Academic literature on the topic 'Starter motor'

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Journal articles on the topic "Starter motor"

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Puzakov, Andrey. "Modeling of failures of the starter electric motor." MATEC Web of Conferences 298 (2019): 00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929800006.

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Failures of automotive starters make it impossible to reliably start internal combustion engines, which, under adverse circumstances, may cause a risk of road traffic accidents. A significant part of starter failures is associated with electrical faults in electric motors. The occurrence and development of failures causes a change in the torque produced by the starter. A mathematical model of the starter’s performance dependant from the magnitude of the electrical resistance of its windings was developed. Physical modeling of failures was carried out using an adjustable active resistance connected in series and parallel to the armature winding. Critical values of electrical resistance correspond to an open and short circuit of the armature winding of the starter electric motor, and, consequently, to starter failure. The results obtained are instrumental to the development of a diagnostics method for automotive starters without removing them from the motor.
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Kendre, Rameshwar, Satish Prabhune, and Ratnakar Ghorpade. "Response of Starter Motor of an Engine Subjected to Random Vibrations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 612 (August 2014): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.612.9.

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The automobile sector requires continuous progress in development of ‘Starter Motor’ by innovative approaches although significant progresses are made in the past. Development of Starter Motor has made it possible to start the engine by electrical means instead of doing it manually. The outstanding features of this motor are they can produce the maximum starting torque to crank the engine. In this case, we use electrical energy and convert it to mechanical energy in order to start the engine in motor vehicles. As the starter motor is mounted near the engine; vibrational disturbances produced due to either uneven road conditions or engine vibrations or both hampering the performance of starter motor which may result in breaking of component of motors. Vehicle will experience vibrations whose values are un-predictable at certain point of time causing random excitation and random vibrations. Aim of paper is to perform analytical formulation for Power Spectral Density function of Starter Motor by treating it as a cantilever beam and to find its response to random vibrations by using Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
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Song, Xing Yu, Jing Chen, Qing Wang, and Shi Jie Deng. "Harmonic Analyzing and Filtering of Motor Discrete Variable Frequency Soft Starter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1401.

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A large number of harmonic is mainly produced by with the discrete variable frequency soft starter. The harmonic during the motor soft starting is characterized by the high energy consumption and signal interference. Therefore, harmonic analyzing and filtering of motor discrete variable frequency soft starter is presented in this paper to achieve low energy consumption and ensure the motor soft starting stably. The following works have been done in the study: introduce the reason of harmonics appearance, analyze the harmonic, and present the filtering approach. The motor soft starter developed with this filtering approach has been successfully applied to filter out harmonic and to improve the starting performance when the motors draw the heavy-loads. It saves energy, stabilize the voltage of the power supply network.
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Selvaraj, A., SB Ron Carter, and S. Thangavel. "Design of non-solenoidal operation of starter motor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 13 (June 7, 2020): 3095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020925714.

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A novel design and fabrication of the gear reduction starter motor is proposed. In this proposed configuration, the conventional solenoid of the starter motor is eliminated, resulting in a reduction in the starting current required while cranking, and the weight of starter motor is reduced by making it more compact. Failed/dead cranking and the cost of starter motor are also decreased. The function of the solenoid in the starter motor is replaced with a spring-coupled drive mechanism, which makes the function of the starter motor an automatic process. This replacement will affect the state of charge (SoC) and depth of discharge (DoD) of the battery positively, thereby reducing the battery drain and making it last long.
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Xu, Zheng Wang, and Hui Wang. "A Novel Type of Solid-State Soft-Starter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.738.

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Among the modern industry, soft-starter has taken an important role in large-capacity motor systems. But all kinds of using soft-starters have some shortcomings, their application is restricted because of that. This article describes a type of solid-state soft-starter with a novel structure, in which a rectifier bridge structure is used in stead of the traditional antiparallel structure. Its same points and differentia are analyzed comparing with the traditional soft-starters. The new soft-starter overcomes some traditional shortcomings. It can be used for both low voltage and high voltage motor starting. Especially, when applied to a high-voltage motor starting, it has the advantage of simple structure and high reliability. This kind of soft-starters can be used in broad application prospects.
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Zhao, Gang, and Lei Wang. "Research and Simulation Base on Asynchronous Motor Soft Starter." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 3615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3615.

