To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: State Buddhism.
Journal articles on the topic 'State Buddhism'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'State Buddhism.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Baumann, Martin. "Culture Contact and Valuation: Early German Buddhists and the Creation of a ‘Buddhism in Protestant Shape’." Numen 44, no. 3 (1997): 270–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568527971655904.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper handles the question concerning the factors that control the degree of adaptability of a transplanted religion spread in a culturally alien context. It will be argued that the assumed superiority of both one's religion and one's culture are decisive factors for the willingness to adapt or to refuse adaptation. The theoretical issues will be illustrated by the adoption of Buddhism by its early German followers. Thus, the paper gives a brief survey of the historical development of the adoption of Buddhism in Germany. Characteristics of the early phases will be outlined as well as the state of affairs of Buddhism in Germany in the 1990's. Most remarkable is Buddhism's rapid growth which increased the number of Buddhist centres and groups fivefold since the mid 1970's.On the basis of this historic description a particular line of interpreting Buddhist teachings, that of a rational understanding, is outlined. The analysis of this adoption of Buddhism seeks to show that early German Buddhists interpreted and moulded Buddhist teachings in such a way as to present it as being in high conformity with Western morals and culture. This high degree of adapting Buddhist teachings led to an interpretation which can be characterized as a ‘Buddhism in Protestant shape.’ Buddhism was used as a means of protest against the dominant religion, that of Christianity, but at the same time its proponents took over many forms and characteristics of the religion criticized most heavily.
2
Laliberté, André. "Buddhist Revival under State Watch." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40, no. 2 (June 2011): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261104000205.
Full textAbstract:
The Chinese Communist Party has shown tolerance, if not direct support, for the growth of Buddhism over the last few decades. Three explanations for this lenient attitude are explored in this article. The flourishing of Buddhism is encouraged by the state less for its propaganda value in foreign affairs than for its potential to lure tourists who will, in turn, represent a source of revenue for local governments. Buddhist institutions are also establishing their track record in the management of philanthropic activities in impoverished area where local governments lack the resources to offer specific social services. Finally, the development of such activities has contributed to enhance cooperation between China and Taiwan, whose governments have a vested interest in the improvement of relations across the Strait. The article concludes that the growth of Buddhism in China results from the initiatives of Buddhists themselves, and the government supports this growth because it serves local politics well.
3
Hayami, Yoko. "Pagodas and Prophets: Contesting Sacred Space and Power among Buddhist Karen in Karen State." Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 4 (November 2011): 1083–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911811001574.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes multi-layered religious practices among local Buddhist Karen on the plains of Karen State in Burma, within the context of the larger socio-political dynamics of Burmese Buddhism. The purpose is threefold: first, to give ethnographic details of the hybrid nature of religious practices among Buddhist Pwo Karen, thereby demonstrating how sacred space and power are contested, despite the strong hand of the state; second, to challenge the assumed equation between non-Buddhist minorities on the one hand, and Buddhists as a lowland majority aligned to the state on the other; and third, to raise an alternative understanding to predominantly state-centered perspectives on Theravada Buddhism. Field-based observations on the young charismatic Phu Taki and his community, as well as on the practice of pagoda worship called Duwae that has hitherto been undocumented are presented. These are examined in relation to the changing religious policies of the regime, especially since the policies of “Myanmafication” of Buddhism by the reformist council began in 1980.
4
Borchert, Thomas. "Worry for the Dai Nation: Sipsongpannā, Chinese Modernity, and the Problems of Buddhist Modernism." Journal of Asian Studies 67, no. 1 (February 2008): 107–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911808000041.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last thirty years or so, there has been a broad consensus about what constitutes modern forms of Theravāda Buddhism. “Buddhist modernism,” as it has been called, has been marked by an understanding of the Buddha's thought as in accord with scientific rationalism; increased lay participation, particularly in meditation practice and leadership of the Buddhist community; and increased participation by women in the leadership of the Sangha. In this paper, I call into question the universality of these forms by examining a contemporary Theravāda Buddhist community in southwest China, where Buddhism is best understood within the context of the modern governance practices of the Chinese state. Buddhists of the region describe their knowledge and practices not in terms of scientific rationality, for example, but within the ethnic categories of the Chinese state. I suggest that instead of understanding modern forms of Buddhism as a natural response to modernity, scholars should pay attention to how Buddhist institutions shift within the context of modern forms of state power.
5
Sablin, Ivan. "Official Buddhism in Russia’s Politics and Education - Religion, Indigeneity, and Patriotism in Buryatia." Entangled Religions 5 (November 26, 2018): 210–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v5.2018.210-249.
Full textAbstract:
Focusing on organized Buddhism in the Republic of Buryatia and analyzing the statements of Khambo Lama Damba Aiusheev of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia and the textbooks used for teaching religion in public schools, the article discusses the different aspects of the relations between religion and state as applied to Buddhism in contemporary Russia in general and Buryatia in particular. The imperial politics of diversity management and especially the legacies of confessional governance in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union made the four “traditional religions”—Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism—an important part of “federal” nation-building. Despite the overall desecularization of the Russian state and the long history of relations between the state and organized Buddhism, the predominantly Buryat, centralized organization Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia did not assert its claim to represent all Russian Buddhists. State efforts to establish a system of four “traditional religions,” providing inter alia a spiritual foundation for Russian patriotism, also did not succeed. Buddhism remained decentralized in both administrative and semantic terms and did not lose its connections to the communities outside Russia. In Buryatia itself, Shamanism and Orthodox Christianity continuously challenged attempts to present Buddhism as the only Buryat “traditional religion.”
6
Erokhin, B. R. "BUDDHIST HERITAGE OF KALINGA (ODISHA STATE, INDIA)." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 1 (March 21, 2020): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-1-119-125.
Full textAbstract:
The interaction between autochthonous, Buddhist and Hindu traditions here is regarded through the historical perspective basing on the material presented in publications of the state’s historical school which describe the archaeological and epigraphic monuments of Odisha. Unlike the “brahminical” approach, which generally dominates the Indian historiography and diminishes the influence of Buddhism on the Indian subcontinent, the studies of the local school provide more attention to this factor forming the regional history. The introduction describes the early period of Kalinga's relationship with Buddhism. The main part of the article is dedicated to the evidence of the overwhelming presence of Buddhist tantric tradition and subsequent gradual adaptation of Buddhist images and symbols in Hinduism. Due attention is paid to the outstanding figures of Buddhism whose lives were connected with Odisha, and to the main archaeological sites of the state. The conclusion generalizes the historical process of assimilation of Buddhist ideas and practices on the Indian subcontinent, which ended in the 13-14 centuries by extinguishing Buddhism over the most part of the subcontinent.
