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Relevant bibliographies by topics / State law on climate change

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Academic literature on the topic 'State law on climate change'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "State law on climate change"

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Nyka, Maciej. "State Responsibility for Climate Change Damages." Review of European and Comparative Law 45, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12246.

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The state’s liability for damages in the field of climate change remains one of those areas of international law that has not yet been comprehensively regulated. At present, the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, specific to the norms of international climate law, is not an alternative to the general principles of international law regulating responsibility and compensation issues of the states in the sphere of international climate law. The application of customary international legal mechanisms of responsibility of states in relation to climate damage can be a kind of challenge. Both the damage itself and elements such as causation or the possibility of attributing responsibility to the state pose a significant challenge in the sphere of climate protection. On the other hand, it is impossible not to notice that properly applied norms of general international law make it possible to overcome the difficulties arising from the specificity of the responsibility of countries for climate change. The latest jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice in environmental matters creates a framework for the settlement and implementation of possible liability for damages in the area of climate change.

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Voigt, Christina. "State Responsibility for Climate Change Damages." Nordic Journal of International Law 77, no. 1-2 (2008): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/090273508x290672.

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AbstractThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) outlined in its Fourth Assessment Report (2007) various consequences of continuing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The effects include the loss of land and property, health and ecological damages, threats to human security and potential human casualties. The question which this article seeks to address is whether and how international law is equipped to deal with complex global challenges such as climate change. Special focus is given to the law on state responsibility and its capacity to deal with damages that are caused by a changing climate. In this context, the following legal issues will be examined: Can states be held responsible under international law for current or future climate change damages? Is there an obligation under public international law to prevent and to compensate for such damages? Especially the determination of a primary obligation to prevent harm, acting with due diligence, the question of causality and the determination of legal consequences are considered. As the examples given by the IPCC show, there will be an increasing need to address the issue of compensation for climate damages. Justice, fairness and international, national and human security require international law to adjust and live up to these challenges.

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MAYER, Benoit. "Climate Change Reparations and the Law and Practice of State Responsibility." Asian Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251315000351.

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AbstractIt has been argued elsewhere that industrial states were legally responsible for interfering with the climate system by failing to prevent excessive greenhouse gas emissions. This paper determines the international legal principles relevant to the remedial obligations of industrial states. It assumes that climate change reparations should aim first at providing a signal for the cessation of the wrongful act (i.e. incentivizing climate change mitigation) rather than addressing the injury. A review of state practice in different fields suggests the existence of relevant exceptions to the principle of full reparation. These exceptions relate to the financial capacity of responsible states, the indirect nature of the injury, considerations of “culpability”, and the limitations of collective responsibility as “rough” justice. Accordingly, it is suggested that climate change reparations should be limited to partial compensation and symbolic measures of satisfaction prone to incentivize climate change mitigation.

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Jones, Bradford S. "State Responses to Global Climate Change." Policy Studies Journal 19, no. 2 (March 1991): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1991.tb01883.x.

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Kułaga, Łukasz. "The Impact of Climate Change on States." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341465.

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Abstract The increase in sea levels, as a result of climate change in territorial aspect will have a potential impact on two major issues – maritime zones and land territory. The latter goes into the heart of the theory of the state in international law as it requires us to confront the problem of complete and permanent disappearance of a State territory. When studying these processes, one should take into account the fundamental lack of appropriate precedents and analogies in international law, especially in the context of the extinction of the state, which could be used for guidance in this respect. The article analyses sea level rise impact on baselines and agreed maritime boundaries (in particular taking into account fundamental change of circumstances rule). Furthermore, the issue of submergence of the entire territory of a State is discussed taking into account the presumption of statehood, past examples of extinction of states and the importance of recognition in this respect.

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Euston, Stanley R. "Rebooting State Planning: Climate Change and the Energy Challenge." Planning & Environmental Law 57, no. 11 (November 2005): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15480755.2005.10394318.

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Knoer, Colin M. "Climate Change Meets the Commerce Clause: Obstacles and Alternatives for State and Local Responses to Climate Change." Environmental Claims Journal 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2019.1706267.

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Abbott, Kenneth W. "Strengthening the Transnational Regime Complex for Climate Change†." Transnational Environmental Law 3, no. 1 (October 14, 2013): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102513000502.

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AbstractThe inadequacies of the inter-state institutions and negotiating processes central to international climate policy create a pressing need for governance innovation. This article proposes one promising and feasible approach: strengthening the existingtransnationalregime complex for climate change. Leading organizations could strengthen the regime complex by forging stronger links among institutions, increasing coordination and collaboration, supporting weaker institutions and encouraging the entry of new ones where governance gaps exist. An enhanced regime complex would have a multilevel structure, enabling transnational institutions tobypassrecalcitrant national governments by directly engaging sub-state and societal actors at multiple levels of authority and scale. It would also help tomanagerecalcitrant states by mobilizing advocacy, demonstration effects and other pressures on governments. Regime entrepreneurs, using the strategy of orchestration, could deploy a range of incentives and other tools of influence to enrol, support and steer transnational organizations.

