Academic literature on the topic 'Stars: individual: BY Cam'

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AbstractIn the current age of innovative business financing opportunities available from fintech apps, social media crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and RocketHub, et.al., and friends and family private equity investors, start-up firms can strategically source their venture capital funds from many globally disperse organizations and individuals. As the firm in this case learned, the benefit of alternative investing sources comes with a critical hidden risk for corporate governance. After a financial restructuring, a typical Silicon Valley software start-up found itself with close to 300 external individual shareholders, some of whom had not been documented as accredited investors. The regulatory agency could decide that the prior actions of the founders and the decisions of the board had been prejudicial to the interests of the minority investors. The management of this small private company faced an atypical investor relations dilemma, before its initial public offering (IPO).

CAD/CAM/CAE applications often deal with open or closed shells of faces (surfaces). Each face has it’s own 2-D parameter space that may not be rectangular. In many applications we need to merge the individual parameter spaces into a single global parameter space that resembles the model shape in the 3-D physical space. In this paper, we present a method of building such shape-preserving global parameterization (of a shell of faces) that is suitable for CAD/CAM/CAE applications.

In any manufacturing setting, producing a machined part is a complicated, multi-step process. It requires coordination between an engineer and a machinist to ensure all goals are met. A machinist creates a part based generally on personal experience and intuition, and while they know that this will result in the finished product, it is not guaranteed that the process plan chosen is the quickest or least expensive way to make the part. In the past year, we have been developing an automated tool that analyzes a solid model to determine its best process plan. The tool is essentially comprised of a reasoning engine that determines what processes are valid for particular sections of the part, and an evaluation engine that estimates the time and cost of the candidate processes. This paper presents the implemented evaluation engine, which assigns individual values of time and cost to machine operations. The evaluation starts with an automated tool selection strategy. The engineering model is able to determine the machining time of the tool(s) chosen. The method presented here takes a unique approach to machining time estimation that balances the trade-off between accuracy and computational time. Preliminary results suggest that the method is able to achieve accuracy near that of commercial CAM packages, with a much lower computational expense. The evaluation model takes into account non-productive manufacturing times (e.g. fixturing, inspection), and translates these to related costs. The method will be presented and discussed in this paper along with some preliminary results.

Abstract This paper proposes a systematic process to analyze the mechanical error and to synthesize the tolerances for individual dimensions of spatial cam mechanisms. The mathematical expressions of geometry surface of the cam are determined by the generating method. Based on these expressions and Taylor’s series expansion, the output variables are expressed by sensitivity factors and the mean of design variables. And, the mechanical error is also calculated according to the measured coordinate data on the manufactured cam surface and misalignments. By applying statistics and cost-tolerance function, the objective function subjected to the variance of the assembly tolerance is established. Then, the Lagrange multiplier is involved to synthesize the optimum tolerances with the least manufacturing cost. A numerical example is given.

Dynamic simulation of a beta-type Stirling engine with cam-drive mechanism has been performed. A dynamic model associated with the cam-drive mechanism has been developed. Upon obtaining the gas pressure inside the chambers, the derived dynamic model is used to evaluate the transient rotational speed of the engine before the steady-state regime is reached. The torque of the engine can be calculated as long as the gas force, the inertia torque, the friction torque, and the load torque are evaluated. In this study, the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel is firstly calculated. The friction torque is assumed to be proportional to the time-varied rotational speed which is obtained by experiments. The weight of the individual parts of the engine has also been considered. An extensive parametric study of the engine under different geometrical and operating conditions has been performed and results are presented.

In production and manufacturing engineering, some redesign, distorted or worn parts cannot be milled according to their original CAD geometries due to the existed shape deviations. Generating CAM data in traditional manner for each individual part is time-consuming and labor intensive. This paper proposes a quick and convenient adaptive approach for machining distorted hollow blade, in which a template CAM data is spatially deformed according to some measured points from actual shape. The actual shape of the part was firstly inspected by on-machine measurement method. The measured points data was matched to the original nominal CAD geometry with ICP algorithm afterwards, by which the point-pairs between the measurement points and their corresponding points were established. Based on the distance deviations between these point-pairs, global and local modifying methods of template CAM data were developed using spatial deformation. By embedding the template CAM data in the calculated deformation volume, a new CAM data was achieved. Finally, a series of measurement and machining tests were performed, which validates the feasibility of proposed adaptive machining approach in this paper.