7
Tonsakulrungruang, Khemthong. "The Revival of Buddhist Nationalism in Thailand and Its Adverse Impact on Religious Freedom." Asian Journal of Law and Society 8, no. 1 (February 2021): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2020.48.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTriggered by the sense of crisis, the Thai state and Thai Buddhism are renewing their traditional relationship kindled by the monarch-led reform over a century ago. Thai Buddhism is reviving its lost aura and hegemony while the political conservatives are looking for legitimacy and collective identity in a time of democratic regression. The result is the rise of the Buddhist-nationalistic movement, Buddhist-as-Thainess notion. The phenomenon has grown more mainstream in recent years. These extreme Buddhists pressure the government to adopt a new constitutional relationship that brings the two entities closer to a full establishment. They also target both religious minorities as well as non-mainstream Buddhists. The revival of Buddhist nationalism foretells rising tension as well as diminishing religious freedom.
8
Harding, Andrew. "Buddhism, Human Rights and Constitutional Reform in Thailand." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 2 (2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000016.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe purpose of this article is to address the relationship between Buddhism, constitutional reform and human rights in Thailand. It poses the questions: To what extent is the Thai state Buddhist in character? How are we to describe the relationship between Buddhism and the state? Can and should human rights be supported or presented as being supported by Buddhism, or interpreted according to Buddhist ideas? The historical relationship between the state and the sangha is examined, in which the state used religion to bolster the state's legitimacy. The place of Buddhism, human rights and the Human Rights Commission under the 1997 constitutional reforms is then addressed, in the context in particular of the problem of insurgency in the Southern provinces. It is concluded that the constitution-makers rightly refused to make Buddhism the state religion but that attempts to disseminate human rights understanding in Buddhist terms are justified, provided inter-faith dialogue is part of this process.
9
Kolosova, I. V. "Buddhism in Central Asia and Russia: History and Present Stata." Post-Soviet Issues 7, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-2-237-249.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the history of Buddhism in Central Asia and in Russia. It outlines the main periods of development and special features of Buddhism in the region, its influence on the local culture. It explorers the contemporary state of the Buddhist sangha in Russia and Central Asian countries.Central Asia has played an important role in the development of Buddhism as a world religion. In I-III centuries A.D. missionaries from Central Asia carried out the sermon of the Buddhist teachings. The archeological findings illustrate the massive spread of Buddhism on the wide territories of the region which were part of the Kushan Kingdom. The second period of the flourishing of Buddhist teaching falls on the V – first part of the VIII centuries, when the geography on Buddhism in the region expanded, and it peacefully co-existed with other religions.By IX century, when the territories of the contemporary Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tadjikistan stayed under the rule of Umayyad and Abbaside Caliphate, Islam eventually ousted Buddhism from these lands.The third period of rise of Buddhism in the region started with the appearance of Dzungars who aspired to take hold of the lands of Kazahstan. From 1690 to 1760 Central Asian region had become an area of struggle for the hegemony between the Buddhist Dzungarian khanate and China. The Dzungars promoted the spread of Buddhism in the Eastern part of Kazahstan and Northern part of Eastern Turkestan. The entry of Western Turkestan into the Russian Empire put an end to external threats and internal feudal strife. It gave the start to the process of consolidation of the Central Asian nations, which recognized their belonging to Muslim Ummah. In the absence of Dzungar and Chinese factors the influence of Buddhism in the region almost stopped.By the end of the XX century with the renaissance of religiosity on the post-Soviet space the interest to Buddhism slightly raised. However, at the present moment the number of the Buddhists in the region is insignificant. Among the followers of Buddhism the main place is taken by the Korean diaspora, residing in Central Asia since 1937. There also exist some single neo-Buddhist communities in the region.Buddhism made its contribution to the development of the unique socio-cultural identity of Russia as Eurasian by it’s nature. Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva, as well as several parts of Altai, Irkutsk and Chita regions represent historical areas of the spread of Buddhist teaching. At the present moment the Russian Buddhist sangha contains of the major independent centers in Buryatia, Kalmykia, Tuva, Moscow and St.Petersburg.Buddhism plays and important part in socio-cultural space of Russia, gradually moving far beyond the borders of the regions of its traditional location. Popularity of the Buddhist philosophy derives from the range of grounds, among which are the closeness of some of its principles to contemporary scientific ideas, first of all to cognitive sciences, as well as openness to dialogue with other cultural and religious traditions, humanism, ethics of non-violence and ideas of common responsibility.
10
Cohen, Paul T. "Buddhism Unshackled: The Yuan ‘Holy Man’ Tradition and the Nation-State in the Tai World." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (June 2001): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340100011x.
Full textAbstract:
Yuan Buddhism is a particular variant of Theravada Buddhism that prevails among the Tai-speaking people of the upper Mekong region. A salient feature of Yuan Buddhism is belief in ‘holy men’ who gain renown for their charismatic attributes and construction of religious monuments. I argue in this article that the modern ‘holy man’ tradition, initiated by the forest monk Khruba Siwichai, is a form of religious revivalism that combines the bodhisattva ideal with sacral kingship. This form of revivalism condemns the modern state for its failure to uphold Buddhist morality, resists state control and fosters visions of utopian Buddhist realms.
11
Reader, Ian. "Buddhism in Crisis? Institutional Decline in Modern Japan." Buddhist Studies Review 28, no. 2 (January 11, 2012): 233–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsrv.v28i2.233.
Full textAbstract:
Concerns that established temple Buddhism in Japan is in a state of crisis have been voiced by priests in various sectarian organizations in recent years. This article shows that there is a very real crisis facing Buddhism in modern Japan, with temples closing because of a lack of support and of priests to run them, and with a general turn away from Buddhism among the Japanese population. In rural areas falling populations have led to many temple closures, while in the modern cities people are increasingly turning away from the prime area in which Japanese people have traditionally engaged with Buddhist temples — the processes of death and their aftermath. Partly this is due to competition from new secular funeral industries, but partly also it is because public perceptions of Buddhism — which has become over-reliant on death rituals in Japan — have become highly negative in modern times. Even practices which have often been seen as areas in which Buddhist temples have been able to attract people — such as pilgrimages — are proving less successful than in the past, contributing further to a sense of crisis that threatens to undermine Buddhism’s roots in Japan.