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Doelle, Meinhard. "Climate Change and the WTO: Opportunities to Motivate State Action on Climate Change through the World Trade Organization." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 13, no. 1 (April 2004): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.2004.00386.x.

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Zuhir, Mada Apriandi. "RETHINKING LEGALITY OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVES." Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 17, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2017.17.2.801.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "State law on climate change"

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Verheyen, Roda. "Climate change damage and international law : prevention duties and state responsibility /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/50232872X.pdf.

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Queen, Irene T. "Green Bonds and Climate Change: State of the Art or Artful Dodge?" Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1470352085.

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Willcox, Susannah. "Climate change inundation and Atoll Island States : implications for human rights, self-determination and statehood." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3195/.

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‘Climate change inundation’ — the process whereby climate change-related harms such as rising sea levels, higher storm surges and changing rainfall patterns interact with existing vulnerabilities like poverty, resource scarcity and inadequate infrastructure — will eventually leave low-lying coral atoll island states uninhabitable. Climate change inundation demands our attention because of the unique challenge it presents to the state, which provides the international legal personality and political infrastructure through which individual and collective human rights are protected, treaties are negotiated and so on. While recognising the positive features of proposals for the planned migration of individual islanders, this thesis is concerned with what they fail to capture: the threat posed by climate change inundation to the collective autonomy and independence of atoll island populations. It explores this threat from the perspective of self-determination, a legal principle whose relevance in this context has been widely acknowledged but not yet explored in detail. The thesis identifies the populations of atoll island states as self-determining peoples, argues for the recognition of climate change inundation as a grave, foreseeable, external threat to their self-determination, and examines the reasons other states may have for acting (or not acting) to address this threat. It then proposes a collective decision-making framework for atoll island peoples, drawing inspiration from the Declaration on Friendly Relations. The first option in this decision-making framework is the ‘[re-]establishment of a sovereign and independent State’ with jurisdiction over a defined territory; the second is ‘the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people’, including a so-called ‘deterritorialized state’; and the third is to enter into ‘free association or integration with an independent State’, a choice that would protect the collective political status of a people but abandon any claim to statehood or exclusive territorial jurisdiction.

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Carlsson, Lina. "Climate change and sustainable energy in Canada and the United States : positions, policy and progress." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80912.

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Canada and the United States are two of the most energy-intensive countries in the world and have an immense impact upon their surrounding environment. Both countries have committed to contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, in accordance with the United Nations climate change regime. Their climate change-related energy policies do not, as yet, show any sign of achieving that objective, especially in light of the fact that greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise. This thesis consequently argues that not enough is being done by Canada-US to fulfill their commitments under the climate change-regime and tests that hypothesis.

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Sabbag, Bruno Kerlakian. "Processo de incorporação da dimensão climática no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e análise do caso do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-03052013-100345/.

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A partir da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima, o Brasil tem publicado inúmeras leis sobre mudança do clima, mas tem-se verificado dificuldades em sua aplicação. Apesar disso, pouco se tem escrito com o objetivo de identificar os aspectos mais críticos que permitam auxiliar a revisão e aprimoramento do marco jurídico-climático no país. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi realizar uma análise crítica da Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima e da Política sobre Mudança do Clima do Estado de São Paulo, a fim de avaliar se o processo de incorporação da dimensão climática no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, e em especial no Estado de São Paulo, tem sido adequado e, em caso negativo, porque não. Foram identificadas e estudadas mais de 100 leis no Brasil sobre mudança do clima, mas a análise crítica na dissertação limitou-se à lei nacional e paulista sobre mudança do clima. Também foi estudada a bibliografia principal sobre o assunto e foi realizado estudo de casos já levados ao Poder Judiciário. Os resultados da análise permitem verificar que as principais falhas dos marcos legais em nível nacional e estadual apontam para a ausência de clareza na alocação de responsabilidades dos setores envolvidos. Além disso, a legislação paulista adotou uma meta de redução de emissões que tem se mostrado inatingível, o que gera insegurança jurídica e prejudica a eficácia das normas. Finalmente, recomendações são apresentadas para o aprimoramento dos marcos legais.
Since the Brazilian National Climate Change Policy was enacted, Brazil has been issuing many laws on climate change, but implementation of such laws has not been adequate. Nevertheless, there are very few legal assessments on the Brazilian climate change regime that could assist to improve its effectiveness. The main purpose of this masters dissertation is to undertake a critical assessment of Brazilian National Climate Change Policy and of State of São Paulo Climate Change Policy, in order to comprehend whether or not the process of incorporating the climate change dimension on the Brazilian legal system has been adequate, and if not why. More than one hundred laws on climate change in Brazil were researched, but the detailed assessment was limited to the National and State of São Paulo legislation. Court precedents and main doctrine have also been analyzed. The results of the assessment demonstrate that since the National Climate Change Policy, many other climate change laws have been enacted, and most of them present serious uncertainties, which impair the execution of these laws. The main uncertainties of such laws arise from the fact the they do not clearly allocate responsibility and obligations to all stakeholders involved. Besides, the state law adopted a reduction target that is not achievable, which cause legal uncertainty and impairs the execution of these laws. In the end, the dissertation presents recommendations for the improvement of Brazilian climate change legal regime.

