. "Starling resistor versus compliance. Which explains the zero-flow pressure of a dynamic arterial pressure-flow relation?" Circulation Research 67, no. 1 (1990): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.res.67.1.209.

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28

Fang, Kenith, Rick Krahmer, Eric Rypins, and William Law. "Starling resistor effects on pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in endotoxin shock provide inaccuracies in left ventricular compliance assessments." Critical Care Medicine 24, no. 10 (1996): 1618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199610000-00004.

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29

Oruç, V., and M. Ö. Çarpinlioğlu. "A test rig for the investigation of airflow through collapsible tubes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 221, no. 3 (2007): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406jmes401.

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In this paper, an experimental set-up for investigating airflow through collapsible tubes has been described in detail. The test rig is basically composed of an airtight chamber socalled ‘Starling resistor’, which includes a length of collapsible tube attached to rigid tubes at its ends, a compressor supplying steady airflow, and measuring devices. The self-excited oscillations that develop due to strong fluid-pipe interaction cause the flow to be time dependent. A data acquisition system is utilized to obtain the measurements. Therefore, it is possible to measure simultaneously the time-depen
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Müller, LO, EF Toro, EM Haacke, and D. Utriainen. "Impact of CCSVI on cerebral haemodynamics: a mathematical study using MRI angiographic and flow data." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 31, no. 5 (2015): 305–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355515586526.

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Background The presence of abnormal anatomy and flow in neck veins has been recently linked to neurological diseases. The precise impact of extra-cranial abnormalities such as stenoses remains unexplored. Methods Pressure and velocity fields in the full cardiovascular system are computed by means of a global mathematical model that accounts for the relationship between pulsating cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. Results Our model predicts that extra-cranial strictures cause increased pressure in the cerebral venous system. Specifically, there is a predicted pressure increase of ab
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HEIL, MATTHIAS, and SARAH L. WATERS. "How rapidly oscillating collapsible tubes extract energy from a viscous mean flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 601 (April 25, 2008): 199–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008000463.

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We present a combined theoretical and computational analysis of three-dimensional unsteady finite-Reynolds-number flows in collapsible tubes whose walls perform prescribed high-frequency oscillations which resemble those typically observed in experiments with a Starling resistor. Following an analysis of the flow fields, we investigate the system's overall energy budget and establish the critical Reynolds number, Recrit, at which the wall begins to extract energy from the flow. We conjecture that Recrit corresponds to the Reynolds number beyond which collapsible tubes are capable of performing
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Barami, Kaveh. "Cerebral venous overdrainage: an under-recognized complication of cerebrospinal fluid diversion." Neurosurgical Focus 41, no. 3 (2016): E9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.6.focus16172.

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Understanding the altered physiology following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion in the setting of adult hydrocephalus is important for optimizing patient care and avoiding complications. There is mounting evidence that the cerebral venous system plays a major role in intracranial pressure (ICP) dynamics especially when one takes into account the effects of postural changes, atmospheric pressure, and gravity on the craniospinal axis as a whole. An evolved mechanism acting at the cortical bridging veins, known as the “Starling resistor,” prevents overdrainage of cranial venous blood with upri
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Khan, Faizan, and Dana Iancu. "Endovascular Stenting for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension." University of Ottawa Journal of Medicine 4, no. 2 (2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/uojm.v4i2.1045.

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Transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) is often observed in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Studies show that all symptoms of IIH can be resolved by transverse sinus stent placement. We present a case of a 39-year-old woman diagnosed with IIH presented with papilledema and severe headaches. The consideration of interventional management was necessitated by the preceding failure of several months of medical treatment. Her vascular imaging demonstrated stenosis of the transverse sinus and her intracranial venous pressure measurements indicated elevated pressure with a high pre
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Greenway, C. V., and W. W. Lautt. "Distensibility of hepatic venous resistance sites and consequences on portal pressure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 254, no. 3 (1988): H452—H458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.254.3.h452.

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Hepatic venous resistance was measured in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium during changes in hepatic blood flow and in inferior vena cava (IVC) pressure, in an attempt to explain the variable and partial transmission of pressure from IVC to portal vein. Problems with earlier explanations based on a "vascular waterfall" or a "Starling resistor" are discussed. Our data and previously published data can be explained by the hypothesis that hepatic venous resistance decreases as the resistance site is distended by the pressure within the resistance vessels. The product of resistance and
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Marcus, C. L., S. A. McColley, J. L. Carroll, G. M. Loughlin, P. L. Smith, and A. R. Schwartz. "Upper airway collapsibility in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 2 (1994): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.2.918.

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In adults, the critical nasal pressure (Pcrit) at which the upper airway collapses is higher in patients with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) than in those with primary snoring. Pediatric OSAS differs clinically from adult OSAS. We therefore compared Pcrit between prepubertal children with OSAS and primary snoring. Pcrit was determined by correlating the maximal inspiratory airflow with the level of positive or negative nasal pressure applied via a nasal mask. As in adults, we found that the maximal inspiratory airflow varied in proportion to the upstream (nasal) rather than the do
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Rocco, A. G., D. A. Scoot, R. A. Boas, and J. H. Philip. "A816 THE EPIDURAL SPACE BEHAVES AS A STARLING RESISTOR and INFLOW RESISTANCE IS HIGHER IN SPINAL STENOSIS THAN IN DISC DISEASE." Anesthesiology 73, no. 3A (1990): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199009001-00814.

