Relevant bibliographies by topics / State external debt

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'State external debt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "State external debt"

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Adeleke, Nureni Olalekan, Adebayo Mohammed Ojuolape, AbdulRahmon Adeniran Tella, and Moshood Kolawole Alabi. "The Impact of Domestic and External State Debt on State Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria." Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 2 (2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljssh.v4i2.119.

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The impact of state indebtedness, both external and domestic, on the GDP of each state, was investigated in this study utilising panel data gathered from 22 Nigerian states between 2013 and 2017. Past studies conducted on the debt-growth relationship have concentrated on the national level with little attention given to the sub-national level. This study fills that gap with the intention of having a better understanding of the debt-growth relationship at the state level. Using panel regression techniques, results showed that total debt has a non-linear relationship with the state GDP; whereby
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MAGOMEDVALIEV, M. I. "ВНЕШНИЙ ДОЛГ США И РОССИИ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ". Экономика и предпринимательство, № 2(151) (31 травня 2023): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2023.151.2.035.

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Public debt is an important aspect of the world's financial system, and its state has an impact on countries' economy. The article examines the evolution of the Russian Federation's and the United States' public external debt management, as well as the current state of the Russian Federation's and the United States' external public debts, as well as a comparison of the Russian Federation's and the United States' public debts. Государственный долг является важным аспектом мировой финансовой системы, и его состояние оказывает влияние на экономику стран. В статье рассматривается эволюция управлен
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Ivanova, N. A. "Russia’s public external debt: current state, dynamics." Entrepreneur’s Guide 17, no. 4 (2024): 114–17. https://doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2024-17-4-114-117.

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Public debt is an important financial indicator that reflects the financial stability and ability of the state to fulfill its financial obligations. The subject of the study is the problem of public external debt, its current state, forecast for the following periods. The applied research methods are theoretical (analysis, synthesis, analogy, specification and practical comparison and observation). The author provides segments on which the repayment of external debt depends, the principles of public external borrowing. The article analyzes the current state of the public external debt. In conc
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Obravyt, Viktoriia, and Viktoriia Koilo. "Comparative analysis of internal and external national debt of Ukraine taking into account the impact factors." Public and Municipal Finance 6, no. 1 (2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.06(1).2017.05.

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In this paper, scientific and methodological approaches as for interpreting the notion “national debt of the country” as a whole are systematized, the essence of “internal national debt” and “external national debt” in particular is clarified. Critical analysis of the state and dynamics of the national debt of Ukraine during 2006-2015 was performed. Dynamics of the extent of internal and external national debt of the country was studied and their comparative analysis was performed. Detailed structure of both internal part of the debt and its external part is presented. With the help of correla
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MOROZ, Ivanna. "EXTERNAL GOVERNMENT DEBT MANAGEMENT OF UKRAINE IN CONDITIONS OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC AND PANDEMIC SHOCKS." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 1(66) (2021): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2021.01.048.

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Introduction. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on macroeconomic dynamics and the state of external public debt are analised. The main reasons for the growth of the State Budget deficit of Ukraine are identified and the need to increase the efficiency of the external public debt management policy in the context of minimizing the budget deficit is proved. Emphasis is placed on the situational and imbalance of Ukraine’s external public debt management policy, which is due to the lack of the Economic Development Strategy of Ukraine and the Government’s program of activities for 2020. It i
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Svitlana Brus, and Oleksii Shpanel-Yukhta. "Prospects and obstacles to the restructuring of Ukraine’s external state obligations in the conditions of war." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, no. 2 (2022): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.02.007.

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The article analyzes the structure of Ukraine’s external debt liabilities for the period from 2011 to 2021 and in the period since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It is determined that the amount of state external liabilities, taking into account projected data, may exceed 70% of this country’s GDP, which will become the dominant form of both attracting financial resources to the state budget and threatening the state security. The authors provide an assessment of the difficulties of restructuring the external debt in terms of the specific weight of the creditor and the weight of sho
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Bublyk, Yevhen, Svitlana Brus, and Oleksii Shpanel-Yukhta. "Prospects and obstacles to the restructuring of Ukraine’s external state obligations in the conditions of war." Economy and forecasting 2022, no. 2 (2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.02.005.