12
Mantche, Chow Chandra. "Theravada Buddhism in North-East India: a study of the Tai-Khamtis." International Review of Social Research 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/irsr-2019-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract North-East India is an abode of colourful ethnic communities having distinct cultural pattern and way of life. Among the ethnic communities of North-East India, the Buddhist ethnic communities are significant as far as the history and culture of the region is concerned. Among the ethnic communities of the region, professing Theravada form of Buddhism the ethnic groups namely, Tai-Khamtis, Tai-Phakeys, Tai-Khamyangs, Tai-Turungs, Tai-Aitons, Singphos, Tikhak Tangsas, Chakmas, Moghs, Boruahs etc are prominent. Among the eight states of North-East India, the state of Arunachal Pradesh is notable for Theravada Buddhism.The Tai-Khamtis are the largest Theravada Buddhist community of Arunachal Pradesh. The paper attempts to glean on the Theravada Buddhism among the Tai-Khamtis living in present day Arunachal Pradesh and Assam.The methodology followed in the paper is both historical and analytical. The study reveals that Theravada Buddhism forms an intregal part of the life and culture of the Tai-Khamtis. They are the follower of Theravada form of Buddhism after Burmese (Myanmarees) tradition. Their tangible and intangible cultural heritage bears traits of South-East Asian culture. The religious belief and practices of the Tai-Khamtis are more or less similar to those of the Buddhists of South-East Asia. The study of the Theravada Buddhism is significant to appreciate India’s relations with South-East Asian countries in a proper perspective.
13
Liu, Cuilan. "THE FALL OF A CHINESE BUDDHIST MONK: LAW AND STATE GOVERNANCE OF BUDDHISM IN POST-IMPERIAL CHINA." Journal of Law and Religion 35, no. 3 (December 2020): 432–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2020.34.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn August 2018, revelations of the sexual, financial, and administrative misconduct of a high-profile Chinese Buddhist monk named Xuecheng 學誠 were in the spotlight of domestic and international attention. The validity of the allegations and their social and religious impact have been widely debated, and this article focuses on the legal procedures used in handling the allegations and traces their source back to the Republican era (1911–1949). The state's governance of Buddhism and the efficacy of the Buddhist clergy's jurisdictional self-governance operating in Xuecheng's case in China today are significantly older than the People's Republic of China. As early as 1929, ordained Buddhists collectively denounced personal clerical privileges, in exchange for the state law's protection on monastic properties. Then, while protesting against unfavorable articles in the Charter of the Buddhist Association of China (Zhongguo fojiaohui zhang cheng 中國佛教會章程) proposed by the Nationalist government in 1936, the Buddhist clergy lost their legal jurisdiction over adjudicating internal disputes among ordained Buddhists. These two events have come to define the relationship between the state and the Buddhist establishment in contemporary China, where state law is harsh on religion while enforcement through legal practice is lax.
14
SCHONTHAL, Benjamin, and Tom GINSBURG. "Setting an Agenda for the Socio-Legal Study of Contemporary Buddhism." Asian Journal of Law and Society 3, no. 1 (February 2, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2016.3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis introduction to the special issue on Buddhism and law lays out an agenda for the socio-legal study of contemporary Buddhism. We identify lacunae in the current literature and call for further work on four themes: the relations between monastic legal practice and state law; the formations of Buddhist constitutionalism; Buddhist legal activism and Buddhist-interest litigation; and Buddhist moral critiques of law. We argue that this agenda is important for advancing Buddhist studies and for the comparative study of law and legal institutions.
15
Kim, Hwansoo. "Buddhism during the Chosŏn Dynasty (1392–1910): A Collective Trauma?" Journal of Korean Studies 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 101–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21581665-4153349.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract An increasing number of recent scholars have challenged the narrative of Korean Buddhism as persecuted, isolated, and debased under the Neo-Confucian orthodoxy of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910). These scholars have revealed the continued support from both the state and Confucian aristocrats afforded to Buddhism; the friendship between yangbans and monastics; and the recognition of monastics’ role in Chosŏn society. While these insights provide a welcome nuance to a consideration of the period, it should be also recognized that the anti-Buddhist paradigm was a pervasive norm at the state and local levels throughout the Chosŏn era. The perception that Buddhism was heretical and that monastics were socially inferior was so deeply ingrained in the minds of aristocrats and the populace for so long that monastics developed a sense of collective trauma. This article revisits the vicissitudes of Chosŏn Buddhism by considering an incident that took place in the 1930s in colonial Korea. This case will help scholars of Korean history and Buddhism understand how colonial-period monastics acted from the trauma of the anti-Buddhist paradigm of the Chosŏn dynasty.
16
OBER, DOUGLAS F. "From Buddha Bones to Bo Trees: Nehruvian India, Buddhism, and the poetics of power, 1947–1956." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 04 (January 4, 2019): 1312–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000907.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the first decade after Indian independence in 1947, the secular Indian state projected a vision of itself as being guided by universal ethics rooted in the nation's ancient Buddhist past. From the circulation of Buddhist relics in distant lands to the reinvention and incorporation of Buddhist symbols in contemporary state regalia, the government sponsored a wide variety of programmes in the name of world peace, Pan-Asian unity, and enlightened democratic values that promoted Buddhism both within India and across Asia. This more than decades-long effort was entirely the outcome of the political and social visions of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and key members of his cabinet. In its most concise formulation, this Nehruvian-style Buddhism consisted of a two-pronged approach, one concerning the uses of Buddhism in the domestic sphere—that is, for domestic consumption by citizens of the new nation—and one concerning the uses of Buddhism as an instrument of foreign policy. At the heart of these projects was the dual effort to integrate a diverse South Asian populace into a wider national consciousness and yield influence among the post-colonial order in Asia. This article details the strategies and ideologies that Nehru and his cabinet employed vis-à-vis Buddhism from the mid-1940s to late 1950s when their Buddhist statecraft began to unravel due to geopolitical crises and the mass conversions of Ambedkarite Dalits. After tracing these developments, the article briefly considers the continued relevance of the Nehruvian engagement with Buddhism as it relates to twenty-first century Indian affairs.