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Berggren, Isabelle. "Disappearing island states and human rights. Preservation of statehood and human rights in times of climate change." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-158175.

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jaeger, Caroline. "Progressive and Conservative Efforts in Climate Change Flood Adaptation: A Study of Four Coastal States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1310.

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The purpose of this thesis is to understand the reasons for the varying adaptation policies in place for coastal states that will experience flooding as result of climate change. Responses to excessive precipitation and worsened flooding differ widely between predominantly conservative and predominantly progressive states. The levels of flooding aren’t fully known, but they are predicted to be increasingly catastrophic as climate change worsens. Coastal populations will only grow more vulnerable to flooding without adaptive measures put in place. Increasing green infrastructure is one of the most effective methods. Adaptation measures vary widely by state and more progressive states have greater amounts of adaptive measures in place. Conservative states have a long history that results in their lack of climate policy and environmental governance.

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Sampaio, Anelice de. "A gestão dos riscos globais das mudanças climáticas pelo estado de direito ambiental." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2012. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3188.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a descrição, a investigação e a análise da gestão dos riscos globais causados pelas mudanças climáticas segundo o Estado de Direito Ambiental. A sociedade, contemporânea como produtora de riscos globais, faz com que toda a sociedade repense o modo de como vive. De modo mais específico: exigindo uma nova postura dos sistemas sociais, especificamente do sistema jurídico e do sistema político. Assim, adota-se a teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos de Niklas Luhmann e a teoria da sociedade de riscos de Ulrich Beck, sendo estas as únicas capazes de dar o embasamento teórico necessário para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Os riscos advindos do meio ambiente provocam irritações nos sistemas sociais, os quais produzem ressonâncias tanto nos próprios sistemas quanto nos demais sistemas sociais. O direito ambiental é, portanto, uma resposta às (auto)irritações produzidas no sistema jurídico. O direito clássico já não mais possui capacidade de dar as respostas adequadas que esta sociedade necessita. Deste modo, se faz necessário uma nova teoria do direito, onde este esteja pronto a tomar decisões que se antecipem a ocorrência de danos ambientais; voltado para o futuro, evitando ou mitigando os riscos, e principalmente, as mudanças climáticas. Neste contexto, surge um novo modelo de Estado; o qual insere dentre os direitos fundamentais o direito a um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Tanto para as presentes quanto para as gerações vindouras, de modo que seja um assegurador conduzindo a sociedade em um modus vivendi mais sustentável. Contudo, não somente os Estados possuem a missão de proteger o meio ambiente, mas toda a sociedade; garantindo que haja condições de vida para cada ser humano habitante deste planeta chamado Terra.
This work aims at description, research and analysis of the management of global risks caused by climate change according to the State of Environmental Law. Society, contemporary as global risks producer, causes the entire society to rethink the way how to live. Specifically, requiring a new approach of social systems, particularly the legal system and political system. Thus, we adopt the theory of autopoietic social systems of Niklas Luhmann and the theory of risk society of Ulrich Beck, and these were the only ones capable of giving the theoretical framework necessary for the development of this research. The risks from the environment cause irritations in social systems, which produce resonances in both systems themselves as in other social systems. Environmental law is therefore a response to the (auto) irritation produced in the legal system. The classical law no longer has the capacity to provide adequate answers that this society needs. Thus, it is necessary a new theory of law, which it is ready to make decisions that anticipate the occurrence of environmental damages, future-oriented, avoiding or mitigating risks, and especially climate change. In this context, a new State model arises; which falls among fundamental rights the right to an ecologically balanced environment. For both the present and for future generations, that assures to lead society in a more sustainable modus vivendi. However, not only States have the duty to protect the environment, but the whole society, ensuring that there are life conditions for every human inhabitant of this planet called Earth.

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DeCaro, Daniel A., Brian C. Chaffin, Edella Schlager, Ahjond S. Garmestani, and J. B. Ruhl. "Legal and institutional foundations of adaptive environmental governance." RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623959.

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Legal and institutional structures fundamentally shape opportunities for adaptive governance of environmental resources at multiple ecological and societal scales. Properties of adaptive governance are widely studied. However, these studies have not resulted in consolidated frameworks for legal and institutional design, limiting our ability to promote adaptation and social-ecological resilience. We develop an overarching framework that describes the current and potential role of law in enabling adaptation. We apply this framework to different social-ecological settings, centers of activity, and scales, illustrating the multidimensional and polycentric nature of water governance. Adaptation typically emerges organically among multiple centers of agency and authority in society as a relatively self-organized or autonomous process marked by innovation, social learning, and political deliberation. This self-directed and emergent process is difficult to create in an exogenous, top-down fashion. However, traditional centers of authority may establish enabling conditions for adaptation using a suite of legal, economic, and democratic tools to legitimize and facilitate self-organization, coordination, and collaboration across scales. The principles outlined here provide preliminary legal and institutional foundations for adaptive environmental governance, which may inform institutional design and guide future scholarship.