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The article analyzes the structure of Ukraine’s external debt liabilities for the period from 2011 to 2021 and in the period since the beginning of the full-scale invasion. It is determined that the amount of state external liabilities, taking into account projected data, may exceed 70% of this country’s GDP, which will become the dominant form of both attracting financial resources to the state budget and threatening the state security. The authors provide an assessment of the difficulties of restructuring the external debt in terms of the specific weight of the creditor and the weight of sho
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Razinkova, Mіla. "EXTERNAL DEBT SECURITY IN THE STATE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM." Actual Problems of Economics 1, no. 247 (2022): 88–94. https://doi.org/10.32752/1993-6788-2022-1-247-88-94.

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The article defines the features of external debt security in the system of economic security of the state. The place of external debt security in the system of national and economic security is defined. The strategies of various countries to ensure economic stability are analyzed. The meaningful characteristics of foreign debt security are determined. Aspects of external debt management are considered.
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Razinkova, Мila, Fedir Zhuravka, Natalia Nebaba, Rostislav Botvinov, and Serhiy Voytov. "External public debt management during the wartime: Case of Ukraine." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 20, no. 4 (2023): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(4).2023.03.

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Public debt plays a crucial role in the economic development of many countries, the effective management and servicing of the external public debt have become a priority in the financial and economic policy of the state, ensuring the stability of its development. The article aims to develop Ukraine’s external public debt management system during the wartime. As a result of the analysis, the key negative consequences of the impact of external debt growth on Ukraine`s economic security were determined, i.e. economic growth slowdown, increased dependence on creditors, increased costs of the publi
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Alonge, Funmilayo Bukola, and Clement Olatunji Olaoye. "The Effects of Public Debt Financing: A Multi-state Perspective." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 9 (2022): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.109.12851.

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This paper investigates the relation between public debt financing and government expenditure. Using year and states fixed effect estimation, we find that the amount owed by federating states propels government spending. While external debts have a significant and positive association with public expenditure, domestic debts have positive effect, though not significantly different from zero, on government expenditure. The study recommends that policymakers in the public sector should widen external debts than domestic debts because its influence governments’ recurrent and capital expenditure.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "State external debt"

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Таранюк, Леонід Миколайович, Леонид Николаевич Таранюк, Leonid Mykolaiovych Taraniuk, R. Neronov, and H. Qiu. "The current situation with Ukraine's external debt." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86640.

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Загальна сума зовнішніх державних і гарантованих державою боргів на кінець лютого 2020 року склала 49,81 млрд доларів. З 2009 року державний борг, який тоді становив 26,5 мільярдів доларів, з кожним роком зростає. Виняток становить 2013 рік, коли борги зменшилися з 38,7 до 37,5 млрд доларів. наступного року, а також у 2019-му – з 50,5 до 48,9 млрд дол. Найбільші запозичення Україні довелося зробити в 2011 році, коли борг зріс з 34,8 до 37,5 млрд грн, а в 2015 році борг зріс з 38,8 до 43,4 млрд доларів.<br>Общая сумма внешней государственной и гарантированной государством задолженности на конец
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Ferrarini, Benno. "External debt and macroeconomic vulnerability : a proposal for state-contingent debt contracts to achieve low-income country debt sustainability." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2007. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28808/.

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We argue that the 'New Debt Sustainability Framework' (DSF), as recently introduced by the Bretton Woods Institutions, is tailored to suit the aid allocation mechanism centred on the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), but fails to take into account low-income countries' economic vulnerability and exposure to exogenous shocks. As a result, the DSF further undermines the effective delivery of aid by the International Development Association (IDA), and fails to support recipient countries in their efforts to achieve lasting debt sustainability. Furthermore, we demonstrate that th
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Реджепов, Т. Я. "Державний борг України: механізм управління та обслуговування". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2021. http://local.lib/diploma/Redzhepov.pdf.

