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1
Pamer, Robert F. J., and Gerold W. Diepolder. "3D geological modelling in Bavaria state-of-the-art at a State Geological Survey." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 161, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2010/0161-0189.
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Liu, Chao-Li, Kerry M. Riley, and Dennis D. Coleman. "Illinois State Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates IX." Radiocarbon 28, no. 1 (1986): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200060033.
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The following list contains samples of geologic interest that were processed from June 1980 through March 1983 at the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. The benzene liquid scintillation technique was used following laboratory procedures previously reported by Coleman (1973, 1974).
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Liu, Chao-Li, D. L. Asch, B. W. Fisher, and D. D. Coleman. "Illinois State Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates X." Radiocarbon 34, no. 1 (1992): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013436.
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The following is a partial list of samples of archaeological interest processed between February 1981 and October 1985 at the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. The list contains samples from west-central Illinois that were related to projects conducted by current or former researchers at the Center for American Archeology (CAA) (formerly Foundation for Illinois Archaeology) and Northwestern University, Department of Anthropology, or, as noted, by colleagues from other institutions. Although some of the samples reported here came from non-cultural contexts and are primarily of geological significance, all were from or related to archaeological investigations.
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Liu, Chao Li, Kerry M. Riley, and Dennis D. Coleman. "Illinois State Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates VIII." Radiocarbon 28, no. 1 (1986): 78–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200060021.
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Fakundiny, Robert. "The New York State Museum: Child of the Geological Survey that Grew to be its Guardian." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.9w66h2g183510672.
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The New York State Museum was created by State legislation in 1870 out of the old State Cabinet, which held the specimens collected by the State Geological and Natural History Survey, James Hall, then State Geologist and Palaeontologist within the Survey, was named Director of the Museum. Hall's need to possess and study vast quantities of paleontological specimens required space for collections storage and processing. His collections became the major supply of specimens for the Cabinet and eventually the Museum. After the original Survey was disbanded, in the early 1840's, Hall's presence gave the Cabinet a definite geological character. As the chief geological scientist, Hall considered the geological research of the Cabinet and later the Museum as a product of the "Geological Survey of New York," even though no formal designation of such a unit was ever proclaimed by state legislation. After all, other states were forming geological research units similar to Hall's and calling them geological surveys. It made sense for good communications for Hall and his predecessor State Geologists to refer to their staff as the New York State Geological Survey. Eventually, through a series of other legislative acts, most importantly in 1904 and 1945, the Museum was made the formal administrative home for the Geological Survey and, thus, its guardian. Museum Directors, therefore, have had the principle role in determining the fate of geological and paleontological research within the Geological Survey, After 1926, when the first non-geologist became director, the Museum's research scope grew faster in other natural and social history areas, such as botany, entomology, zoology, archaeology, ethnology, and history. This expansion is exemplified by the addition of a State Historian to the Education Department in 1895. During its 150-year history the Geological Survey has moved six times, and it is now housed in the Cultural Education Center in the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York.
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Buchanan, Rex. "Erasmus Haworth and the Completion of Geologic Reconnaissance in Kansas." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.h5770131026mw70v.
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Although Kansas geology was the subject of formal study by state geological surveys in 1864 and 1865, no state survey existed from 1866 to 1889, years that marked some of the most exciting paleontological and mineral resource discoveries in the state's history. In 1889, the state legislature recreated the Geological Survey, placing it at the University of Kansas, though it provided no additional appropriation for the survey's operation. Erasmus Haworth, Samuel W. Williston, and E. H. S. Bailey formed that university incarnation of the Survey, which was essentially limited to their field and laboratory work, along with the volunteer labor of students, mostly from the University of Kansas. Though the Survey received no funding from the state until 1895, it was far from stillborn. Survey scientists published regularly in the University Quarterly, and eventually collected their results in a series of volumes that provided the first detailed, consistent treatment of the state's geology. The members of that Survey formed three separate but equal departments, but Haworth was clearly the leader of the band. He was largely responsible for the production of those first volumes, which included the first photographic plates and geologic maps published by the state survey; these figures were strongly influential in the Survey's presentation of scientific information. Haworth became official director of the Survey in 1895 and led the Survey until 1915, when he left to work with his son Henry as a geological consultant. Among Haworth's credits was much of the field work on geologic structures that led to the discovery of the El Dorado oil field in south-central Kansas.
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Walter, Jacob I., Paul Ogwari, Andrew Thiel, Fernando Ferrer, Isaac Woelfel, Jefferson C. Chang, Amberlee P. Darold, and Austin A. Holland. "The Oklahoma Geological Survey Statewide Seismic Network." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 2A (November 13, 2019): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190211.
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Abstract The Oklahoma Geological Survey (OGS) monitors seismicity throughout the state of Oklahoma utilizing permanent and temporary seismometers installed by OGS and other agencies, while producing a real-time earthquake catalog. The OGS seismic network was recently added to the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) as a self-supporting regional seismic network, and earthquake locations and magnitudes are automatically reported through U.S. Geological Survey and are part of the ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog. In Oklahoma, before 2009, background seismicity rates were about 2 M 3.0+ earthquakes per year, which increased to 579 and 903 M 3.0+ earthquakes in 2014 and 2015, respectively. After seismicity peaked, the rate fell to 624, 304, and 194 M 3.0+ earthquakes in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. The catalog is complete down to M 2.2 from mid-2014 to present, despite the significant workload for a primarily state-funded regional network. That astonishing uptick in seismicity has been largely attributed to wastewater injection practices. The OGS provides the Oklahoma Corporation Commission, the agency responsible for regulating oil and gas activities within the state, with technical guidance and earthquake products that inform their “traffic-light” mitigation protocol and other mitigating actions. We have initiated a citizen-scientist-driven, educational seismometer program by installing Raspberry Shake geophones throughout the state at local schools, museums, libraries, and state parks. The seismic hazard of the state portends a continued need for expansion and densification of seismic monitoring throughout Oklahoma.
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KAMIO, SHIGEO. "Present state and prospect of geological survey for dam." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 29, no. 1 (1988): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.29.105.
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TAKEDA, KAZUHISA. "Present state and future of geological survey of dam." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 39, no. 1 (1998): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.39.35.
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Johnson, Markes. "Early Survey Work and the Roots of Geological Education in the Carolinas." Earth Sciences History 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.4.1.rw7718871p778878.
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Since the birth of the first state geological survey in 1823, all fifty of the United States have funded projects related to geology at one time or another. Most states operate vigorous geological surveys today. The first state-sponsored survey in the United States was conducted in North Carolina from 1823 to 1825 by Denison Olmsted and from 1825 to 1827 by Elisha Mitchell. Both were on the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The second state survey was carried out by Lardner Vanuxem in South Carolina from 1824 to 1826. At the same time, Vanuxem was professor of geology at the College of South Carolina in Columbia. These individuals were among the first to teach college-level courses related to geology anywhere in the southern states. Indeed, Vanuxem occupied the first chair in geology to be created at a state school in the United States. Summer involvement with state survey work opened new opportunities for active field research, student associates, and the enrichment of the school-year curriculum. Although the initial Carolina surveys were modest, unsophisticated efforts by comparison with projects only a few years later, the general pattern was clearly set for the close, mutually beneficial association of state survey agencies and universities commonly found today.