17
SCHONTHAL, Benjamin. "The Impossibility of a Buddhist State." Asian Journal of Law and Society 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2016): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2016.4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article considers the effects of special constitutional prerogatives for Buddhism in Sri Lanka. It argues that, contrary to the expectations of both supporters and opponents, these clauses have not done what they claim to do: they have not enhanced the dominance of Buddhism on the island. Through a detailed analysis of recent legal action, this article demonstrates how special constitutional protections for Buddhism, in fact, aggravate and authorize splits among Buddhists. In making this argument, this article points towards a larger thesis: constitutional provisions designed to ensure the inter-religious dominance of one tradition may, under certain circumstances, actually amplify intra-religious conflicts over the nature, boundaries, and doctrines of that tradition. This work therefore encourages scholars to rethink the assumed polarity between secular-liberal constitutions and religiously preferential ones. Although opposed in their expressive dimensions, religiously neutral and religiously preferential constitutions may in fact generate similar church-state conundrums. The case of Sri Lanka suggests that, in the same way as perfect religious neutrality is impossible, so too is perfect religious supremacy.
18
Yangutov, Leonid, and Marina Orbodoeva. "Buddhism in the history of China in Southern and Northern kingdoms." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-4 (October 1, 2020): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi83.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the history of Buddhism in China during the period of the Southern and Northern Kingdoms (Nanbeichao, 386-589). The features of the development of Buddhism in the North and South are shown. Three aspects were identified: 1) the attitude of emperors of kingdoms to Buddhism; 2) the relationship of the state apparatus and the Buddhist sangha; 3) the process of further development of Buddhism in China in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, formed on the basis of the traditional worldview. It was revealed that Buddhism in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, both in the North and in the South, developed with the traditions of Buddhism of the Eastern Jin period to the same extent.
19
UCHIDA, Junshin. "Tanluan and State Buddhism." Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) 63, no. 1 (2014): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.63.1_56.
Full text
20
Yanfei, Sun. "The Chinese Buddhist Ecology in Post-Mao China: Contours, Types and Dynamics." Social Compass 58, no. 4 (December 2011): 498–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768611421135.
Full textAbstract:
The author delineates the configuration of the Chinese Buddhist ecology in post-Mao China by focusing on three major types of religious actor found in the ecology. She spells out how the interactions between the internal characteristics of religious groups and external structural conditions have shaped the development patterns of groups in each type. First, the dominant Buddhist temples, which enjoy state recognition, have been beset by the hollowing-out process. Second, the type of Buddhist groups with ambiguous legal status has been growing vigorously in the interstices of the current Chinese socio-political structure but faces uncertainties. An array of actors and forms, including self-appointed monks and the mixed form of Buddhism and popular religion, exist on the fringe of institutional Buddhism and constitute the third type. Within this type, the syncretic sects, receiving censure from both the state and the Buddhist establishment, are forced to operate underground.
21
LADWIG, PATRICE. "Worshipping Relics and Animating Statues. Transformations of Buddhist statecraft in contemporary Laos." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 6 (July 17, 2014): 1875–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000486.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn Laos—one of the few remaining ‘officially’ socialist countries—Buddhism was abolished as a state religion after the revolution in 1975. However, since the 1990s the communist government has been increasingly using its patronage of Buddhism to gain legitimacy. With reference to the divine sources of power in Theravāda Buddhism, this article explores the extent to which modern Lao state socialism is still imbued with pre-revolutionary patterns of Buddhist kingship and statecraft. The analysis will focus especially on ritual patronage of a Buddhist relic shrine and on the recent inauguration of statues of deceased kings in the Lao capital, Vientiane. With reference to the ritual animation of ‘opening the eyes’ of the statues, and with regard to theories exploring the agency of objects, I argue that the Lao palladium has to be understood as being made up of ‘living’ entities. Finally, the article explores to what extent the control, worship, and creation of statues and relics today are still essential for the legitimacy of rule in the Lao People's Democratic Republic.
22
Koivulahti, Toni J. "Compassionate apocalypse: Slavoj Žižek and Buddhism." Critical Research on Religion 5, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050303216676521.
Full textAbstract:
Since his rising interest in Christianity, Slavoj Žižek has discussed many other religions. This article examines his engagement with Buddhism, which he often uses as a stand in for “Oriental spirituality.” For Žižek, Buddhist traditions lack several key features that make Christianity the best prospect for religious political organization. By examining the reasons behind his rejection of Buddhism through his defence of the Subject and the state of Fallenness, the argument will be presented that Žižek's at times negative position on Buddhism can be explained through his commitment to a Lacanian reading of the Cartesian subject. This allegiance means that for Žižek there can never be a harmonious state for the subject, and accepting this provides the subject with a “divine” freedom. This article will also discuss ways in which Žižek's particularism can be overcome without losing the “apocalyptic fervor” of Christian Communist politics.
23
Braarvig, Jens. "The Buddhist Hell: An Early Instance of the Idea?" Numen 56, no. 2-3 (2009): 254–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852709x405008.
Full textAbstract:
In spite of the modern idea that Buddhism is too rational a religion to have a conception of hell, the case is just the opposite. The Buddhists promoted this idea very early. This is not really surprising, since the idea of hell is closely connected with the concept of kamma , action, and its fruit or result. Every living being is what it is by the force of its actions in this or earlier lives: good actions entail rebirth in heaven or as a human, while bad actions have as their result rebirth as an animal, a ghost, or worst of all, in hell. In the Buddhist hell one is thus punished by the evil actions themselves, not by some sort of divine justice. Although life in hell is not eternal in Buddhism, it can still last for an enormous time span until the bad actions have been atoned for and one is reborn to a happier state of existence. Thus hell plays a great part in the Buddhist system of teachings, and it is a favourite topic in the monastic rules as well as in the narrative literature of the Jātakas , the subject of which is the Buddha's earlier lives. Hell is discussed as a topic already in the Kathāvatthu , the first scholarly treatise of Buddhism with a named author, datable between 250 and 100 BC. The discussion in the Kathāvatthu represents what may be seen as a fully developed conception of hell, and thus the Buddhist hell as described by its earliest canonical literature predates the appearance of the idea in most, if not all other religious traditions.