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Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижче<br>В роботі висвітлюються соціально економічна сутність державного боргу, його структура, місце та роль у фінансовій системі держави, визначено ризики державного боргу та їх вплив на боргову та фінансову безпеку країни, проведено аналіз стану боргового навантаження: динаміки, структури та причин накопичення державного боргу України., досліджено зарубіжний досвід організації управління державним боргом та можливості застосування його в Україні, запропоновано шляхи удосконалення.<br>The paper co
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Мордань, Євгенія Юріївна, Евгения Юрьевна Мордань, Yevheniia Yuriivna Mordan та М. О. Семенець. "Динаміка та структура державного боргу України". Thesis, Полтава, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/57338.

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За останні роки економіка нашої країни переживає не найкращі часи. Постійні зміни політичного уряду та неспроможність держави самостійно вирішити проблеми фінансування видатків державного бюджету призводять до взяття в борг нових грошових коштів, які вливаючись у загальні фінансові ресурси держави і впливають на подальший розвиток економіки країни. Значний розмір боргових зобов’язань України та значні витрати щодо його обслуговування – є суттєвим тягарем для державного бюджету. Тому дослідження динаміки державного боргу в Україні є вкрай актуальним питанням на сьогодні.
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Половко, М. С. "Зовнішній державний борг України і проблеми його обслуговування". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/71112.

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В магістерській роботі розглянуто теоретичні основи та особливості управління зовнішнім державним боргом України; досліджено особливості співпраці України з Міжнародним валютним фондом; надано загальну характеристику показників державного боргу України; проведено оцінку складу і структури зовнішнього державного боргу України; проаналізовано вплив валютних ризиків на зовнішній державний борг України.<br>В магистерской работе рассмотрены теоретические основы и особенности управления внешним государственным долгом Украины; исследованы особенности сотрудничества Украины с Международным валютным фо
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Шпак, А. І. "Державний борг України та його вплив на фінансову безпеку країни". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/87130.

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Досліджено поняття економічно розвитку і взаємозалежності соціальних можливостей населення та економічних процесів. Проаналізовано сучасний стан державного боргу, його фінансові показники, соціально-політичні проблеми, що спричиняє держборг, його вплив на економічну безпеку країни. Розглянуто питання управління та обслуговування державного боргу в контексті тих економічних труднощів, які переживає Україна.
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Домашенко, Марина Дмитрівна, Марина Дмитриевна Домашенко, Maryna Dmytrivna Domashenko та А. В. Власенко. "Зовнішній борг України". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/48722.

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Сучасний світ характеризується інтенсивною глобалізацією й розвитком міжнародних фінансів. На сьогоднішній день спостерігається тенденція значного зростання державних боргів країн, що розвиваються. Держави запозичують фінансові ресурси через різні причини, основними з яких є: нестача власних коштів, яких не вистачає для того, щоб покрити дефіцит державного бюджету та виконувати боргові зобов’язання, негативний платіжний баланс.
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Павленко, І. В. "Аналітична база оцінювання та прогнозування зовнішнього державного боргу". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/38726.

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Виникнення державного боргу в країні обумовлене недостатністю коштів для виконання своїх функцій. Держава змушена мобілізувати додаткові фінансові ресурси для покриття своїх видатків, тим самим збільшуючи розмір держборгу. Ефективне управління державним боргом залежить від повноти та якості процедури його оцінювання. Так, актуалізується проблема оцінки боргу, оскільки він складає більшу частину заборгованості країни.
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Лебедко, Н. Р. "Управління державним боргом". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2020. http://dspace.oneu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/12730.