Previously, the development process of a combined probabilistic fracture mechanics code for nuclear piping system was proposed based on some pre-assigned (by default) crack initiation and crack growth techniques e.g. assumption of preexisting cracks in case of no initiated cracks resulted from either fatigue or stress corrosion crack mechanisms and individual growth of those cracks by fatigue or stress corrosion cracking phenomenon without considering crack coalescence criteria. In one sense this type of approach might produce conservative results. To reduce the undue conservatism, in this version, materials’ sensitive crack initiation and subsequent crack growth of these simulated cracks along with crack coalescence criteria have been given prior importance. The logic behind this revised version of PINTIN-CAM PFM code has been presented and one previously published NUREG benchmark numerical problem has been reinvestigated by the improved features of this code. Based on design condition stress data, a typical PWR RPV outlet nozzle section shows the circumferential and axial through wall crack combined failure probability in the order of about 10−2 and 10−3 respectively. Among individual locations of a RPV ON section, the Inconel part shows relatively highest susceptible failure location followed by SS and LAS locations.

Lower-limb amputation affects the ambulation ability and quality of life of about 600,000 individuals in the United States alone1. Individuals with transfemoral amputation typically walk slower, expend more energy, and have a higher risk of falls than able-bodied individuals2. Ambulation activities such as climbing ramps or stairs or standing up from a seated position are much more difficult than for able-bodied persons. Advances in prosthetic technologies are needed to improve the ambulation ability of above-knee amputees. Passive knee prostheses are lightweight, robust, and quiet, but can only perform activities with dissipative dynamics. Powered prostheses3 overcome this limitation by motorizing the prosthetic joints throughout the entire day, thus enabling the achievement of more activities. However, the prosthesis actuator must then accommodate a wide range of speed and torque to support the various activities, plus provide power over the course of the entire day. Consequently, powered prostheses provide the ability to perform more tasks at the expense of substantial weight, noise, and battery life, which in turn affect their acceptability and clinical viability. To address these shortcomings, we propose a hybrid actuation design for prosthetic knees. The proposed hybrid actuation system uses a motor, transmission, and control only for those activities requiring net-positive mechanical energy, such as climbing on stairs and ramps or performing sit-to-stand transfers. For non-positive mechanical energy tasks, such as standing and walking, the motor and transmission are mechanically disconnected, and passive knee components are used alone, thus achieving improved joint dynamics, and avoiding any electrical energy consumption.

Having observed mechanical engineering seniors at the American University of Beirut (AUB) go about learning computer-aided design (CAD) in a formal setting, the instructors always wondered why some students acquire CAD skills with relative ease while some others seem to struggle. For this reason, a methodical study was launched in order to address this issue. Hence, and in order to “study the students as they learn” was accomplished by following 74 mechanical engineering seniors (it took three academic years including AY 2008–09 in order to have access to this relatively large number of trainees) as they went through a semester-long formal training on a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) package (Pro/Engineer, version Wildfire). The study methodically explored the trainees’: (1) technical background, (2) behavioral attributes (willingness-to-learn), and their (3) learning preferences. Investigating the technical background included quantifying the trainees’ relevant technical competencies specifically: basic math foundation, advanced math foundation, CAD-related mathematical foundation, computer science and engineering foundation, methodologies related to CAD, graphics foundation, and mechanical design foundation. Determining the trainees’ behavioral attributes included exploring their initial attitude towards learning of CAD, perception and imagination, and gauging their actual behavior (practice and CAD skills learned) throughout the training. Trainees’ learning styles were determined according to the index of learning styles, ILS [1]. Furthermore, and in order to assess the trainees’ progress in CAD knowledge acquisition, competency tests were conducted at four intervals throughout the semester-long study (2, 4, 7, and 12 weeks). The assessment involved hands-on building of CAD test parts of comparable complexity. At the conclusion of the study, statistical methods were used to correlate the trainees’ attributes with their monitored performance. Only a fraction (17 out of a class of 74 trainees or about one in four) of the trainees were found to fit the “star CAD trainee” mold which was defined in this study as someone who is fast on the tube as well as perceptive enough to be see through the procedure of building progressively more sophisticated CAD models. A profile of this “star CAD trainee” character emerges as an individual who is technically competent and perceptive, with personal drive and positive attitude, and who possesses active, sensor, sequential and visualizing learning styles.