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McGrath, Christopher James. "How to evaluate the effectiveness of an environmental legal system." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16661/.

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The principal research question addressed in this thesis is how the effectiveness of an environmental legal system can best be evaluated. A legal system is effective if it is achieving or likely to achieve its objectives. For an environmental legal system this means achieving sustainable development. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the pressure-state-response ("PSR") method of State of the Environment ("SoE") Reporting provides the best available framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system. A subsidiary research question addressed in this thesis is whether the environmental legal system protecting the Great Barrier Reef ("GBR") in north-eastern Australia is likely to achieve sustainable development of it. The hypothesis tested in relation to this research question is that the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is likely to achieve sustainable development of the GBR. The principal method used to address these research questions and test the hypotheses is a case study of the effectiveness of the laws protecting the GBR. Particular emphasis is given in the case study to climate change both because it is now recognised as the major threat to the GBR and is a topic of significant international and national interest. This thesis is intended to contribute, in particular, to the current public and policy debate on responding effectively to climate change by using the GBR as a yardstick against which to measure "dangerous climate change" and, conversely, acceptable climate change. There are five major findings of the research. First, most of the legal writing regarding environmental legal systems is descriptive, explanatory and interpretative rather than evaluative. Second, most legal writers who attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of part or the whole of an environmental legal system implicitly use the PSR method and refer to pressures, conditions, and responses but do not acknowledge this conceptual framework. Third, the best available conceptual and analytical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an environmental legal system is the PSR method. It is the simplest, most systematic, comprehensive and meaningful framework with the greatest predictive power for evaluating the effectiveness of the total social and legal response to human-induced environmental degradation currently available. Fourth, current practice in SoE reporting, at least in relation to the GBR, is largely descriptive and rarely evaluates the effectiveness of the response. The fifth major finding of this research is that, while there are many effective parts of the response to pressures on the GBR, the current environmental legal system is not likely to be effective in preventing climate change from causing very serious damage to the GBR. Based on what we know at this point in time, particularly the technology that is currently available and current greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of climate change appear likely to swamp the many good aspects of the legal system protecting the GBR. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in 2005 were approximately 379 parts per million ("ppm") and rising by 2 ppm per year. Including the effect of other greenhouse gases such as methane, the total concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases was around 455 ppm carbon dioxide equivalents ("CO2-eq") in 2005, although the cooling effect of aerosols and landuse changes reduced the net effect to around 375 ppm CO2-eq. Limiting the total increase in mean global temperature to approximately 1°C requires stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols around 350 ppm CO2-eq. Increasing the net effect of greenhouse gases and aerosols to 450-550 ppm CO2-eq is expected to result in a 2-3°C rise in mean surface temperatures. There are currently no international or national legal constraints to hold greenhouse gas concentrations beneath these levels and they appear likely to be exceeded. These increases in mean global temperatures are expected to severely degrade the GBR by 2030-2040. Even the targets being set by the new Australian Government of reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions by 60% by 2050 appear insufficient to protect the GBR. If a 60% reduction in emissions can be achieved globally by 2050 a rise in mean global temperature of around 2.4°C is expected. This indicates the environmental legal system protecting the GBR is not likely to be effective in relation to climate change and, therefore, is failing to reach its objective of sustainable development. Three major recommendations arise from the research. First, legal writers attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of the whole or part of an environmental legal system should use and acknowledge the PSR method. Second, SoE reports should include a stand-alone chapter evaluating the effectiveness of the response. Third, the environmental legal system protecting the GBR should take strong and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions if the objective of sustainable development is to be achieved. Such measures should include setting policy targets for stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations around 350 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperature to 1°C. Policy targets of stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols at 450-550 ppm CO2-eq to limit increases in mean global temperatures to 2-3°C are likely to be too high to avoid severe impacts of coral bleaching to the GBR.

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Books on the topic "State law on climate change"

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Institute, Environmental Law, and Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, eds. Climate change deskbook. Washington, D.C: ELI Press, 2009.

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Osofsky, Hari M. Climate change law and policy. San Diego: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2012.

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Hildreth, Richard G. Climate change law: Mitigation and adaptation. St. Paul, MN: West, 2009.

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Burns, William C. G., and Hari M. Osofsky. Adjudicating climate change: State, national, and international approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Verheyen, Roda. Climate change damage and international law: Prevention, duties and state responsibility. Leiden: M. Nijhoff, 2005.

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Stallworthy, Mark, and Marjan Peeters. Climate law in EU member states: Towards national legislation for climate protection. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2012.

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Navigating climate change policy: The opportunities of federalism. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011.