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West, Robert M. "1991 Survey: State Regulation of Geological, Paleontological, and Archaeological Collecting." Curator: The Museum Journal 34, no. 3 (September 1991): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.1991.tb01467.x.
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Schaeben, Helmut, Robert F. J. Pamer, and Gerold W. Diepolder. "Comment on 3D geological modelling in Bavaria state-of-the-art at a State Geological Survey by Robert F. J. Pamer Gerold W. Diepolder (Z. dt. Ges. Geowiss., 161/2: 189203)." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 161, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2010/0161-0411.
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MCMASTER, ROBERT T. "EDWARD HITCHCOCK'S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1830–1833." Earth Sciences History 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.1.99.
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From 1830 to 1833, Edward Hitchcock (1793–1864) of Amherst College conducted a geological survey of the state of Massachusetts, the first comprehensive government-sponsored survey in the United States. It was an ambitious undertaking that resulted in a 700-page report published in 1833. The main goal of the survey was to assess the state's mineral resources, the better to promote their extraction and utilization. Increasing the understanding of the geological history of the state was a secondary goal. Some of Hitchcock's projections of potential economic benefit such as from coal, bog iron, and peat, proved to be illusory. But many of the geological insights gained from the survey were formative for Hitchcock and important in the development of geological thought in America. Perhaps the greatest legacy of the survey was its influence on other states, encouraging governors and legislators to emulate the high standard set by Hitchcock. In this paper I examine the major findings of the survey, the effects of those findings on Hitchcock's geological thinking, and the influence of the survey on American geology in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Foote, Jody Bales. "State Geological Survey Libraries: A Disparity in Resources, Services, Access, and Professionalism." Science & Technology Libraries 29, no. 1-2 (March 9, 2010): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01942620903579385.
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Corsi, Pietro. "Much Ado About Nothing: The Italian Geological Survey, 1861-2006." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.1.kq2w1707l43w151x.
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Established on 12 December 1861, soon after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in January 1861, the Geological Survey of the peninsula enjoyed a remarkably difficult life, and achieved remarkably little. Since its inception, the rivalry between academic geologists and the engineers of the Royal Mining Corps acting as field surveyors did much to alienate political and public opinion support. Underfunded and understaffed, the Survey faced periodical crisis and periodical reforms. On at least four occasions (1861, 1873, the early 1920s and 1960), the help of influential politicians concerned with the lack of a functioning State Survey, or with the very slow pace of publication of the geological map of the country, produced beneficial effects and brisk activity. This never lasted longer than a few years. In the last four decades of the twentieth century, the growth of the politically powerful community of geophysicists and the lack of political initiative and Parliamentary supervision further marginalized the Geological Survey, up to its relegation to a subordinate role within the State Agency for the Protection of the Environment.
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Hannibal, Joseph T. "The man in the urn: the geological contributions of Joseph Stanley-Brown, geologist, financier, and presidential aide." Earth Sciences History 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-34.1.102.
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Joseph Stanley-Brown (1858–1941) played a quiet but important role in the formation of the U. S. Geological Survey as a secretary of John Wesley Powell and James A. Garfield. He was also a long-time (40-year) editor of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, and provided financial oversight of the Penrose Bequest for the Geological Society of America during the Great Depression. He made a number of other geological contributions as well. The remains of this geologist and financier are interred in the crypt of the Garfield Monument, near those of the President whom he once served as a secretary. That President was also knowledgeable about geology and was a champion of geological surveys on the state and national level.
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Ogah, V. E., B. E. Ikumbur, and M. E. Ogboji. "Application of Induced Polarization and Vertical Electrical Sounding to Locate Coal and Aquifers in Ojoma Akpa, Benue State." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (December 30, 2019): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.117.
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The study area Ojoma is located in Akpa district of Otukpo Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The area is underlain by Awgu Shale Formation that comprises shallow marine dark Shales, carbonaceous mudstones, limestones, siltstones and sandstones. The survey applied integrated geophysical techniques such as Induced Polarization and Vertical Electrical Sounding in order to locate a speculative coal deposit and prolific aquifers. ABEM Resistivity meter (Tetrameter SAS 1000) was used for the survey and Interpred 1D Software was used for processing, interpretation of field data and modeling of the subsurface. Four survey profiles (VES 1-4) were established with traverse lines between 1000 – 1300m each. No coal deposit was discovered. However, two aquiferous zones were located at depths of 9 – 12m and 25 – 50m respectively. It is recommended that drilling of boreholes may be carried out to tap water from the second hydrogeologic zone between the depths of 25-50m. The survey result also explained the major features revealed by the survey in terms of the types of likely geological bodies and structures which gave rise to the resistivity curves and models, thereby extending geological knowledge of the area. The underlying structures which gave rise to the geological models are the existence of folded and faulted sedimentary beds in the area.
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Lessing, Peter. "Early Geological Maps of West Virginia." Earth Sciences History 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 14–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.8.1.e71w4vn547206n48.
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Since Guettard presented his geological map of North America in 1752, over 100 geological maps were produced that cover all or parts of West Virginia up to 1897, when the State Geological Survey was formed. Their quality, accuracy, scale, and general content vary widely, but each contributed to our growing understanding of West Virginia and Appalachian geology. This annotated, chronologic list of maps illustrates this wide diversity and steady improvement of early geological mapping.
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Kalkan, Erol, Chris J. Wills, and David M. Branum. "Seismic Hazard Mapping of California considering Site Effects." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 4 (November 2010): 1039–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3478312.
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In this paper, we have combined the U.S. Geological Survey's National Seismic Hazard Maps model with the California geologic map showing 17 generalized geologic units that can be defined by their VS30. We regrouped these units into seven VS30 values and calculated a probabilistic seismic hazard map for the entire state for each VS30 value. By merging seismic hazard maps based on the seven different VS30 values, a suite of seismic hazard maps was computed for 0.2 and 1.0 s spectral ordinates at 2% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50 years. The improved hazards maps explicitly incorporate the site effects and their spatial variability on ground motion estimates. The spectral acceleration (SA) at 1.0 s map of seismic shaking potential for California has now been published as California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48.
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Aldrich, Michele, and Alan Leviton. "James Hall and the New York Survey." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.a070567g76634850.
