Journal articles on the topic 'Start up India Program me'

<strong>Abstract: </strong> A&nbsp;huge&nbsp;wide variety&nbsp;of&nbsp;government scheme has been undertaken&nbsp;by&nbsp;specific&nbsp;Ministries of GOI for encouraging entrepreneurship&nbsp;within the&nbsp;county&nbsp;wherein&nbsp;care has been taken to&nbsp;make sure&nbsp;adequate&nbsp;participation and&nbsp;proportion&nbsp;of&nbsp;women,&nbsp;by way of&nbsp;way&nbsp;of&nbsp;unique&nbsp;provisions and&nbsp;added&nbsp;incentives for them. Encourage the woman entrepreneurship is more important .In this research paper study the current government program and policies of encouraging woman entrepreneurship

▪ Abstract Presently, India occupies a leading place among Asian nations in the indigenous design, development, construction, and operation of nuclear power reactors. Nuclear power generation in India is based on a three-stage plan to eventually make use of the abundant national resources of thorium, through the use of fast breeder reactors. To achieve this long-range goal, India had to necessarily start with setting up heavy water–moderated, natural uranium–fueled power reactors to produce the plutonium required for the subsequent stages. But, as a result of India's nuclear weapon test in 1974, the developed nations imposed a comprehensive ban on the export of nuclear materials and technology to India, and these sanctions are still in force. This article outlines the steps followed by India to successfully counter these sanctions over the last 25 years and presents a critical evaluation of the potential problems and prospects of nuclear power in India.

<em>India accounts for more than 7 per cent of Global GDP in terms of PPP and about 4 per cent in nominal terms. India has adopted a number of measures that promote faster economic growth and equitable distribution of resources. One such measure is the Startup Policy. It is a flagship program of the Government of India to boost the startup culture in India. In line with the efforts of the Union Government, State Governments are also implementing various policies for startups.</em> <em>The </em><em>state of Gujarat in India has been recognized as one of the leading states in the country for its proactive approach towards fostering a favorable environment for startups. Gujarat is home to more than 8 thousand startups registered, with more than two billion in financial support and more than 180 incubators, and a Centre of Innovation. This paper aims to comprehensively </em><em>analyse</em><em> </em><em>Gujarat's startup policy and evaluate government programs' performance&nbsp;in supporting startup initiatives. The findings</em><em> reveal that Gujarat has implemented a robust startup policy framework with a range of incentives, including financial support, incubation facilities, and regulatory reforms, to promote the growth of startups. The study further evaluates the performance of government programs designed to support startups in Gujarat across different sectors.</em>

This article discusses the recent growth of the Fintech industry in Andhra Pradesh, India, with over 120 start-ups focused on digital payments, lending, insurance, and wealth management. The state government has significantly promoted Fintech innovation and adoption through its Fintech Accelerator Program and partnerships with companies such as Paytm and Visa. The Fintech industry is expected to maintain its growth trajectory in 2023, with the government's support and a thriving start-up ecosystem contributing to this growth. A literature review of Fintech in India highlights the industry's rapid growth, particularly in digital payments and lending, and its potential to expand access to financial services for underserved segments of the population. The review also identifies regulatory challenges and lack of trust as barriers to Fintech adoption, the role of Fintech in promoting financial literacy and education, and its potential to address the credit gap in India.

Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Program (SVEP) is one of the world’s most extensive village entrepreneurship programmes to transform rural India into an entrepreneurial hub. This paper performs the first impact evaluation of this scheme in one of the implementing blocks of Madhya Pradesh. The study uses mixed-method research to complete the programmatic, quantitative and qualitative analysis, thereby highlighting the bottlenecks in the existing policy from the grassroots. As per the quantitative analysis, the scheme has achieved a 45.3 per cent decrease in migration. 84.2 per cent of respondents reported an increase in monthly food consumption, and 53.5 per cent of respondents reported improvement in their socio-economic condition. Moreover, the case narratives and cross-case analysis provide the beneficiaries' perception of the scheme and how SVEP has created an entrepreneurial attitude among women. The study also focuses on delivering programmatic suggestions to overcome the scheme's bottlenecks and build a rural startup ecosystem.

Traditionally India is known for its agrarian economy and is witnessing a prominent shift in its economic landscape. While agriculture remains vital, the country&#39;s economic backbone now predominantly rests on the tertiary sector, overshadowing the performance of the secondary (industrial) sector. Hence, the &#39;Make in India&#39; program was introduced by the government of India. This program aims to renew the life of the manufacturing sector by promoting greater productivity, creating employment opportunities, and fascinating more Foreign Direct Investment. &nbsp; Identifying the need for a holistic approach to make &#39;Make in India&#39; a success, the Government introduced a heap of complementary schemes. These initiatives, including Skill India Mission, Start-up India, Digital India, Smart Cities, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation, International Solar Alliance, Sagarmala, and Accelerating Growth of New India&rsquo;s Innovation, collectively aim to fortify and elevate the manufacturing sector&#39;s performance. &nbsp; The &#39;Make in India&#39; program is beached in four fundamental pillars that serve as cornerstones for entrepreneurial growth, not only within manufacturing but also across other sectors of the economy. This paper endeavours to assess the program&#39;s objectives and accomplishments after seven years of implementation, offering insights into its successes and the key challenges it faces. By doing so, it seeks to shed light on the transformation and impact this initiative has had on India&#39;s economic landscape.

PURPOSE: Start-ups are widely acknowledged as crucial catalysts for innovation and drivers of economic progress. However, their vulnerability to failure continues to pose a persistent and significant obstacle. In light of this, the study intends to ascertain the various elements responsible for the elevated incidence of start-up failures and examine their contextual associations. It further aims to establish the hierarchical structure and identify the crucial factors of start-up failure. METHODOLOGY: The paper uses the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach to determine the structural hierarchy and interconnections among the causes of start-up failures identified through the comprehensive analysis of existing literature and experts’ opinions. MICMAC (Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification) analysis is also being utilized to categorize these identified failure causes into autonomous, independent, dependent, and linking factors by their driving and dependency powers. FINDINGS: A structural framework depicting the interrelationships among the factors has been derived, showing the failure factor, ‘poor market positioning’ factor at the highest level, and the ‘lack of entrepreneurial efficiency’ at the lowest level of the model. The results also revealed that lack of entrepreneurial efficiency, poor management, and external environmental issues are the most significant independent factors upon which all other failure factors rely. It also categorizes ‘poor market positioning’ as the dependent factor, signifying its passive role in the failure of start-ups. IMPLICATIONS: As previous literature has discussed the various factors responsible for the failure of start-ups in isolation, the current study fills out the gap in the literature by establishing linkages among those factors. The study’s insights emphasize the value of effective management teams and entrepreneurial skills in averting start-up failures. It highlights the importance of skill development and mentorship to enhance the capabilities of entrepreneurs and their teams. Furthermore, the research indicates that policymakers and support groups can create focus initiatives addressing issues like market validation, team dynamics, and financial management to enhance the start-up environment. These initiatives may encompass entrepreneurship training, financial assistance, and mentorship through the ‘Start-up India’ Program, Bharat Fund platform, etc. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: Previous studies on entrepreneurial failure are based on AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process), content analysis, and quality management methodologies. This is potentially the first study using the ISM-MICMAC approach that explores the complex world of start-up failures in India and illustrates the relative influence and interdependence of various failure factors of start-ups through a hierarchical model.

Would you like to find a career that reflects your values, applies your research expertise, and welcomes your creativity? If so, perhaps a career in civic innovation may be something of interest. What follows is a primer on civic innovation based on my experiences at Code for America (CfA), a civic start-up organization located in San Francisco, California. Particular emphasis is given to how I adapted my anthropological training to work in this area. I also offer suggestions for interested readers about exploring this type of a career. My insights come from participating in CfA's 11-month fellowship program in 2013. This fellowship also allowed for post-doctoral research about civic innovation (Hébert and Hughes 2013). The references and examples used here mainly highlight the work of small and medium-sized businesses and organizations because often the work of larger companies is more widely known.

MSME has been considered as one of the major dynamic forces for the economic development in developing economy. MSME’s continuous immense contribution towards manufacturing, exports, employment opportunities empowering rural youth by providing equitable opportunities directly or indirectly is strengthening the economy. The growth of enterprise sector is also developing a strong base for entrepreneurship development which is considered to be as one of the major indicator of economic development. Every new start up needs to raise capital to implement new ideas, easy availability of finance for same is acting as one of major challenge. The Government of India through its institution has made several arrangements by launching several schemes, financial assistance to meet the diverse financial requirement. In Goa the Prime Minister Employment Generation Program is managed by two Government agencies i.e. Khadi Village Industries and Department of Industries, Trade and Commerce. This paper is a sincere attempt to study the trend and pattern of financing start up entrepreneurs through Prime Minister Employment Generation Program by Department of Industries Trade and Commerce in Goa.

The present study was conducted in the Amritsar District of Punjab. Purposive cum random sampling technique was followed for the selection of vocationally trained women. Amritsar district was selected purposively as there was no such study conducted previously on vocational training program for women. A list of vocational trained women was procured from KVK, Nagkalan which is the only KVK functional in Amritsar district and from the procured list 100 vocationally trained women were selected randomly for the present study. Results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were educated up to the higher secondary level. Neighbors were the main source of information about the vocational training at KVK for the majority of women respondents. Moreover, there were little less than half percent of women respondents who got support from their family to start their own enterprises after getting training. Regression model was used and form the data, it is concluded that among all independent variables, age and education had a significant effect on respondent’s decision to start their own enterprises.

&#x0D; The ‘Mohalla’ clinics were set up by the Delhi state (provincial) government in India in 2014 to provide basic health services to people of Delhi city and its vicinity, especially targeting the urban poor. The Mohalla clinics are staffed by a doctor, a nurse, a pharmacist and a laboratory technician and theyprovide basic health services including immunisation, family planning and counselling services. The Mohalla clinic program had a good start and its operation was cost-effective; however, it is still struggling to increase its coverage to entire Delhi state as it had planned. The program got caught up in the central government and state government bureaucratic tussle, especially on the issue of acquiring land for setting up such clinics and on the implementation front due to the lack of operational plan and collaboration with the government line agencies. Thus, despite political will and funding a potentially viable urban health programmay have got stuck in the operational procedural complexities and political-bureaucratic tussle. This commentary article tries to discuss the challenges faced by the Delhi government’s ‘Mohalla’ clinics and a possible way forward to scale it up as a model urban health program.

Learning outcomes The various learning outcomes of the case include the following: to provide information and help the students to understand how a start-up business succeeds with the proper branding and marketing; to help understand different marketing theories related to segmentation, targeting, positioning, branding, distribution and marketing process and the frameworks of understanding start-up business marketing with a practical example; to improve analytical skills and help evaluate marketing strategies related to segmentation, targeting, positioning, branding, distribution and marketing in the Indian quick-service restaurant (QSR) business; and to encourage learners to think differently towards solution generation and strategy decisions. Case overview/Synopsis The case portrays the dilemmas related to segmentation, targeting, brand positioning, distribution and start-up business marketing in the context of an Indian QSR. The present case strives to portray the journey of WoW! Momo is a QSR brand in India and highlights the company's branding and marketing challenges. Based on the challenges faced by the company and the decision dilemma pointed out in the case, the readers can get sufficient motivation to generate probable solutions. This was early 2007; Binod Kumar Homagai and Sagar Daryani, bosom friends, were on the verge of finishing their graduate studies in commerce from St. Xavier's College Kolkata. Pursuing Chartered Accountancy or MBA was the common trend as the career option among most commerce graduates then. Still, both Homagai and Daryani thought to be innovative and different in their career options. After a series of discussions, they determined to start with their favorite dish, momos, as an alternative brand proposition that would be opening off from the City of Joy, Kolkata. They managed to arrange a seed capital of INR 30,000 in 2008 and started their venture WoW! Momo. In the financial year 2018–2019, the company's revenue had already crossed INR 1170m, achieved its presence in 11 cities in India, and reached more than 243 outlets. This case has followed the qualitative research methods where in-depth interviews of the founders and stakeholders along with the observation method were used. The case unfolds a systematic solution of dilemmas related to segmentation, targeting, brand positioning, distribution and start-up business marketing in the context of Indian QSR business. This case can also be seen as one of the youth entrepreneurial success stories of Indians. Complexity academic level This case is primarily meant for second-year students in a postgraduate program in business management. The case could also be discussed in an executive development program on marketing/brand management/business strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

<strong>Abstract:</strong> This article provides an overview of the present situation of intellectual property rights (IPR) in India, including the country's legal structure, enforcement techniques, challenges, and future prospects. The analysis emphasizes the importance of intellectual property rights in promoting innovation, creativity, and economic progress. Despite a strong statutory framework, issues including piracy, counterfeiting, and enforcement gaps continue. However, measures like specialized IPR Cells and fast-track courts show efforts to improve enforcement. India's international commitments, particularly under the TRIPS agreement, shape its IPR landscape while asserting rights to safeguard public health and traditional knowledge. Government initiatives such as the National IPR Policy 2016 and Start-Up India program aim to streamline processes and promote innovation. Looking ahead, leveraging emerging technologies like blockchain and artificial intelligence offers opportunities to revolutionize IPR management and enforcement. Collaboration between stakeholders is crucial for addressing challenges and maximizing the benefits of a strong IPR ecosystem.

Pakistan is one of those countries which are continuously struggling with providing essential primary healthcare services, especially in rural and underserved areas. To combat vaccine-preventable diseases, the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) has been active since 1978. Additionally, Lady Health Worker Program (LHWP) fits best with district health priorities of mother and child healthcare, family planning and National Immunization Days (NIDs). However, Pakistan faces many challenges. One is significant disparities in allocation and retention of LHW between provinces such as Punjab and Balochistan. Others are the lack of formal training and management of LHWs and a lack of immunization record system leading to vaccine wastage and broken logistics. How other low to middle-income countries (LMIC) are addressing these issues, is evident from Bangladesh and India. The Shasthya Shebika (SS) Program of Bangladesh is unique in having strategies for focused, structured training and retention of community health workers (CHWs) who receive small loans to establish funds, which they use to sell medical products to the community. To tackle the issue of lack of immunization data and vaccination wastage due to inadequate inventory, India has launched an Electronic Vaccination Intelligence Network (eVIN). The Ministry of Health, Pakistan has the potential to start a healthcare project to address the challenges mentioned above. The recommendations include allocation of 500 LHW (lady health workers) in the underserved district of Quetta in Balochistan with the implementation of retention strategies by funding LHW for small businesses, providing a formal educational structure and training and supervision of LHWs for innovative electronic immunization system. LHWs will have access to relevant educational materials and electronic devices such as tablets.

The aim of this study was to determine the long term use of sodic waters and gypsum on physico-chemical properties of coarse textured loamy sand soil. The study consisted of three natural occurring underground sodic waters and amendment gypsum in various cropping systems. The results demonstrated that sodic water irrigation significantly decreased infiltration rate (1.46 &amp; 1.09 cm hr-1) and soil porosity (35.66 &amp; 33.26 %) and increased soil strength (17.49 &amp; 17.67 kg cm-1), pH (9.52 &amp; 9.66), exchangeable sodium percentage (48.00 &amp; 55.00), sodium adsorption ratio (45.14 &amp; 54.10 (mmol/l)1/2) and calcium carbonate content (2.15 &amp; 2.44 %). The gypsum application significantly improved infiltration rate (2.20 cm hr-1) and soil porosity (38.7 %) and reduced soil strength (16.74 kg cm-1), soil pH (9.35) exchangeable sodium percentage (39.00), sodium adsorption ratio (36.93 (mmol/l)1/2) over a period of thirty years. A significant CaCO3 build up in soil was also observed with gypsum application (3.28 % 4.56 %) as compared to its content at the start of study. Thus, it is concluded that in coarse textured soils of North west India, sodic waters up to RSC 12.0 me l-1 could safely be used crop production in combination with gypsum in loamy sand soil without any adverse effect on the physico-chemical characteristics of soil.