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International global climate change negotiations: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy and Power of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, July 15, 1997--The economic and environmental impact of the proposed agreement, November 11, 1997--States of international global climate change negotiations. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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Climate change legislation: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, to receive testimony on energy and related economic effects of global climate change legislation, October 14, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (Treaty doc. 102-38): Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, September 18, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "State law on climate change"

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Sciaccaluga, Giovanni. "International Climate Change Law and State Responsibility." In International Law and the Protection of “Climate Refugees”, 83–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52402-9_6.

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Mejia, Maximo Q. "Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Port State Control." In Maritime Law in Motion, 525–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31749-2_24.

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Yamamoto, Lilian, and Miguel Esteban. "Climate Change Negotiations and AOSIS." In Atoll Island States and International Law, 105–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38186-7_4.

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Mehling, Michael, and David John Frenkil. "Climate Law in the United States: Facing Structural and Procedural Limitations." In Climate Change and the Law, 473–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5440-9_18.

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Yamamoto, Lilian, and Miguel Esteban. "Climate Change Displacement in Atoll Island States." In Atoll Island States and International Law, 219–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38186-7_7.

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Yamamoto, Lilian, and Miguel Esteban. "Climate Change and Its Effects on Atoll Island States." In Atoll Island States and International Law, 35–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38186-7_3.

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Grossman, Margaret Rosso. "Climate Change and the Individual in the United States." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 199–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46882-8_9.

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Ige, George Olanrewaju, Oluwole Matthew Akinnagbe, Olalekan Olamigoke Odefadehan, and Opeyemi Peter Ogunbusuyi. "Constraints to Farmers’ Choice of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Ondo State of Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 601–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_103.

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AbstractNigeria being dependent on rain-fed agriculture and with low level of socioeconomic development is highly affected and vulnerable to climate change. It is crucial for farmers to adapt to the never ending climate change. However, there are constraints to adaptation strategies used by the farmers. This study therefore identified some of the constraints to the farmers’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Ondo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting one hundred and sixty respondents for the study. Data collected with a well-structured interview schedule were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and mean statistic, while Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test hypothesis. Crops competing for nutrient, inadequate access to climate information, inadequate finance, scarcity of labor, and inadequate farm input supplies were among the major constraints to choice of climate change adaptation strategies used by the respondents. The study recommended that weather forecast information should be published and made available to the farmers through agricultural extension agents. Training on how to improve mixed cropping technique and avoid vulnerability should be pursued.

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Aderinoye-Abdulwahab, S. A., and T. A. Abdulbaki. "Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Among Cereal Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 509–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_228.

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AbstractAgriculture is the art and science of food production which spans soil cultivation, crop growing, and livestock rearing. Over the years, it has served as a means of employment and accounts for more than one-third of total gross domestic product. Cereals, which include rice, maize, and sorghum, are the major dietary energy suppliers and they provide significant amounts of protein, minerals (potassium and calcium), and vitamins (vitamin A and C). The growth and good yield of cereal crop can be greatly influenced by elements of weather and climate such as temperature, sunlight, and relative humidity. While climate determines the choice of what plant to cultivate and how to cultivate, it has been undoubtedly identified as one of the fundamental factors that determine both crop cultivation and livestock keeping. The chapter, though theoretical, adopted Kwara State, Nigeria, as the focus due to favorable weather conditions that support grains production. It was observed that the effect of climate change on cereal production includes: drastic reduction in grains production, reduction in farmers’ profit level, increment in cost during production, diversification to nonfarming activities, and discouragement of youth from participating in agricultural activities. Also, the adopted coping strategies employed by farmers in the focus site were early planting, planting of improved variety, irrigation activities, alternates crop rotation, and cultivation of more agricultural areas. The chapter thus concluded that climate change has negative impact on cereals production and recommends that government should provide communal irrigation facilities that will cushion the effect of low rains on farmers’ productivity, while early planting and cultivation of drought-resistant cultivars should be encouraged.

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Park, Deok-Young, and Yonjong Yoon. "Making Allowances for Carbon Emission Allowances in Investor-State Disputes: A Case Study of the Republic of Korea." In Legal Issues on Climate Change and International Trade Law, 133–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29322-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "State law on climate change"

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Vandal, Thomas, Evan Kodra, Sangram Ganguly, Andrew Michaelis, Ramakrishna Nemani, and Auroop R. Ganguly. "Generating High Resolution Climate Change Projections through Single Image Super-Resolution: An Abridged Version." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/759.

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The impacts of climate change are felt by most critical systems, such as infrastructure, ecological systems, and power-plants. However, contemporary Earth System Models (ESM) are run at spatial resolutions too coarse for assessing effects this localized. Local scale projections can be obtained using statistical downscaling, a technique which uses historical climate observations to learn a low-resolution to high-resolution mapping. The spatio-temporal nature of the climate system motivates the adaptation of super-resolution image processing techniques to statistical downscaling. In our work, we present DeepSD, a generalized stacked super resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN) framework with multi-scale input channels for statistical downscaling of climate variables. A comparison of DeepSD to four state-of-the-art methods downscaling daily precipitation from 1 degree (~100km) to 1/8 degrees (~12.5km) over the Continental United States. Furthermore, a framework using the NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) platform is discussed for downscaling more than 20 ESM models with multiple emission scenarios.