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Hall's career with New York State was as stormy as his relations with many of his disciples. A few years after completing his education with Amos Eaton at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hall served during 1836-1837 as Ebenezer Emmons' assistant on the New York State Natural History Survey, working on the iron ores of the Adirondacks. From 1837 to 1842, Hall was the survey geologist assigned the western counties of the state. He contributed equally with the other geologists to the creation of the New York System for Paleozoic rocks; it is important, in focusing on Hall, not to lose sight of what the others provided to its development. Hall's final district report, published in 1843, evidenced his ability and interest in paleontology. The state hired him to research and write up New York's fossils, an assignment given in 1837 to Timothy Conrad, who had not completed the report. Hall was to spend the next several decades on the task, issuing thirteen sumptuously illustrated volumes. Through 1859, Hall took the fossils in stratigraphic order, but by 1867 he had switched to a biological approach, in part because by that time he had reached the rich and complex Devonian fauna. State support for the Palaeontology was uneven; in 1850-55, Hall worked without salary on the books. He used the reports to discuss other important geological topics and to air his position on geological controversies, some of them centered on rocks outside of New York. His parade of laboratory and field assistants helped in various degrees, sometimes with stinting acknowledgment from Hall. His international reputation was based in large part on his work for New York State, and it remains a durable legacy to science.
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Shubin, Mikhail. "Сartographic Provision of Monitoring of Engineering-Geological Processes on the Basis of GIS-Technologies." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 4 (December 2018): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2018.4.8.
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Mapping information is needed when using geo-information technologies to develop a system of monitoring geological processes. The thematic basis of the engineering-geological map is a data Bank for assessing the state of the geological environment. The sources of the digital cartographic basis are remote sensing data and field survey materials. The data is included in the contents of the MapInfo working set. Engineering-geologic map consists of two thematic layers. The first layer - stratigraphic genetic complexes of surface deposits, their composition and physical and mechanical properties. The second layer is a characteristic of exogenous processes, including a description of the types, prevalence (scale) and intensity of manifestation separately for each group of processes: landslide, erosion, Aeolian, suffusion-karst, waterlogging and flooding. As an example, the map of soil density in MapInfo for the pipeline section is shown.
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Hirata, R. C. A., C. R. A. Bastos, G. A. Rocha, D. C. Gomes, and M. A. Iritani. "Groundwater Pollution Risk and Vulnerability Map of the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0348.
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Aiming to provide a global diagnosis of the actual threat of pollution to the most important aquifers of the State of São Paulo, Brasil, due to its intensive industrialization and agriculture, three government institutions -the Instituto Geologico (Geological Institute), the CETESB (Environmental Sanitary Technology Company) and the DAEE (Water and Eleotrical Energy Department) - carried out a regional survey to define the aquifers' vulnerability to pollution and for recording and ranking the potential contaminant sources. This paper describes the results of this survey, excluding the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. More than 500 industries were recorded and ranked according to their low, moderate or high potential contaminant load for impacting groundwater. Thirty - one aquifer units were defined and a 1:500.000 scale vulnerability map was produced. Critical areas were defined and recommended as being priority sites for the adoption of control measures.
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Maples, Christopher G., and Rex Buchanan. "Raymond Cecil Moore (1892–1974): Memorial and Bibliography (In Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Kansas Geological Survey)." Journal of Paleontology 63, S25 (November 1989): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000061370.
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This year (1989) marks the 100th anniversary of the Kansas Geological Survey's location at the University of Kansas. Perhaps no single name is as closely associated with the Survey as Raymond Cecil Moore, director of the Survey and state geologist of Kansas from 1916 to 1954 (Figure 1). Moore was, without doubt, the principal influence on the Survey's character and direction in the first half of the twentieth century, and he continued to be involved in the Survey and its research until his death in 1974. In spite of Moore's seminal influence at the Kansas Geological Survey and the University of Kansas, a formal memorial for Moore was never published and a bibliography of Moore's written works never compiled. Thus, the following memorial and bibliography are published to commemorate Moore, 100 years after the founding of the organization that he affected most significantly and to which he devoted so much of his time and talent, the Kansas Geological Survey.
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Ghisler, M. "Review of the Survey's activities in 1990." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 152 (January 1, 1991): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v152.8142.
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Negotiations on a new strategy for exploration and utilisation of the mineral resources in Greenland were started during the year between the Greenland Home Rule Authorities and the Danish state. This strategy aims to encourage the mining and oil industry to intensify exploration activities in Greenland. In connection with this new approach, the Geological Survey of Greenland (Grønlands Geologiske UnderSøgelse, GGU) has continued and developed initiatives to facilitate ready access to relevant geological, geophysical and geochemical data held by the Survey.
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Young, Keith. "The Shumards in Texas." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.3202402042v0qv31.
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Benjamin Franklin Shumard was appointed State Geologist of Texas in 1858. His brother, George Getz Shumard, served as his Assistant State Geologist; both were experienced field geologists. Benjamin Shumard had served in federally sponsored surveys of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa conducted by Dale David Owen, in Oregon and Washington by John Evans, and in the Missouri Geological Survey. George Shumard had accompanied Captain Randolph B. Marcy into Texas on two of his federally sponsored expeditions of exploration (the Pacific Railroad Survey along the 32nd parallel) to drill wells exploring for water east of the Guadalupe Mountains. George Shumard gave most of the fossils he collected to his brother for description and publication. Although the Geological and Agricultural Survey of Texas ended with the Civil War, the Shumards made three principal contributions to the geology of Texas: 1. They advanced the knowledge of the State's Cretaceous rocks, even though they did not recognize the Balcones Fault Zone and arranged part of the section erroneously; 2. They determined that not all mountains in the Southwest were formed around granite cores; and 3. They discovered the marine Permian in Texas.
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Wermund, E. G. "A state geological survey commitment to environmental geology—the Texas bureau of economic geology." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 15, no. 2 (March 1990): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01705093.
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Vladimir Aleksandrovich, DUSHIN. "Metallogeny of the Lyapinsky megablock (Subpolar Urals)." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2021-2-88-105.
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Purpose of the work: elucidation of the geological structure, manifestations of magmatism, geodynamics and metallogeny of one of the largest segments of the paleocontinental sector of the Lyapin megablock in the Urals. The peculiarity of the metallogenic specialization of the latter for uranium, thorium, rare metals, gold, optical quartz caused both increased interest and contradictory ideas about its geology, composition of rock complexes, their age and genesis. Methodology of the work: generalization, analysis and synthesis of materials from long-term studies of the geology and metallogeny of the region, including experimental, methodological, thematic and geological survey work (GDP-200/2 sheets P-40-VI, P-40-XII) with the involvement of extensive literary sources. Results. For the first time, on the basis of the created formation map and the developed author’s legend of the territory, the geological structure is shown, the geological structure, geodynamic conditions of formation, metallogenic features of uneven-aged rock associations are shown. The Lyapinsky megablock, which corresponds to the Lyapinsky mineragenic zone, is a component of the West Ural megazone of the Ural Mineragenic Province, including the Mankhambovsky, Malopatoksky, Nyartinsky and Sаledsky ore nodes. In their history of development, four metallogenic epochs are distinguished: the Pre-Riphean, Riphean-Cambrian, Paleozoic and MesozoicCenozoic, specialized in noble, rare, radioactive, and non-ferrous metals, the largest objects of which include the Yasnoye, Narodnoye, Turman, Chudnoye, Sosnovoye, Telaizskoye, Torgovskoye, Turupinskoye, Kholodnoye, Kozhimskoye, and others. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that along with a certain ore specialization of metallogenic epochs, an important factor affecting the ore content of the territory is the activated suture zones established in the course of research, in the areas where the largest ore objects, including stratiform and porphyry deposits, are localized, as well as unconventional objects of the “structural-stratigraphic disagreement” type.