Background During 2013, a mobile health (mHealth) program, Innovative Mobile Technology for Community Health Operation (ImTeCHO), was launched in predominantly tribal and rural communities of Gujarat, India. ImTeCHO was developed as a job aid for Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and staff of primary health centers to increase coverage of maternal, neonatal, and child health care. Objective In this study, we assessed the incremental cost per life-years saved as a result of the ImTeCHO intervention as compared to routine maternal, neonatal, and child health care programs. Methods A two-arm, parallel, stratified cluster randomized trial with 11 clusters (primary health centers) randomly allocated to the intervention (280 ASHAs, n=2,34,134) and control (281 ASHAs, n=2,42,809) arms was initiated in 2015 in a predominantly tribal and rural community of Gujarat. A system of surveillance assessed all live births and infant deaths in the intervention and control areas. All costs, including those required during the start-up and implementation phases, were estimated from a program perspective. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were estimated by dividing the incremental cost of the intervention with the number of deaths averted to estimate the cost per infant death averted. This was further analyzed to estimate the cost per life-years saved for the purpose of comparability. Sensitivity analysis was undertaken to account for parameter uncertainties. Results Out of a total of 5754 live births (3014 in the intervention arm, 2740 in the control arm) reported in the study area, per protocol analysis showed that the implementation of ImTeCHO resulted in saving 11 infant deaths per 1000 live births in the study area at an annual incremental cost of US $163,841, which is equivalent to US $54,360 per 1000 live births. Overall, ImTeCHO is a cost-effective intervention from a program perspective at an incremental cost of US $74 per life-years saved or US $5057 per death averted. In a realistic environment with district scale-up, the program is expected to become even more cost-effective. Conclusions Overall, the findings of our study strongly suggest that the mHealth intervention as part of the ImTeCHO program is cost-effective and should be considered for replication elsewhere in India. Trial Registration Clinical Trials Registry of India CTRI/2015/06/005847; http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=11820&amp;EncHid=&amp;modid=&amp;compid=%27,%2711820det%27

Objective: Models of early, community-based palliative care for individuals with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV heart failure and their families are lacking. We used the Medical Research Council process of developing complex interventions to conduct a formative evaluation study to translate an early palliative care intervention from cancer to heart failure. Method: One component of the parent formative evaluation pilot study was qualitative satisfaction interviews with 8 patient–caregiver dyad participants who completed Educate, Nurture, Advise, Before Life Ends Comprehensive Heartcare For Patient and Caregivers (ENABLE CHF-PC) intervention. The ENABLE CHF-PC consists of an in-person palliative care assessment, weekly telehealth coaching sessions, and monthly follow-up. Subsequent to completing the coaching sessions, patient and caregiver participants were interviewed to elicit their experiences with ENABLE CHF-PC. Digitally recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a thematic approach. Results: Patients (n = 8) mean age was 67.3, 62.5% were female, 75% were married/living with a partner; caregivers (n = 8) mean age was 56.8, and 87.5% were female. Four themes related to experiences with ENABLE CHF-PC included “allowed me to vent,” “gained perspective,” “helped me plan,” and “gained illness management and decision-making skills.” Recommendations for intervention modification included (1) start program at diagnosis, (2) maintain phone-based approach, and (3) expand topics and modify format. Conclusion: Patients and caregivers unanimously found the intervention to be helpful and acceptable. After incorporating modifications, ENABLE CHF-PC is currently undergoing efficacy testing in a large randomized controlled trial.

Micro units are a significant economic segment of our society and are a major source of employment after the agriculture sector. The purpose of this paper is to assess the performance of the government's scheme after five years (2015-20) in order to determine whether the MSME sector has grown and developed over that period. Micro units engaged in manufacturing, processing, trading, and service activities are included in this category. It is responsible for providing employment to approximately 10 million individuals. There are a lot of proprietary/single-ownership/own-account businesses in the non-corporate small business sector. In view of India's large population, it is difficult for them to access mainstream commercial banks. India sometimes introduces objective-oriented schemes to help the underprivileged start up, expand, and change their small businesses. Through an empirical investigation, this paper will evaluate the needs and performance of this program after five years (2015-20). The Mudra Banking Scheme is also an objective-oriented model for the financial inclusion of the poor who do not have mortgages to cover their financial needs. Honorable Prime Minister of India Shri Narendra Modi commenced this banking scheme in August 2015.

The challenge faced by the incubators in India is finding good start-ups that solve theproblems in the market or in value chain. A well-structured incubation program may leadthe startup from idea generation stage to setting up the business and most crucial fundingsupport. Analysis of effectiveness of training programme was done using primary as wellas secondary data. Progress report of the institute and primary information from the traineeswere matched to reach usefulness of the training programme. The primary data was collectedduring August, 2019 to January 2020 with partial structured pre-scheduled interview. Forthe ICAR-BPD trainees there was no substantial variation in age or land ownership,implying that the comparison on certain dimensions could be due to the training programmerather than underlying human attributes. The ICAR-BPD trainees were mainly attemptingto obtain government employment and were often unaware of the training and otherresources available to help them establish their own enterprise. Almost all of the traineesattributed their progress to the RUDSET Institute’s EDP teaching.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of new formula of the PTK calculated with the head-limbus-distance (=height) and limbal base length of the pterygium and ablation thickness on the anterior corneal curvature and visual acuity, associated with autologous conjuntival implant in patients with primary (Group A)and secondary(Group B) pterygium. Setting: This study was developed in the Department of Ophthalmology, Maggiore Hospital of Bologna. Design: Prospective non randomized study was conducted in 18 eyes of 18 subjects (9 eyes primary and 9 eyes with recurrent pterygium) operated with a dedicated PTK program. Methods: All patients signed informed consent before the start of the research. BCVA (Best Corrected Visual Acuity), mean refractive error (ME) and topographic astigmatism and recurrence of pterygium was followed. Mean follow up was 18.67 ± 6.13 months Min: 12 Max: 24 months. Results: Mean post-operative BCVA increased at 3-24 months compared with pre-op BCVA (p= 0.003). Mean post-op BCVA improved independent of the optical zone involvement in the pre-op (p= 0.845). Mean Pre-op astigmatism (Group A): was: 0,97 ± 2,7 (MIN: -2,8 Max: +5). Mean pre-op Astigmatism (Group B) :-0,33 ± 1,98 (MIN: -3 Max:+4). Astigmatism reduction in the group A: 0 D; Group B: -0,1D ± 0,74D MIN: -1 Max: +1. No statistically difference at 24 months from two groups in BCVA (p=0,59), Sf ( P=0,7), ME(p=0,7), astigmatism ( p=0,96) ANOVA. Recurrence of pterygium was: 0%. Conclusions: The dedicated programme of PTK was shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of the pterygium. BCVA can be improved by providing a smooth corneal surface in cases of optical zone involvement.

Background Carcinoma cervix is one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide. The World Health Organization has put forth the 90-70-90 global strategy for the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. It calls for 70% women to be screened at least once in their lifetime. However, this rate is as low as 1.9% for India and even lower for many other countries, making the target insurmountable, especially in resource-constrained settings. The COVID-19 pandemic made this even more challenging. Objective This study aimed to identify bottlenecks and high leverage points and propose a technology-driven, national-level program for improving the screening of carcinoma cervix. Methods Detailed process mapping was done to identify potential bottlenecks. A counterfactual approach was used to identify high leverage points for impact using “What if” scenarios. These findings were used to build program theory–based logic models to propose a national-level program for carcinoma cervix prevention. Results Availability, accessibility, affordability, skewed distribution of infrastructure, cost implications, and limited specialist workforce were identified as bottlenecks. The COVID-19 pandemic put a strain on existing resources and worsened the situation. The existing network of primary health care workers, changes in health-seeking behavior due to COVID-19 with the increasing role of tele-health, conducive political milieu with initiatives such as Digital India Mission, and a booming start-up ecosystem were identified as high leverage points through the counterfactual approach. Using these findings, a national program was designed with program theory–based logic modeling. Conclusions The journey from &lt;2% of women screened at least once in their lifetime all the way to 70% would need a drastic increase in funding and resource allocation, which is unlikely considering the current conditions. COVID-19 has not only been an adversity but also opened new thinking and opportunities. Artificial intelligence–driven, cost-effective, easy-to-use, and widely acceptable solutions such as “Smart-Colpo” can be a game changer to achieve the World Health Organization targets. Conflicts of Interest None declared.

Introduction: Workplace health promotion programs are an effective strategy for improving health status of large number of participants. They have several advantages and recently, INDIA-WORKS Trial demonstrated that standardized programs can be scaled to different worksites. Many chronic-health conditions benefit from physiotherapy interventions but physiotherapists roles in workplace health programs have not been established. Developing physiotherapists-led workplace programs have the potential to scale-up access to physiotherapy interventions. The aim is to determine the burden of chronic-health conditions and need for physiotherapy interventions among selected health professionals in a workplace setting. Methods: 39 nurses (Age: 48±4 years; 90% women) with leadership roles (Assistant Nursing Superintendents-3, Floor Supervisors–4, Patient Care Coordinators-5 &amp; Ward In-charges–27) participated in the study. In the previous year, physiotherapy screening was included as part of annual health check-up of employees in tertiary-care teaching hospital wherein 1135 employees were screened using standardized proforma. This identified several opportunities for developing workplace health promotion programs. The current study represents phase 1 of program development, wherein nurses in leadership roles were shortlisted for determining the burden of chronic health conditions amenable to physiotherapy interventions and their willingness to participate in workplace health promotion program using a standardized questionnaire. Result: Among the participants, 18(46%) had diabetes or hypertension or both, 19(49%) were stratified as low-moderated risk using STarT Back Screening Tool (NPRS=5.2±1.4) and 14(36%) had mild disability due to back pain. Musculoskeletal pain at other sites were also common. All participants expressed willingness to participate in workplace health promotion program. Conclusion: There is significant burden of chronic health conditions in select group of healthcare professionals and all identified problems are amenable to workplace health promotion programs. Implications: There is significant potential for developing physiotherapists-led workplace health promotion program.

Youth are the best human resource who can bring rapid development to the society. In different areas, youth are usually facing different kinds of problems like conditions of poverty, backwardness and unemployment is widespread. Among them, Dalit youths are the most affected section of society. They either have low educational skills or no educational skills. Due to these factors, Dalit youths are mostly engaged in minority jobs. Various rural employment and self-employment schemes implemented by the government during the past years to improve the status of Dalit youths such as the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), Training of Rural Youth for Self-employment Employment Program (TRYSEM), etc in general and focusing Dalit youth in particular. In addition, government initiatives like Start-up India, and MUDRA, were launched to generate employment opportunities for the low-skilled workforce. The main objective of this study is to analyse the occupational aspirations among Dalit youth and to examine the status and implementation of rural employment programmes for Dalit youth. The paper is descriptive and exploratory based on primary data gathered from 100 Dalit youths of Bakshi-Ka-Talab of Lucknow District. This research helps to understand the status of Dalit youth in the light of employment, underemployment and unemployment. This research study also throws light on the implementation of rural employment programmes focusing on Dalit youths.

Background. In most settings, patients receive phase 1 cardiac rehabilitation in CTVS ICU at the hospital, but there are several barriers to follow-up after patients are discharged from the hospital. Physiotherapists play an important role in the enrolment and continuation of cardiac rehabilitation. Thus, we aim to study the knowledge, attitude, and practice of physiotherapists about CR program adherence among patients discharged from the hospital after cardiac surgery. Objectives. (i) To study the knowledge of physiotherapists about the importance of cardiac rehabilitation after discharge; (ii) to know the attitude of physiotherapists towards cardiac surgery patients after discharge; and (iii) to know what approach various centres are applying for patients after discharge to ensure adherence to cardiac rehabilitation. Methods. A questionnaire was developed with reference to the objectives of the study, which was answered by a total of 127 physiotherapists. Results. The overall response rate was 42.3%; nearly 35.4% of the participants indicated that they knew a lot about CR, while 5.5% said they knew very little. Regarding the program’s content, 36.2% of participants reported having a medium degree of awareness of the diverse CR components, while 8.6% reported having very little knowledge of them. Only about one-third, 35.7% stated that CR in India is effective and 95% believed that CR will have an added value for the country. Approximately 80% of respondents thought that it would be challenging for a physiotherapist to recommend patients to a CR in the nation. Nearly 35% of respondents believed that they, “themselves as physios,” needed to commence CR, and slightly less than 70% thought that doctors were required to choose and refer the patients when asked who should take the initiative to start this kind of programme in the country. A little over 40% of respondents said that insurance firms are also involved in starting a CR programme. Conclusion. Physiotherapists have good knowledge of cardiac rehabilitation. However, their attitude and practice towards adherence to exercise protocols are confounded by various clinician- and patient-level factors.

Background/Context Human rights education has proliferated in the past four decades and can be found in policy discussions, textbook reforms, and grassroots initiatives across the globe. This article specifically explores the role of creativity and imagination in human rights education (HRE) by focusing on a case study of one non-governmental (NGO) organization's program operating across India. Purpose/Objective This article argues that human rights education can and should be creative and innovative in its approaches to ensure access and sustainability of programs that seek to transform the learning experiences of marginalized students. Evidence from India contributes to the discussion of HRE by presenting teachers’ and students’ experiences with one particular human rights education program in India that incorporates an array of strategies to secure support and contextually-relevant curricula and pedagogy for poor children. Research questions that guided the larger study from which data are presented here included (a) How have differentiated motivations for, conceptualizations of, and initiatives towards HRE operated at the levels of policy, curriculum and pedagogy, and practice in India? (b) What impact has HRE had on Indian teachers and youth from diverse backgrounds who have participated in one NGO program? Research Design The larger study from which the data are drawn is a vertical case study utilizing primarily qualitative methods. Participants in the larger study included 118 human rights education teachers, 625 students, 80 staff and policy makers of human rights education, and 8 parents. Observations of teacher trainings included hundreds more participants. The majority of student respondents came from ‘tribal’ (indigenous) or Dalit (previously called “untouchable”) communities, both comprising the most marginalized sections of Indian society. Design and Methods This study was primarily qualitative and was carried out from August 2008 to August 2010 (13 months of fieldwork during that period). Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 118 teachers, 25 students, 8 parents, and 80 staff and officials of human rights education in India. 59 focus groups were carried out with an additional 600 students. Observations were also carried out of teacher trainings in human rights and human rights camps for students. Follow up data were collected on subsequent, but shorter, field visits from 2011-2013. Conclusions/Recommendations The study found the following: (a) Human rights education that is creative, contextualized, and engaging offers a meaningful opportunity for educators, families and students to critique and interrogate social inequalities. (b) Non-governmental organizations can provide a unique perspective on human rights education by drawing on diverse creative approaches if they are able to engage effectively with students, communities, educators and schools. (c) Research on human rights education must attend to how local communities, activists, artists and educators make meaning of normative frameworks (like human rights) in order to understand how creativity, imagination and innovation are engaged and ‘indigenized’ in productive and transformative ways. Further attention to creativity and imagination in human rights education can illuminate how HRE influences—and is mediated by—existing community realities and societal structures. I started learning about human rights in class six. I first thought they are giving us more of a burden with yet another subject and more books. But the teachers were so different after they started teaching human rights: human rights teachers talk nicely to us, they don't scold and beat us. They encouraged us to try new things and cultivate different talents like dance, poetry, drama, singing, and everything. Other subject teachers would just teach their subjects and they beat us also. They put the pressure of other people on us. But the human rights teachers release us from that. Through this course, I started writing poems about women's rights and children's issues and my human rights teacher encouraged me to send it to the newspaper when I was in class eight. They liked it and even published it! I had never ever thought something like that would happen. My grandmother can't read–she is a sweeper in someone's home–but I showed it to her in the newspaper and she was so happy. I kept writing poems and made a collection of 125 of them. My teacher encouraged me to put them together in a book and she raised money from teachers and got the publisher to give us a discounted rate. They are putting all the proceeds of the book sales in a bank account under my name so that I can go to college. I can't imagine what my life would be if this human rights class would not have been there. When I grow up, I would like to do a lot more in the field of human rights. —Fatima, 16-year-old human rights student in India1

Learning outcomes After working on the assignment questions, the learners can achieve the following learning outcomes: to deliberate on the emerging cloud-based business models in the food-tech sector; to scrutinize the challenges faced by a start-up while selecting an expansion model; and to purpose strategies and solutions for scaling up the business. Case overview/synopsis Ms Megha Bafna, the founder, conceptualized starting Keep Good Shape (KGS) in the year 2017. She started the business with a seed capital of INR 3,500 (US$54.13) from her savings. The idea stuck to her mind as she was working with a real estate firm, and every day, she packaged salad for her lunch. Bafna thought that if someone makes the salad available, she will buy it. Based on this this unmet need of the consumers, KGS started as a passion in 2017 and became a full-fledged business in 2021 with 400 daily customers and 38 full-time employees. Today, she serves 22 different salads, including customized salads for customers with lifestyle diseases based on a subscription model. She grew her organization using social media tools such as Facebook and WhatsApp without using any traditional promotion tools. COVID-19 pandemic has increased her orders by almost 10% as healthy meals emerged as people’s choice in 2021. In 2021, she has to choose between expansion through cloud-based kitchen business models across India. She has been confused about selecting the suitable cloud-based kitchen business model and contemplating about funding if she has to expand the business. Complexity academic level An instructor can use this case in the courses of entrepreneurship/strategy subject of a graduate/MBA program. The case study sensitizes the students about setting up a new business and organizing to scale it up further. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship