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Grubert, Emily A. "Leveraging Refinery Dominance in Transportation Fuel Supply to Encourage Adoption of Climate Change-Mitigating Transportation Technologies in California." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90027.

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California’s main source of greenhouse gas emissions is transportation, a relatively uncontrolled sector. Of the major energy commodities used by individuals, transport fuels are alone in lack of utility regulation: the dominance of refineries as transportation fuel suppliers suggests there may be an opportunity for California to engage its refining industry about transitioning into a transportation fuel utility role. While this concept could be extended beyond California, it is uniquely suited to California because of the State’s fuel isolation from the rest of the country: with its demand for a boutique low-pollution fuel, California is served almost exclusively by Californian refineries that face a different set of regulations than most other American refineries do. Due to infrastructural barriers and long vehicle lifetime, most forecasts predict slow penetration of alternative transportation technologies, even as policymakers suggest an urgent need for rethinking the transportation system. These infrastructural barriers, including the chicken-and-egg problem of building fuel supply stations and vehicles that use alternative fuels, may be more easily overcome by a single planning body than by a market that only uncertainly rewards first movers. By ensuring supply of fuels the state wishes to promote, California can more easily launch alternative vehicle policies and incentives.

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de Castro, P. Canelas. "Climate change and water management: is EU Water Law adapted to climate change?" In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm110741.

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Partain, Larry, Richard Hansen, Shirley Hansen, Dirk Bennett, Allan Newlands, and Lewis Fraas. "‘Swanson's Law’ plan to mitigate global climate change." In 2016 IEEE 43rd Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2016.7750284.

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Panchal, Yashesh, Nihal Mounir, Mehdi Loloi, Ibrahim Mohamed, Omar Abou-Sayed, and Ahmed Abou-Sayed. "Application of Slurry Injection Technology in Biowaste Management - A New Discipline in Managing Bio-Waste in Economic and Environmentally Friendly Manner." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200836-ms.

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Abstract Carbon offset describes the environmental benefit from an initiative that avoids, reduces or removes greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has identified Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) as major constituent of the GHGs. Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTFs) among several other sectors is a neglected source for GHG emission. Considering the risk of rise in GHGs, United States along with other countries signed the Paris Agreement to respond to the global climate change threat in 2016. It is assessing projects to cut GHGs in exchange for emission credits that can be used to comply with goals they set under the United Nations pact. In order to curb the GHG emission by WWTFs, an innovative approach "Bioslurry Injection" (BSI) can be implemented to reduce the emission of the GHGs produced during the course of biological and chemical treatment of wastewater. The technology is inherited from the traditional drill cutting injection and Carbon sequestration technology implemented by the Oil and Gas industry since 1980's. The BSI operation has the ability to accept the feed from different treatment stages after the initial screening process to prepare the injection slurry and help in controlling the GHG emission at respective treatment stage along with managing the intake volume. The slurry can be prepared by mixing the treated biosolids with wastewater and injected into a pre-selected underground earth formation, where biosolids undergo anaerobic digestion and decompose into CO2 and CH4. An injection formation with sufficient capacity to accept the slurry is selected by conducting a detailed geomechanical and fracture simulation analyses. Along with the injection feasibility, the calculations of the amount of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) sequestrated underground by implementing BSI technique is presented in this paper. The sequestration of decomposed GHGs is an environmentally friendly activity that has proved to be economically beneficial due to its ability to earn carbon offsets. According to the new carbon law in the state of California the amount of CO2e eliminated from the atmosphere can be traded to earn carbon credits. TIRE facility through its ability to sequester and thus eliminate emission of the GHGs from the atmosphere can gain up to $1.5M worth of carbon credits per year providing both environmental and economic benefit. Also, low capital and operating cost for the BSI facility due to its compact surface requirement is an additional advantage along with reduced risk of spillage hazard when BSI facility is incorporated within the WWTF boundaries.

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Kin, Siow Wei. "Petroleum Extraction And Its Impacts On Climate Change." In ICLES 2018 - International Conference on Law, Environment and Society. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.10.19.

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Sadchikov, Mihail Nikolaevich, Elena Vacheslavovna Pokachalova, Olga Yuryevna Bakaeva, and Margarita Byashirovna Razgildieva. "Legal Support of State Tax Sovereignty: Paradigm Change." In XIV European-Asian Congress "The value of law" (EAC-LAW 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201205.055.

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Pezeshki, Charles. "Understanding Engineering Relational and Knowledge Structures for Facilitation of Collaboration and Global Development." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38640.