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Roberts, Joni R., and Carol A. Drost. "Internet Reviews." College & Research Libraries News 78, no. 11 (December 4, 2017): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.78.11.621.
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CSU Japanese American History Digitization Project: A Collaborative Digital History Project of the California State University LibrariesWater Resources of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)World Energy Council
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Williams, P., J. M. Stanley, and M. K. Cattach. "The application of ground and airborne magnetic methods to exploration and geological mapping in the Yilgarn goldfields of Western Australia." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989103.
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The performance of both ground level and airborne magnetometer systems have been greatly improved as a result of advances in digital electronics, accurate automatic positioning devices and the introduction of high resolution, fast sampling caesium magnetometer sensors. Multiple sensor, low heading error airborne surveys are now being performed at relatively low ground clearance levels. The development of the TM-3, automatic positioning ground magnetometer system has made it practical to adequately sample all spatial frequencies present in the ground level magnetic field thereby acquiring the full spectrum of magnetic information.Approximately a one square kilometre area near Coolgardie in WA has been chosen as a case-study area for investigating the relative effectiveness of conventional and new, ground level and airborne, magnetic surveying techniques. The site is geologically typical of the auriferous environments within the Yilgarn block.This is the first time that such a comparative study has been made using all of the most common magnetic survey sampling standards available to the exploration industry. Data collected from conventional, government sponsored regional airborne survey and ground level proton precession magnetometer surveys has been image processed using state-of-the-art techniques. Data from a high quality, low level, multiple sensor, airborne, caesium magnetometer survey and a "broad spectrum" (sampled at a density of 200,000 measurements per square km) ground level caesium survey have similarly been processed. Geological control has been obtained from an extensive drilling and costeaning program.This data set has provided a definitive comparison in cost spent, speed of survey and information obtained from each survey.
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Hoskins, Donald. "Henry Rogers and James Hall of the Pennsylvania and New York Geological Surveys, 1836 to 1842." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.j915526t3435696k.
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The Pennsylvania and New York Geological Surveys received authorization in 1836, within days of each other. Their authorization ended in 1842, within a few months of the other. Largely through the indomitable characters of James Hall and Henry Rogers, after authorization lapsed, both Surveys continued and produced large, important volumes on the geology of their respective states that set the framework for much of the later geological survey work of the Appalachians. New York had its John Dix, who was the Secretary of State, and Pennsylvania had its Charles Trego, Member of the House of Representatives - both government officials who shaped the course of each Survey. But the differences in the Paleozoic rocks - thin, ubiquitously horizontal and replete with fossils in New York; thick, repetitively folded and faulted, with fewer well-preserved fossils, in Pennsylvania - determined the approaches and results of these Surveys. From the efforts of the State Geologists of New York and Pennsylvania, along with Edward Hitchcock of Massachusetts, was born the Association of American Geologists, this later to became the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Not all of the interactions between the two surveys were to be so cooperative. Hall sought to obtain other states' information for his maps. Refused by Henry Rogers, Hall circumvented him by contacting Charles Trego, who later became an impediment to Rogers' plans for publication of the Pennsylvania reports.
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Groessens, Eric, and Marie-Claire Dyck. "Two Hundred Years of Geological Mapping in Belgium, From D'omalius D'halloy to the Belgian Federal State." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.1.80j02357x222n732.
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The career of Jean-Baptiste-Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (1783-1875), commencing with brilliant scientific activities and proceeding to his attainment of the highest administrative and political positions, in itself demonstrates that he was an exceptional individual. His scientific career started with a long voyage through the French Empire and adjacent regions, during which he gained an understanding of the geological structure of most of Europe. The geological map he compiled based on his travel notes formed the basis of all future geological maps in the areas that he covered. After the independence of Belgium in 1830, André Dumont was made responsible for the mapping of the whole country, resulting in the publication of a 9-sheet map of Belgium in 1853 on a scale of 1:160.000. In 1878, Belgium decided to produce a more detailed map on the scale of 1:20.000, entrusting the work to Edouard Dupont., but as this appointment was controversial and the mapping at this scale was abandoned and than, the newly created Geological Survey of Belgium published a new 226-sheet map on a scale of 1:40.000. Starting from 1993, after the federalisation of the country, new geological maps of the regional states are mapped and produced.
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Yang, Hong Xia. "Experimental Study on Engineering Geological Properties of Sandstone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.324.
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Based on field survey sampling and indoor test of four big quarry rock in Wulumuqi, rock's engineering geological properties is system analyzed. Investigation and test results show that there is mainly sedimentary sandstone in the area, the composition of the substance is mainly debris, feldspar and quartz.Debris content of 60% or more, feldspar and quartz content of about 30%, cementing material is mainly made up of argillaceous and carbonate class whose ratio is about 10%. The compressive strength is higher in the natural state, the general in between 30 MPa-90MPa. In different moisture content state the compression strength are very different.Compared saturated state to dry state, the compressive strength reduced by about 40%. Tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength and elastic modulus increase with increase of compressive strength. The same kind of rock in the same moisture content which tensile strength is only the 1/15-1/25 of the compressive strength, the flexural strength is the 1/4-1/7 of the compressive strength. Sandstone frost resistance is better, after 25 times the freeze-thaw cycle test, its strength is lower slightly and quality is not damaged.
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Jendruś, Rafał, Arkadiusz Stawiarski, Grzegorz Pach, and Piotr Pierzyna. "Static Survey as Geological Engineering Method Verification of DSM Column Formation." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060216.
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The state-of-the-art methods for verifying the correctness of ground improvement performed using the DSM (Deep Soil Mixing) technology are largely focused on the selection of adequate factors impacting the achievement of a correct compressive strength fc [MPa] of the column core, which ensures the transfer of stress from the designed structures to the subsoil. In view of the operation of each of the columns, it is equally significant to ensure that their bases are located in load-bearing soil at the entire area of the improvement, without the need to perform many costly subsoil surveys. Based on the complementary soil investigation results and parameters obtained during deep soil mixing from an automatic logger installed on the drilling machine, a method of comparing the rotary drive pressure (working pressure) PKDK [bar] and the cone resistance qc [MPa] of the CPTU static probe (Cone Penetration Test Unit with Pore Pressure Measurement) was developed along with the method to interpret the results in the context of the correctness of the ground improvement on the construction site analyzed in this paper.