24
McCargo, Duncan. "Thai Buddhism, Thai Buddhists and the southern conflict." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463409000010.
Full textAbstract:
Thailand's ‘southern border provinces’ of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat – along with four districts of neighbouring Songkhla – are the site of fiery political violence characterised by daily killings. The area was historically a Malay sultanate, and was only loosely under Thai suzerainty until the early twentieth century. During the twentieth century there was periodic resistance to Bangkok's attempts to suppress local identity and to incorporate this largely Malay-speaking, Muslim-majority area into a predominantly Buddhist nation-state. This resistance proved most intense during the 1960s and 1970s, when various armed groups (notably PULO [Patani United Liberation Organization] and BRN [Barisan Revolusi Nasional]) waged war on the Thai state, primarily targeting government officials and the security forces. In the early 1980s, the Prem Tinsulanond government brokered a deal with these armed groups and proceeded to co-opt the Malay-Muslim elite. By crafting mutually beneficial governance, security and financial arrangements, the Thai state was able largely to placate local political demands.
25
ULANOV, MERGEN S. "WOMEN IN THE HISTORY OF BUDDHIST CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL JAPAN." CASPIAN REGION: Politics, Economics, Culture 65, no. 4 (2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-510x-2020-65-4-097-103.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of women in the history of Buddhist culture in medieval Japan. The article examines the formation of the first female Buddhist monastic community in Japan. It is noted that the formation of the first Buddhist monastic community here was associated with women of Korean origin. A significant role in the institutionalization of Buddhism in Japan and its transformation into the dominant ideology was played by the Japanese empresses, who were impressed by the Buddhist approach to the religious status of women. The Japanese empresses actively supported the construction of Buddhist temples, donated land and significant funds to them. While pursuing a policy of strengthening the Buddhist church, they simultaneously contributed to its centralization and the establishment of strict control over the sangha by the state. The social and confessional status of women in the history of medieval Japan was constantly changing. If, until the end of the Nara period, nuns had the same social and confessional status as monks, then in the Heian era, nuns were removed from government positions and state ceremonies, and in religious treatises the opinion that women could not find salvation until will not be reborn as men. During the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, women again began to play an active role in society, including in religious institutions. During this period, new directions of Buddhism appeared (Amidaism, Soto-Zen, the Nichiren school), in whose doctrines the attitude towards women was more respectful. In the subsequent period, there was an increase in the influence of Confucianism and a weakening of the position of Buddhism in Japanese society, which negatively affected the social status of women and the state of the female monastic community.
26
Nathan, Mark A. "The Encounter of Buddhism and Law in Early Twentieth-Century Korea." Journal of Law and Religion 25, no. 1 (2009): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400001351.
Full textAbstract:
Law is central to an understanding of the development of modern Korean Buddhism. New legal and regulatory structures that were introduced during the first two decades of the twentieth century in Korea significantly impacted the course of modern Korean Buddhist history. The relationship between modern secular laws and Buddhist organizations during this period, however, was forged chiefly in the context of increasing Japanese political control over Korea, especially after the start of direct colonial rule following annexation in 1910. Therefore, the critical legal issues involved in the historical development of early modern Korean Buddhism have typically been subsidiary to the analyses of Japanese colonial policies toward the monastic community. The precise contours of the relationship between Buddhism and law in the modern period remain largely unexplored and thus indistinct because the focus in previous studies has been placed on the confrontation between thesanghaand the colonial state.
27
Ashiwa, Yoshiko, and David L. Wank. "THE GLOBALIZATION OF CHINESE BUDDHISM: CLERGY AND DEVOTEE NETWORKS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." International Journal of Asian Studies 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2005): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591405000100.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the globalization of China's Buddhism. Such new modern values as science and progress, along with competition from Christianity stimulated a modern reform of Buddhism in China in the early twentieth century that was then carried abroad through emigration and other transnational movement. This paper examines the ongoing interactions among Buddhists across difference nation-state spaces that have constituted the spread of this Buddhism. We show how transnational networks of clergy and devotees are constituted through affiliations of kinship, loyalty and region. These, in turn, faciliate allocations of personnel, money, and legitimacy that have not only institutionalized Buddhism in Southeast Asian and North American overseas Chinese communities but also supported its revival in late twentieth century China.
28
Larsson, Tomas. "BUDDHIST BUREAUCRACY AND RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN THAILAND." Journal of Law and Religion 33, no. 2 (August 2018): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2018.27.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn accordance with Thai conceptions of Buddhist kingship, Thai rulers have felt obliged to devote considerable energies towards the promotion and protection of Buddhism. Over the past century (and more), state laws have been instituted and bureaucratic agencies established to regulate and implement such promotional and protective activities. This article outlines some broad trends and patterns in the bureaucratization of Buddhism in Thailand, and discusses their implications for religious freedom. It argues that although Buddhism has been extensively bureaucratized, the implications for religious freedom have been less severe than one might perhaps expect, owing not least to the fact that Buddhism is a monastic religion. However, recent developments—taking place in the wake of the 2014 military coup and the 2016 royal succession—suggest that the legal environment is changing in ways that may have negative implications for religious freedom in Thailand.
29
Badmatsyrenov, Timur, Elizaveta Badmatsyrenova, and Sanzhida Dansarunova. "Buddhism in Russia in XX century and environmental policy: government and legal regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 11019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128411019.
Full textAbstract:
The article is aimed at studying the modern model of relations between the Russian state and Buddhist communities. Today it is one of the most promising multidisciplinary endeavours of political, legal and sociological research. We have analyzed three models of interaction between the Russian state and Buddhist communities: the Imperial, the Soviet and the Contemporary. The article places special emphasis on the historical and legal analysis of the main stages in development of Russian legal policy in relation to Buddhism.
30
Harrington, Laura. "The Greatest Movie Never Made: The Life of the Buddha as Cold War Politics." Religion and American Culture 30, no. 3 (2020): 397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rac.2020.14.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThis article explores the backstory of a 1953 screenplay on the life of the Buddha conceived by the CIA as a psychological warfare strategy to draw Asian Buddhists away from the Communist orbit and into the Free World. Developed in collaboration with Ceylonese Buddhist scholar G. P. Malalasekera, Tathagata: The Wayfarer (hereafter, Wayfarer) is best read through the lens of the U.S. Campaign of Truth propaganda effort launched by Truman in 1950. I draw on declassified government documents and archives to highlight the screenplay's trajectory as a covert attempt by the U.S. government to work with Asian Buddhists to further U.S. foreign policy needs in Asia and to demonstrate a truth rarely recognized by scholars of religion and American culture: For the early Cold War American state, Buddhism was an object of foreign policy.