This interview was conducted at the famous Lotus Clinic at Mumbai. Interview of Dr DD Tanna (DDT) was personally conducted by our Editor Dr Ashok Shyam (AK). It was an interesting two hours talk in late evening and we are presenting here the salient features of the interview. AK: First let me thank you for this interview. Let’s begin by asking about your family and where you grew up? DDT: I grew up in Kalbadevi area in Bombay in a typical Gujrati locality. I had four brothers so we were five of us together with my father and mother. At that time education was not something very popular in our family and when I graduated I was among the handful in 2 mile radius and when I completed post-graduation there were none in the entire area. The trend was that people used to go to college just for the stamp of collage and then join the father business. But I was a good student and so I did complete my studies AK: Tell us something more about your childhood? DDT: I had a very eventful childhood, we used to play many sports. I was very good at cricket and even at medical college I was captain of the cricket team. But along with cricket I played many local sports kho-kho, langadi, hoo-to-too, football, volleyball, swimming etc. Didn’t get chance to play hockey but I did play everything I came across. AK: I understand you have seen Mahatma Gandhi and heard him speak. Please share your remembrance of that? DDT: Once Gandhiji was holding a meeting in Bombay and my father said to me ”let’s go see Gandhiji”. I went with him and there was a huge crowd and I felt quite uncomfortable. I wanted to leave when my father said to me ‘why are you afraid of the crowd, these are all your fellow human beings, not cattle herd”. That statement touched me very much and till today, I am not afraid of any crowd. Understanding that all are my fellow human beings, took away my stage fright forever. I can speak my thoughts clearly and without fear and I can dance with the crowd with equal ease. I have seen Mahatma Gandhi at close distance and he appeared to be a very frail man. At first I wasn’t impressed, but then I realised that this frail man can have the huge crowd following him just because of his thought process. That understanding has helped me a lot in my life. AK: So why did you become a doctor, what was your inspiration? DDT: I was good in studies and in those days there were only two choices either to be an engineer or to be a doctor. I had decided that I would be an engineer with no doubt in my mind. One day one of my uncles, who happened to be an engineer, visited us. When asked I told him my intention to become an engineer, to which he replied ”In that case you have to take up a government job all your life”. In those days the only scope for an engineer was to be in government job, but the idea of being a enslaved for life by an organisation was something I couldn’t accept. My freedom was very dear to me and overnight I changed my decision and pledged to become a doctor. AK: How was your MBBS term? Why did you choose orthopaedic surgery? DDT: I was quite casual in MBBS and was more involved in sports. I got serious in last year to get good grades. Frankly speaking there were none who influenced me in the undergraduate college. After joining medicine developed a natural liking to surgery and always wanted to become a surgeon. Doing general surgery and then super specialisation for another two years seemed to be a long time. Orthopaedic surgery was a new branch at that time and offered direct super specialisation. And so I joined orthopaedic surgery. AK: What were your early influences in medical college? DDT: I wasn’t a very serious student in medical college. Possibly I became a bit serious in my last year of MBBS to score marks to get the branch of my choice. After MBBS and before joining post-graduation I had some spare time at hand which I utilise in reading. That period was a period of change I my life. I read authors like Bertrand Russel who had a major influence in my life. I read ‘Altas shrugged’, ‘We the Living’, and ‘Fountainhead’ and these three books had deep impact on me. I also read The Manusmrti’s specifically for their philosophical treatise and not the religious aspect. I still like to ponder on these philosophical aspects from time to time. By the time I joined as an orthopaedic registrar, I was a pretty serious person. In first 6 months of my orthopaedic residence I was fascinated with basics specially the histopathological aspect of orthopaedics. I read all about the histiocytes, the fibroblasts etc and even today I still think in these terms when I think about orthopaedics. AK: You joined the B Y L Nair Hospital, Mumbai in 1965. Tell us something about your life at Nair Hospital? DDT: Well in fact I passed my MS in 1965. I joined possibly in 1954 as a medical student. I was a student, house surgeon, lecturer, honorary surgeon all at Nair hospital. I was one of the youngest consultant as I became consultant at Nair hospital at age of 28, merely 8 months after passing MS exams. Possibly God was kind to me. Nair hospital was a decent place, but it became a force once Dr KV Chaubal joined Nair. Earlier KEM hospital had big name because of Dr Talwalkar and Dr Dholakia. I was lecturer when Dr Chaubal joined. He changed Nair hospital with his modern and dynamic approach. He gave me an individual unit within 3 years. Our rounds would be more than 4 hours in Nair hospital and had great academic discussions. AK: We have heard about a very famous incident when you operated Dr Chaubal? Do tell us something about that DDT: Well Dr Chaubal was suffering from a prolapsed disc and he had taken conservative management for some time with recurrent episodes. At one point we went ahead and got a myelogram done (no MRI in those days), and a huge disc was diagnosed. He called me the next day and asked to operate on him. I was 10 years his junior and moreover he was my boss and there were many more senior surgeons who were available. It came as a shock to me that he would chose me to operate on him [and of course it was an honor to be chosen]. Dr Laud and Dr Pradhan assisted me in operating him and it was big news at that time AK: You were pioneer in bringing C-arm to India? Tell us something about the C-arm Story? DDT: We used to do all surgeries under X ray guidance in those days, at the most we had 2 x-rays set together by Dr Talwalkar to get orthogonal views. I used to go to USA and they would do all surgeries under C-arm. I came back and contacted Mr Kantilal Gada who used to manufacture X ray machines. He agreed to try to make a C arm if I pay him one lakh rupees [in those days]. The condition was if he succeeded, he would give the c arm to me at no profit rate and if he failed my money would be lost. He did succeed and we had India’s first C-arm at my place. It helped me at many times in clinical practice. One specific incidence about an Arab patient who had a failed implant removal surgery previously and Icould remove the implant within 30 mins because I could clearly see the distal end of the nail entrapped. This patient was a friend of The Consulate General of UAE and since then I started getting lot of patients from there. So that was a wise investment I think. AK: You were specifically instrumental in developing trauma surgery in India. Why focus of Trauma Surgery? DDT: Dr Chaubal the first person to start trends in everything. At first we were spine surgeons as Dr Chaubal was very interested in spine surgery. Dr Bhojraj and Dr VT Ingalhalikar were our students. I was one of the first people to do total hip and total knee surgeries very soon after Dr Dholakia did it for the first time in India. But somehow I felt these surgeries did not hold much challenge. Trauma surgeries were challenging and each case was unique and different. So I decided to stick to trauma surgery for the sake of sheer joy of intellectual and technical challenges it offers. AK: A lot has happened in the field of Orthopaedic Trauma in and you are witness to these growth and development. What according to you are the important landmarks in History of trauma Surgery? DDT: Interlocking is the major change. I used to go to AAOS meeting every year where people were talking about interlocking when we were doing only plates. I decided to make an interlock nail by drilling holes in standard K nail. There was no C-arm in those days and surgeries were done on X rays. We got a compound fracture tibia and I made a set of drilled K nails for this patient as per his measurements. We successfully did the static locking using K nail in this patient. We slowly developed the instrumentation and jigs for it and developed commercially available instrument nail. Interlocking spread like wild fire and I was called as the Father of Interlocking Nail in India. AK: Your specific focus was on Intramedullary nailing and you have also designed the ‘Tanna Nail’ How did you think of designing the nail? Tell us about the process of designing the nail, the story behind it? DDT: Like said above, I developed the nail and instrument set with one Mr Daftari in Bombay. This was sold as ‘Tanna nail’ in Bombay. Slowly implant companies from other states also copied the design and started selling it as ‘Tanna NAIL’. I had no objections to it and I didn’t have a copyright anyway. Slowly I phased away the name as the design progressed and asked them to call it simply interlocking nails. AK: You are known for Innovation. Tell us something more about it? DDT: I specifically remember C-arm guided biopsy which I used successfully for tumor lesions. The same principle I used for drilling osteoid osteoma under CT guidance, which avoided an open surgery. There are many more technical tips and surgical techniques that I have been doing and some of them are listed in my book named ‘Orthopaedic Tit Bits’ AK: The last two decades have seen a tremendous increase in the choices of implants available in the market. Many of these implants were sold as the next “new thing”. Do you feel these new implants offer justifiable and definite advantage over the older ones? How should a trauma surgeon go about this maze of implants and choose the best for his patients? DDT: There is no easy way to do that, because most implants comes with a huge propaganda and body of relevant research. Many senior faculties will start talking about it and using it. For example, distal femur plates have now reported to have 30% non-union rate. Earlier I had myself been a strong supporter of distal femur plate but through my own experience I saw the complications. Now I feel the intramedullary nail is better than the distal femur plat in indicated fractures. Same with trochanteric plates or helical screws in proximal femur fracture. So we learn the hard facts over a period of time and by burning our own hands. But then you have to be progressive and balance your scepticism and enthusiasm. In my case the enthusiasm wins most of the time. AK: Share your views on role of Industry in dictating terms to trauma surgeons? DDT: I feel it’s very difficult to bypass the industry. Also because the industry is supported by orthopods. But again like I said we learn from our own errors and something that does not have substance will not last for long. For example clavicle plating, I supported clavicle plating for some time [and it felt correct at that time], but now I do not find wisdom in plating clavicle and so I have stopped. So I believe it’s a process of constant learning and also realising and accepting mistakes. Once I was a great proponent of posterolateral interbody fusion (PLIF) in spine but after few years of using it I realised the fallacy and I presented a paper in WIROC (Western India regional orthopaedic conference) titled ‘I am retracting PLIF’ and it was highly appreciated by the audience. AK: Tell us about your move toward joint replacement surgeries? DDT: I was one of the first one after Dr Dholakia to start joint replacement surgeries in India and I continue to do many joint surgeries. And of course ‘cream’ comes from joint replacement surgeries (laughs heartily) AK: You have been active in teaching and training for over 4 decades, how has the scene changes in terms of teaching methods and quality of surgeons undergoing training? DDT: Teaching is now become more and more spoon feeding and I think it is not real teaching. Even in meetings I enjoy the format where there is small number of faculty and case based discussion on practical tips and surgical technique. The 8 minute talk pattern is something I think is not very effective. Real teaching of orthopaedics cannot be done in classroom or in clinics. In clinics we can teach students to pass exams but not orthopaedics. Dr Chaubal always used to say that real orthopaedics is taught in practical patient management and in operation theatres. I tell my fellows that I wont teach much, but they have to observe and learn. In medical colleges there is no teaching at all, its almost died off. AK: What you feel is the ‘Way of Working’ of Dr Tanna that makes him a successful Orthopaedic Surgeon? Your Mantra? DDT: Always do academically correct things. Like I have been practicing 3 doses of antibiotics since last 20 years. I read a lot and then distil the academic points and follow them in practice. I get up at 4 am and read everyday. AK: What technical tips would you give for someone who has just embarked on his career as an Orthopaedic surgeon? DDT : I have given one oration which is also on you tube, you should listen to that. Anybody who becomes an orthopaedic surgeon is actually cream of humanity and are capable of doing anything. The only thing required is a strong will to excel and passion to succeed AK: I understand that you are a very positive person, but do you have any regrets, specifically related to orthopaedics. Something that you wished to do but couldn’t? DDT: Honestly nothing. Today when people ask me ‘How are you’ I say ‘can’t be better’. I couldn’t have asked for a better life AK: Any message you will like to share? DDT: I think passion to be best is essential. Even if one patient does not do well or if we do a mistake in a surgery, it causes huge distress and misery to us. We as doctor should be truthful to your patients. Between you and your patient there can’t be any malpractice. You should treat every patient as if you are doing it on your son or daughter. Always keep patient first AK: What degree or accolades would you like me to mention in your introduction? DDT: Nothing just plain MS Orth, I have no other degrees. In fact after my MS I attempted to give D orth exam. My boss at that time Dr Sant, said ‘are you crazy, after passing MS you want to give KG exam?’ He actually did not allow me to appear (laughs). Never felt like having any more degrees, degrees won’t take me ahead, its only my orthopaedic skill that will be take me ahead in life.

To meet accountability and accreditation requirements, teaching partners and the faculty postgraduate office required more robust and integrated feedback on teaching and assessment. The web-based evaluation system known as POstgraduate Web Evaluation and Registration (POWER) was implemented in 2004/05 by most residency training programs, using their existing forms and scoring scales. At start up, over 250 different evaluation forms and 85 varying scoring scales were in operation across programs for the In-Training Evaluation Reports (ITERs) and resident-completed evaluations for Rotation Evaluation Scores (RES) and Teaching Effectiveness Scores (TES). &#x0D; The POWER Evaluation Working Group was formed to develop a methodology to gather and consolidate evaluations to report on medical residents, their teachers, and rotations in a clear, consistent user-friendly format, map general questions against CanMEDS roles and Family Medicine principles, and convert all scoring scales to a consistent 5 point Likert scale. A standardized naming protocol was developed to map rotation services to individual teaching sites.&#x0D; The 2004/05 analysis of these evaluations (2004/05 Annual POWER Report: Lessons Learned) provide baseline data to begin monitoring trends in resident and faculty performance, assess the quality of programs and identify areas for improvement by CanMEDS standards and CFPC principles. Mean scores, standard deviations and number of evaluations were presented by teaching site and program.&#x0D; Consolidation of evaluations by program and teaching site provides valuable feedback to hospitals and programs wishing to standardize and improve their assessment systems, and to postgraduate medical offices who must maintain evaluation standards and illustrate trends for accreditation purposes. Future activities include: standardizing evaluation forms starting July 2007, improving scoring consistency and accuracy, improve participation rates and timeliness of responses, develop a procedure/case log tracking system, and trend analysis.&#x0D; Afrin LB, Arana GW, Medio FJ, Ybarra AF, Clarke HS Jr. Improving oversight of the graduate medical education enterprise: one institution’s strategies and tools. Academic Medicine 2006 (May); 81(5):419-25.&#x0D; Benjamin S, Robbins LI, Kung S. Online Sources for assessment and evaluation. Academic Psychiatry 2006 (Nov-Dec); 30(6):498-504.&#x0D; Rosenberg ME, Watson K, Paul J Miller W, Harris I, Valdivia TD. Development and Implementation of a web-based evaluation system for an internal medicine residency program. Academic Medicine 2001 (Jan); 76(1):92-5.

Ionizing radiation has validated its existence and effectiveness in modern medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic use. For the last decade rapid growth in medical radiation application has witnessed in India towards the betterment of mankind, for safe and quality clinical practice, radiation protection and quality assurance. At the end of the 19th century Physics brought paradigm shift in the field of radiation-based medical diagnosis and treatment and giving rise to the modern medical physicist profession and revolutionized the practice of medicine. Medical Physicists are the scientists with Post graduation / PhD degrees, and certified from A.E.R.B as Radiological Safety Officer, deals with utilization of Physics knowledge in developing not only lifesaving tools &amp; technology but also diagnosis and treatments of various medical conditions that help humans live longer and healthier. Medical Physicists are responsible to carry out the commissioning, establishment of entire Radiation facility and get the clearance of statutory compliances form authorities in order to start the clinical practice are also responsible for research, developing and evaluating new analytical techniques, planning and ensuring safe and accurate treatment of patients also provide advice about radiation protection, training and updating healthcare, scientific and technical staff , managing radiotherapy quality assurance program, mathematical modeling ,maintaining equipment ,writing reports, teaching ,laboratory management and administration. Now it’s a time to raise the curtain from the Medical Physics profession and utilize their services up to maximum extent in the field of scientific research, academic, teaching, diagnosis, treatment and safety.

Subject area Information Systems – IT Strategy Design and Implementation. Study level/applicability The case can be discussed in Marketing Management courses and IT Strategy classes in MBA, executives from NGOs who are participating in Management Development Programs, etc. It can also be used in entrepreneurship classes. The case serves as an illustration to entrepreneurship projects, and so this case can be discussed in training program for budding entrepreneurs intending to implement cloud in its IT infrastructure. Case overview E-commerce is big nowadays in India. In e-commerce, particularly e-tail in India is witnessing a boom with players reporting achieving revenue targets earlier than anticipated. Though e-tail sites are now ubiquitous and dime a dozen with multiple offerings or specialized offerings, the e-grocery model is yet to take off on a large scale across India. E-grocery model has its unique challenges on both supply as well as distribution side unlike other e-tail business. As it deals with perishable items, it faces challenges in supply chain, procurement, inventory management, cold storage management, quality and logistics. To solve such problems, high degree of localization is needed for players in this business. It requires them to open up multiple warehouses at strategic locations in a city if they decide to have control over the goods they sell. Start-ups in this space face the problems in monitoring inventory levels across warehouses where they use disparate Point of Sales (POS) systems. There is a lack of synchronization among the POS applications across the warehouses for which they are able to take the benefit of economies of scale during procurement and distribution. Also, they face stock out and excess inventory across stock keeping units (SKUs). To solve this problem, a strategy is needed so that they can maintain data for all its warehouses through a single database and also by which they can scale up easily and at a lower investment without disturbing continuity in business. Expected learning outcomes Following are the learning outcomes: to learn about the business model and market ecosystem of an e-tailing business dealing in grocery items in a tier-II city in its introduction phase of organizational life cycle, to learn about various processes involved in online ordering of an item from an e-commerce website, to understand the various challenges faced by an organization dealing in e-tailing business in its introduction phase and to find out whether IT Strategy can be of help to overcome these challenges, to have an understanding of the Balance Score Card and Departmental Score Card, to understand how cloud can be of help to overcome the challenges and what are the possible cloud architectures to address such problems, to get an idea about how return on investment can be measured for finding feasibility of investment in cloud and to have the understanding of risk associated with implementing cloud and the cost of mitigating those risks. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS:11 Strategy.