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Stolz, Ned. "Geological Survey of New South Wales: New state-wide geophysical images for New South Wales." Preview 2020, no. 207 (July 3, 2020): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14432471.2020.1800393.
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Hung, Yin-Chun, Chih-Ping Lin, Chin-Tan Lee, and Ko-Wei Weng. "3D and Boundary Effects on 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 2963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9152963.
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Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is one of the most widely used geophysical methods in geological, hydrogeological, and geo-environmental investigations. Although 3D ERT is now available, 2D ERT remains state-of-the-practice due to its simplicity in fieldwork and lower space requirements. 2D ERT assumes that the ground condition is perpendicular to the survey line and outside the survey line is homogeneous. This assumption can often be violated in conditions such as geologic strikes not perpendicular to the survey line and topographic changes or buried objects near the survey line. Possible errors or artifacts in the 2D resistivity tomogram arising from violating the 2D assumption are often overlooked. This study aimed to numerically investigate the boundary effects on 2D ERT under various simplified conditions. Potential factors including resistivity contrast, depth and size of buried objects, and electrode spacing were considered for the parametric studies. The results revealed that offline geologic features may project onto the 2D tomogram to some extent, depending on the aforementioned factors. The mechanism and implications of boundary effects can be drawn from these parametric studies.
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HENRY, C. JOHN. "THE SOCIETY OF ARTS MAP AWARDS AND THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF GEOLOGICAL MAPPING." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 266–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.2.266.
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The Society of Arts, recognising the inadequate state of mapping in Britain, introduced an award in 1759 to encourage the accurate survey and production of county maps at a ‘large’ scale of one inch to one mile (1:63,360) by private individuals. From 1761 to 1809, thirteen awards were made. By 1800 nearly all of England and Lowland Scotland and a third of Wales were mapped by the private enterprise of surveyors, cartographers and publishers before the publication in 1801 of the first Ordnance Survey map at an inch to the mile, of Kent. The role of the Society of Arts awards scheme, in the general rush to produce accurate large scale maps of England and Wales is appraised. Manuscript field maps by William Smith and Adam Sedgwick on SA prize-winning county one inch scale maps for their geological work and a completed example of one inch geological mapping by Arthur Aikin are examined. No geological mapping was published on one-inch county maps, but smaller scale reductions were. Less than a third of published large scale county maps won awards and more than half were published without reference to the Society of Arts; however, the rate of progress of survey and publishing suggests that the Society of Arts awards scheme accelerated the trend to produce one inch mapping in England. In the process, the modest accuracy and lack of standardisation demonstrated the need for government intervention. The Ordnance Trigonometric Survey was the government's response in 1791 to produce a rigorous national triangulation and a consistent high standard of national mapping. Published one-inch geological mapping waited until the Ordnance Survey initiated geological mapping in the 1830s. The Society of Arts offered awards for small scale mineralogical maps in 1803; William Smith's 1815 geological map won the award for England and Wales.
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Milici, Robert, and C. Hobbs. "William Barton Rogers and the First Geological Survey of Virginia, 1835 - 1841." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.h913334r26963621.
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Virginia was the fifth state in the United States to establish a geological survey. Support for this bold venture to develop the state's mineral wealth came from the Geological Society of Pennsylvania, several prominent Virginia citizens, and county legislators. On March 6, 1835 the General Assembly passed an act to authorize a geological reconnaissance. Shortly thereafter William Barton Rogers was appointed to direct the survey, as well as being elected to the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. Within a nine-month period he prepared a report on limestones, sandstones, granites, slates, soapstones, coal, ores of iron, copper, gold, and other materials having economic potential. This report influenced the legislature to give financial support to the survey through April 1842. He prepared six annual reports and numerous papers and in 1853 left Charlottesville for Boston, Massachusetts, where he founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rogers identified several rock units using stratigraphic names correlative with those in Pennsylvania and New York. His works were among the first to deal with igneous and metamorphic rocks in the state. He and his brother, Henry Darwin Rogers, made the first major structural synthesis of the Appalachian chain, recognizing inverted folds and reverse faults. Rogers' works were used as a basis of the development of Virginia geology and mineral resources beyond his demise in 1882. Emma Rogers, his wife, compiled his papers and reports, a vital legacy published in 1884. William and Henry were in constant contact with one another and many other geologists during their years of study in the Appalachian mountains. Indeed, they relied heavily upon Conrad and Hall of New York for detailed paleontologic and stratigraphic work, which they applied to their own areas in Virginia and Pennsylvania.
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Testa, Stephen. "Josiah D. Whitney and William P. Blake: Conflicts in Relation to California Geology and the Fate of the First California Geological Survey." Earth Sciences History 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 46–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.21.1.l175607470v75232.
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Josiah D. Whitney and William P. Blake shared common social and educational backgrounds and pursued similar professional career paths at a time when employment in geology was undependable. Their professional paths crossed numerous times over the course of five decades in what initially was an amicable professional relationship that evolved by 1860 into competition for state geologist and director of the first California Geological Survey, and California commissioner for the London International Exhibition. Beyond simple competition, Whitney and Blake disagreed over important mainstream geological and ethnological issues germane to California during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The primary issues evolved around the potential economic value of oil and the Bodie Mining District, earthquakes and seismic risk, origin of the Yosemite Valley, the significance of the Calaveras Skull and the antiquity of man, the age of the gold-bearing rocks of California, and formation of the College of California. Both men were influential, however, Blake's contributions to the early geologic understanding of California were more optimistic and compatible with California's needs, while correctly forecasting the state's potential growth and providing insight into the geology and mineral and agricultural resources of the region. Despite Whitney's contributions while serving as director, his personal disposition and pessimistic views sealed the fate of the first geological survey of California.
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Zakharov, Iurii M., and Ivan S. Putilov. "OBTAINING HIGH-QUALITY SEISMIC DATA IN THE NORTHERN PERM KRAI SWAMPY AREAS." Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело 20, no. 2 (June 2020): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9923/2020.2.2.
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The study undertakes to solve the problem of obtaining reliable seismic data in swampy areas. Raw hydrocarbon deposits in the North of Perm Krai are a promising asset, but their geological survey is constrained due to problematic surface conditions. Seismic exploration is the most detailed and reliable remote method of geological subsurface studies, but any state-of-the-art seismic 3D survey requires covering a much larger surface area than an actual area of a targeted subsurface survey. Swamps tend to strongly attenuate seismic waves, thus complicate a further geological interpretation of obtained data, and significantly limit the choice of engineering tools and techniques of surveying. Also it is impossible to avoid the influence of hard surface conditions in territories extending over hundreds of square kilometers. In order to explore the possibility of obtaining high-quality data in such conditions, we offer a comprehensive pilot survey using various recording and seismic wave excitation facilities. We analyzed and explored the possibility of solving this problem by using advanced seismic exploration methods. The study looks into the technology of obtaining primary data and into the stage of information processing for its further geological interpretation. This is the first time that Geoton seismic pulse source and GSONE high-sensitivity seismic receivers have been used for these purposes. According to the findings, there is an obvious advantage of using the blast over pulse source, especially in the swamp bed itself. At the same time, Geoton proved to be highly eco-friendly and safe, which makes it possible to use it in seismic exploration works of inhabited areas. The results of processing the pilot survey data show that the single seismic receivers produce wave patterns with the best quality and accuracy. The paper offers the seismic exploration techniques in swampy conditions and in territories that have increased requirements to environmental protection and safety.