31
Wheeler, Charles. "Buddhism in the re-ordering of an early modern world: Chinese missions to Cochinchina in the seventeenth century." Journal of Global History 2, no. 3 (November 2007): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022807002306.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn the seventeenth century, Chan Buddhist masters from monasteries in South China boarded merchant ships to Chinese merchant colonies in East and Southeast Asian port cities to establish or maintain monasteries. Typically, Chinese seafarers and merchants sponsored their travel, and sovereigns and elites abroad offered their patronage. What were these monks and their patrons seeking? This study will investigate the question through the case of one Chan master, Shilian Dashan, who journeyed to the Vietnamese kingdom of Cochinchina (Dang Trong) in 1695 and 1696. In Dashan, we see a form of Buddhism thought to have vanished with the Silk Road: that is, Buddhism as a ‘missionary religion’ able to propagate branch temples through long-distance networks of merchant colonies, and to form monastic communities within the host societies that welcomed them. This evident agency of seafaring Chan monks in early modern times suggests that Buddhism’s role in commerce, diaspora, and state formation in early modern maritime Asia may compare to religions like Islam and Christianity, and deserves further study.
32
Contursi, Janet A. "Political Theology: Text and Practice in a Dalit Panther Community." Journal of Asian Studies 52, no. 2 (May 1993): 320–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059650.
Full textAbstract:
The bharatiya dalit panthers is an organization of Maharashtrian Dalits (ex-Untouchables) who have converted to Buddhism and adopted as their long-range political goal the establishment of a democratic socialist state. The ideology of the Panthers, embodied in their texts and practices, synthesizes threads of Buddhist and Marxist philosophies. Longstanding debates about the supposed incompatibility of Buddhism and Marxism pose questions regarding the conjunction of religion and politics in popular movements, the role of popular texts in constituting ideologies of resistance, and the ways texts and beliefs become transformed into actions.
33
Isomae, Jun’ichi. "The Conceptual Formation of the Category “Religion” in Modern Japan: Religion, State, Shintō." Journal of Religion in Japan 1, no. 3 (2012): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118349-12341236.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Japanese word shūkyō was originally a coined word occurring in Chinese Buddhist dictionaries, but it became used as the translation for the English word “religion” when the English word was transmitted to Japan from the West after the opening of the country at the end of the nineteenth century. At that time, a new kind of Japanese language treating Shintō and Buddhism as ‘religions’ was born, with Christianity forming the axis, but while still intertwined with Buddhism and Shintō. Bearing in mind the Protestant influence on acculturation processes in Japan at the beginning of the Meiji period, this paper aims to offer an overview of how the term “religion” became embedded in Japan and how the Meiji government dealt with the competition of Shintō against Christianity and Buddhism. In that context it touches upon crucial historical and social developments such as the clash between science and religion of the late 1870s and the opposition between the state and religion in the early 1890s, together with well-known incidents such as the Uchimura Kanzō affair. The paper focuses in particular on the period from the end of the early modern Edo regime through the end of the Meiji period and analyzes how views of religious issues underwent transition within Japan.
34
Silk, Jonathan A. "Origins of the Mahāyāna." Indo-Iranian Journal 63, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-06302005.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new volume, Setting Out on the Great Way: Essays on Early Mahāyāna Buddhism (2018), collects essays on questions related to the origins of the Mahāyāna Buddhist movement. This review article considers the contributions, and offers a few observations on the state of the field.
35
Shields, James Mark. "After the Fall." Journal of Religion in Japan 7, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118349-00702001.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTsuji Zennosuke 辻善之助 (1877–1955), the dominant figure in Buddhist historical scholarship in Japan from the 1930s until the mid-1950s, is known to have employed a broad range of sources in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of his subject. This essay examines Tsuji’s conception of Buddhist history in relation to the emergence of both National Historical Studies (kokushigaku 国史学) and so-called State Shintō (kokka shintō 国家神道) and argues against the image of Tsuji as an “objective historian” resistant to nationalist trends in historical scholarship. In fact, Tsuji was involved in the creation of an alternative, “Buddhistic” national history, or bukkyōshugi kokushi 仏教主義国史的. In particular, comparisons are drawn between Tsuji’s conception of Buddhism and the earlier arguments of New Buddhism (shin bukkyō 新仏教) and the Daijō hi-bussetsuron 大乗非仏説論, in addition to his more general conception of the contributions of Buddhism to the humanitarian spirit of Japanese leaders—both emperors and military warlords. Can there be—should there be—an objective history of religion? What is the significance of sacred history—and the history of Buddhism more particularly—to the still-emerging “modern” nation of Japan? How does Buddhism, a pan-Asian and “borrowed religion,” fit with the “Japanist” ideology of national uniqueness? These are some of the questions posed by Tsuji in his writings.