Amount raised: K80,000 Background and context: Breakthrough cancer trust held a fundraising dinner dance to raise finances to build a wellness center in Lusaka. Aim: Wellness center to house care givers and patients once discharged from the cancer diseases hospital, especially those patients from upcountry towns. Strategy/Tactics: We have other fundraisers billed up for this year such as dinner dance. We have partners and well wishers who donate toward our cause, but we plan to also start one weekend per month a no car policy, which will enable people to walk and raise money toward breast cancer awareness and screening. This in turn will enable us screen women for breast cancer without an extra cost, as this has been a challenge having only one cancer diseases hospital in the country. Program process: Costs and returns: We have a number of pledges from well wishers, but also have planned fundraising walks too. What was learned: Having just completed my treatment in 2017, I see the challenges faced by many especially for those who live outside Lusaka. Accessing mammograms and ultrasound services is unaffordable for many, unless they go to the hospital during the free cancer awareness and screening month in October. During our awareness walk we meet a lot of people in the streets and handout flyers. Then we realised a lot of people are unaware of breast cancer and the symptoms and only learn of them once a loved one is diagnosed with it. They do not even know simple self-breast checks.

<strong>Introduction.&nbsp;</strong>Epilepsy, as a chronic non-infectious disease of the brain, affects according to some data about 50 million, according to others - about 65 million people worldwide. Epilepsy can be treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), diet therapy, and surgery. AEDs are drugs of various origin, which are used to prevent or reduce (in intensity and frequency) seizures, their corresponding equivalents (loss or disturbance of consciousness, behavioral and autonomic disorders, etc.), which are observed during periodically occurring attacks of various forms of epilepsy.&nbsp;The peculiarity of the treatment of epilepsy is the need for regular daily intake of&nbsp;AEDs&nbsp;for many years, including at least 3-5 years after the cessation of seizures. The number of patients forced to take&nbsp;AEDs&nbsp;during whole life reaches 15%.&nbsp;<strong>Material &amp; methods.&nbsp;</strong>The sources of information were: domestic and foreign web resources, the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine (for searching of&nbsp;AEDs) (as of February 1, 2023), registers of drugs which are subjects to reimbursement under the medical guarantee program.<strong>&nbsp;</strong>The several methods were used in the research, such as: information search, comparison, analysis, generalization, marketing.&nbsp; <strong>Results &amp; discussion.</strong> The analytical study of AEDs showed that in Ukraine as of February 1, 2023, were registered 325 trade names (TN) of&nbsp;AEDs, which represented 16 international non-propriatory names (INN). About half (48.85%) of the researched assortment is made by pregabalin-based medicines. Almost one-eighth parts of the assortment (12.92% each) is taken by lamotrigine and levitiracetam TN. In total, drugs of these three INNs make up about 72% of the nomenclature of&nbsp;AEDs. The distribution of the studied assortment by dosage forms type showed that the absolute majority of&nbsp;AEDs was represented by capsules (51.08%) and tablets (45.23%).&nbsp; It was established that three-quarters (75.38%) of the nomenclature of&nbsp;AEDs are drugs of foreign production. They are represented by 65 companies from 23 countries of the world. Among them, the vast majority (88.57%) are produced by one company, a tenth part (10.20 %) – by two-three manufacturers, and three TN of Pregabalin euro (1.22 %) – by 13 enterprises. As for domestic medicines, they are represented by 13 manufacturers, and 9 out of 10 (93.75%) of their products are made by one, and the rest by two companies. High production activity regarding&nbsp;AEDs is characteristic of enterprises from India (16.67% of manufacturers,&nbsp;Index of Production Activity (IPA) = 26.28%) and Ukraine (16.67% of manufacturers, IPA = 22.96%). Among foreign enterprises, the highest production activity has Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited, India (IPA = 6.63%), and among Ukrainian manufacturers - LLC "Pharma Start" (IPA = 3.83%). As a result of the data analysis of 5 Registers of medicines, the prices of which are subject to reimbursement under the program of&nbsp;state guarantee program of medical care of the population for 2021-2023, an increase in the number of&nbsp;AEDs INN from 3 to 4 was found. The analysis of the latest Register as of August 10, 2023 showed that it included 31 TN of these drugs (lamotrigine – 18, carbamazepine – 10, valproic acid – 2 and phenytoin – 1). At the same time, patients with epilepsy can receive 10 medicines free of charge, with a surcharge of up to 10% of the cost - 1 medicine, with a surcharge of 10-20% - 4 medicines, 21-30% - 10 medicines, 31-40% - 2 medicines and in within 41-50% - 4 medicines.&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion. &nbsp;</strong>Separate components of the marketing complex regarding antiepileptic drugs registered in Ukraine and their role in the context of the program of&nbsp;state guarantee program of medical care of the population were studied.<strong>&nbsp;</strong><strong>Keywords</strong>:<strong>&nbsp;</strong>Еpilepsy, antiepileptic drugs,&nbsp;reimbursement, Index of Production&nbsp;Activity

In the developed countries including Japan, malignant tumor (cancer), heart disease and cerebral apoplexy are major causes of death, but infectious diseases still responsible for high mortality in the developing countries, especially for children less than 5 years of age. World Health Statistics published byWHO indicates a high percentage of mortality from infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, diarrhea, measles, malaria and pneumonia in children of South and Southeast Asian and African countries (World Health Statistics 2014,World Health Organization). Many of these infectious diseases have the potential for borderless transmission and invasion to Japan. Given this situation, Japan’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) introduced Phase I of a program “Founding Research Centers for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases,” running from fiscal 2005 to 2009 and involving 8 Japanese universities and 2 Japanese research centers. The program was established to: 1) Create of a domestic research structure to promote the accumulation of fundamental knowledge about infectious diseases, 2) Set up 13 overseas research collaboration centers in 8 countries at high risk of emerging and reemerging infections, Japanese researchers are stationed at these centers, where they conduct research in partnership with overseas instructors, 3) Develop a network among domestic and overseas research centers, 4) Develop human resources. The program, supervised by MEXT, and managed by the RIKEN Center of the Research Network for Infectious Diseases (Riken CRNID). Dr. Yoshiyuki Nagai, Program Director (PD), heads CRNID and is organizing the program. Phase II of the program was set up as the Japan Initiative for the Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) and was established for fiscal 2010-2014. Participating universities, institutes and countries in J-GRID are as follows: Hokkaido University : Zambia Tohoku University : Philippines The University of Tokyo : China Tokyo Medical and Dental University : Ghana Osaka University : Thailand Kobe University : Indonesia Okayama University : India Nagasaki University : Vietnam Kenya (Associate*) Niigata University : Myanmar (Associate*) National Center for Global Health and Medicine : Vietnam National Institute of Animal Health : Thailand *Two associate members were involved in 2011. Each university and institute set up its collaborative research center in a country and conducts research on infectious diseases, especially typical regional diseases. The program’s outcome of each collaborative center is announced by the publication of various research papers or outreach programs, such as open lectures for citizens, and so on. The Asian-African Research Forum (AARF) on Infectious Disease organized by J-GRID is dedicated to reporting and discussing the research results of the collaborative research centers. Details and activities of J-GRID can be seen at http://www.crnid.riken.jp/jgrid/. The Figs. 1 and 2 show examples of the home page indicating the countries and the collaborative research institutes involved. J-GRID publishes the magazine entitled “Monthly CRNID,” which is available by mail upon request to “https://krs.bz/crnid/m?f=2&amp;m=1110&amp;t=8cdk&amp;v=076691d2.” This publication contains various topical information on infectious diseases, such as research papers, newly announced news from WHO, overseas trip news, domestic infections, new drug developments, explanations, events, etc. Phase II will terminate on March 2015 (the end of FY 2014), and Phase III will begin in April 2015 at the start of the new FY. This special issue on J-GRID is being edited on the occasion of the final year of Phase II. The outlines of J-GRID and those of all the collaborative research centers are reviewed by Dr. Nagai, PD of CRNID, and the representatives of each respective collaborative center in this issue. Finally, I extend my sincere thanks to all authors and reviewers involved in this special issue.

January 27 2020, a day that will be remembered by the Indian people for a few decades, where a deadly virus peeped into a life of a young lady and till now it has been so threatening as it took up the life of 3.26 lakh people just in India. With the start of the virus government has made mandatory to wear masks when we go out in to crowded or public areas such as markets, malls, private gatherings and etc. So, it will be difficult for a person in the entrance to check whether everyone one are entering with a mask, in this paper we have designed a smart door face mask detection to check whether who are wearing or not wearing mask. By using different technologies such as Open CV, MTCNN, CNN, IFTTT, ThingSpeak we have designed this face mask detection. We use python to program the code. MTCNN using Viola- Jones algorithm detects the human faces present in the screen The Viola-Jones algorithm first detects the face on the grayscale image and then finds the location on the colored image. In this algorithm MTCNN first detects the face in grayscale image locates it and then finds this location on colored image. CNN for detecting masks in the human face is constructed using sample datasets and MobileNetV2 which acts as an object detector in our case the object is mask. ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of things application used to display the information we get form the smart door. This deployed application can also detect when people are moving. So, with this face mask detection, as a part to stop the spread of the virus, we ensure that with this smart door we can prevent the virus from spreading and can regain our happy life.

Nuclear desalination concept and implementation spanning 50 years are recognized as an economical viable option for water and electricity production but could not receive wider applications. This is due to various factors, in addition to technical design parameters, other factors, such as social, economic, and environmental issues, need to be considered. For this purpose, the current studies start with performing a critical and up-to-date literature review on previous investigations in the field of nuclear reactors and integrated nuclear power with desalination plants with a specific focus on performance criteria, technical specifications, etc. Reviewing and compiling the most updated technical specifications, cost estimations, and environmental data related to nuclear power and desalination plants are also important steps. Previous studies show a special focus on other important issues on nuclear desalination characteristics in countries including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, India, and Kuwait. This work presents a concise review of previous works on the relevancy of other issues, such as economic, environmental, and social, associated with the use of nuclear energy in power generation and fresh water production. Preliminary assessment of possible hybrid configurations of nuclear and desalination technologies is developed and assessed by a computational program. Both operating and capital cost of the integrated plants are calculated. The simulation model is then extended to compare with other heating reactors as well for the verification analysis. The results obtained from comparative assessment depicts the accuracy of the simulation model used for preliminary assessment of the integrated nuclear desalination option. The main objective of the research is to assess the nuclear desalination plant development in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects. The results will pave the way for countries interested in developing nuclear desalination plants.

January 27 2020, a day that will be remembered by the Indian people for a few decades, where a deadly virus peeped into a life of a young lady and till now it has been so threatening as it took up the life of 3.26 lakh people just in India. With the start of the virus government has made mandatory to wear masks when we go out in to crowded or public areas such as markets, malls, private gatherings and etc. So, it will be difficult for a person in the entrance to check whether everyone one are entering with a mask, in this paper we have designed a smart door face mask detection to check whether who are wearing or not wearing mask. By using different technologies such as Open CV, MTCNN, CNN, IFTTT, ThingSpeak we have designed this face mask detection. We use python to program the code. MTCNN using Viola- Jones algorithm detects the human faces present in the screen The Viola-Jones algorithm first detects the face on the grayscale image and then finds the location on the colored image. In this algorithm MTCNN first detects the face in grayscale image locates it and then finds this location on colored image. CNN for detecting masks in the human face is constructed using sample datasets and MobileNetV2 which acts as an object detector in our case the object is mask. ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of things application used to display the information we get form the smart door. This deployed application can also detect when people are moving. So, with this face mask detection, as a part to stop the spread of the virus, we ensure that with this smart door we can prevent the virus from spreading and can regain our happy life.&nbsp;

BackgroundThe MIG network(“MIG” is a shortening for “Midt i gigt” which means “In the middle of Reumatism” as well as mid-life. MIG also means “ME” in DanishThe existing offers and activities in the Danish Rheumatism Association are primarily targeted towards the age group above 60 years. Often, younger members find it difficult to feel at home and see themselves as part of that particular age group. They miss activities where they can meet up with their peers, who are going through the same challenges in life.ObjectivesThe objectives of the MIG network is to create a forum for people with rheumatism, who are roughly between 35 and 55 years old. The network focuses on life with rheumatism and how to keep the balance between job, family life and the disease. The ultimate goal was to create a community based on networking, shared experiences and relevant knowledge from both each other and health professionals.MethodsFirst of all, the age group needed to be involved right from the start, so we initially made a series of interviews to learn about their needs and wishes. Then we gathered a group of five volunteers, who agreed to participate in defining the objectives and activities and to start up the network.The network consists of the following:I) an online based network with monthly webinars on the platform Zoom, where different health professionals talks about relevant subjects. The obvious advantage being, that people could participate from all over the country, from their sofa, not needing to dress up and travel after a long day of obligations.II) The Danish Rheumatism Association have created an App for their volunteer community. In this app we offered the members of MIG “a room of resources” where they can find news on the latest research and other relevant news. The members can also ask questions and share written advice and good ideas with each other.III) Last, but not least it was important for the volunteers to offer physical meetings once or twice a year. They long to meet up, to laugh together and share their stories and experiences on life with arthritis. These meetings always have talks and lectures by eg. Reumatologists, scientists, physiotherapists or psychologists.ResultsI) The participants in the online webinars have been very pleased with the professional presentations and found them to be very useful. At the same time, they gained useful tools to make it easier to live a life with rheumatism. But it has been difficult to create an intimate space. For many, it is difficult to share private feelings of uncertainty and inadequacy on camera in a Zoom meeting. The “room of resources” on our App has only worked and engaged a very small group of people, in spite of a great effort from our volunteers.The physical meetings have been a great success. And they have covered a need that wasn’t met before. The participants have enjoyed the professional lectures, but enjoyed the social networking even more. So now the meetings have less lectures and more networking in the program. As living with a chronic disease can make the whole family and network suffer, we also met the need to invite next of kin to join the meetings and have arranged for them to have their own workshop with a Psychologist.ConclusionThe MIG network makes sense! And it has met a need for people with a chronic disease to meet up with peers in the same life situation. It has proven to be more difficult than intended to create an online community, whereas the physical meetings have created strong relations on a completely different level.The network continues with both the digital and the physical activities nationally. The goal is also to recruit volunteers locally, so that they can initiate local activities.ReferencesNoneDisclosure of InterestsNone declared

e21043 Background: Dacomitinib is an irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) approved in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with mutated EGFR. Literature on real world experience of dacomitinib is lacking, especially in patients (pts) with brain metastasis and uncommon EGFR mutation. Methods: This is single center retrospective study of EGFR mutated advanced NSCLC patients treated with dacomitinib between July’19 and Dec’20. All patients received dacomitinib at 45 mg once oral dose except few with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 2-3 and elderly received 30 mg once daily. Clinicopathologic features, treatment details, toxicity and treatment outcome were recorded. Progression free survival was calculated from start date of dacomitinib till date of progression. All pts underwent re-biopsy with evaluation for EGFR T790M at progression. Results: Total 43 pts were treated with median age of 63 years (range:43-81) and M: F ratio of 22:21. 26 pts accessed the drug through early access program, 6 pts through clinical trial and rest through commercially available product. ECOG PS was 1 in 29 pts, 2 in 13 pts and 3 in 1 patient. Ten patients had brain metastasis (out of evaluated 38) and 9 received whole brain radiotherapy. Type of mutations was Del 19 in 27 pts, L858R in 12 pts, G719X in 2pts, and Del 19 + L858R, L861Q in one patient each. Histopathology types were – adenocarcinoma in 39 pts, adenosquamous in 2 pts, NSCLC-not otherwise specified and squamous histology in one patient each. Starting dose of dacomitinib was 45 mg in 34 pts and 30 mg in 9 pts. 39 pts had any grade of toxicity and 20 pts (47%) had any grade 2 &amp; 3 toxicity- mostly diarrhea and acneiform skin rash. Total 18 pts (42%) required dose modification (all from 45 mg to 30 mg). 38 pts have evaluable response: complete response in 2, partial response in 34 and stable disease in 2 pts. 8 out of 10 pts with brain metastases had partial response. All three pts with uncommon EGFR mutation had partial response. Five pts underwent re-biopsy on subsequent progression (4 had Del 19 and one had L861Q) and two developed EGFR T790M mutation. Six patients died (5 died of infection and one died of acute myocardial infarction). After a median follow-up of 13.8 months (range: 1.2-20.1), the median PFS not reached (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.9, not reached) and 2-yr PFS was 57.5%. Conclusions: This is the largest experience of dacomitinib in EGFR mutated advanced NSCLC from Indian subcontinent. This is first reported activity of dacomitinib in pts with brain metastasis and uncommon EGFR mutation. Response rate was high and durable. 42% pts on 45 mg oral daily dose required dose modification due to toxicity. 30 mg once daily may be an optimum dose of dacomitinib in Indian pts.