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Soft-Starter is a new equipment and it is used to control Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors because of its pefect control effect, compared with the traditional Start method. This paper analysis the superiority of Voltage Ramp and current limit control algorithm.The MATLAB simulation result base on 4.7KW Motor shown that the soft-starter can be used to Reduce the start voltage, limit start Current and Reduce the impact on power. Correctness and validity of algorithms is verified by simulation results.
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Eshchin, Evgeny, and Igor Sokolov. "Work of Induction Motor with Soft Starter." Известия высших учебных заведений. Электромеханика, no. 5 (2016): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/0136-3360-2016-5-53-58.

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Panggalo, Indranata, Rocky Yefrenes Dillak, and Floriano Da Silva. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM STARTER SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN SMARTPHONE BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLLER." Jurnal Ilmiah Flash 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32511/jiflash.v4i1.206.

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Meningkatnya penggunaan sepeda motor tidak terlepas dari tingkat kebutuhan, prestise, hobby maupun demografi sebuah daerah atau Negara. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara berkembang dengan jumlah peduduk yang cukup padat yaitu mencapai 5 terpadat dunia. Dengan jumlah penduduk yang padat maka diikuti pula jumlah pengguna kendaraan bermotor. Saat ini menurut data BPS pertahun 2016, bahwa pengguna kendaraan bermotor 129 jutadan 105,15 juta adalah pengguna sepeda motor. Meningkatnya penggunaan sepeda motor ternyata diikuti pula oleh tingginya pencurian sepeda motor. Sistem keamanan pada sepeda motor, terutama pada bagian sistem kontak dan starter mesin. Sistem pengunci dari pabrikan belum mengalami perubahan berarti dan masih cendderung sama. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan pencuri leluasa beraktifitas membobol kendaraan roda dua yang memiliki nilai jual tinggi. Melalu penelitian ini, maka penulis memberikan sebuah alternative bagi sistem keamanan motor pada sisi sistem kontak dan starter motor. Dengan memanfaatkan alat/komponen tambahan yaitu smartphone, bluetooth, mikrokontroller, maka penulis berhasil membuat sebuah sistem starter pada sepeda motor dengan baik tanpa mengurangi/mempengaruhi kinerja dari kendaraan tersebut. Sistem kontak (stand by) pada motor hanya bisa diaktifkan menggunakan smartphone melalui bluetooth, untuk menghidupkan mesin secara elektrik (dynamo starter) juga hanya bisa dilakukan oleh smartphone, akan tetapi sistem starter manual (engkol) juga tetap bisa digunakan ketika kontak dalam keadaan “stand by”.
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Suradi, Suradi, Fadhli Rahman, Sitti Selvi, and Adji Wahyudi. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM STARTER SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI ANDROID BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO." ILTEK : Jurnal Teknologi 15, no. 01 (September 5, 2020): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47398/iltek.v15i01.502.

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Sepeda motor membutuhkan perawatan terutama pada mesin, dengan selalu memanaskan sepeda motor sebelum digunakan maupun tidak digunakan. Namun, terkadang seseorang malas untuk memanaskan mesin sepeda motor. Tujuannya yaitu untuk memudahkan pengguna untuk melakukan pemanasan mesin sepeda motor guna menghindari kerusakan pada mesin dan mempermudah pengguna sepeda motor jika starter elektrik pada motor mengalami kerusakan. Metode penelitian menggunakan aplikasi android berbasis arduino uno, yaitu mikrokontroler ATMega328p yang terkoneksi dengan smartphone android melalui bluetooth untuk menstarter sepeda motor secara otomatis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, jarak maksimal yang dapat dijangkau bluetooth untuk terkoneksi dengan smartphone adalah 17 meter, dan jarak minimal yang dapat dijangkau adalah 1 meter. Bluetooth dapat terhubung secara horizontal maupun vertical. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah sistem starter sepeda motor dengan sistem kendali smartphone dapat menghindari kerusakan pada mesin sepada motor, dan mempermudah pengguna dalam menyalakan sepeda motor jika starter elektrik mengalami kerusakan.
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Somwanshi, Devendra, and Arvind Kumar. "Neural Network Based Monitoring, Protection & Fault Detection of Induction Motor Using PLC." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.24 (April 25, 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.24.12019.

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Induction motors used mostly in industrial, commercial applications & are seldom denominated power horse of industry. To reduce the motor starting current soft starter requirement is increasing day by day & to maintain the torque proportionally with the load requirement. Now intelligent soft starters evolved to improve the motor starting. This work is comprised of development of an Artificial Neural Network control regime for closed loop of induction motor. The same has been achieved using a standard 0.75 KW three phase induction motor using Matlab, PLC, SCADA & DRIVE. The Artificial Neural Network scheme is compared with traditional Proportional control regime. We have observed that the performance of ANN Induction Motor control Algorithm has been 14-21 % better than only Proportional Motor Control algorithm.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Starter motor"

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Gerhardsson, Daniel. "Starter Motor Protection." Thesis, Linköping University, Vehicular Systems, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57309.