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The theme of the ASME 2014 Congress has been stated as “Engineering for Global Development”, and emphasizes the need for engineering collaboration for facing the complex challenges extant in the developing world for critical infrastructure, clean water, and so on. Yet there exists little awareness of how to structure design communities to create the knowledge, and the design solutions, for developing countries or global problems. And there is not even a general theory on how to create such design communities that can effectively come to terms with the immense problems facing the globe, as population expands, CO2 in the atmosphere goes up, and the challenges presented by climate change come home to roost on basic human need. In this paper, the author presents an attempt at the creation of a neurogenic, empathy-based emergent model for creating such communities linking Clare Graves’ and Don Beck’s Spiral Dynamics, empathy development, and Conway’s Law. Coupled with work done previously by Andrew Kahneman, this paper will explain how to create larger design community structures based on empathetic development of design engineers, that will yield both the individuals, as well as the communities based on self-similar principles, that have the temporal and spatial awarenesses necessary to deal with these problems. Additionally, the author will discuss how such relational development will affect the physical structure of design solutions (such as concentrated, hierarchical, or distributed) by integrating this theory with Conway’s Law, which states that the structure of a given product will be a reflection of the organizational structure that created it.

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Kaya, Y. "Long term strategy for mitigating climate Change." In 2009 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2009.pl-2-1.

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Gaber, M. P. "Transportation Planning and Climate Change: New York State." In Transportation Land Use, Planning, and Air Quality Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40960(320)39.

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Reports on the topic "State law on climate change"

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Solaun, Kepa, Gerard Alleng, Adrián Flores, Chiquita Resomardono, Katharina Hess, and Helena Antich. State of the Climate Report: Suriname. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003398.

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Suriname is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Among the factors that exacerbate its vulnerability are its dependency on fossil fuels, the degradation of important ecosystems (e.g., mangroves), and the fact that 87% of the population, and most of the countrys economic activity is located within the low-lying coastal area. Many sectors are at risk of suffering losses and damage caused by gradual changes and extreme events related to climate change. For Suriname to develop sustainably, it should incorporate climate change and its effects into its decision-making process based on scientific- evidence. The State of the Climate Report analyzes Surinames historical climate (1990-2014) and provides climate projections for three time horizons (2020-2044, 2045-2069, 2070-2094) through two emissions scenarios (intermediate/ SSP2-4.5 and severe/ SSP5-8.5). The analysis focuses on changes in sea level, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds for the seven subnational locations of Paramaribo, Albina, Bigi Pan MUMA, Brokopondo, Kwamalasamutu, Tafelberg Natural Reserve, and Upper Tapanahony. The Report also analyzes climate risk for the countrys ten districts by examining the factors which increase their exposure and vulnerability on the four most important sectors affected by climate change: infrastructure, agriculture, water, and forestry, as well as examining the effects across the sectors. The State of the Climate Report provides essential inputs for Suriname to develop and update its climate change policies and targets. These policies and targets should enable an adequate mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience enhancementinto day-to-day government operations. It is expected that the Report will catalyze similar efforts in the future to improve decision-making by providing science-based evidence.

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Solaun, Kepa, Chiquita Resomardono, Katharina Hess, Helena Antich, Gerard Alleng, and Adrián Flores. State of the Climate Report: Suriname: Summary for Policy Makers. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003415.

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Several factors contribute to Surinames particular vulnerability to the effects of climate change. It is dependent on fossil fuels, has forests liable to decay, fragile ecosystems, and its low-lying coastal area accounts for 87% of the population and most of the countrys economic activity. Many sectors are at risk of suffering losses and damage caused by gradual changes and extreme events related to climate change. For Suriname to develop sustainably, it should incorporate climate change and its effects into its decision-making process based on scientific- evidence. The State of the Climate Report analyzes Surinames historical climate (1990-2014) and provides climate projections for three time horizons (2020-2044, 2045-2069, 2070-2094) through two emissions scenarios (intermediate/ SSP2-4.5 and severe/ SSP5-8.5). The analysis focuses on changes in sea level, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and winds for the seven subnational locations of Paramaribo, Albina, Bigi Pan MUMA, Brokopondo, Kwamalasamutu, Tafelberg Natural Reserve, and Upper Tapanahony. The Report also analyzes climate risk for the countrys ten districts by examining the factors which increase their exposure and vulnerability on the four most important sectors affected by climate change: infrastructure, agriculture, water, and forestry, as well as examining the effects across the sectors. The State of the Climate provides essential inputs for Suriname to develop and update its climate change policies and targets. These policies and targets should serve as enablers for an adequate mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and resilience enhancement into day-to-day government operations.

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Goulder, Lawrence, and Robert Stavins. Interactions between State and Federal Climate Change Policies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16123.

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McPherson, Guy R., and Jake F. Weltzin. Disturbance and climate change in United States/Mexico borderland plant communities: a state-of-the-knowledge review. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-50.

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Hostetler, Steven, Cathy Whitlock, Bryan Shuman, David Liefert, Charles Wolf Drimal, and Scott Bischke. Greater Yellowstone climate assessment: past, present, and future climate change in greater Yellowstone watersheds. Montana State University, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/gyca2021.