Subject area Social entrepreneurship Study level/applicability Bachelor/master students. Case overview Women Empowerment through Local Livelihood (WELL) is a social venture that was founded in September 2005, by Danny Merguei. Danny was raised in Israel and had a long career in the corporate world as an auditor. After many years of work, Danny and his family moved to India. Shortly after the family arrived to the south of India, one of the biggest tsunamis in history hit the Southeast coast, on 26 December 2004. Many women who were dependent on their husbands as the family’s breadwinners lost them to the tsunami. Danny reacted to the situation by setting up a program to help these women. As the businesses expanded and the effects of the tsunami subsided, the focus of WELL shifted to women from rural areas who were interested in starting a shared business with a group of other women. Women who are selected for the training offered by WELL are guided for six months on how to create products made of recycled materials, such as household items and accessories. During the training, the women also take classes on how to run a business and on personal development. After the women complete the training, they receive a micro loan to start their own businesses. WELL monitors their development, offers business consultancy and quality controls assistance for the products. WELL also buys the products from the women and sells them to shops in India and around the world. The income generated by these sales is used by WELL to sustain and increase its operations. The women, however, are free to decide whether they want to distribute their products through WELL or find other ways to generate income. The mission of WELL is to provide empowerment tools and alternative livelihood to women. Behind it is WELL’s vision to see the status of women in the Indian society and their self-empowerment improve. Expected learning outcomes With the help of the case and literature students should understand/learn: Some of the differences and similarities between social and commercial entrepreneurship. The students should try to inspect where there is an overlap in social and commercial entrepreneurship (and how this is reflected in the thought-process and decision of the entrepreneur) and where the two separate. The importance of the social mission in social entrepreneurship. This is one of the crucial differences that exists between social and commercial entrepreneurship. The students think about the motivation that drives the entrepreneur. The students should think about the influence that the lead entrepreneur has on the social business, and how the two are linked. That a social problem can have different layers. The students should come to a realisation that sometimes the “real” or deeper problem is not so easy to see and can be obscured by other more exterior problems. About the complexity involved in building up and operating a social venture. The students should try to identify with the protagonist’s struggles while maintaining their own points of view. To have a critical perspective when making an important decision, and to be able to use and put together the relevant information. How to apply models, theories and concepts from the provided literature to answer the case questions. Supplementary materials Teaching Note 2 videos. Subject code CSS:3 Entrepreneurship.

Background:We were handicapped by the exorbitant cost of innovator anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) drugs. Despite limited use, we sometimes observed long-term benefits following short term induction like use. Emboldened by advent of biosimilars, we carried out an investigational study.Objectives:To evaluate the effectiveness of a short regimen of biosimilar (Bs) Adalimumab in ASMethods:50 consenting patients (86% B27+) naïve for biologics and negative for latent TB screen were enrolled into an observational design study of one year; Baseline mean values for age, duration, ASDAS and CRP was 31 years, 98.8 months, 4.6 and 64 mg per dl respectively. During the first year, patients were begun with 40 mg Bs Adalimumab (Bs-ADL) (Exemptia™), injected fortnight, for 12-16 weeks. No patient received DMARD or steroid in the first year of study. Patients continued standard of care follow up program in the clinic. The ASAS (Assessment Spondyloarthritis International Society) improvement indices were used. Standard intention-to-treat analysis was performed; significant p &lt;0.05.Results:Optimum ASAS 40 improvement was observed at week 12 (68%); substantial improvement lasted till week 36. At one year, the ASAS 40 was 38%; ASAS partial remission 22% patients. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF α and IL-17) showed conspicuous reduction; maximum drop in IL-6 at week 24 (See Figure). 11 patients withdrew in the first year. 30 patients completed two years and 22 patients completed 3 year follow up. Over time, there was substantial loss in the ASAS 20 and 40 responses but patients seemed satisfied with the on-going symptomatic relief and improved function. Admittedly, patients showed more adherences to advice on physical exercise and stress reduction. Flares were more frequent after 1 year requiring short term round the clock NSAID; only 5 patients could afford to repeat a short term Bs-ADL regimen and one patient underwent hip arthroplasty. None received steroids and 5 patients were begun on Sulfasalazine in the second year and monitored. We could not evaluate structural modification (AS). Selected outcomes over 2 and 3 years from the current study will be compared to matched control (derived from the clinic database). None developed TB or any serious drug related toxicity. 2 patients developed recurrent uveitis.Conclusion:This real life documented experience unravelled impressive long term benefits following a kick start short term induction regimen of Biosimilar Adalimumab in AS. Though contrary to standard practice, this seemed a practical solution in our setting. We speculate a psychological and motivational boost rather than a prolonged real time biological effect (Bs-ADL) for this phenomenon. Our study has important socioeconomic bearing and merits validation.Acknowledgement:This was essentially a non-commercial investigator-initiated study. Zydus Cedilla India provided a generous research grant with free of cost Bs_ADL to several patients and a large concession in the cost to the rest.Disclosure of Interests:Arvind Chopra Grant/research support from: Zydus Pharamceutical Ltd India, Nagnath Khadke: None declared, Manjit Saluja: None declared, Toktam Kianifard: None declared, Anuradha Venugopalan: None declared

Learning outcomes Discussion of the case will enable students to identify the cornerstones of industry development using simple frameworks like PESTLE and five forces that shape strategy. They will be able to identify critical success factors and evaluate how a firm gets competitive advantage. They will also be able to assess whether the advantage is sustainable for the firms and along which dimensions they have only competitive parity. The issues of contemporary firms growing through the use of network strategies is also highlighted and students will learn to appreciate the role of platforms and connectivity for gaining sustainable advantage. Case overview/synopsis This case describes the growth strategy of NoPaperForms, a start-up in the domain of enrolment automation for higher education in India. Naveen Goyal, the founder CEO sensed an opportunity in this growing industry segment and acquired it from the founder, Vishal Shah in 2017. The ultimate objective of an educational institute was to attract talent, Goyal evolved a comprehensive enrolment solution starting with the time a prospective student made an inquiry for enrolment till the time he/she paid for enrolment. It was a complete panel, bundled and packaged in a single system taking care of lead management, lead nurturing, application management, fee payment, post-application management and enrolment. He developed it into a unique blend of a customer relationship management (CRM), which was unique in the country. At this juncture, Goyal was exploring growth avenues. On the client side, he had the alternatives of focusing on the B2C segment or diversifying from B2B to B2C. Geographically, he had the options of expanding to tier II and tier III cities, which were the next growth hubs. The option of growing internationally was also on the cards. The purpose of the case is to analyse the opportunities in the education technology sector, specific to student enrolment and leverage the competencies of the firm to detail the future strategy of the firm. Complexity academic level The case can be used in a MBA program for a course in Strategic Management in the module of strategy formulation after fundamental concepts and theories of Strategic Management have been discussed. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Journal of Environmental Biology is one of the leading international, interdisciplinary, open access and peer reviewed research journal that has been publishing research papers for over 40 years. The mission of the journal has been to keep scholars, academicians and scientists abreast of latest research. My first encounter with Journal of Environmental Biology was in the library of Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow that I would frequently visit to explore different journals for collecting research material for my doctorate program, followed by submitting research papers for publication in journal, however, in my wildest dream I had never imagined that someday I would be working in JEB. My father's scientific background had a strong influence on me which inspired me to opt for science stream for taking research as a career. After enrolling for a doctorate program, once again I was lucky to work under a supervisor who encouraged her scholars to visit libraries and study journals before commencing for laboratory experiments. Further, my passion for reading also propelled me to visit different libraries of research institutes during free time. Although, Google was available for literature search, but full length research papers were not easily available as most journals were paid, this further compelled us to visit libraries for collecting literature. After completing my doctorate program, instead of taking up a conventional career, I got an opportunity to join the R&amp;D Division of JEB as a scientist. This turned out to be a turning point of my career as again I was fortunate to work under Dr. R.C. Dalela, the Editor-in-chief of JEB who is a known academician and researcher of India. He has been a teacher, a guide, a mentor and also a torchbearer to innumerable students. His constant guidance, training, support, and gesture towards life and work has shaped my career. After working in JEB for over a decade, I feel privileged and proud to serve as an Editor of JEB, looking after the entire publication work. Over time the journal has also grown, transformed and established itself on the International platform. The rising popularity among the scientific community and the feedback received from researchers and Editorial Board Members has propelled us to expand our horizons. For the year 2022, I have made efforts to give a new and modified look to the journal. To begin with, I warm-heartedly welcome the new members of the Editorial Board, and thank them for accepting my invitation to join JEB Editorial Board-2022. Also, I deeply acknowledge the co-operation received from the serving members of the Editorial Board during the pandemic period in the smooth functioning of the journal affairs and their time to time suggestions for upgrading the journal's policies. The Editorial Board-2022 is robust, dynamic and diverse, constituting experts of varied fields. Further, the growing popularity of JEB can be witnessed by the e-mails we receive from the scientists to serve journal as EB members and reviewers. Quite often we have been receiving research articles from new emerging areas of Cancer Biology, Environment Toxicology and Health, Climate Change and Biodiversity, Conservation Biology, Nanoscience, and Wild Life Conservation. Looking into the interest of the researchers, we have included these new areas under the scope of the journal. This step would open new doors for researchers to submit their new innovative high-quality research work in JEB and also make JEB a top multidisciplinary journal. Looking into the flow of research articles we receive, the journal has introduced a new section “Theme Section” where research articles pertaining to a specific theme can be submitted. We invite research articles on the following theme: Regime Shift Ecology; Wildlife Conservation; Environmental Toxicants and Human Health; Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection; Rewilding lost ecosystem. On the basis of suggestions and ideas received from the Editorial Board Members, the journal has launched new sections: v Monographs v Book Review where authors and publishers can get their books reviewed and published in JEB. v Events: Announcements related to academic events such as conferences from academic institutions will be advertised on the journal's website. v Achievements: Academic achievements and awards of Editorial Board Members, Reviewers and Authors will be showcased on the journal's website. We further plan to encourage and motivate the research scholars and scientists for suitably awarding them for their outstanding contribution in the research field. The journal aims to provide leading services to the global research audience worldwide, which is well reflected in the Open Access facility of the journal. This facility is provided to the researchers, especially scholars so that the published research articles are readily available to them, free of charge, and also for rapid dissemination of research published in the journal publically. As an Editor of the journal, I encourage scholars to make maximal use of the Open Access facility of journals as this would significantly increase their knowledge and also make them aware of the latest research carried out worldwide. Laboratory studies are an integral part of the doctorate program, but reading and writing skill is equally essential for presenting the experimental output. Often, while evaluating the manuscripts for scientific content, I observe that the papers are rejected due to poor presentation despite strong scientific study. Therefore, I strongly suggest the supervisors to motivate their research scholars to take out some time and visit libraries to cultivate the habit of reading literature and also develop their writing skills. I believe this would positively improve the vocabulary, grammar, and of course ability to write a good research paper. There should be group discussion among the scholars and most important constant communication with their supervisor. Each day I come across several submissions in JEB, most of them are prepared and submitted by research scholars. Here, I would like to specify that JEB is not a platform for submitting Ph. D. work. Authors, especially supervisors should instruct their research scholars to first visit the website of the journal, read the Publication Policies and “Guidelines for Authors” of the journal. Before submitting their research articles, authors should strictly prepare their manuscript as per the Guidelines of the journal, and ensure manuscript for scientific merit, clarity, and correct English. Now onwards, all the manuscripts submitted for publication in JEB will be strictly scrutinized by the R&amp;D Division before it is subjected to peer review. The peer-review system will be made more rigorous and meticulous. JEB strictly condemns plagiarism, therefore, manuscripts with plagiarized content will be outrightly rejected. These steps are being taken to save the time of Editorial staff and avoid delay in the processing of manuscripts. Editorial and Publication work requires immense hard work. It is not only a job but also a service. One has to be industrious, efficient, creative and competitive, and also derive pleasure from work. Fortunately, I and my team enjoy our work, abide by the norms of the organization and try to give our best services to the scientific society. It gives me and my team immense pleasure to release the January issue-2022 with a new look and content. I hope this issue would be of much relevance and interest to JEB readers. For further improvement, we welcome suggestions and feedback from our contributors and readers. “ I slept and dreamt that life was joy. I awoke and saw that life was service. I acted and behold, service was joy ” Rabindra Nath Tagore

Objectives: Treatment free remission (TFR) is considered to be the new “goal of therapy” in newly diagnosed chronic phase CML in the current era. However, logistics and compliance vary greatly between different regions of the world, which could have an impact on the overall outcomes of TFR in CML-CP. In low- and middle- income countries (LMICs), where logistic challenges abound, applying the ELN or NCCN guidelines for patient selection and monitoring may not be feasible. Using more stringent criteria to select patients (pts) may facilitate TFR with less intense monitoring. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the outcomes, patterns of failure, and compliance issues in a cohort of pts with rigorous selection criteria but a more liberal monitoring schedule. We also evaluated the outcomes of pts who failed TFR. Methods: At our institute, we started a structured TFR program in March 2022. This retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database included pts who were initiated on TFR from March 2022 till 31st December 2023 with data updated till 30th June 2024. Pts needed to fulfil all of the following criteria to be initiated on TFR - a) 1st chronic phase CML b) always on imatinib 400 mg (or lesser) daily dose c) Minimum duration of therapy 8 years d) p210 transcript e) in continuous MMR for at least 5 years with annual monitoring and f) in MR4 for 3 consecutive years or MR4.5 for 2 consecutive years. The PCR monitoring plan after TFR initiation was as follows - a) 2-monthly during the 1st year b) 3-4 monthly in the 2nd year and c) 6 monthly in the 3rd year and beyond. The primary objective was to determine the molecular relapse free survival (MRFS). Molecular relapse was defined as loss of MMR (confirmed at least twice, 2 to 4 weeks apart). The date of loss of MMR was taken as the date of the 1st sample showing loss of MMR. Pts who died (without molecular relapse) because of unrelated causes were censored on the last date known to be in MMR. We also studied the patterns of relapse and compliance issues. Compliance was determined by the number of PCRs done in the 1st year (in the absence of loss of MMR) or till the time of loss of MMR (in pts who lost MMR), whichever was earlier. Pts with minimum 3 PCRs in the first 6 months and minimum 5 PCRs in the 1st year were considered compliant. For pts who lost MMR, imatinib was reinitiated at 400 mg daily dose. Standard statistical methods were used. The time to molecular relapse was taken from initiation of TFR to date of molecular relapse. Kaplan Meier method was used to calculate MRFS. Results Seventy pts were screened for TFR in the above time period, from which 1 patient did not fulfil the inclusion criteria. The remaining 69 pts were initiated on TFR and included in the analysis. The median age was 47 years (range 27 - 78 years) and 49 (71%) were males. The median time from diagnosis of CML to TFR was 13 years (range 8 - 21 years) and the median duration of continuous MMR before TFR was 8.1 years. Two pts who died of unrelated causes and 1 who restarted imatinib because of withdrawal symptoms (without loss of MMR) were censored on the last date of known MMR. With a median follow up time of 9 months, the median MRFS was not reached and 1-year MRFS was 80%. Overall, 13 of 69 pts (19%) failed TFR. Of these 13, 12 failures were in the initial 6 months of start of TFR. Of the 69 pts, 53 were in confirmed MMR at 6 months (12 had lost MMR, 2 died of unrelated causes, 1 restarted imatinib due to withdrawal symptoms and 1 patient had unavailable RQ-PCR). Of these 53, only 1 patient had TFR failure later (i.e beyond 6 months of TFR). Of the entire cohort of 69 pts, 57 (83%) were adequately compliant to PCR monitoring. Of the 12 non-compliant pts, 11 exhibited non-compliance in the initial 6 months of TFR. Of the 13 pts who lost TFR, 12 were restarted on imatinib (1 lost to follow up) with a median time from loss of MMR to restart of imatinib being 60 days. Of these 7 have undergone subsequent PCR testing after TFR failure - 6 of these 7 have attained MMR. Conclusions: Using strict criteria to initiate TFR in eligible pts, approximately 80% were able to have a successful TFR. Of the remaining 20% who had TFR failure, the majority (92%) failed in the initial 6 months with very few failures (&amp;lt;2%) happening in those who continued to remain in MMR at 6 months. Most of the pts exhibited adequate compliance to the monitoring schedule. This study suggests that stringent criteria for initiating TFR with less stringent monitoring policy may be the way forward in LMIC countries like ours.