Entrepreneurship is a powerful tool in the value creation function. Contemporary trends indicate that entrepreneurship is not so much a matter of choice but it is increasingly an issue of survival. In the age of knowledge, intellectual potential becomes a key segment of successful entrepreneurship. The discovery, development and management of intellectual potential gives entrepreneurs, in addition to a competitive edge in the modern market, a greater chance of success in developing an entrepreneurial idea. According to research, in the first three years of business, about 90% of start-ups fail. One possible reason is the mismatch of the business strategy, the business idea, with the personal preferences of the entrepreneurs. The theme of the paper is: how to detect an entrepreneur's individual hidden potential (intellectual DNA) ie his natural dominant traits. By "Intellectual DNA" we mean mental, emotional, character, educational, and other conscious and subconscious individual specificities of an individual. Considering that natural personality traits mean interconnected circuits of cognitive, affective, and behavioral functioning, by the term intellectual DNA, we encompass all these characteristics together. Detecting a unique Intellectual DNA gives us a thorough insight into the natural inclinations of a potential entrepreneur. The concept of understanding the unique intellectual DNA of a potential entrepreneur can be very helpful in developing a strategy to materialize a business idea through starting your own business in many ways. First, knowing the entrepreneur's natural preferences, the business strategy can be adapted in an acceptable, natural way. Second, business processes, procedures can be created, modified, aligned to the individual natural preferences of the entrepreneur and thus reduce the risk of potential failure. Third, associates can be selected and placed in the right places according to their personal preferences. In this way, adequate people would perform certain tasks in accordance with their intellectual DNA, in a natural way, which would result in a greater degree of innovation, creativity, productivity, while reducing the degree of risk. We tested this innovative approach on the participants of the training program "What Makes An Adventure Called Entrepreneurship" within the project "Innovation at Work", which was supported by the Cabinet of the Minister for Innovation and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, held from 13.11.2019 to 16.12.2019. The results will be presented in the paper.

Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.

In September 2020, the British Academy was asked by the Government Office for Science to produce an independent review to address the question: What are the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19? This short but substantial question led us to a rapid integration of evidence and an extensive consultation process. As history has shown us, the effects of a pandemic are as much social, cultural and economic as they are about medicine and health. Our aim has been to deliver an integrated view across these areas to start understanding the long-term impacts and how we address them. Our evidence review – in our companion report, The COVID decade – concluded that there are nine interconnected areas of long-term societal impact arising from the pandemic which could play out over the coming COVID decade, ranging from the rising importance of local communities, to exacerbated inequalities and a renewed awareness of education and skills in an uncertain economic climate. From those areas of impact we identified a range of policy issues for consideration by actors across society, about how to respond to these social, economic and cultural challenges beyond the immediate short-term crisis. The challenges are interconnected and require a systemic approach – one that also takes account of dimensions such as place (physical and social context, locality), scale (individual, community, regional, national) and time (past, present, future; short, medium and longer term). History indicates that times of upheaval – such as the pandemic – can be opportunities to reshape society, but that this requires vision and for key decisionmakers to work together. We find that in many places there is a need to start afresh, with a more systemic view, and where we should freely consider whether we might organise life differently in the future. In order to consider how to look to the future and shape the COVID decade, we suggest seven strategic goals for policymakers to pursue: build multi-level governance; improve knowledge, data and information linkage and sharing; prioritise digital infrastructure; reimagine urban spaces; create an agile education and training system; strengthen community-led social infrastructure; and promote a shared social purpose. These strategic goals are based on our evidence review and our analysis of the nine areas of long-term societal impact identified. We provide a range of illustrative policy opportunities for consideration in each of these areas in the report that follows.