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Starter motors are sensitive for overheating. By estimating the temperature and

preventing cranking in time, there is an option to avoid the dangerous temperatures.

The truck manufacturer Scania CV AB proposed a master thesis that

should evaluate the need of an overheating protection for the starter motor.

The aim is to evaluate any positive effects of implementing an algorithm that

can estimate the brush temperature instead of using the available time constrain,

which allows 35 seconds of cranking with a following 2 seconds delay, allowing the

crank shaft to stop before a new start attempt is allowed. To achieve high load

on the starter motor and high temperature in the brushes, tests were performed

under

Initial testing on truck, under normal temperatures, showed that the batteries

could not run the starter motor long enough to reach high temperatures in the

brushes. This is believed to be caused by the voltage drop between the batteries

and the starter motor, causing the starter motor to run in an operating area it

is not optimized for. There are several other problems which gives a higher load

on the engine, for example oil viscosity, resulting in higher currents, but those are

not mentioned in this report.

Three different models are compared, Two State Model, Single State Model

and a Time Constrained Model. Tests and verifications show that the Two State

Model is superior when it comes to protecting the starter motor from overheating

and at the same time maximizing the cranking time. The major difference between

the Two State Model and the Single State Model are the cooling characteristics.

In the Single State Model the brush temperature drops quickly to the outside

temperature while in the Two State Model the brush temperature drops to a

second state temperature instead of the outside temperature. With the currently

implemented time constrain it is possible to overheat the starter motor. The

algorithms are optimized under cold conditions, due to problems in reaching high

temperatures under warmer conditions.

−20 Celsius.

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Ochoco, G. Johann R. (G Johann Romulado). "Extending starter motor life via optimization of commutation system parmeters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35414.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1994, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60).
by G. Johann R. Ochoco.
M.S.
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Yeoh, Seang Shen. "Control strategies for the More Electric Aircraft starter-generator electrical power system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34098/.

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The trend towards development of More Electric Aircraft (MEA) has been driven by increased fuel fossil prices and stricter environmental policies. This is supported by breakthroughs in power electronic systems and electrical machines. The application of MEA is expected to reduce the aircraft mass and drag, thereby increasing fuel efficiency and reduced environmental impact. The starter-generator (S/G) scheme is one of the solutions from the MEA concept that brings the most significant improvement to the electrical power generation system. A S/G system is proposed from the possible solutions brought by the MEA concept in the area of electrical power generation and distribution. Due to the wide operating speed range, limited controller stability may be present. This thesis contributes to the control plant analysis and controller design of this MEA S/G system. The general control requirements are outlined based on the S/G system operation and the control structure is presented. The control plants are derived specifically to design the controllers for the S/G control scheme. Detailed small signal analysis is performed on the derived plant while taking into consideration the aircraft operating speed and load range. A safe range for the controller gains can then be determined to ensure stable operation throughout the S/G operation. Adaptive gain and a novel current limit modifier are proposed which improves the controller stability during S/G operation. Model predictive control is considered as an alternative control strategy for potential control performance improvements with the S/G system. The technical results and simulations are supported by Matlab®/Simulink® based models and validated by experimental work on a small scaled drive system.
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White, Philip J. "Computer-aided investigation into the cold start performance of spark ignition engines." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339563.

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Zhang, Pinjia. "Active thermal protection for induction motors fed by motor control devices." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34811.