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Skinner, Hubert, and Karlem Riess. "John Leonard Riddell: From Rensselaer to New Orleans (1827-1865)." Earth Sciences History 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.4.1.y136x81m6h4761h9.
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John L. Riddell, though primarily interested in chemistry, botany, and medicine, made considerable contributions to geology. From 1827-1829 he was a student at Rensselaer under Amos Eaton, the first American teacher of geology. Riddell's first scientific lecture, A new theory of the earth, was delivered at Rensselaer in August 1829. It dealt with geological formations and the fossil remains contained therein. From 1830-1832 Riddell presented public subscription lectures in New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Late in 1832 he became professor of chemistry and botany at the Ohio Reformed Medical College, where he began to study the geology of the state. Geology of Ohio, his first formal paper on geological subjects, appeared in 1833. Others papers soon followed. He worked with Samuel P. Hildreth on Survey of the geology of Ohio, which was completed in 1836. Soon afterwards, Riddell married and moved to New Orleans, becoming professor of chemistry at the New Orleans Medical College, now Tulane University. He remained in New Orleans until his death nearly thirty years later. In 1839 Riddell attempted to secure state authorization to conduct a geological survey of Louisiana. Also in 1839, he made two excursions to Texas, resulting in his Geology of the Trinity Country, Texas, published in 1839. Finally, in 1841, the Geological Committee of the State of Louisiana was formed, with Riddell as Chairman. There were five other members. Tragically, the result of their work was lost before being published, and no trace of the manuscript is known to exist today. In his later years, Riddell continued to do geological work, including studies of Mississippi River dynamics. He also continued his long teaching career in New Orleans.
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Fisher, Donald. "John Mason Clarke: James Hall's Protégé - Successor." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.0463v792n4244g6w.
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John Mason Clarke, the successor to James Hall as State Paleontologist of New York, was both similar and dissimilar to his mentor in his approach to paleontology and paleontologists. Both were intensely passionate in their pursuit of paleontological research. However, their opposing personalities mandated that they travel vastly differing avenues toward implementing the accomplishments of the New York State Geological Survey and State Museum during their respective eras.
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Mikhail, Karablin, and Prostov Sergei. "Slope stability analysis of man-made soil body surrounding the abandoned hydraulic dump." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-5-47-55.
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Introduction. Pit slope sections directly adjoining hydraulic dumps are characterized by the higher risk of landslide, especially in case of storing dry overburden rock over the hydraulically filled overburden. It is contributed to by the combination of the following factors: increase of the total height of the slope, development within the slope of a waterlogged zone of weakness with complex footprint map and depth configuration; excessive pore pressure within this zone which grows by means of adding dry dump to hydraulically filled rock. To reduce risks connected with man-made soil body slope stability violation, slope stability analysis is carried out based on the results of geological survey, hydrogeological observations and geophysical sounding. Research aims to analyze the stability of the Krasnobrodsky coal pit man-made mass adjoining the Bakhtykhtinsky hydraulic dump based on the 3D geological-geophysical model. Methodology. The authors of the article offered and realized the algorithm of analyzing the stability of slopes based on 3D geological and geophysical models formed by integrating geological, hydrogeological and geophysical data. Results. Based on geological survey data analysis, hydrogeological survey and electric sounding, 3D geological-geophysical model of a man-made soil body adjoining Bakhtykhtinsky hydraulic dump has been built. Slope stability analysis of an actual state of the man-made soil body has been carried out. ISSN 0536-1028 «Известия вузов. Горный журнал», № 5, 2020 55 Summary. In order to develop a 3D geological-geophysical model, in addition to slope geometry, it is necessary to set the boundaries of waterlogged rock in a footprint map and in depth, and monitor pore pressure within this zone. To determine slope section with minimum safety factor it is necessary to carry out cyclic calculation with gradual reduction of approach and design section rotation increment.
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Karablin, Mikhail, Sergei Prostov, and Nikolai Smirnov. "Assessing the impact made by groundwater processes and undermining on coal pit wall stability." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-1-36-44.
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Introduction. The reliability of geomechanical prediction depends on the level of detail of databases covering geological structure, geometry and physical properties of the rock mass under investigation. In order to improve the accuracy of coal pit wall stability prediction, following the generalization of databases containing geological survey, groundwater monitoring, geophysical sounding and mine surveying, it is advisable to construct three-dimensional geological-geophysical models accounting for the main adverse factors, and thereafter search for the most hazardous section. Research aim is to predict wall stability according to the developed algorithm based on the threedimensional geological-geophysical model. Research methodology includes a search for the most hazardous rock mass site section by the ratio between shear and retaining forces within the established zones with anomalous physical characteristics. Results. By generalizing databases containing geological studies, groundwater monitoring, geophysical sounding by the method of electrical resistivity tomography, and mine surveying, a three-dimensional geological- geophysical model has been constructed of a wall loaded with “heap of dry rock atop of the hydraulic dump” man-made structure and undermined by underground works. The trial site stability has been predicted for the true state of mining. Comparative analysis of the obtained data has been carried out. Summary. The combination of natural and man-made factors, including hydrogeological conditions of the territory, seasonal and climatic behavior, tectonic faulting of the deposit and shear zones connected with undermining result in the development of a rather complex geological structure of the wall which includes local deconsolidated and waterlogged zones significantly reducing the stability of the pit slope. At the trial site of Kedrovsky pit due to spatial and temporal alternation of properties and state of rock within the landslide hazardous zone, the variation range of the factor of safety in six typical sections amounts n = 1.06–2.39. For that reason the objective prediction of slope stability in similar conditions (in addition to geological survey and hydrogeological observations data analysis) should include geophysical monitoring of anomalous zones origination and development, hereupon creation of a treedimensional geological-physical model, and the automated calculation of the factor of safety including repeated selection of the most hazardous section.
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Thomassen, B., and P. R. Dawes. "Inglefield Land 1995: geological and economic reconnaissance in North-West Greenland." Bulletin Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 172 (January 1, 1996): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/bullggu.v172.6745.
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The state wanted to monitor the exploration developments in Inglefield Land, and consequently, the Government of Greenland, Minerals Office agreed to fund a 4 million kr. follow-up project. This project, carried out by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, had the main objectives of explaining the geophysical anomalies and circular structures in the area. Apart from the study of the latter, the field work comprised locating selected anomalies by GPS navigation and relating the sites to the regional geology, as well as ore geological studies and geochemical mapping.