Nowadays it is expansively recognised that practicing yoga can improve the quality of life by providing appropriate physical training exercises which can be performed by every age group. Yoga practitioners of the older generations beside maintaining their physical activity can heal their sense of balance which decreases the hazard of off-balance and fall.&#x0D; During the years of my yoga teaching I met the representatives of every age group at my classes. I led kids yoga courses for preschool children, dynamic flow sequences for trained yoga practitioners, but I did have students over 70 years old who insisted to join an intermediate level hatha yoga class even if they had gone through serious illnesses and operations in the past and they were not able to hold each postures.&#x0D; I have experienced that the elderly people are very grateful for the healing that yoga gives them and for the careful attention whereby the yoga instructor tailors the yoga asanas and sequences according to the physical condtitions, state of health and capabilities of each individual.&#x0D; At the yoga instructor courses the contraindications of asanas and defining the anatomic and physiological backround of injuries and the physical limitations of each practitioner are emphasized intensively. This comprehensive teacher training and the continuous monitoring guarantee the safety. The instructor faces the mutations and the loss of physical and psychical balance in the the reality, at the yoga classes. Practice makes the master! It is more than true is yoga. Gaining practical experience the instructor can handle the special situations and needs with growing confidence applying yoga props (strap, yoga blocks, chair etc.), modifying the asanas, and using the power of words to motivate the students.&#x0D; Supported by my friends I created The Force Yoga Group Facebook site in April , where I have been leading yoga classes since then. It is a great place to meet my yoga practitioning friends, my family members, my elderly parents and in defieance of quarantine and lockdown to practice yoga together, at the same time. Our magical yoga carpet is a tranquil island to where we can escape from the raging pandemic, where we can start our inner journey in the time of the outer movelessness.&#x0D; The online practice team has already more than 100 members. It is an intercultural and intergenerational group. I knew I had no information of the health conditions, the perfection of yoga practice of each group member, and with many of them I had not practiced together in person (offline), so I had to call their attention to the rules of safe yoga practice constantly and acutely. At the beginning and at the end of the online sessions I dedicate some sentences to it, during practice I try to instruct precisely to protect them from the injuries. The verbal correction playes here a very important role.&#x0D; My online students can be informed about the topic from the scientific articles I share on our page from time to time.&#x0D; I am aware of the fact that an avarege home is not a well-equipped yoga studio, so I show online how to use the furniture, fixtures and everyday objects as yoga props.&#x0D; A shorter, 30-45 minute Chair Yoga Class is the part of our weekly program as well, especially for those members who struggle with balance poses or get weak easily.&#x0D; In private messages the students send me their observations, remarks, questions and requests. Some of them experience pain or tension in certain asanas, so we try to find out together the reason of it and to correct and to set the posture. A 75 year-old student of mine asked me to build a yoga sequence of simple breathing exercises and stretching asanas which can be performed by anyone.&#x0D; Many feedbacks speak about how big inspiration is to watch my everyday practice and my enthusiasm is pushing the spectators to their yoga mat. There are older practitioners who perform the breathing and warm up exercises sitting on a chair, and it means already 15-20 minutes of physical training.&#x0D; During lockdown there are 4-5 online yoga sessions weekly, the videos are available anytime. The regular practice becomes a sure point in the life of the members, there is something to look forward to, even if there is no stimulus to receive from the outer world. In this online yoga space you can get new friends, through the comments you can share your ideas and suddenly you belong to a yoga community.&#x0D; The stress relieving classes I close with Yoga Dream (yoga nidra) relaxation which is an at least 20 minutes of visualization, an imaginery journey interlarded by positive affirmations while body and mind are calming down. Such a mini meditation does not require any intensive physical activity but breathing. I could mention many other positive increments that occured creating The Force Yoga Group, but quoted the great yoga master, B.K.S. Iyengar:&#x0D; “Words cannot convey the value of yoga – it has to be experienced.”

At the time of the creation of Pakistan, there were only a few medical colleges that too mostly in crisis as most faculty and students migrated to India after the partition. In the 1950s, several new medical colleges were created to meet the requirements of training doctors in the country as there was a growing need for specialists in various medical fields. Later, MS and MD programs were started by a handful of universities, but their training standards were not up to the mark.Major development regarding post-graduate education took place in 1962 when the College of Physicians and Surgeons (CPSP) in Karachi, was established.1 The College introduced fellowships in various specialties; however, the number of trainees remained very low. In the 1970s, newer medical colleges were created to meet ever increasing demand for doctors. This resulted in the creation of limited teaching posts as well as training slots in most institutes. As the passing percentage of the CPSP fellowship program was low, a small number of postgraduate trainees and specialists were being trained locally. Most teaching posts in the country were occupied by western trained doctors and most students preferred going abroad, especially to the United Kingdom for training.In the 1990s, major changes were introduced at CPSP, including the introduction of the MCQ pattern for primary exams and later replacing viva with OSPE. This objectivity in assessment resulted in a higher pass percentage, and more locally produced specialists were now available. Brain drains from Pakistan still was a pressing issue as recruitment drives of specialists for the Middle East increased and a number of doctors joined their health services. However, at the start of the twenty-first century, due to islamophobia, several doctors started returning from western countries. Most academic units were now headed by CPSP fellows and International trained specialists. As a result, proper teaching units were established with regular FCPS and MCPS training programs being conducted. Due to the saturation of big cities, more specialists started to move to rural facilities in Pakistan thus improving access to health care. Locally, a number of private colleges mushroomed as regulatory requirements were relaxed owing to the need of producing more doctors both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. However, the brain drain continued as many joined the positions in the United Kingdom especially in the mid-2000s, as the working hours for doctors were reduced by their National Health Services. Major changes took place in the last decade in postgraduate education in Pakistan. Newer Medical Universities were established, and they started Master of Surgery (MS) and Doctor of Medicine (MD) programs.2 Mostly their curricula were modifications of the CPSP fellowship program. At the same time, CPSP started a regular online part 1 induction exam, and the number of entrants into the fellowship program started to increase.Previously, after clearing the Part 1 exam, induction of trainees was done as per the recommendations of supervisors. This resulted in most trainees preferring more developed cities for training and some complained of bias in selection. To address these issues, a Central Induction Policy was introduced in Punjab, which gave a major preference to doctors working in rural health services. Seats were equally divided between CPSP and MS/MD candidates. Still, unfortunately, with a few exceptions, the standard of training has deteriorated. Although CPSP is following a structured schedule of all training workshops for part 2 trainees, but much is desired regarding their quality. Online monitoring and dissertation writing was made compulsory, but issues of fake entries and paid research projects still need to be addressed. Due to the increased induction, the number of trainees per supervisor is also very high resulting in compromises in training. For the young graduates, there are extreme difficulties in seeking training slots. At present for a single training slot, at least twenty candidates are waiting. This has created a lot of resentment among our young doctors.3It is the need of the hour to upgrade the postgraduate medical curriculum in our country and bring it in accordance with international standards, ensuring the participation of all stakeholders. Nowadays, training programs in most developed countries are competency-based, putting less emphasis on the formal exam. Also, aptitude testing should be made compulsory before selecting a candidate for any specialty to ensure proper training. And lastly, the number of candidates who passed in FCPS part 1 exam should be in accordance with the number of seats available in the country for post-graduation in that discipline.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Electronic health records have become the fulcrum for efforts by institutions to reduce errors, improve safety, reduce cost, and improve compliance with recommended guidelines. In recent times they are also being considered as a potential game changer for improving patient recruitment for clinical trials (CT). Although the use of CDS for clinical care is partially understood, its use for CT patient identification and recruitment is young and a great deal of experimental and theoretical research is needed in this area to optimize the use of CDS tools that personalize patient care by identifying relevant clinical trials and other research interventions. The use of CDS tools for CT recruitment offers a great deal of possibilities, but some initial usage has been disappointing. This may not be surprising because, while the implementation of these interventions is somewhat simple, ensuring that they are embedded into the right point of the care providers workflow is highly complex and may affect many actors in a clinical care setting, including patients, nurses, physicians, clinical coordinators, and investigators. Overcoming the challenges of alerting providers regarding their patient’s eligibility for clinical trials is an important and difficult challenge. Translating that effort into effective recruitment will require understanding of the psychological and workflow barriers and facilitators for how providers respond to automated alerts requesting patient referrals. Evidence from using CDS for clinical care that shows alerts become increasingly ignored over time or with more exposure (1, 2). The features, timing, and method of these alerts are important usability factors that may influence effectiveness of the referral process. Focus group methods capture the shared perspectives of a phenomenon and have been shown to be an effective method for identifying perceptions, attitudes, information needs, and other human factors effecting workflow (3, 4). Our objective was to develop a generalizable method for measuring physician and clinic level factors defining a successful point of care recruitment program in an outpatient care setting. To achieve this we attempted to (a) Characterize provider’s attitudes regarding CTs referrals and research. (b) Identify perceived workflow strategies and facilitators relevant to CT recruitment in primary care. (c) Develop and test a pilot instrument. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The methods had 3 phases: focus groups, development of item pool, and tool development. Focus group topics were developed by 4 experienced investigators, with training in biomedical informatics, cognitive psychology, human factors, and workflow analysis, based upon a knowledge of the literature. A script was developed and the methods were piloted with a group of 4 clinicians. In all, 16 primary care providers, 5 clinic directors, and 6 staff supervisors participated in 6 focus groups, with an average of 5 participants each, to discuss clinical trial recruitment at the point of care. Focus groups were conducted by the development team. Audio recording were content coded and analyzed to identify themes by consensus of 3 authors. Item Pool generation involved extracting items identified in the focus group analysis, selecting a subset deemed most interesting based on knowledge of the recruitment literature and iteratively writing and refining questions. Instrument development consisted of piloting an initial 7-item questionnaire with a local primary provider sample. Questions were correlated with the item pool and limited to reduce provider burden, based on those that the study team deemed most applicable to information technology supported recruitment. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the pilot survey results. An online survey was developed based on the findings of the focus groups and emailed to 127 primary care providers who were invited to participate. In total, 36 questionnaires were completed. This study was approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results section is organized into 3 sections: (a) Focus groups, (b) Item generation; and (c) Questionnaire pilot. (I) (1) Focus Groups. Themes identified through a qualitative review are presented below with illustrative comments of participants. The diversity of attitudes and willingness to support clinical trial recruitment varied so substantially that no single pattern emerged. Attitudes ranged from enthusiastic support, to interest in some trials to disinterest or distrust in trials in general. Compensation for time spent, which could be monetary, informational, or through professional recognition; and provider relationship with the study team or pre-selection of specific trials by a clinic oversight committee, and importance to providers practice positively affected willingness to help recruit. “I would love to get people into clinical trials as much as possible... If it works for them you are going to help a whole lot of other people.” If we felt like we have done every possible thing that was already established as evidence-based and it didn’t work out, then we would consider the trials. I think that studies are more beneficial for specific specialists... There might be a whole slew of things that I never deal with or don’t care about because it’s not prevalent for my patient population. Local and reputable... A long distance someone asking to do something is just not the same as someone in the trenches with you. The bottom line is how much work is involved at our end and if there is going to be any compensation for that. I think also the providers would like have feedback on what they referred them to. And how did it go? So did we pick the right patient? ... It helps us to know, did they even sign up for the study? Getting your name on a research paper would be nice too. Lack of information regarding trials reduced support for recruitment of patients. Providers stated that they do not know how to quickly find information about studies, nor do they have time to find the information, and therefore cannot efficiently council patients regarding trial participation. Notifications regarding clinical trials that were deemed to be important included: Trial coordinator intention to recruit patients, enrollment of a patient in a clinical drug trial, trial progress and result updates, and reports of effectiveness of provider recruitment efforts. Perceived information needs regarding trials that providers are referring patients to included: trial purpose, design, benefits and risks, potential side effects, intervention details, medication class (mechanism of action), drug interactions with study drug, study timeline, coordinator contact information, link to print off patient handouts, enrollment instructions, and a link to study website. (2) It’s just we don’t know any of the information ... and it can’t take any of our time. ... I don’t have time to research it. Sometimes the patients ask me questions about it and I would like to be in a position where I have some information about it before I am asked. It would be nice to be notified if they [my patients] are enrolled in the trial, when it turns into actual recruitment. I do like to know if they’re in [a trial] so that when they come in for problems, I at least know that they might be on a study medication so I can be safe. I’ll get an ER message, “The patient got admitted. There blood pressure’s, you know, tanked, because they’re on a study drug I didn’t know anything about.” if there’s certain side effects that I need to be watching out for. It would also be good to have a contact person from the study in case we need to notify them of. “this person’s possible having an adverse event. Look into it more.” (3) Provider burden associated with patient recruitment appeared to be a deterrent. These burdens included adding to the providers task list, increasing the time required to complete a visit, and usurpation of control over the patients care plan with the associated effect on provider quality scores. We don’t have time. I mean, we don’t even take a lunch break. I have 15 minutes and now this is taking this many minutes away from my 15 minutes. I am just sick of extra work. We already have so much extra work. It’s just more stuff to do. We are maxed out on stuff to do. Right now, part of our compensation depends on having our patients A1Cs controlled. And so if we’re taking a chance that maybe they’re getting a medicine, maybe they’re not, maybe it’ll help, maybe it won’t, its gonna further delay our ability to get paid. Cause they’re like “I’m not going to let you go mess up my patient and I’m going to have to deal with the consequences is kind of the way they think. If you’re going to put the patient in a study, being able drop them from our registry so we don’t get penalized for a negative outcome [is important]. (4) Patient’s needs were a priority among factors influencing likelihood to help recruitment patients. Providers considered perceived benefit or risk to the patient, such as additional healthcare services, increased monitoring, financial assistance, or access to new treatments when other options have been ineffective, important; as well as continuance of established care that has proven effective, and ethical recruitment that addresses language and mental health to ensure that patients can make decisions regarding study participation. If there’s something great that’s gonna benefit a patient, I would definitely wanna know about it to give them that option. You know that’s what we wanna try to do is make our patients better. Someone who is really well controlled and doing well, I would not tend to put them toward the study. Just keep going with what’s working right now. Sometimes there’s financial incentives for them to participate, so you know, if its a good fit its easy to at least offer that to the patient. They get treatment maybe that they can’t afford. You don’t want to be seen as somebody who's forcing a patient... if their provider is telling them this is a good idea you are more likely to get your patient to do it. I think they have to understand what a clinical trial is, first of all, in that it’s a trial. Right? We’re trying to figure out if a certain treatment is good or not. It may not work. It may work. With many patients, they don’t only have medical problems, but significant mental illness that sometimes interferes a lot with just our treatment of them here for their clinical problems. And so, that probably would interfere with someone’s ability to understand and consent to a trial. And the patients have the right to make that choice. I don’t need to be—I don’t mind influencing them on things I know about, I think are invaluable, but I don’t need to be a barrier to them. (5) Perceived responsibility in trial recruitment varied substantially, from no involvement at all, to prescreening, counseling, or recruiting patients. Some providers felt that they should have the right to say “no” to recruitment of their patients while others believed prescreening was an unnecessary burden, outside of their role as a primary care provider. if someone prescreens and thinks its appropriate and gives me that judgment call to say, do you think it would be a good fit? I think one of them, they sent, and I said, Oh, I don’t think it would be a good fit because of this...So that would be fine. I don’t think I need to be a gatekeeper for studies. I mean, if there’s people that qualify for a study, and there’s a great study that’s been approved, and they can recruit them without me knowing, that doesn’t bother me in the slightest. I liked how it was—I could do a simple referral ... someone else figured out the qualifications. if we knew of ongoing studies and if we thought a certain patient may qualify for a certain study, we just contact the coordinator, and then they just take care of the rest. I think that appropriate ... from our perspective, would be, “Are you interested?” “This is the number for a person who can sit with you, talk with you about a trial, tell you everything about it, answer your questions, and then you can make a decision.” I’m not going to let you go mess up my patient and I’m going to have to deal with the consequences. (6) A clinic-implementation approach that systemizes workflow, limits the number of trials providers are asked to recruit for, and minimizes provider time burden is needed. Suggested methods for informing providers of patient clinical trial eligibility included: email, alerts, in-basket messages, texts, phone-calls, and in-person contact. People are so sick of change, change, change, change ... if there’s no stability whatsoever, then people get frustrated and start to burn out. Having my staff remember how to do it correctly and I remember what studies we have going ... it becomes somewhat of a burden... it’s hard for us to remember as we are flying through our day. There just needs to be a clear understanding with those roles... Who does the patient call? We don’t want to look like we don’t know what we are doing. There probably should be a selection committee put together from various people who have stakes in the community, at least who can say, “This would be applicable for xx clinic.” (7) Provider Suggestions Providers had multiple suggestions regarding notification methods. (II) Development of item pool and construction of questionnaire The specific items were constructed from literature review on physician’s attitudes and results from the focus group. The overarching concern was on readability, brief questionnaire size, and relevance. A large item were constructed and then reduced through piloting. (III) Questionnaire Pilot Results: The 7-item pilot questionnaire was completed by 36 physicians (28% response rate). In this section, we report the empirical results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Discussion Relevance of Methods. Overall, the described methods for determining components for a recruitment program in primary care shows early promise. The focus groups that consisted of providers, staff and administrators resulted in insights as to workflows, attitudes, and clinical processes. These insights significantly varied across clinics. This variation supported the need for an individualized clinic-based approach that will meet local needs. During the course of the study, participants were willing to participate in all activities (although some requested payment). We were able to conduct the focus groups as scheduled and obtained the desired input. The analysis of the focus group transcripts was performed using iterative discussions and did not needed any special adaptation for this area of study. The pilot survey response rate was within the expected for this type of study. Focus groups can rapidly provide rich information regarding attitudes and other factors affecting provider participation at the point of care. However, findings from focus groups must always be confirmed through larger studies. It is important to keep the focus groups small and to hold multiple focus groups to offset the more vocal participants that may influence comments of others. This study shows that using our 3-step approach it is possible to gather important information on clinician’s and staff perceptions and needs to participate in point of care patient recruitment for CT. The focus groups also provide an important step for survey construction. Designing surveys empirically requires multiple validation efforts, which will be conducted in the future. However, we can draw preliminary conclusions from the results of the pilot study which are quite informative and they are discussed below. Near future work will be to expand the response rate through additional local survey and conduct formal psychometric testing and validation both locally and nationally. A final validation will be proposed through the CTSA consortiums. Variation in responses. There was a lack of normal curves in our survey results. This points to the need to target education and recruitment efforts by provider type (with similar perspectives). Identification of these types would be useful. Some specific points regarding variability that should be considered in program design. Preferences for trail recruitment methods. Many trial recruitment notification methods have the potential to be successful when used judiciously and done well, particularly if the trial coordinator/provider relationship is supported by reciprocal benefits to the provider. Consistency in workflow within seems paramount to success. Providers can pull some notifications at a time they choose, while other notifications interrupt and must be used sparingly. Some allow review of multiple patients at the same time, and some foster easy access to the patient’s medical record. Conclusions. The authors recommend that recruitment HIT be customizable at the clinic and provider level by responsibility and interest to allow selection of level of information, delivery method, that is, email, text, in-basket, alert, dashboard, mail; frequency of notification, and an opt out feature. These customizable options will allow for better support of clinic workflow or goals. There is the potential with machine learning technology to monitor provider interactions with trial notifications and for the system to automatically make adjustments to the method and level that best supports each physician. Limitations: The major limitation is the focus on one site only and one delivery system (university based). The low response makes generalization difficult. Efforts to improve the rate are underway. Many populations are under-represented in Utah. Full psychometric analysis was not conducted but will part of the final project.