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В першому розділі кваліфікаційної роботи досліджено теоретичні аспекти функціонування системи управління державним боргом, розглянуто поняття, місце та роль у фінансовій системі держави, методичні підходи щодо оцінки державного боргу, ризики державного боргу та їх вплив на боргову та фінансову безпеку країни. В другому розділі проаналізовано сучасний стан державного боргу України у період з 2015 по 2019 рік, проведено оцінку стану боргового навантаження через аналіз макроекономічних показників, наведено динаміку, структуру та причини накопичення державного боргу України. Проведено регресійний
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Sivakumar, Sivalingam. "Dancing on the edge : the dynamics of external debt in the United States, South Korea and Argentina." Title page, table of contents and preface only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arms624.pdf.

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Books on the topic "State external debt"

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Reinisch, August. State responsibility for debts: International law aspects of external debt and debt restructuring. Böhlau, 1995.

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Quiroga, Carlos Villegas. The current state of Bolivia's external debt, 1995-1995. SNV-Bolivia, 1996.

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Addison, Tony. Overcoming the fiscal crisis of the African state. United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2001.

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Kruger, Mark. Sovereign debt defaults and financing needs. International Monetary Fund, 2004.

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Thomas, Jonathan P. Bankruptcy proceedings for sovereign state insolvency and their effect on capital flows. United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003.

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A, Ajayi E., and Montclair State College. Center for Economic Research on Africa., eds. New initiatives for Africa's debt: Kops Lounge, Montclair State College, Upper Monclair, New Jersey, May 9, 1989. Center for Economic Research on Africa, 1989.

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Lines, Thomas. Banking regulations and Third World debt management. Centre of African Studies, Edinburgh University, 1989.

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Bolton, Patrick. Structuring and restructuring sovereign debt: The role of seniority. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Bolton, Patrick. Structuring and restructuring sovereign debt: The role of seniority. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Bolton, Patrick. Structuring and restructuring sovereign debt: The role of a bankruptcy regime. International Monetary Fund, Research Dept., 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "State external debt"

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Charlton, Roger. "External Debt, Economic Success and Economic Failure: State Autonomy, Africa and the NICs." In The Politics of Global Debt. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22820-1_9.

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Razzak, Weshah. "The External Debt." In The Future of Economic Development in the Gulf Cooperation Council States. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003288282-4.

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Skachkova, Yu A. "Issues of Interdependence of External Debt of States and Human Rights in the UN Activities." In Artificial Intelligence: Anthropogenic Nature vs. Social Origin. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39319-9_53.

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Laswai, Richard B., Abdelhak Senadjki, and William Keng Soon Choo. "The Dynamic Intricacies of External Debt and FDI Moderated by Rule of Law, Voice and Accountability Economic Growth Nexus in EAC Partner States: A Panel NARDL Analysis." In Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research. Atlantis Press International BV, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-666-6_29.

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"Accounting for Unpayable Debt." In The City after Property. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478024613-005.

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State plans to privatize de facto public land were shaped by the Great Recession. Throughout the early 2010s, Detroit was mired in debates over debt and indebtedness. This chapter explores the machinations of structural adjustment and the multiple meanings of debt that prevailed. It analyzes how state auditors worked to justify external oversight and reorganization of the city’s finances. It also looks at how state efforts to impose emergency management coincided with the launch of the Detroit Metropolitan Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was charged with investigating race-based ine
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Queralt, Didac. "State Building Trajectories." In Pawned States. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691231426.003.0009.

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This chapter discusses the trajectories of state building opportunities being shaped by initial conditions. It examines case studies from Argentina, Chile, Ethiopia, Japan, and Thailand regarding the effects of war on fiscal capacity and their transmission. The comparison between Japan and Argentina sheds light on the significance of domestic credit markets to keep foreign dependence under control and prevent falling into a debt trap. Meanwhile, the comparison between Siam and Ethiopia demonstrates the perils and limits of bureaucratic strengthening in the absence of political reform and how a
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Queralt, Didac. "War, Credit, and Fiscal Capacity." In Pawned States. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691231426.003.0007.