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Karablin, Mikhail, and Sergei Prostov. "Angren coal pit Centralny landslide slope stability analysis based on a three-dimensional geological-geophysical model." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 3 (May 14, 2020): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-3-39-49.
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Introduction. In the course of mining mineral deposits by opencast, natural stress state of adjacent rock mass changes giving rise to geomechanical processes which lead to pit slopes deformation. It can be prevented by mean of detecting landslide-hazardous zone by using three-dimensional geological-geophysical models based on the data bases from prospecting surveys and geophysical sounding of the adjacent rock. Research aim is to develop and evaluate basic provisions of the methods of forecasting slope stability based on three-dimensional geological-geophysical models which include the following information: the results of geophysical sounding (waterlogged zones boundaries); databases of exploration wells (physicalmechanical properties of soils in the zones of water saturation and natural moisture content, and the relief of the natural surfaces of weakness); design and actual position of mine workings. Methodology. In order to find the most hazardous section in the adjacent rock mass an algorithm of forecasting has been proposed and adjacent rock mass stability has been analyzed based on threedimensional geological-geophysical models. Results. A three-dimensional geological-geophysical model of Centralny landslide has been constructed as a result of analyzing geological survey databases, surveying instrumental observations over the deformations, and electrical sounding of the adjacent rock mass. Values of the friction angle and cohesion were found with using the inverse calculation method. Centralny landslide stability forecast has been analyzed as of the year of 2018 and after the final completion of the first stage of loading-out the front section in 2025. Summary. Developed an algorithm of slope stability analysis makes it possible to solve the task of finding the most hazardous section or landslide area by means of computer-based realization.
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Page, Leroy. "Benjamin F. Mudge, the State Geological Surveys, and Fossil Collecting in Kansas, 1864-1870." Earth Sciences History 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.13.2.9865g37mp53x506t.
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B. F. Mudge (1817-79), appointed the first Kansas State Geologist in 1864, served for only one year. Inexperienced, and with no chance of fulfilling the requirements of an expansive law, he was succeeded in 1865 by G. C. Swallow (1817-99). Aided by F. Hawn and the other former members of Mudge's survey, Swallow, who received a larger budget and an open-ended appointment with no specified duties, produced a more impressive report, although he was not funded in 1866. Mudge went to Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, where he became the preeminent Kansas geologist during the years 1866-70. Although better known for his fossil vertebrate collections in the Cretaceous of Western Kansas in the 1870's, Mudge made significant invertebrate collections from the Cretaceous. Building on the foundation laid by F. V. Hayden and F. B. Meek, he was able, with considerable input from Meek, to make a major contribution toward elucidating the stratigraphy of the Kansas Cretaceous.
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Jóźwik, Katarzyna, Marcin Słodkowski, and Urszula Stępień. "Selected cartographic products of the Polish Geological Survey in light of the international data standards and OneGeology experience." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-153-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> According to the Polish Geological and Mining Law, the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute (PGI-NRI) acts as the Polish Geological Survey and as such (i.a.) “coordinates and performs works in the field of geological mapping (…)” as well as “collects, provides, processes and stores geological information.”</p><p>It is to be noted that not only has the PGI-NRI been a main provider of geological maps in Poland but it has also held a leader position in introducing GIS based solutions to the map production chain. All of the geological cartographic compilations realized by the PGI-NRI’s Geological Mapping and Regional Geology Programme use dedicated GIS applications or advanced cartographic tools provided by ESRI. Digital geological map data is stored in the Central Geological Database, where it is divided into appropriate Spatial Database Engine (SDE) layers according to its scale, geometry and nature.</p><p>Nevertheless, because the currently applied production solutions are designed for printed maps specifically, some of the serial maps are originally divided into the paper sheets. Therefore the consistency of the GIS layers needs to be verified in order to develop a harmonized digital map. The issue is clearly visible e.g. in case of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1:50k which is a fundamental product of the Polish geological cartography published by the PGI-NRI since 1954. The whole edition of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland consists of 1069 map sheets. Consecutive map sheets compiled in the previous years are being gradually updated to reflect the current state of the geological structure recognition, what results in the necessity to extend the list of geological units.</p><p>In case of other compilations, such as e.g. the Detailed Geological Map of the Tatra Mountains 1:10k or Lithogenetic Map of Poland 1:50k, that base on the available map sheets of the Detailed Geological Map of Poland, it has been possible to prepare closed vocabularies in advance and so they are unified for the entire series.</p><p>All the same, the cartographic product that stands out here is the Geological Map of Poland 1:1M – developed as a Polish contribution to the OneGeology initiative – the international initiative of geological surveys and organizations. A new concept of a global GeoSciML (Geoscience Markup Language) exchange language has been tested in OneGeology-Europe and OneGeology-Global. The resulted approach has led to the establishment of harmonization procedures for geological maps in Europe and worldwide in a distributed network. The Geological Map of Poland 1:1M has been the first Polish geological map adjusted and translated (almost 10 years ago) into the GeoSciML language (prototype version of a standard). The map uses the GeoSciML vocabularies and GeoSciMLite data model. GeoSciML is a GML (Geographic Markup Language) specification for geological data description and since 2017 an official OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) standard that comprises both – a full GeoSciML model (GeoSciML Basic and GeoSciML Extension) as well as the simplified one – so called GeoSciMLite. The GeoSciML vocabularies are maintained and managed externally by the IUGS-CGI (Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information – a subcommittee of the International Union of Geological Sciences).</p><p>The Geological Map of Poland 1:1M was originally compiled in 2008 and followed by the other maps to a scale of 1:1M (Glaciotectonic Map of Poland, Bedrock Horizontal Cutting Map of Poland with 6 levels of horizontal cutting and Bedrock Geological Map of Poland) in the years 2011-2013. The PGI-NRI plans to update all of the maps 1:1M according to the current geological knowledge and upgrade them to the newest version of GeoSciML in the years 2019-2020.</p><p>Simultaneously, in light of the European INSPIRE directive that obliges the EU member countries to transform their spatial data into the one unified (in case of geological data – GeoSciML based) model, the PGI-NRI plans to apply the OneGeology experience and best practices to make geological data from other cartographic projects semantically and technically interoperable on the European and global level.</p><p>Both GeoSciML and INSPIRE vocabularies are being introduced to the currently compiled cartographic products such as the Polish part of the International Quaternary Map of Europe 1:2,5M (IQUAME) and a new edition of Geological Maps of Poland 1:500k. Depending on the purpose and character of the product (realized on a domestic ground or within the international cooperation etc.) they are to be used exclusively or along with the traditional terms and/or Polish translation. The GeoSciML terminology will also be gradually incorporated into continued serial compilations such as e.g. the Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1:50k. Mapping national dictionaries regarding i.a.: lithology, stratigraphy, genesis of the deposits etc. to the GeoSciML/INSPIRE vocabularies is a complex task. Although it can be partially based on the outcomes of the OneGeology initiative, the technology is still in the test phase and requires a close cooperation between technical experts and scientists.</p><p>In fact, the preliminary results of the works on the Polish contribution to the IQUAME project have already revealed some problematic issues concerning description of the Quaternary (especially glacial) deposits. Apart from the substantial inadequacies and gaps in the existing terminology, there are also discrepancies in case of its hierarchy. What is more, the INSPIRE hierarchy limited to the parent-child relations appears to be insufficient, especially in case of larger-scale compilations. That is why the PGI-NRI considers applying the hierarchical structure of the GeoSciML terminology based on the one developed in the frame of the OneGeology initiative. In case of the serial cartographic products whose legends were originally designed for the purposes of the printed versions, the parallel works should encompass unification of the vocabularies from different map sheets.</p><p>In order to apply the GeoSciML and INSPRE exchange formats, the structure of the GIS databases have to be redesigned. The currently compiled products (IQUAME and Geological Maps of Poland 1:500k) remain flat but at the same time they include main elements of the destined GeoSciML model. This solution follows the one applied in OneGeology and will facilitate easier transition to the proper GeoSciML files in the next steps. To transform the data from the spatial database to the GeoSciML and INSPIRE GML format the PGI-NRI plans to use the available ETL (“extract, transform, load”) tools (hale studio or FME – Feature Manipulation Engine).</p>
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Filatov, Vladimir V. "Generalizing the results of fracture zones study in the Upper Kama potassium salt deposit with the help of gravity study." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1, no. 3 (May 14, 2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2021-3-79-87.