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Induction motors are widely used in industrial processes. The malfunction of a motor may not only lead to high repair costs, but also cause immense financial losses due to unexpected process downtime. Since thermal overload is one of the major root causes of stator winding insulation failure, an accurate and reliable monitoring of the stator winding temperature is crucial to increase the mean time to catastrophic motor breakdown, and to reduce the extraordinary financial losses due to unexpected process downtime. To provide a reliable thermal protection for induction motors fed by motor control devices, a dc signal-injection method is proposed for in-service induction motors fed by soft-starter and variable-frequency drives. The stator winding temperature can be monitored based on the estimated stator winding resistance using the dc model of induction motors. In addition, a cooling capability monitoring technique is proposed to monitor the cooling capability of induction motors and to warn the user for proactive inspection and maintenance in the case of cooling capability deterioration. The proposed cooling capability monitoring technique, combined with the proposed stator winding temperature monitoring technique, can provide a complete thermal protection for in-service induction motors fed by motor control devices. Aside from online thermal protection during a motor's normal operation, the thermal protection of de-energized motors is also essential to prolong a motor's lifetime. Moisture condensation is one of the major causes to motor degradation especially in high-humidity environments. To prevent moisture condensation, a non-intrusive motor heating technique is proposed by injecting currents into the motor stator winding using soft-starters. A motor's temperature can be kept above the ambient temperature due to the heat dissipation, so that the moisture condensation can be avoided. To sum up, active stator winding temperature estimation techniques for induction motors under both operating and de-energization conditions are proposed in this dissertation for both thermal protection and optimizing the operation of a motor system. The importance of these proposed techniques lies in their non-intrusive nature: only the existing hardware in a motor control device is required for implementation; a motor's normal operation is not interrupted.
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Dias, Rogério Pinho. "Controle de torque do motor de indução trifásico para aplicação em chaves eletrônicas de partida suave." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2008. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1859.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo - Rogerio Pinho Dias.pdf: 124846 bytes, checksum: 695e36f2af2139d1d4a624a0e573473f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-15
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work presents a study for implementation of the control of limitation of electromagnetic torque develops for three-phase induction motor in soft-starters applications. The proposed method is based on the electromagnetic torque estimation from the measurement of stator currents and the stator voltages. The related problems to the stator flux estimation by pure integration of the equation of the stator voltages are minimized with use of low pass filters in the place of pure integrators and high pass filter at the analogical input to eliminate the measurement offset error. The amplitude and phase errors resultant of the filtering process are reduced with the use of a factor of correction in the final stage of integration. Gotten experimental results validate the proposed method showing its viability in applications where the objective is to control only the start or stop process of three-phase induction motors and possibility the applications with soft-starter - to any type of load that does not need speed variation in permanent regimen.
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo para implementação de um controle de limitação do torque eletromagnético produzido pelo motor de indução trifásico para aplicação em chaves eletrônicas de partida suave. O método proposto é baseado na estimação do torque eletromagnético através da medição das correntes e tensões estatóricas. Os problemas relacionados à estimação do fluxo estatórico através da integração da força contra eletromotriz são minimizados com a utilização de filtros passa baixa no lugar dos integradores puros e de filtros passa alta nas leituras analógicas das tensões e correntes estatóricas. Os erros de amplitude e fase devidos aos processos de filtragem são reduzidos com a utilização de um fator de correção na etapa final de integração. Resultados experimentais validam o método proposto mostrando a viabilidade de sua aplicação no controle dos processos de partida e parada do motor de indução trifásico, possibilitando assim, a aplicação das chaves eletrônicas de partida suave - a qualquer tipo de carga - que não necessite da variação de velocidade em regime permanente
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Mellblom, Fredrik. "Start modelling for heavy trucks." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2618.

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Modern heavy trucks tend to get more and more equipment demanding electric power. As a result, the electric power left for startingbecome more and more limited. If a complete view of the entire starting system-battery, starter and the combustion engine - is used, the total system can be investigated and optimized. This thesis is a study of the starting system and its components. Theories for each component are presented and models are derived for a complete starting system. Focus lies on the battery and starter motor. The purpose of the modelling work is to gain knowledge of the starting system. Some results can also be obtained from the simulations - it is very important to keep the electrical resistance as low as possible and the differences between battery types are surprisingly big.

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Hasan, S. M. Nayeem. "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain: On-line Parameter Estimation of an Induction Motor Drive and Torque Control of a A PM BLDC Starter-generator." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1208185834.

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Brtnický, Jiří. "Dálkové ovládání motorového spouštěče." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220077.

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The master´s thesis describes the design of the remote control, which is used as accessories for motor circuit-breaker. The work is based on the concept of control realized in the bachelor´s thesis. Master’s thesis contains a literature review of management method stepper motors with integrated circuits. standards relating to the control and switching low voltage devices were rehearsed. It was compiled schema of an entire unit after designing optimal control section of a stepper motor with integrated circuits, which consists of four parts (power supply, power section for driving an coils of stepper motor, control section and section for driving external devices). Design and realization of PCB are based on compiled schema, PCB was mounted with components and final PCB was recovered. The last part of thesis is about verification a functionality with using measurement of a prototype parameters.
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Sláma, Miloslav. "Mechanismus vysouvání pastorku automobilového startéru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221191.