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This chapter tackles the short- and long-term repercussions of external capital access on fiscal capacity, which is the ability to raise taxes. It also cites that war finance is consequential for state building. Moreover, access to external finance during wartime in the Bond Era decreased the likelihood of strengthening fiscal capacity. Thus, war finance in the Bond Era shaped fiscal capacity all the way into the early twenty-first century. The chapter considers the issue of history compression in the study of legacy effects. It clarifies that war funded by taxation did make states in the shor
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Bantekas, Ilias. "Sovereign Debt and Self-Determination." In Sovereign Debt and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810445.003.0015.

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In this chapter we make use of the word ‘effective’ in order to test whether a particular action, contractual clause or other measures produce an outcome that is otherwise offensive to self-determination. This is not always easy because economic self-determination is sparse in the human rights literature. In this chapter we put forward the proposition that a state is sovereign where it is effectively empowered, without pressure or coercion, to make all policy decisions required to run the state machinery and satisfy the fundamental needs of all its people (at the very least), both individual a
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Godsey, William D. "The Rise of a Sustainable Public Debt in the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy." In The Habsburg Monarchy as a Fiscal-Military State. British Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267349.003.0013.

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The ability to borrow on a sustainable basis was an essential element of a successful fiscal-military state. Historians have shown greater interest in direct taxation as a source of revenue, though they have drawn attention to the role played by the Vienna City Bank and external borrowing in the rise of a medium- and long-term public debt in the 18th-century Habsburg Monarchy. This chapter factors two further, crucial elements into the story. First, the central government increasingly tapped into the credit facilities of the provincial Estates in the Austrian and Bohemian lands, in effect deri
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Eichengreen, Barry. "Democratization and Globalization." In In Defense of Public Debt. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577899.003.0004.

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Abstract The market in public debt was globalized and democratized in the nineteenth century, when a growing base of retail investors adventured their savings in bonds issued by sovereigns. Spending priorities meanwhile shifted from financing wars to supplying public goods and services. As cities expanded, demands arose for transportation, clean water, sewers, and electricity. In response, governments issued bonds to finance public infrastructure. This transition again illustrates the role of public debt in state building—in lending legitimacy to the state by enabling it to meet the needs of i
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Conference papers on the topic "State external debt"

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Ganiev, Junus, and Damira Baigonushova. "External Debt Sustainability in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02383.

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After the global financial crisis, there have been serious increases in state debt of most countries. In addition, the debts for economic development are constantly increasing in the Eurasian Economic Union countries. As a result, the sustainability problem of government debt arises. In some countries, such as Kyrgyzstan, a significant portion of government debt is taken from a single country. This situation increases the risk even more. The aim of the study is to analyze the sustainability of state debts comparatively in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. To this end, the current s
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Bunevich, Konstantin, Amanova Gulnara, Eleonora N. Gavrilova, Niyazbekova Shakizada, Ivanova Olga, and Varzin Vasiliy Vladimirovich. "External Debt Analysis and State of National Debt in the World Finance System." In IV International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Anthropogenic Transformation of Geospace: Nature, Economy, Society' (ATG 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.200202.011.

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Fricler, Anhelika, та Elena Tarkhanova. "ВЛИЯНИЕ ВНЕШНЕГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ДОЛГА НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКУЮ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ РОССИИ". У Nacional`naia bezopasnost` Rossii: aktual`nye aspekty: sbornik izbrannyh statei Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferencii (Sankt-Peterburg, Mart 2020). ГНИИ "Нацразвитие", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nb184.2020.54.45.006.