Die öffentliche Schule Quest to learn in New York City ist eine Modell-Schule, die in ihren Lehrmethoden auf spielbasiertes Lernen, Game Design und den Game Design Prozess setzt. In Zusammenarbeit von Erzieherinnen und Erziehern sowie Spielbegriff-Theoretikerinnen und -Theoretikern hat die Schule sukzessive ein Modell für jede Jahrgangstufe entwickelt, sodass nun von der sechsten bis zur zwölften Klasse in einem innovativen Lehr- und Lernansatz gearbeitet wird. Nicole Lohfink im Gespräch mit Rachelle Vallon, die die Entwicklung der Schule beinahe von Anfang an mitgestaltet hat. merz: How do you define playfulness nowadays? Vallon: I think there are different kinds of play. There isn’t just play in the form of a game. When you think about a game, it is usually a structure that has rules, a space, and some sort of organized system. Board or computer games are specific games with specific systems, certain rules. But play can also exist outside of a game. For example, an activity or an exercise has elements of a game. One thing we notice in a game is: The goal is always very clear. Or, students are always getting feedback. For example, when teachers create a lesson they create a narrative, an imaginary story line for the students to follow, especially for the younger students. That gives them a reason; they feel like they should learn the material. So it almost feels like a game: Maybe there are these fantastic creatures that need help building houses, and students need to learn about measurements in order to help these creative creatures to build their houses. In that way, they are not opening an iPad or Laptop to play a game about geometry or measurement. They are in fact engaged in something that is playful and creative through this narrative. Sometimes, we have students create a project of some sort that is hands on and they go through the design process. The design process we like to teach is used to create games but you can also use it to create a project or to find a way to express a different idea. merz: So what do you think is the attraction of playfulness or this kind of playful learning? Vallon: I think the biggest attraction is something that at our school we call ‘need to know’. That is one of the outcomes in the research that was done: Those scientists looked at games and wanted to know, why kids are always exited in games. Why, if they don’t succeed at first, do they always keep trying? Even if they fail twice, four times, six times. But in school, when they don’t succeed in math or writing, they don’t want to go back; they are scared or bored. And the answer is: It’s about those elements of a game! Knowing what the goal is in a game makes them want to go back. They want to complete the game or even be the winner. You always get immediate feedback and you are usually put into some sort of role. If you are playing monopoly you are asked to become a real estate mogul. Those are some of the things they realized kept students engaged and wanting to go back even if they didn’t succeed. Instead of putting students in a classroom and say: Okay, class. Turn to page 25, we are going to learn about algebra or graphs or American history. That might turn them off or make them fearful. When you make them a game-setting and incorporate those elements of having a clear goal, putting them in a role and that creative narrative – it makes it fun and gives them that need to know. Then, instead of just learning about geometry, they learn about geometry because they have to solve that mission. So it is about finding different ways to engage students, which is really building their perseverance. In fact, as a result they start to use the same habits of not wanting to give up in other lessons, not just in games. merz: Regarding this sort of knowledge: “I know what have I done wrong in a game so I come back and know immediately what I have to do differently”. Isn't that also already giving a solution beforehand - like `this is how you have to behave in order to achieve´? Vallon: Well, yes and no. I think in traditional schools sometimes they have one unit and that unit might be two to three months long. Let’s say they are studying literature: They might read one book for a couple of weeks, then they have an assessment test or a writing piece. And maybe that won’t be until a week from now, two weeks from now. But in a game, when you are playing, you are always getting feedback. Every single time you fail or every single time you move on to the next level. And usually, when you think about video games specifically, you need to use the skills that you learned in the previous level, to succeed in the next level. So nothing is done in isolation. Those are the aspects that move into the classrooms. Instead of just relaying, we do give tests along the way, every other day, maybe in the form of a game or an activity. This way you can always check in on every student to see: did they actually understand what I taught today or this week? And it also creates an environment for the students where they are not hesitant or fearful. Testing is a skill in itself that not everyone is good at. So when the assessment is not only a test but in a game or project maybe a student who does not well sitting and writing a test can do well in creating a project. So it is also providing multiple forms for students to show they actually learned what they were supposed to learn. That information will help to figure out how the teacher needs to proceed. merz: What is the most prominent difference between Quest to learn and a classical school? Vallon: The biggest difference is the mode of delivery of the instruction and the curriculum being developed from scratch. Also the narrative, the storyline is very unique, specifically for our school. Parents always ask if their child will be learning the same things as every other student in New York City. The answer is, of course, yes. We have to make sure of it! We have standards that every child has to master by the end of each grade. And when the teachers are creating their curriculum, the main difference from most other schools is, our teachers create their curriculum completely on their own from scratch, first based on the standards to make sure the students are learning what they should be learning. But then they go back and see where it’s useful to put in a game or a game-like activity. But every student has different strengths and weaknesses, every group of students is dissimilar, every year, over and over again. The great thing about creating your own curriculum is that you can change it year by year based on the precise skills. Teachers are completely responsible and have autonomy over their curriculum. Also, it is the most beneficial for incorporating games and game-like activities. merz: But you can’t possibly create a personalized curriculum for each student, so you have to find something that is working for the majority? Vallon: I will use one teacher as an example. Her curriculum is pretty set, she has been using the same story line and some of the same games - she had told me about one activity where the students start to identify positive traits about themselves. After they identify those positive traits they go on to the computer and use a program that creates comics and they create their own Superhero, an animated version of themselves. There are many steps to this larger project. The purpose is to empower themselves and they will then use this superhero to create a comic book about bullying and that way learn how to solve conflicts and that. She usually creates this comic book every year. This past year she said to me: I realized that this particular group of students struggled with the comic books. So she had to modify. Even if it is something as small as the amount of time she gives them to complete the comic book. But those are the little changes. Maybe it is not about changing the curriculum completely, but about the flexibility, to being able to see, day to day, week to week, what is working and what not. And there are also certain other things that we do. For example the homework requirements that the students get over their summer vacation. The teachers will use that to get some information on the student’s abilities, to see if there is anything they might need to change in their curriculum for the school year coming up. Teachers are completely responsible and have autonomy over all their curriculum. merz: Is there any sort of supervision, for example, anything that helps teachers whilst struggling with the adjustment of a curriculum or whilst being creative throughout the year with the same time and energy? Vallon: When the school was created, there was a smaller organization at the education department, called New visions for public schools, that heard about the Institute of Play and their research. Those two organizations created our school. So the philosophy is a really important part and we try to make sure we always maintain those standards. The first part is the hiring as the school is not the right fit for every student and might also not be the right fit for every teacher. We therefore want to make sure that the teachers know what the model is and if they are really interested in creating the curriculum themselves with additional support. And once they come in, we have various types of support. We have mentors to help them during the process of creating their curriculum. We have one teacher who serves as a curriculum developer, so they spend half of their schedule meeting with teachers, checking in on their curriculum, seeing what is working and what is maybe a little too overboard. Creating a good curriculum requires team work, input from other people. And our supervisors also make sure, the curriculums are holding to the game-based learning. merz: But with every great idea, every system, some things work better and others less good. Where do you see areas of improvement? Vallon: One thing we had to learn is how this model translates into the upper, the high school grades. Because in New York we have state examinations that students need to receive their diploma and go to college. And a lot of the high school courses are aligned to prepare them for these examinations. At the beginning, some of our teachers struggled in how to incorporate games and game-like activities under the pressure to make sure the students are prepared for these examinations. And that is definitely still going on, we always have to work on that. The model is the same but looks very different in the upper grades. For example, in the upper grade they have what is called problem set. Instead of helping a group of imaginary creatures build a house they might be working on global warming, hunger, or current issues in the world as those are more appropriate for their age-level. In a high school math class a teacher does a project based on the game-show ‘Shark Tank’ where they have to create their own Food-Trucks and use the math they learned about graphs and equations to create business portfolios. So I, for example, always advice our teachers and educators regarding to incorporate games or game-based learning: think about the audience, the age group of the students, the main learning goal and the most appropriate vehicle to get that accomplished. merz: In what way are there any digital games involved in those vehicles? Vallon: That was one misconception when we first opened the school. A lot of people had this understanding that we were a video-game school. We used to have students, who were interested in our school as they thought they would sit in front of a video game the whole day and magically learn math, science and English. When you look at the data-base of games, I would say, there are some digitally, but 85 percent of all the games we have are analog or paper-based games. Just a couple of games are on the iPad. For example, we use Minecraft a lot in art or math classes. We have one teacher who is very successfully teaching about slopes and incline by having the students create roller coasters on Minecraft. They have to create a video-game-walk through it and explain mathematically all the slopes in their roller coaster. Students participate in a huge design challenge at the end of the first term and the end of the year. Or, the students in sixth grade have to create a Rube-Goldberg-Machine. This way they learn about prototyping, about showing empathy, giving feedback and so forth. But we have a lot of technologies: computers, iPads, video game systems – but our biggest philosophy is their meaning and purpose! merz: Media is still often perceived as dubious. Throughout time, each new development – books in medieval times, video in the 80s and nowadays computer games – has been perceived as a threat and sometimes people frown at the use of it in school. What do you think about that? Vallon: It is a matter of fact that technology exists in today’s society. We like to say that our kids are born with iPads and cellphones in their hands – unlike us. This makes it all more important to teach students the appropriate usage of those devices as we need to look at students holistically. This starts by teaching them how to write a proper e-mail, or when to use or not to use your phone. All those things are thought directly and indirectly at our school. There is a lot of research showing that this is really becoming important to colleges and to employers - looking for individuals who can solve complex problems, who can think outside of the box, who can think critically. Who can work with others. And games and game design does that so well, even if you are not directly teaching it, it happens when you are playing a game that is collaborative and you are in a classroom environment. Not many of our games have a winning element where one person has to win over the other one. A collaborative game is teaching kids: I need to learn how to work with this individual, in order to succeed as a team, to be able to hear this other person’s ideas but I also have ideas that I can contribute. I need to learn time management, to learn organization. merz: Children are also involved in game-design? Vallon: In three ways: The first is direct game-design. We have a class specific to our school, called ‘Sports for the mind’ and it is a media, arts and game design class - probably the class where there is the most direct game play and game-design happening. The younger kids maybe will start at the beginning of the school year with learning how to modify games. We go through game modification, through the play-testing process and how to play test games, how to provide constructive feedback. They go through a game and the kids learn a game usually has a space, has rules etc. Once they learn about that they learn about modification. What will happen if we maybe change one rule. Then they are given the opportunity to do that with something as simple as tic-tac-toe. They are given an assignment to create their own version of tic-tac-toe. Then eventually that will level up a little bit. In some of the other classes the teacher will allow students to design their own games around the curriculum they are learning. With a health teacher, the students were learning about the negative effects of tobacco and alcohol use. And they have to create board-games about it. Then there is using the design process in general: we have a special component of our school, called boss level. Similar to a video game when it is usually the final round where you have to beat the boss and you have to use everything you learned in the game to complete this really tough mission. So with boss-level students participate in a huge design challenge at the end of the first term and the end of the year. The sixth grade students have to create a Rube-Goldberg-Machine. This way the students learn about prototyping, about showing empathy, giving feedback etc. The third way is: occasionally students participate in a focus group and they play-test certain games and provide feedback on how to develop certain games, or improve or modify games that devel