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Whittaker, Robert J., Matthias Heil, Oliver E. Jensen, and Sarah L. Waters. "Predicting the onset of high-frequency self-excited oscillations in elastic-walled tubes." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2124 (2010): 3635–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0641.

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We present a theoretical description of flow-induced self-excited oscillations in the Starling resistor—a pre-stretched thin-walled elastic tube that is mounted on two rigid tubes and enclosed in a pressure chamber. Assuming that the flow through the elastic tube is driven by imposing the flow rate at the downstream end, we study the development of small-amplitude long-wavelength high-frequency oscillations, combining the results of two previous studies in which we analysed the fluid and solid mechanics of the problem in isolation. We derive a one-dimensional eigenvalue problem for the frequen
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Michels, Daniel de Sousa, Amanda da Mota Silveira Rodrigues, Márcio Nakanishi, André Luiz Lopes Sampaio, and Alessandra Ramos Venosa. "Nasal Involvement in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome." International Journal of Otolaryngology 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/717419.

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Numerous studies have reported an association between nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), but the precise nature of this relationship remains to be clarified. This paper aimed to summarize data and theories on the role of the nose in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea as well as to discuss the benefits of surgical and medical nasal treatments. A number of pathophysiological mechanisms can potentially explain the role of nasal pathology in OSAS. These include the Starling resistor model, the unstable oral airway, the nasal ventilatory reflex, and the role of nitric ox
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Boiteau, P., J. Ducas, U. Schick, L. Girling, and R. M. Prewitt. "Pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationship in canine oleic acid pulmonary edema." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 251, no. 6 (1986): H1163—H1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1986.251.6.h1163.

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We tested the hypothesis that the increased impedance to flow in canine oleic acid (OA) lung injury is predominantly due to an increase in effective downstream pressure (EDP), obtained by extrapolating to zero flow the linear portion of the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)/flow (Q) relationship. PAP-Q coordinates were obtained in eight anesthetized, O2-ventilated dogs by varying Q through systemic arteriovenous fistulae. PAP-Q lines were obtained before and approximately 5 h after injection of OA. A second group of six dogs served as a time control (TC) group. There was a linear relationship be
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Higgins, D. R., W. P. Santamore, A. A. Bove, and P. Nemir. "Mechanism for dynamic changes in stenotic severity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 249, no. 2 (1985): H293—H299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.249.2.h293.

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The mechanism responsible for rapid changes in stenotic severity or resistance due to alterations in perfusion pressure and distal resistance is addressed by this study. An in vitro, eccentric arterial stenosis model was created using 15 canine carotid arteries cannulated with silicone plugs containing special pressure-transducing catheters designed to measure pressure directly, within the stenosis. The vessels were perfused at perfusion pressures of 150, 100, and 75 mmHg and at two levels of distal resistance while perfusion pressure, distal pressure, stenotic pressure, and flow were recorded
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41

Shrier, I., and S. Magder. "Pressure-flow relationships in in vitro model of compartment syndrome." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 1 (1995): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.214.

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Compartment syndrome is a condition in which an increase in intramuscular pressure decreases blood flow to skeletal muscle. According to the Starling resistor (i.e., vascular waterfall) model of blood flow, the decrease in flow could occur through an increase in arterial resistance (Rart) or an increase in the critical closing pressure (Pcrit). To determine which explains the decrease in flow, we pump perfused a canine gastrocnemius muscle placed within an airtight box, controlled box pressures (Pbox) so that flow ranged from 100 to 50%, and measured Pcrit, Rart, arterial compliance, small ven
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42

Levitzky, Michael G. "Teaching the effects of gravity and intravascular and alveolar pressures on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow using a classic paper by West et al." Advances in Physiology Education 30, no. 1 (2006): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00051.2005.

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“Distribution of blood flow in isolated lung; relation to vascular and alveolar pressures” by J. B. West, C. T. Dollery, and A. Naimark ( J Appl Physiol 19: 713–724, 1964) is a classic paper, although it has not yet been included in the Essays on the American Physiological Society Classic Papers Project ( http://www.the-aps.org/publications/classics/ ). This is the paper that originally described the “zones of the lung.” The final figure in the paper, which synthesizes the results and discussion, is now seen in most textbooks of physiology or respiratory physiology. The paper is also a model o
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43

Gleeson, K., C. W. Zwillich, T. W. Bendrick, and D. P. White. "Effect of inspiratory nasal loading on pharyngeal resistance." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (1986): 1882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1882.