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Сегодня практически все государства, в процессе экономических преобразований, прибегают к внешним источникам финансирования, рациональное использование которых способствует укреплению национальной, в том числе экономической, безопасности государства. В статье изучено влияние внешнего государственного долга на экономическую безопасность государства. Проведено исследование объема и структуры внешнего долга, показателей внешней долговой устойчивости России.Today, almost all states, in the process of economic transformation, resort to external sources of financing, the rational use of which helps
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Shumilina, Vera, and Veronika Talanina. "FINANCIAL SECURITY IN THE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In Economy of Russia: problems, trends, forecasts. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conferencearticle_61cc296c218f86.64569192.

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This article examines the concept of financial security of the state. The article is also devoted to the consideration of the main problems that act as threats to the financial security of the country. The problem of servicing the state external and internal debt, as well as capital outflow from the country is considered in more detail. Statistical data on the problems voiced are presented. The consequences of ignoring these problems are analyzed
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Karaköy, Çağatay, Ahmet Uzun, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "The Changes in Foreign Debt for the Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00279.

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1989 and the years following 1991 were the times in which many important economic and political turnovers had taken place in the world. That was the time when Berlin Wall fall down with scattering the Eastern block and many politically and economically independent states came into being, at the same time, ongoing about 70 years socialist system also started to spin into liberal system. The constituted 27 states in 1991 were tended to liberal economic system instead of socialist economy, and these stated were called as transition economies. With the transition period, there has have been signif
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Costova, Natalia. "Analysys of the external debt of the Republic of Moldova in the current period." In Conferinta stiintifica internationala "Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana", editia VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.24.

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External debt is an integral part of most financial systems of the world's states and plays a significant role at the macroeconomic level of any country. It can be viewed on the positive side, as it contributes to the growth of countries' financial resources, and on the negative side, it contributes to an increase in financial risks in the context of the economic crisis. One of the most acute problems of the stability of the economy of any country is the possibility of paying off external debt. The total amount of external debt, as well as the existence of overdue debt, significantly affects t
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Karatalov, Omurbek. "Open Economy and Economic Integration within the Framework of Eurasia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00633.

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The Kyrgyz Republic economy openness is studied within the framework of the Eurasia. Insufficient level of the financial and economic standing of Kyrgyzstan is clarified. Reasons for Governmental regulating use in the area of monetary, tax and budget policy in USA have been set up. Conditions of the development of industrial countries economy are under consideration. The necessity of financialisation of all capital of country is defined. Kyrgyzstan public budget’s permanent deficiency formation reasons are studied. A necessity of integration economic relations development within the framework
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Liu, Jianhui, and Andrew Francis. "New Limit State Functions for Determining the Puncture Resistance to External Force." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28029.

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Traditionally, a key component of the design philosophy applied to high-pressure pipelines has been the stipulation that the nominal hoop stress is less than some fraction of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). However, more recently both designers and operators have recognised that whilst this approach generally leads to conservatively safe designs, there may be some situations in which the conservatism is not adequate. This has resulted in a move towards limit state, and structural reliability based, methods that address actual failure modes, and consequently the contributions to st
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Seevam, Patricia, Chris Lyons, Phil Hopkins, and Malcolm Toft. "Modelling of Dent and Gouges, and the Effect on the Failure Probability of Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64061.

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One of the main causes of the failure, and resulting casualties, in onshore and offshore transmission pipelines is external interference (also known as ‘mechanical damage’, or ‘third party damage’). External interference can result in a dent, a gouge, or a combination of the two. The combination of dents and gouges is a severe pipeline defect. It creates an unstable stress state at the defect root where work hardening and micro-cracking may be present. This can lead to a variety of immediate and delayed failures in pipelines. The available assessment models for a dent containing a gouge contai
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Cosham, Andrew, Jane Haswell, and Neil Jackson. "Reduction Factors for Estimating the Probability of Failure of Mechanical Damage Due to External Interference." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64345.