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The thesis describes ways ejection pinions automotive starter and evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. The first chapter deals with the principle of operation of DC motors and starters parameters. In the second part, the individual systems are theoretically discussed in terms of design and their advantages and disadvantages. The third part is focused on the most common system, which is analyzed in terms of mechanical and electrical reliability. The last point of the work is to design an experimental analysis Reach starter pinion.
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Books on the topic "Starter motor"

1

Corwyn, Zimbleman, ed. Pre-scissor skills: Skill starters for motor development. 3rd ed. Tucson, Ariz: Communication Skill Builders. Therapy Skill Builders, 1990.

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Zuev, Sergey, Ruslan Maleev, and Aleksandr Chernov. Energy efficiency of electrical equipment systems of autonomous objects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1740252.

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When considering the main trends in the development of modern autonomous objects (aircraft, combat vehicles, motor vehicles, floating vehicles, agricultural machines, etc.) in recent decades, two key areas can be identified. The first direction is associated with the improvement of traditional designs of autonomous objects (AO) with an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a gas turbine engine (GTD). The second direction is connected with the creation of new types of joint-stock companies, namely electric joint-stock companies( EAO), joint-stock companies with combined power plants (AOKEU). The energy efficiency is largely determined by the power of the generator set and the battery, which is given to the electrical network in various driving modes. Most of the existing methods for calculating power supply systems use the average values of disturbing factors (generator speed, current of electric energy consumers, voltage in the on-board network) when choosing the characteristics of the generator set and the battery. At the same time, it is obvious that when operating a motor vehicle, these parameters change depending on the driving mode. Modern methods of selecting the main parameters and characteristics of the power supply system do not provide for modeling its interaction with the power unit start-up system of a motor vehicle in operation due to the lack of a systematic approach. The choice of a generator set and a battery, as well as the concept of the synthesis of the power supply system is a problem studied in the monograph. For all those interested in electrical engineering and electronics.
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Smith, Shailendria. Get Your Motor Started. Milligan Books, 2003.

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Cox, Ross. Alternators And Starter Motors. Robert Bosch GmbH, 2003.

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Turner, Stuart, and Tony Mason. Getting Started in Motor Sport. G T Foulis & Co Ltd, 1986.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Manufacturing Relays, Motor Starters and Controllers, and Other Industrial Controls and Control Accessories. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Manufacturing Relays, Motor Starters and Controllers, and Other Industrial Controls and Control Accessories. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh. Machine Modeling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742968.003.0002.

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This chapter presents dynamic and steady-state modeling of permanent magnet synchronous (PMS) machines with the help of reference frames. The modeling starts with a machine model in terms of phase variables. An equivalent two-axis model in a stationary reference is then obtained by a reference frame transformation. A further transformation to a two-axis rotor reference frame, with its direct axis aligned with the axis of a permanent magnet rotor pole, is derived. Another transformation to a two-axis stator flux linkage reference frame is also presented. Finally, a motor model in polar coordinates, based on space vector theory, is developed. In this chapter, PMS motor equivalent circuits are drawn, based on the mathematical models where appropriate. Iron losses and iron saturation are also taken into the models. The chapter ends with a brief presentation of the dynamic equation of PMS machines mechanical parts.
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Watt, Gary. Trusts & Equity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854142.001.0001.

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This book provides a detailed and conceptual analysis of trusts and equity; concentrating on those areas of the subject that are most relevant in the contemporary arena, such as the commercial context. It utilizes expertise in teaching, writing, and researching to enliven the text with helpful analogies and memorable references to extra-legal sources such as history, literature, and film. In this way, the book also stimulates students to engage critically with concepts. This new edition is not merely updated but fully revised to include a new layout and a number of features designed to make the text even more accessible to student readers, one of which is a new context feature at the start of each chapter. This new revised edition also includes the latest legal developments, including decisions of the Supreme Court on dishonesty in relation to the civil liability of strangers to trusts (Ivey v. Genting Casinos UK Ltd (t/a Crockfords Club (2017)) and on equitable relief against forfeiture (The Manchester Ship Canal Company Ltd v. Vauxhall Motors Ltd (2019)). A great many new cases in the Court of Appeal and the High Court have been added, including twenty or more in 2019 alone. Other recent devlepments including law commission reports and academic commentary are also included. Further reading and discussion of anticipated reforms has been updated throughout in light of the latest legal developments.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Abstract:
Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
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Book chapters on the topic "Starter motor"

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Franchi, Claiton Moro. "Motor Starter Components." In Electrical Machine Drives, 121–72. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22314-4.