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Introduction. The history of the Upper Kama potassium salt deposit (VKMKS) exploration and operation should be divided into two periods. The first period lasted from 1929, the start of exploitation, until 1986, when the water-protective barrier collapsed and the largest VKMKS mine, the 3rd Berezniki mine, was flooded. The second period began in 1986 and continues to the present day. The first period is characterized by a low level of technogenic load on the geological environment, significantly less than its long-term strength. After 60 years of VKMKS large-scale exploitation, the technogenic load on the geologic environment has increased significantly. As a result, its equilibrium state was upset, giving rise to destruction, accompanied by various dynamic events: caves-in, surface collapses, rockbursts, and tectonic rockbursts. VKMKS structural-tectonic profile study revealed that active faults, nodal structures, and fracture zones have a decisive effect on the geologic environment equilibrium state. Research methodology. When structural and tectonic elements are formed in the supra-salt, salt, and subsalt strata of the deposit, the geologic environment density characteristic changes naturally leading to the development of local density inhomogeneities within. It is possible to locate these inhomogeneities and establish their relationship with structural and tectonic elements of the geological environment, particularly, fractured zones, only by studying the gravity field of the deposit. For this purpose, an areawide, detailed, and high-precision gravimetric survey was performed at a scale of 1:25,000, the results of which were used to identify and study the fracture zones. Research results. Based on the results of gravity field anomalies interpretation on the territory of VKMKS, the horizontal position and size of about 200 local negative linear anomalies of the near northsouth, north-east, and north-west orientations were determined, the sources of which were confidently identified with the fracture zones. Conclusions. The experience of studying the structural and tectonic structure of VKMKS has shown that currently for the deposit’s physical and geological conditions, the detailed, high-precision aerial gravity study is the most effective geophysical method for fracture zones mapping
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Singh, Nripendra, and Kristen Kealey. "Understanding Millennials’ Motivations to Visit State Parks." Events and Tourism Review 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23259.
Full textAbstract:
Many state parks have been identified as National Natural Landmarks as a result of their extraordinary representation of flora, fauna, and geological resources. While many state park’s scenic stretches of flowing rivers and large lakes are popular for canoeing, kayaking, and tubing, it’s influence on millennials is worth studying. This study aims to understand millennials’ motivations to visit state parks and the influence of pictures of the outdoor activities on social media. Push factors of motivation such as sightseeing, social interaction, and relaxation, and pull factors such as local activities, amenities, variety, and uniqueness were used to assess their preferences. Data was collected using an online survey on Qualtrics platform from undergraduate students at a state university in Pennsylvania. This study is unique as it focuses on millennials’ motivations to visit state parks, which is not heard in the literature.
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Garde, Adam A. "Colophon, Contents, Review of Survey activities." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 10 (November 29, 2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v10.4866.
Full textAbstract:
Review of Survey activities 2005
Adam A. GardeChief editor
The present volume is the third issue of Review of Survey activities (RoSa). It contains 15 four-page contributions that cover a wide range of the current activities at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS). Thirteen of these are short scientific papers dealing with ongoing research by the Survey and its external partners. For the first time the research-based papers in the Review are now externally peer reviewed. A new standing panel of reviewers for RoSa has been established to ensure that the contributions are of general interest to a wide readership and that, within the limitations of space, they maintain the normal scientific standards of the Survey's publications. All articles are planned to be easily readable by non-specialists, and since this is a Review of Survey activities, it should be borne in mind that many papers are first accounts of ongoing research.
The fact that almost all contributions in the current volume are scientific in nature implies that while providing a timely panorama of current research at the Survey, they are far from embracing all projects undertaken by the Survey in Denmark, Greenland and other countries in 2005. A factual overview of the activities of GEUS as a whole can be obtained at GEUS' website.
In the present volume three papers deal with Cretaceous–Holocene onshore and offshore stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeoceanography in Denmark, in part related to hydrocarbon exploration. A fourth paper from Denmark, that illustrates just one of the broad spectrum of the Survey's routine responsibilities undertaken on behalf of the state, addresses construction of 3D geological models to characterise the migration of point-source pollution in groundwater reservoirs.
Projects related to Greenland and the Arctic in general are represented in this volume by a group of ten papers. The first is a methodology paper describing advanced in situ geochronological and trace element microanalysis by laser ablation techniques, a now routine analytical tool at the Survey that has provided data for several of the subsequent articles, including a study of sediment provenance in the East Greenland – Faroe Islands – Shetland region, and an account of zircon geochronology applied to Archaean geological studies in southern West Greenland. Within the same region, a new method of integrative and quantitative assessment of the gold potential is presented, and two papers deal with newly discovered kimberlites and carbonatites and their potential economic significance. One paper describes five profiles through basalts and sedimentary rocks in the Nuussuaq Basin in West Greenland, constructed using geological photogrammetrical techniques along coastal cliffs and steep valley sides. Another paper presents new evidence for the presence of continental crust in the Davis Strait obtained from seabed sampling; this is an important new contribution to the long-standing debate of the nature of the crust under the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait and its stratigraphy. A report on ongoing studies of the deep crustal structure of Greenland using earthquake seismology is presented, and a last paper concerning the Arctic region describes radical former climatic changes in the Arctic Ocean and the geophysical signature of the Lomonosov Ridge north of Greenland, and discusses the sensitivity of the sea-ice cover to global warming.
The final paper in the present volume describes the development of an environmental sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya. This project is just one of several current GEUS projects where the Survey's broad technical and managing expertise is put to use in developing countries.