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Nasal obstruction has been shown to increase the number of apneas during sleep in normal subjects and in some may actually cause the sleep apnea syndrome. We postulated that the pharynx may act as a Starling resistor, where increases in negative inspiratory pressure result in elevated resistance across a collapsible pharyngeal segment. To test this theory in normal subjects we studied 10 men and 10 women during wakefulness. Pharyngeal resistance (the resistance across the airway segment between the choanae and the epiglottis) was determined in the normal state and with three inspiratory loads
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Penn, R. B., M. R. Wolfson, and T. H. Shaffer. "Effect of tracheal smooth muscle tone on collapsibility of immature airways." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 2 (1988): 863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.863.

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To test the influence of smooth muscle tone on extremely immature airways, tracheal segments (n = 19) were excised from premature lambs at 114-121 days gestation and mounted in a chamber filled with Krebs solution. Inflation (Si) and collapsing (Sc) compliance were determined by altering transmural pressure from 30 to 0 Torr and -30 to 0 Torr, respectively, both during control (C) and after acetylcholine (ACh) administration (experimental, E). Flow (V = 2-15 l/min) was then introduced through the tracheal lumen while chamber pressure (Pc) was increased from 0 to 30 Torr and driving pressure (P
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45

Lejeune, P., J. M. De Smet, P. de Francquen, et al. "Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by increased left atrial pressure in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 259, no. 1 (1990): H93—H100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.1.h93.

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To further explore the mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, we studied the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa)/left atrial pressure (Pla) relationship at fixed cardiac index (Q) and the Ppa/Q relationship at several levels of fixed Pla in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized dogs ventilated alternately in hyperoxia [fraction of inspired O2 (FIO2) 0.4 or 1.0] and in hypoxia (FIO2 0.1). In all experimental conditions, Ppa/Q plots were linear with extrapolated pressure intercepts (Pi) not significantly different from Pla. Hypoxia increased the slope of Ppa/Q plots and did not affect P
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46

Maass-Moreno, R., and C. F. Rothe. "Nonlinear resistances in hepatic microcirculation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 269, no. 6 (1995): H1922—H1930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.6.h1922.

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The liver provides a reservoir available for mobilizing large amounts of blood, but if a change in downstream (outflow) pressure below a certain magnitude (break pressure) does not change upstream pressures, blood volume redistribution may be limited. For downstream pressures larger than the break pressure, the upstream pressures change proportionately. We tested the hypothesis that this nonlinear mode of pressure transmission could be found from the abdominal vena cava to the hepatic microcirculation and from the hepatic microcirculation to the portal vein. Using a servo-null micropipette tec
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Ursino, Mauro, and Carlo Alberto Lodi. "Interaction among autoregulation, CO2 reactivity, and intracranial pressure: a mathematical model." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 274, no. 5 (1998): H1715—H1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.5.h1715.

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The relationships among cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, intracranial pressure (ICP), and the action of cerebrovascular regulatory mechanisms (autoregulation and CO2 reactivity) were investigated by means of a mathematical model. The model incorporates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, the intracranial pressure-volume relationship, and cerebral hemodynamics. The latter is based on the following main assumptions: the middle cerebral arteries behave passively following transmural pressure changes; the pial arterial circulation includes two segments (large and small pial arter
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Takata, M., R. A. Wise, and J. L. Robotham. "Effects of abdominal pressure on venous return: abdominal vascular zone conditions." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 6 (1990): 1961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.6.1961.

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The effects of changes in abdominal pressure (Pab) on inferior vena cava (IVC) venous return were analyzed using a model of the IVC circulation based on a concept of abdominal vascular zone conditions analogous to pulmonary vascular zone conditions. We hypothesized that an increase in Pab would increase IVC venous return when the IVC pressure at the level of the diaphragm (Pivc) exceeds the sum of Pab and the critical closing transmural pressure (Pc), i.e., zone 3 conditions, but reduce IVC venous return when Pivc is below the sum of Pab and Pc, i.e., zone 2 conditions. The validity of the mod
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Ducas, J., U. Schick, L. Girling, and R. M. Prewitt. "Effects of altered left atrial pressure on pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 255, no. 1 (1988): H19—H25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.1.h19.

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We studied the effects of changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) on the slope (incremental resistance) and the extrapolated pressure intercept (PI) of the mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)-cardiac output (CO) relationship. Multipoint plots of PAP against CO were obtained in intact anesthetized dogs. Group 1 consisted of six dogs entirely in West zone 3 and group 2 of four dogs with mixed West zone 2-3. The four conditions studied were the following: 1) fixed low PCWP, 2) fixed high PCWP, 3) variable PCWP, and 4) time-control repeat of condition 1. The PI significantly exceeded
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50

Owens, Robert L., Bradley A. Edwards, Scott A. Sands, et al. "Upper airway collapsibility and patterns of flow limitation at constant end-expiratory lung volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 5 (2012): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2012.

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The passive pharyngeal critical closing pressure (Pcrit) is measured using a series of pressure drops. However, pressure drops also lower end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), which independently affects Pcrit. We describe a technique to measure Pcrit at a constant EELV. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-treated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and controls were instrumented with an epiglottic catheter, magnetometers (to measure change in EELV), and nasal mask/pneumotachograph and slept supine on nasal CPAP. Pcrit was measured in standard fashion and using our novel “biphasic techn
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