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Quantified risk assessments (QRAs) are widely used in the UK to assess the significance of the risk posed by major accident hazard pipelines on the population and infrastructure in the vicinity of the pipeline. A QRA requires the calculation of the frequency of failures and the consequences of failures. One of the main causes of failures in onshore pipelines is mechanical damage due to external interference, such as a dent, a gouge, or a dent and gouge. In the published literature, two methods have been used to calculate the probability of failure due to external interference: • historical fai
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Reports on the topic "State external debt"

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Piemonté, Cécilia. The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on external debt in Small Island Developing States. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), 2021. https://doi.org/10.1787/7ce869df-en.

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Bordo, Michael, Christopher Meissner, and Angela Redish. How "Original Sin" was Overcome: The Evolution of External Debt Denominated in Domestic Currencies in the United States and the British Dominions. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9841.

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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the contex
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Martin, Matthew. The Crisis of Extreme Inequality in SADC: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Oxfam, Development Finance International, Norwegian Church Aid, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8793.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the extreme inequality in Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, and pushed millions into poverty. The economic crisis continues due to the obscene global vaccine inequality. As of end March 2022, a dismal 14% of SADC citizens had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19, compared with 65.5% in the United States and 73% in the European Union. In 2021, with infections rising in SADC, the critical health, social protection and economic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 were rolled back and replaced with austerity, in the contex
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Kashefi, Mehrdad, and Thomas Krause. PR652-203801-R01 Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) Technology Literature Review. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012021.

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With improving accuracy and sensitivity of magnetic sensors, an attractive branch of the magnetic memory method (MMM) technique has been developed. Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) is an emerging non-destructive, remote, passive, non-contact and magnetic test method based on Villari effect, which could be applied to detect anomalies related to elevated stresses. The robust technology searches for Stress Concentration Zones (SCZs) in steel pipelines and ferromagnetic structures. These hot spots are mainly associated with corrosion, crack and mechanical damages such as dent and bucket, or lands
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Ocampo-Gaviria, José Antonio, Roberto Steiner Sampedro, Mauricio Villamizar Villegas, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - March 2023. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.03-2023.

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Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this,
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Guevara-Castañeda, Diego Alejandro, Leonardo Villar-Gómez, Olga Lucía Acosta-Navarro, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, February 2025. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.01-2025.

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In 2024, the macroeconomic adjustment process continued, characterized by a sustained reduction in inflation that began in 2023 and a decline in the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This adjustment took place in the context of a contractionary monetary policy, with a gradual reduction in the monetary policy interest rate. GDP grew by 1.7%, driven by investment and consumption, while employment increased by 2.2%. Foreign reserves remained at adequate levels, and Banco de la República recorded a profit of COP 10,041 billion, benefiting from the returns on foreign reserves. Mac
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Juan Jose Ospina-Tejeiro, Carlos Alfonso Huertas-Campos, et al. Monetary Policy Report - April de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2021.

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1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lowe
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Monetary Policy Report - January 2023. Banco de la República, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr1-2023.

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1. Macroeconomic Summary In December, headline inflation (13.1%) and the average of the core inflation measures (10.3%) continued to trend upward, posting higher rates than those estimated by the Central Bank's technical staff and surpassing the market average. Inflation expectations for all terms exceeded the 3.0% target. In that month, every major group in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) registered higher-than-estimated increases, and the diffusion indicators continued to show generalized price hikes. Accumulated exchange rate pressures on prices, indexation to high inflation rates, and sever
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Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia, July 2024. Banco de la República, 2025. https://doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.04-2024.

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In the first quarter of 2024, the figures of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE in Spanish) showed that the economy achieved annual growth of 0.9%. Although this result was moderate, it confirmed the economy's recovery path. Monetary policy has played a critical role in containing inflationary pressures. This has allowed inflation to trend downwards, continuing into the first half of 2024. Net foreign reserves totaled USD 60,901 million as of 30 June 2024, a slight increase over the course of the year. For 2024, the profit of Banco de la República (the Central Bank of C
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