<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><em>:Studies on women entrepreneurship have witnessed a rapid growth over the past 30 years. The field is in an adolescence stage with a considerable number of journal articles, literature reviews and books being published on women entrepreneurs. The objective of this study is two fold. First is to examine the number of papers published on women entrepreneurship in 12 established entrepreneurship journals from 1900 to 2016. Second is to assess the growth of the field by specifically reviewing literature reviews published from 1980s till 2016 and put forward future research directions. Our review findings suggest that there is still a long way to go in terms of building a strong theoretical base for research on women entrepreneurship. The lens of feminist theories can be applied in conjunction with the existing entrepreneurship theories to advance the field. Methodologically, past research is dominated by the positivist paradigm and there is a need to embrace innovative methods to build explanations using a constructionist approach. Further, studies are mostly restricted within national boundaries primarily being conducted in developed economies. There is a need to build transnational networks and foster professional communities to enable the growth of the field.</em> &nbsp; Apart from the access to finance, other factors at the individual, the household, and the local level also contribute to the entrepreneurship development of women (Chowdhury, 2011). Age of an individual influences his or her decision to become an entrepreneur (Lin et al. 2000; Block and Sandner 2009; Haapanen and Tervo 2009). The relationship between age and the decision of an individual to start a business is not linear. In this aspect, Taylor (2004), Block and Sandner (2009), and Haapanen and Tervo (2009) find a negative non-linear relationship between age and the decision of a person to become an entrepreneur. Similarly, Miller (1984) finds a concave relationship between the self-employment decision and age with the highest impact of the age range of 35-44 on the self-employment decision of individuals. In contrast, Yang et al. (2008) do not find age as a significant determinant for nascent entrepreneurship. Education might influence entrepreneurial decision of individuals in many ways. Education is likely to have a positive influence on the propensity to become self-employed as it contributes to the enhancement of managerial ability of individuals (Calvo and Wellisz 1980). In contrast, education is likely to influence the propensity to become self-employed negatively as it generates better employment options than self-employment for individuals and thus, increases the opportunity cost of becoming self-employed (van der Sluis et al 2005). The probability of starting a business has a gender dimension. Women are less likely to be self-employed and more likely to exit self-employment compared to men (Lin et al. 2000; Demirguc-Kunt et al. 2009). In contrast, Yang et al. (2008) do not find gender as an important determinant of entrepreneurship. After reviewing some literature on minorities and self-employment in the United Kingdom, Borooah and Hart (1999) express that minorities are discriminated in the labor market. Lofstrom and Wang (2006) and Fertala (2008) find that foreigners are less likely to survive in self-employment. Audretsch et al. (2007) also find that religious minorities, such as Muslims and Christians, in India are likely to become entrepreneurs compared to religious majority Hindus. Regarding the influence of the number of household members, especially the number of children, on the entrepreneurial decision, the available evidences is mixed (Borjas 1986; Lin et al. 2000; Fairlie1999; Demirguc-Kunt et al. (2009); Block and Sandner 2009; Haapanen and Tervo 2009). Some argue that more household members absorb more household resources and time which increase the likelihood of the failure of existing businesses and reduce the likelihood of starting new businesses. On the other hand, some argue that more household members indicate the availability of a higher amount of cheap labor supply which in turn increases the likelihood of starting a business and the success in existing businesses. The presence of another earner or more earners in the household helps that household to start a business (Borooah and Hart 1999). It is expected that the ownership and the size of assets have positive impacts on the entrepreneurial decision of households as assets provide the required startup capital for new enterprises, provide additional capital for existing businesses, and help entrepreneurs to get loans when assets are required to offer as collateral (Paulson and Townsend 2001). Lu and Tao (2010) find the home ownership as an important determinant of the entrepreneurial decision of individuals in China. Bruderl et al. (1998) conclude that a higher amount of capital reduces the likelihood of business failure. However, Millan et al. 2012 assert that the econometric estimation of impacts of assets on the entrepreneurial decision of individuals is difficult due to the endogeneity problem. An access to finance has been recognized as one of positive determinants of entrepreneurship as it helps potential entrepreneurs to acquire the amount of capital that is required for starting a business. The credit constraint has a gender characteristic (Arenius and Minniti 2005). Apart from the above mentioned factors, other factors, like infrastructure, opportunity cost, also contribute to the entrepreneurial decision of individuals. On the basis of the review of the literature, Yu and Stough (2006) assert that closeness to market and business infrastructure contributes to the development of entrepreneurial activities. Chowdhury (2011) asserts that the armed conflict has a negative impact on entrepreneurship. Engaging ladies in Bangladesh are extremely intense because of such male overwhelmed society; yet it isn&#39;t outlandish. The improvement and contribution of ladies in social and business field in step by step expanding. Many NGO&#39;s and Development associations are working for the ladies. Presently a-days, ladies are conquering numerous social issues with the assistance of numerous improvement associations. In the South Asia, the advancement of ladies strengthening is noteworthy. Ladies are presently assuming many significant jobs in various parts with progress. In Bangladesh, there are numerous instances of its prosperity. Presently, there is no zone or part in Bangladesh where ladies are absent. From business to the pioneer, ladies are all over the place. Bangladesh is frequently refered to as a worldwide model for manageable monetary advancement. Notwithstanding being one of the world&#39;s biggest as far as populace, and most inclined to cataclysmic events because of worldwide environmental change, the nation has kept up a great 6% in addition to yearly monetary development direction amid the previous decade. Likewise worth thought is the way that Bangladesh&#39;s monetary ascent has been consistent regardless of its dubious progress towards a stable fair framework and the grim worldwide financial atmosphere. The legislature has been complimented worldwide for improving the lives of poor people, and especially&nbsp; ladies. It has been perceived by the UN as being one of only a handful couple of nations that is on track and has made &quot;amazing advancement&quot; towards gathering its Millennium Development Goals by 2015. As indicated by various reports, the nation&#39;s attention on giving ladies better wellbeing and increasingly financial self-sufficiency has significantly affected rustic family unit salaries, destitution decrease and expanded instructive enrolment, especially for females who for the most part linger behind guys in the Global South. The Economist (Nov 3, 2012) takes note of that &quot;both the blast in the material business and the landing of microcredit have, in the course of recent years, place cash into ladies&#39; pockets&mdash;from which it is bound to be spent on wellbeing, training and better sustenance.&quot; The material business in Bangladesh, viewed as the way to its monetary development, utilizes almost 4 million individuals, a large portion of whom are ladies. There is a bounty of writing supporting the connection between ladies&#39; strengthening in the financial part in Bangladesh and the nation&#39;s supported monetary improvement direction. Since the 1980s, a momentous change has been in progress in Bangladesh. When the scene of ceaseless starvation, the nation is currently sustenance independent, and its economy has found the middle value of around 6 percent development in later a long time (Schleifer and Nakagaki, 2014). Simultaneously, a blasting, send out arranged article of clothing part has created work open doors for urban ladies, and microfinance has risen as an approach to channel advances to provincial business visionaries (Schleifer and Nakagaki, 2014).Women-possessed organizations have moved toward becoming drivers of ladies&#39; monetary strengthening. They have been pioneers in a dynamic administration division, which obliges new gatherings of shoppers. Ladies alumni of Bangladesh&#39;s colleges have put their abilities and information to rehearse in the business world. Further, an enormous craftsmanship segment has developed, with little ladies claimed firms selling highquality merchandise and coordinating into supply chains of global brands Theoretical discussion As per GEM (2011) and Khan (2004), the individual examinations on female business are divided what&#39;s more, disconnected and depict just little sections of the female enterprising populace. The hypothetical instruments&nbsp; created in different territories are every now and again connected that are feeble in legitimacy and unwavering quality. Cooper&#39;s (1991) system recognizes three gatherings of impacts that influence the start-up and development of new pursuit: predecessor impacts (for example the foundation factors, for example, family impact and hereditary elements that influence inspiration, aptitudes and information), hatchery experience (for example the idea of association that the business visionary was utilized in just&nbsp; before beginning another endeavor the aptitudes realized there), and natural variables (for example monetary conditions,&nbsp; access to investment and bolster administrations, good examples and so forth. <strong>Methodology </strong> This part of our research describes the methods used for data collection it also defines the sample size and population used for collecting data. <strong>Research Strategy </strong> The research questions we used for this study were exploratory in nature. This paper has the aim of getting insights of the phenomena of experience or challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. There are few researchers&nbsp; who have worked in the field of entrepreneurship in Bangladesh, similarly, the context of women entrepreneurship is unable to get attention for the study, especially in Bangladesh. Therefore, this research paper discovers the issues which have not been discussed before in Bangladeshi context. To get a detailed understanding of why women want to become entrepreneurs and what are the social and cultural effects we conducted open-ended interviews The research method that we chose to use was qualitative research to get detail and in-depth information by interviews because we want to explore the insights of the issue. As Bryman and Bell (2011) suggested that quantitative method produce numerical data, on the other hand, qualitative research method caters to explanatory data. On qualitative research method, Neergaard and Ulhoi (2006) argue that qualitative research method is more suitable to understand the phenomenon of the entrepreneurship because it gives the in-depth analysis of the phenomenon and is moredetailed based. Bryman and Bell (2011) revealed their distress over the subjectivity of the qualitative research method they said that in qualitative research the researcher might interpret the behaviors of the participants which can lead to unreliable results. <strong>Research Method </strong> We used semi-structured interviews to get the original point of views or responses while collecting data for this research. Quinlan (2010) stated that this method helps the researcher explore the views and thoughts of the respondent&#39;s in the same context. This method is more like to normal conversation. For this research, this data collection technique seemed to be best as respondents open up and share their experiences in detail, challenges. Although, this technique is highly time-consuming, but gives a lot of useful data. <strong>2.1 Strategic Objectives and their Relevance with Women&#39;s Advancement and Rights: </strong> Fast modern development and improvement: A sound and safe workplace will be built up through fortifying the mechanical approach and legitimate structure. This, thus, is required to guarantee interest of ladies as specialists just as business people for modern generation and in this manner enable and further create them. Improved nature of Bangladesh items predictable with global measures: Half of the poor are ladies. Expanding acquiring force will enable ladies and upgrade their standardized savings and improve their financial conditions. Condition agreeable mechanical improvement: These exercises will diminish wellbeing dangers for ladies laborers. Subsequently it will guarantee great wellbeing for moms and their relatives. Mechanical development in high need parts: This will positively affect ladies occupied with farming exercises through access to reasonable compost inputs.&nbsp; Create Entrepreneurship and gifted work power: By guaranteeing ladies&#39; interest in different preparing&nbsp; programs and through corresponding distributions of mechanical plots to ladies business people, the monetary and&nbsp; economic wellbeing of ladies will be improved.&nbsp; Business age: Growth of little and bungalow ventures will improve open doors for work of&nbsp; ladies and this will engage ladies and improve their monetary conditions. Guaranteeing beneficial State-claimed ventures: Women laborers are a piece of the workforce of state-possessed undertakings and will subsequently profit by progressively productive managers. <strong>2.2 Roles and Responsibilities of the Government for Women&#39;s Advancement and Rights: </strong> To accomplish Vision-2021, by agreeing due significance to the hands-on preparing for ladies, the exercises of Bangladesh Industrial and Technical Assistance Center (BITAC) have been extended and to date, 4,436 ladies&nbsp; have been furnished with specialized preparing under the undertaking titled Extension of BITAC for Self-work and&nbsp; Destitution Alleviation through Hands on specialized preparing featuring Women. Of those, 1,824 ladies have become independent. Business people who are eager to build up mechanical units in little, medium and cabin enterprises are being&nbsp; prepared by the Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC). They are additionally being given low premium acknowledge, mechanical plots with created framework, help with promoting their items along with different motivations. From 2009-10 to 2013-14 (July-February), 42,188 individuals were prepared. Amid this period, 599 plots have been apportioned to business people. BSCIC has been assuming a crucial job for advancement and advancement of little businesses in the private part. The undertakings which are being actualized by BSIC are relied upon to give work to around 200,000 ladies; The task &quot;Advancement of Bee-keeping through Modern Technology is being actualized by the BSCIC gone for preparing 2,000 honey bee managers in an advanced and logical strategies, of which 800 are ladies. After the fruition of preparing, one honey bee box will be given to each prepared ladies without expense alongside little credit. The 1997-98 Vitamin A status overview surveyed that pre-younger students and pregnant ladies are at serious hazard of Vitamin An insufficiency particularly in town and urban ghetto regions. The UNICEF upheld venture titled Fortress of Edible Oil Bangladesh is being executed under this service. After culmination oil fortress programed, ladies of conceptive age, neonates and school-age kids will profit by the supplementation of Vitamin A. To monetarily enable ladies, renegotiating worth 754.25 centers Taka for 9,612 ladies business people has been done which is 21.83 percent of the all out renegotiating sum. Banking/non-banking budgetary organizations may consider giving greatest 25 lakh Taka credit office against big business adventure related assets and insurance of associations/business people if the business person is a &quot;lady modern business person&quot; who is accepting credit from the renegotiating reserve; or, the dominant part proprietors of the credit beneficiary association are&nbsp; ladies. Enterprise advancement alludes to preparing and other help administrations consolidated inside an organized program intended to help people and gatherings keen on getting to be business visionaries and beginning little organizations. (Seed Working Paper No. 14, Series on ladies&#39; Entrepreneurship Development and Gender in Ventures WEDGE, Jobs, Sender and Small Enterprises in Bangladesh: Factor Affecting Women&nbsp; Business visionaries in Small and Cottage Industries in Bangladesh by Nilufer Ahmed Karim) According to Nilufer Ahmed Karim following are the deterrents to the development and improvement of ladies business enterprise: National modern arrangement presently can&#39;t seem to perceive enterprise improvement as an industrialization methodology.&nbsp; When all is said in done, current strategy puts under accentuation on the setting up of endeavors instead of on business enterprise&nbsp; itself. The human factor has gotten least consideration in the advancement ventures. Government strategy proclamations stress the job of ladies being developed exercises, however what are absent&nbsp; are well-structured projects to persuade ladies to enter enterprising exercises on a more noteworthy scale. An excessive number of potential female business visionaries stay ignorant of government offices, backing and motivations Since ladies are relative newcomers to business enterprise, they need exceptional consideration on the off chance that they are to build up a&nbsp; decent footing. Up until this point, no business enterprise improvement program, in the genuine feeling of the term, addresses the uncommon&nbsp; necessities of ladies. As a result of their moderately low education rates, ladies by and large are less gifted than men as business person. Customarily, ladies will in general go into general instruction rather than specialized, abilities arranged projects. Absence of specialized learning blocks ladies&#39; entrance into innovatively refined exercises with potential for better efficiency and expanded gainfulness. Ominous social practices and social restraints militate against the improvement of ladies business enterprise. For ladies, work outside the family is derided and debilitated. Numerous ladies are vigorously associated with family unit and tyke bearing exercises, and subsequently they do not have the&nbsp; time to direct effective business exercises. little has been done to present different types of innovation that&nbsp; lessens the drudgery of family unit work. Ladies have little access to either institutional or non-institutional credit offices for their fixed or working capital prerequisites. These frames of mind confine the entrance of autonomous female business people to credit. The interest from the banks for insurance is another obstacle to getting the credit. Muddled and extensive methodology and high exchange costs dishearten getting from banks. High managerial and dealing with costs make business banks commonly hesitant to allow little credits to business visionaries. 13. Enthusiasm on bank credits ranges from 12 to 16 percent, while degrees of profitability earned by ladies are generally low. This additionally debilitates ladies from looking for credit from the banks. Absence of access to improved innovation is a noteworthy requirement which blocked the efficiency successfully and effectively. Item advertising has dependably been a significant issues now for sell the items. Without appropriate&nbsp; promoting plan it is extremely hard to place and sell the item. <strong>3. Objectives of the Study</strong> The objective of the study is, to make policy and institutional framework for developing entrepreneurial skills, providing vocation education and training has widened the horizon for economic empowerment of women. Thus, more specifically the study aims to explore: To identify significant policy implementation on how to improve women entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh The study attempts to recommend some policies to reduce the hindrance &amp; to pave the way of their success. <strong>4. Methodology of the Study</strong> The study is based largely on secondary data from published sources including websites of different organizations. Data and information from secondary sources were collected by consulting various relevant journals, studies conducted by various donor and development agencies, and publications of Asian Development Bank, International Labor Organization, Bank of Small Industries and Commerce, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics etc. &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Figure 1.</strong> Trend of Women Entrepreneurship Development Of Bangladesh (From SMEF &amp; MIDA 2009) &nbsp; &nbsp; Source: Field Survey, BB, 2015. &nbsp; &nbsp; Note: 1 crore = 10 million Source, SME &amp; Special Programmes Department, BB. <strong>Table 1.</strong> Distribution of Ownership By Gender Of Owner Within Smes &nbsp; Source: Daniels (2003) <strong>Table 2.</strong>Sector-Wise Business Participation By Women Entrepreneur &nbsp; &nbsp; <strong>Conclusion and Policy Recommendations</strong> Entrepreneurship is the key to the creation of new enterprises that energize and revitalize the economy. Entrepreneurship serves as the catalyst in the process of industrialization and economic growth. Women entrepreneurs can play a vital role in combating rural poverty. The emergence and development of women entrepreneurship largely depends on the supporting conditions of different factors such as economic, social, cultural, and psychological. To improve the socio-economic status of the women in Bangladesh it is necessary to formulate appropriate policies, take necessary actions and introduce effective measures to integrate the women in the mainstream of the development process. Therefore, the following recommendations may be considered worthwhile: (i) Financial Policies and Strategies: In respect of the policy, strategy and function of Bangladesh Bank and Commercial Banks following recommendations may be made: Identification of viable women entrepreneurs. Establishing credit guarantee scheme for women entrepreneurs. Sinking interest rate for loans for women entrepreneurs. Setting up special window for financing women entrepreneurs. Pre- and post investment counseling for women entrepreneurs for credit. Allocation of women share in equity development and fund. Preferential treatment of the women entrepreneurs by credit in thrust sectors. Monitoring of credit disbursement for women entrepreneurs. Maintaining gender based data on credit disbursement and dissemination information on credit opportunities. One stop service should be created in the Commerce Ministry exclusively for the women entrepreneurs for facilitating investment and business Establishing a women bank. Enabling credit for the women without collateral. (ii) Counselling and support services: There are following counseling and support services to facilitate women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh: &bull; Credit programs need to be linked with entrepreneurship development training programs. &bull; Lending procedures must be simplified, with minimum documentation formalities. &bull; Special provisions should be made for female entrepreneurs. (iii) Other Suggestions: There are following other recommendations for facilitating women entrepreneurship: Tax holiday for women entrepreneurs should extended further and made more supportive for them. Gift Tax should be dismantled in the case of women beneficiaries. Either the registration procedure for import and export business should be simplified and made women friendly or completely dismantled. All anomalies in custom procedure must be removed and women friendly. Tariff for women entrepreneurs should be abolished. Value Added Tax (VAT) for women entrepreneurs should be abolished. Therefore, Government and private sector interventions have generally accelerated income generating activities of women both in the urban and rural areas with entrepreneurship development. Such kind of support services, policies, and strategies help to change the scenario of Bangladesh especially for the women who have gathered courage to break barriers and enter the off-house working force as entrepreneurs and workers - a situation not appropriate for women or accepted by the society in the past.

The dynamic growth of start-up companies in India has significantly disrupted the business landscape. However, many start-ups encounter substantial setbacks during the scaling-up stage. This qualitative study explores the challenges faced by Indian start-ups as they scale their businesses. The findings reveal that the primary obstacles include the non-availability of financial resources, difficulties in acquiring the right talent, and challenges in achieving product acceptance. According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), India is home to over 50,000 start-ups as of 2023, with a yearly growth rate of approximately 12-15%. Despite this robust growth, data shows that about 90% of Indian start-ups fail within the first five years, primarily due to scaling issues. This study highlights that limited access to financial resources remains a critical barrier, with start-ups often struggling to secure funding beyond the initial stages. Talent acquisition is another major hurdle, as start-ups compete with established companies for skilled professionals. Furthermore, gaining market acceptance for new products poses significant challenges due to high competition and market saturation. By developing a comprehensive model, the study demonstrates that government intervention can play a crucial role in addressing these challenges. Initiatives like the Startup India program, which offers tax benefits, easier compliance, and funding support, are steps in the right direction. Additionally, the results underscore the importance of clearly defining problem statements, exercising patience, and possessing a risk-taking ability as essential factors for the success of start-up companies.

National educational policy -2022 focusing on 5+3+3+4 education system then the gross enrollment ratio to higher education will gradually decline over period of time. The higher education institutions are required focus for their survival and existence, for more than three decades’ higher education institutions (HEI) have enjoyed privilege and served to certain extent in providing higher education. However, particularly management school affiliated to universities and autonomous business school are going to face big challenges and problems enrollment to management education, significantly management education institutions will fade away. This article suggests the solutions to the problems that faced by MSME’s and Start Up India enterprises through various initiative are recommended in the article. The solution to above problem recommends that, higher education institutions need to focus on for their survival through very selective services first one, offering research services, consultancy services, training services and teaching to practitioners working in various MSME’s. Secondly, offering fellow program in management- full time and part-time, Executive Fellow program in management, third, innovative courses to serve the industry(MSME’s). Further, these initiatives by higher education institutions create a win-win situation for higher education institutions and MSME’s.