36
Dyadyk, Natalia. "Practices of self-knowledge in Buddhism and modern philosophical education." Socium i vlast 4 (2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-4-71-81.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article is focused on studying the self-knowledge techniques used in Buddhism and their application in teaching philosophy. The relevance of the study is due to the search for new approaches to studying philosophy, including approaches related to philosophical practice, as well as the interest of modern scientists in the problem of consciousness. The problem of consciousness is interdisciplinary and its study is of practical importance for philosophers, psychologists, linguists, specialists in artificial intelligence. Buddhism as a philosophical doctrine provides rich material for the study of the phenomenon of consciousness, which does not lose its relevance today. A feature of the Buddhist approach to consciousness is that it has an axiological orientation that is directly related to the problem of self-knowledge. The practices of self-knowledge used in Buddhism enable a person to become happier and more harmonious, which is so important for each of us. The aim of the study is to conduct a philosophical analysis of Buddhist practices of self-knowledge and self-transformation in order to use them in the educational process. Methods: the author uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction; phenomenological method to identify the intentions that are key for consciousness. The author also uses the hermeneutical method to interpret Buddhist texts. The method of introspection as self-observation of consciousness is used in Buddhist meditation techniques. The scientific novelty of the study is that we approach the study of extensive material on Buddhism in the context of the problem of selfknowledge, which is inextricably linked with the Buddhist concept of consciousness. The revealed and studied Buddhist techniques of self-knowledge have been adapted for teaching philosophy. Results. A philosophical analysis of the literature on Buddhism in the context of the problem of self-knowledge was carried out. As a result of the analysis, Buddhist techniques for working with consciousness, such as meditation, the method of pondering Zen koans, the method of getting rid of material attachments, or the practice of austerities, were studied and described. A philosophical analysis of various Buddhist meditation techniques showed that they are based on the Buddhist concept of consciousness, which denies the existence of an individual “I”, considers the “I” to be nothing more than a combination of various dharmas, therefore the purpose of meditation in Buddhism is to identify oneself with one’s own “I”, to achieve a state of voidness in which we must comprehend our true identity. The method of pondering Zen koans is also one of the techniques for working with one’s consciousness in Buddhism. As a result of deliberation of these paradoxical miniatures, a person goes beyond the boundaries of logical thinking; there is a transition from the level of profane consciousness to the level of deep consciousness. The basis of the method of getting rid of material attachments or the practice of austerities in Buddhism is the concept of the middle path. We have established a similarity between the method of getting rid of material attachments, the concept of the middle path and minimalism as a way of life. Findings. Elements of the Buddhist practices of self-transformation can be successfully used in the teaching of philosophy at the university as a practical aspect of studying this discipline, forming students with the idea of philosophy as a way of life leading to positive self-transformation. Studying the practical aspects of Buddhist philosophy contributes to the formation of tolerance, awareness, education of humanism and altruism, and the skills of psycho-emotional self-regulation.
37
Kitiarsa, Pattana. "Faiths and Films: Countering the Crisis of Thai Buddhism from Below." Asian Journal of Social Science 34, no. 2 (2006): 264–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853106777371265.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article addresses multiple issues of how the ongoing debates of 'Thai Buddhism in crisis' (wikrit phutthasatsana) are perceived and discussed in popular films. Purposefully selecting three film stories, namely, Fun, Bar, Karaoke (1997), Mekhong Full Moon Party (2002), and Ong Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (2003), as case studies, the author argues that the contemporary state of Thai Buddhism is narrated and interpreted in remarkably different tones. There is virtually no moral crisis concerning Thai Buddhism reflected in the films, but a firm faith in Buddhist teachings and principles is presented, with some critical concerns of its religious agencies and performances in Thailand's post-1997 economic crisis context. In the turbulent decade of the 1990s and the new millennium, the Thai people have strongly expressed a desire for religious sanctuary. Faith in Buddhism is still strong and powerful, but its form and content are always plural and multi-dimensional. Everyday life religion, not the official or canonical Buddhism, has continuously posted itself as a prominent frame of reference for ordinary people to re-assess and re-define the problems of modernity in the midst of emerging threats of global capitalist challenges.
38
Kirill J. Solonin. "Sinitic Buddhism in the Tangut State." Central Asiatic Journal 57 (2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/centasiaj.57.2014.0157.
Full text
39
Keston College staff. "Buddhism becomes the Cambodian state religion." Religion in Communist Lands 17, no. 4 (January 1989): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09637498908431443.
Full text
40
Gantuya, M. "CONTEMPORARY STATE OF BUDDHISM IN MONGOLIA." Bulletin of the Buryat Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 2 (2019): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/2222-9175-2019-34-240-245.
Full text
41
Sharrock, Peter D. "Garuḍa, Vajrapāṇi and religious change in Jayavarman VII's Angkor." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 111–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463409000083.
Full textAbstract:
Ancient Cambodia turned definitively to state Buddhism under King Jayavarman VII at the end of the twelfth century, after four centuries of state Śaivism. This paper explores the motivation behind this momentous change and tries to establish the means by which it was achieved. It uncovers signs of a very large, politically motivated campaign of tantric Buddhist initiations that required a significant overhaul of the king's temples and the creation of a new series of sacred icons.
42
Winichakul, Thongchai. "Buddhist Apologetics and a Genealogy of Comparative Religion in Siam." Numen 62, no. 1 (December 12, 2015): 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341356.
Full textAbstract:
Contemporary identity in Thailand is prominently configured through an allegiance of reformed Buddhism with the modern Thai state. What is not well understood, however, is the centrality of “comparative religion” to the construction of this naturalized religionationalist identity, for interreligious study in Siam has been an integral component of modern Thai identity since the mid-nineteenth century. First, the emergence of “religion” as an object of study in modern Thailand is explored here, in an effort to detail the genealogy of this field for the first time. The articulation of Thai religious identity is identified as a response to intellectual challenges from colonial influences, especially the reproofs of Buddhism by Christian missionaries and Orientalist scholarship on religion. Thai Buddhist intellectuals responded to these challenges by robustly countering that Theravada Buddhism was, in fact, superior to Christianity and other religions. Finally, I explore the contentions between the Thai Buddhist apologetics and their opponents as a genealogy of the knowledge in comparative religion in Siam over the past century and a half. Given this genealogy, the field of comparative religion in Thailand is revealed as being far from a disinterested pursuit of knowledge; rather, it is part of the formation and reaffirmation of Thai national identity.
43
Fisher, Gareth. "From Temples to Teahouses." Review of Religion and Chinese Society 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22143955-00701003.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents an overview of the nature of lay Buddhist revival in post-Mao China. After defining the category of lay practitioner, it outlines key events in the revival of lay Buddhism following the end of the Cultural Revolution. Following this, it describes three main aspects of the revival: the grassroots-organized formation of communities of lay Buddhists that gather at temples either to share and discuss the moral teachings of Buddhist-themed media or to engage in devotional activities; devotional and pedagogical activities organized for lay practitioners by monastic and lay leaders at temples and lay practitioners’ groves; and, more recently, the emergence of private spaces for specific practices such as meditation, the appreciation of Buddhist art and culture, and the discussion of teachings from specific Buddhist masters. The article concludes that while government-authorized temples continue to be active spaces for lay practitioners interested in Dharma instruction from monastics, regular devotional activities, and opportunities to earn merit and gain self-fulfillment through volunteerism, greater state restrictions on spontaneous lay-organized practices in temple space are increasingly leading lay practitioners to organize activities in private or semi-private spaces. The introduction of social media has facilitated the growth of Buddhist-related practices for laypersons in nontemple spaces.