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Shi, Xiang, and Qinjun Du. "Motor Soft Starter Based on Variable Reactance." In Applied Methods and Techniques for Mechatronic Systems, 307–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36385-6_17.

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Ganguly, Poulomi, Surajit Chattopadhyay, and B. N. Biswas. "Monitoring of Automotive Response Based on Starter Motor Fault." In Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, 295–302. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3368-3_28.

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Shimokawa, Koichi. "Japan: The Late Starter Who Outpaced All Her Rivals." In The Economic and Social Effects of the Spread of Motor Vehicles, 214–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08624-5_11.

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Hirst, Jack. "Starter Motors." In Engines and Related Systems, 276–89. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12121-2_16.

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Hirst, Jack. "Starter Motors." In Lecturer’s Guide Engines and Related Systems Levels 2 & 3, 276–89. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12140-3_16.

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Neelakandan, Varatharaj, Thulasirajan Ganesan, and Praveen Chakrapani Rao. "Design Analysis and Optimization of Electric Solenoid Shroud for Starter Motor Used in Mild Hybrid Passenger Car." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 609–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1724-8_56.

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Neelakandan, Varatharaj, Bharath Kumar, Thulasirajan Ganesan, and Praveen Chakrapani Rao. "Analysis and Design Optimization for Improved Fatigue Life of One-Way Clutch Drive Used in Starter Motor." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 283–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6002-1_22.

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Mohanty, Monalisa, Sanjay Kumar Sahu, Manas Ranjan Nayak, Anshuman Satpathy, and Subhashree Choudhury. "Application of Salp Swarm Optimization for PI Controller to Mitigate Transients in a Three-Phase Soft Starter-Based Induction Motor." In Advances in Electrical Control and Signal Systems, 619–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5262-5_46.

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Jaikrishna, V., Linss T. Alex, Subhranhsu Sekhar Dash, and Susanta Kumar Gachhayat. "Fault Tolerant Soft Starter Control for Induction Motors." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 953–62. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2119-7_93.

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Conference papers on the topic "Starter motor"

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Shevchenko, Andrei A., Zoya S. Temlyakova, Vladimir V. Grechkin, and Anton A. Temlyakov. "The Asynchronous Motor Start Calculation with the Motor Soft Starter." In 2018 XIV International Scientific-Technical Conference on Actual Problems of Electronics Instrument Engineering (APEIE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apeie.2018.8545382.

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Bartilotti, Ricardo Relvas, Breno Raizer, Jair Pasquini, Alfredo Dimas Catini, Omar del Corsso, and Franco Giuseppe Dedini. "Functional modeling of a starter motor." In 2008 SAE Brasil Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-36-0312.

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Gavarraju, Srinivasa Raju. "Engine Starting Torque Evaluation through Starter Motor." In SAE 2011 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0060.

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Fuvesi, V., and E. Kovacs. "Modeling loaded starter motor with neural network." In 2011 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cinti.2011.6108567.

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Sharma, Priyang, Prashant Jagtap, and Sandip Tiwari. "Ramp Control Starter for Single Phase Induction Motor." In 2019 International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy, Information and Communication (ICCPEIC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccpeic45300.2019.9082385.

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Youxin, Yuan, Xia Zezhong, Wang Yalan, Yuan Peigang, and Peng Wanquan. "A Soft Starter of Three Phase Asynchronous Motor." In 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesc.2007.4342049.

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Nagapillai Durairaj, Senthil Ram, Thulasirajan Ganesan, and Praveen Chakrapani Rao. "Starter Motor Light Weighting through Use of Alternate Materials." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-28-1967.

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Raizer, Breno, Reynaldo Barros de Souza, Franco Giuseppe Dedini, Jair Pasquini, Omar del Corsso @sJr., and Ricardo Almeida Prado. "Systematic study of technical solutions applied for starter motor." In SAE Brasil 2010 Congress and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-36-0033.

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Mallick, Tuton Chandra, Sharith Dhar, and Jubaer Khan. "Artificial neural network based soft-starter for induction motor." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technologies (EICT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eict.2015.7391951.

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Yan-jing, Meng, and Yang Bo. "Design and applied research of soft starter for induction motor." In 2012 2nd International Conference on Applied Robotics for the Power Industry (CARPI 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/carpi.2012.6356313.

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Reports on the topic "Starter motor"

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Keck, R. D. PFP supply fan motor starters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/90054.

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Distinguishing motor starts from short circuits through phase-angle measurements. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub97120.

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