44
Szmyt, Zbigniew. "Tantryczne ciało rosyjskiego prezydenta – oświecony umysł czyngisydów. Polityka i nacjonalizm w buddyzmie buriat/mongolskim." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 43 (April 16, 2015): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2013.020.
Full textAbstract:
The tantric body of the Russian president – chingisids’ enlightened mind. Politics and nationalism in Buryat / Mongolian BuddhismThis paper is devoted to the role of Buddhism in the construction of ethnonational identity in Buryatia and Mongolia. On the case of the phenomenon of deification of Russian presidents by Buryat lamas I have analyzed: historically conditioned compounds of Buddhism and politics of the Mongolian groups, the role of Buddhism in ethnic mobilization in Buryatia and Mongolia after the fall of Communism and features of ethnonational model of Buddhism in two neighboring regions. In post-socialist period Buddhism was involved in ethnonational political projects. As a result, an attempt was taken to restore the monastic model of Buddhism, which had functioned in the pre-revolutionary period. Local peculiarities of Mongolian Buddhism were reinforced in order to produce the difference between the (national) Mongolian/Buryat and tibetan Buddhism. In Buryatia, Buddhism became a distinctive element used for ethnic differentiation of Buryats – in opposition to the Orthodox Russians. In Mongolia, traditionalist position of Buddhism was opposed in some way to Christianity, the various factions of which are distributed together with “agendas of modernity” from Western countries. In tantric union with the president Buryat lamas produce harmony between two national identities: Russian – civic and Buryat – ethnonational. Deification of the state power and giving it the attributes of loving femininity is a practice obliging the authority to generosity, which is attributed to the White tara. It is a strategy of the weak, who agree to a game of domination, but they try to define its rules themselves. Looking more broadly it can be said that the Buryats as a national community appeared just as a result of this fusion with the Russian power. Because of this they were separated from the pre-national family of Mongolian peoples. Mongols, for similar purposes use Chingis khan identified with the Buddhist form of Vajrapani. As a result, nationalist narrative is set to famous past, but uses the ‘eternal’ values, achieves harmony of all its elements.
45
Finch, Andrew J. "‘In their madness they chase the wind’: The Catholic Church and the Afterlife in Late Chosŏn Korea." Studies in Church History 45 (2009): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400002618.
Full textAbstract:
Following its introduction to Korea in 1784, the Catholic Church grew and developed within a rich and varied religious milieu. An indigenous tradition of popular religion, characterized in part by shamanistic practices, existed alongside two imported traditions: Confucianism and Mahāyāna Buddhism. The latter had enjoyed state patronage in the Koryŏ period (918/935-1392) but, with the establishment of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1911), it was supplanted by Chu-Hsi Neo-Confucianism (Chuja-hak). This became central to a policy of social reformation and was elevated to the position of state orthodoxy. Neo-Confucianism thereby became the dominant social, political and metaphysical system, and, during the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, its influence spread to all levels of Korean society. Buddhism was increasingly discriminated against, while popular religion was disparaged as superstitious and potentially subversive. Buddhist monks and nuns, together with shamans (mudang), were classed among thech’ŏnmin, the ‘base people’, the very bottom of society whose members included butchers as well as slaves.
46
Shi Jinbo 史金波. "Buddhism and Confucianism in the Tangut State." Central Asiatic Journal 57 (2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/centasiaj.57.2014.0139.
Full text
47
Peek, John M. "Buddhism, Human Rights and the Japanese State." Human Rights Quarterly 17, no. 3 (1995): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.1995.0032.
Full text
48
Coderey, Céline. "The Buddhist Grammar of Healing." Asian Medicine 12, no. 1-2 (February 21, 2017): 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341394.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In Rakhine State, like elsewhere in Myanmar and in the region, many healers combine the knowledge and skills of both the herbalist and the exorcist, each resulting from the blending of several medical traditions that have spread across the region and mixed with indigenous belief systems. Within this assemblage, both the efficacy of the remedies, as well as that of the healer, derive from compounds of different sources—tangible and intangible, visible and invisible, material and spiritual1 —reflecting the complexity of the cognitive framework. Within this therapeutic whole, Buddhism occupies a singular position. Although often presented as totally separate from worldly practices, Buddhist practices, symbols, and powers are indeed a sine qua non of medical efficacy in many therapeutic processes. Focusing on the case of the master U Thun Kaing, this article intends to illustrate how medical efficacy is built within a pluralistic medical context, where Buddhism occupies a predominant role that is often denied in ideological conversations. How are different notions, practices, and powers articulated in the hands of a single healer? How is this complexity shaped by the dominance of Buddhism, and how is this role articulated with the common perception of Buddhism as “pure” and “otherworldly”? How does the relationship between materiality and spirituality, visibility, and invisibility unfold?
49
Coderey, Céline. "Healing the whole: Questioning the boundaries between medicine and religion in Rakhine, Western Myanmar." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 51, no. 1-2 (June 2020): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463420000259.
Full textAbstract:
Based on fieldwork conducted among the Buddhist population living in Rakhine State, Myanmar, between 2005 and 2011, this article elucidates how people deal with health and illness and related uncertainties by relying on a multiplicity of conceptions and practices associated with Buddhism, astrology, spirit cults, as well as indigenous and Western medicine. This article unpacks this plurality to show how different components contribute to the healing process in complementary and yet hierarchical ways which hold to a nexus of political, social, medical, economic, cosmological, biological, and environmental factors. It also questions the boundaries between the religious and medical, Buddhist and non-Buddhist, worldly and otherworldly, and natural and supernatural.
50
K, Agalya. "Truths According to Buddhism and Curbing of Desire as Explained in Thirukural." International Research Journal of Tamil 3, S-1 (June 24, 2021): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21s142.
Full textAbstract:
Thirukkural is believed to have been written in the 1, 2nd century AD. The period when bhuddhism flourished. Foremost among the text of justice is the screw cap. Various virtues of Buddhism can be found in Thirukkural. Mourning is said tobe the foremost of the Buddhist rites. The first truth is that wordly life is full of sorrow. Thus, the desire that led to patriarcly is fae from essential to human life. The desire for human beings will continue to grow. The mental state of not having enough. The Emphasis is on renonuncing desire to make human life superior. The purpose of this study is to examine the messages that thirukural talks about such Buddhist sleep.