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The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) is one of the last remaining large and nearly intact temperate ecosystems on Earth (Reese 1984; NPSa undated). GYA was originally defined in the 1970s as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompassed the minimum range of the grizzly bear (Schullery 1992). The boundary was enlarged through time and now includes about 22 million acres (8.9 million ha) in northwestern Wyoming, south central Montana, and eastern Idaho. Two national parks, five national forests, three wildlife refuges, 20 counties, and state and private lands lie within the GYA boundary. GYA also includes the Wind River Indian Reservation, but the region is the historical home to several Tribal Nations. Federal lands managed by the US Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service amount to about 64% (15.5 million acres [6.27 million ha] or 24,200 square miles [62,700 km2]) of the land within the GYA. The federal lands and their associated wildlife, geologic wonders, and recreational opportunities are considered the GYA’s most valuable economic asset. GYA, and especially the national parks, have long been a place for important scientific discoveries, an inspiration for creativity, and an important national and international stage for fundamental discussions about the interactions of humans and nature (e.g., Keiter and Boyce 1991; Pritchard 1999; Schullery 2004; Quammen 2016). Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872 as the world’s first national park, is the heart of the GYA. Grand Teton National Park, created in 1929 and expanded to its present size in 1950, is located south of Yellowstone National Park1 and is dominated by the rugged Teton Range rising from the valley of Jackson Hole. The Gallatin-Custer, Shoshone, Bridger-Teton, Caribou-Targhee, and Beaverhead-Deerlodge national forests encircle the two national parks and include the highest mountain ranges in the region. The National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge also lie within GYA.

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Adams, Alexandra, Robert Byron, Bruce Maxwell, Susan Higgins, Margaret Eggers, Lori Byron, and Cathy Whitlock. Climate change and human health in Montana: a special report of the Montana Climate Assessment. Montana State University, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/c2h22021.

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The purpose of this assessment is to a) present understandable, science-based, Montana-specific information about the impacts of climate change on the health of Montanans; and b) describe how our healthcare providers, state leaders, communities, and individuals can best prepare for and reduce those impacts in the coming decades. This assessment draws from, and is an extension to, the 2017 Montana Climate Assessment (MCA1) (Whitlock et al. 2017), which provides the first detailed analysis of expected impacts to Montana’s water, forests, and agriculture from climate change. MCA explains historical, current, and prospective climate trends for the state based on the best-available science. The 2017 Montana Climate Assessment did not address the impact of climate change on the health of Montanans. This special report of the MCA fills that important knowledge gap; it represents a collaboration between climate scientists and Montana’s healthcare community and is intended to help Montanans minimize the impacts of climate on their health.

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Veland, Siri, and Christine Merk. Lay person perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – Working paper. OceanNETs, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d3.3.

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This working paper presents first insights on lay public perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches. In seven focus groups, three in Germany and four in Norway (including one pilot) the researchers asked members of the lay public to share their views of the ocean and the effects of climate change, four CDR approaches, as well as their reflections on responsible research and innovation (RRI) of marine CDR. The four CDR methods were ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, artificial upwelling, and blue carbon management through restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems. In addition, respondents were asked to compare the four approaches. Our findings indicate that the public will be very supportive of blue carbon management irrespective of its actual carbon sequestration potential, due in part to the perceived bad state of marine ecosystems worldwide. Participants were skeptical whether any of the CDR approaches could have relevant effect on carbon sequestration and long-term storage; they reasoned about issues such as the ability to scale up treatments in time and space, unforeseen or unforeseeable effects on ecosystems in time and space, and the role of industry in the implementation process. They argued that despite the potential availability of marine CDR, industry and the general public should stop polluting behaviors and practices. Nevertheless, the participants universally agreed that further research on all four CDR methods should be pursued to better understand effects on climate, ecosystems, local communities, and the economy.

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Kuiken, Todd, and Jennifer Kuzma. Genome Editing in Latin America: Regional Regulatory Overview. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003410.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.3 Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.3 In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.4 Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.4 Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.5 These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.4 These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.

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Herbert, Siân. Maintaining Basic State Functions and Service Delivery During Escalating Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.099.

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This rapid literature review explores how to maintain essential state functions and basic service delivery during escalating conflict situations. It draws on literature and ideas from various overlapping agendas including development and humanitarian nexus; development, humanitarian and peacebuilding nexus (the “triple nexus”); fragile states; state-building; conflict sensitivity; resilience; and conflict prevention and early warning. There has been an extensive exploration of these ideas over the past decades: as the international development agenda has increasingly focussed on the needs of fragile and conflict-affected contexts (FCAS); as violent conflicts have become more complex and protracted; as the global share of poverty has become increasingly concentrated in FCAS highlighting the need to combine humanitarian crisis strategies with longer-term development strategies; as threats emanating from FCAS increasingly affect countries beyond those states and regions e.g. through serious and organised crime (SOC) networks, migration, terrorism, etc; and as global trends like climate change and demographic shifts create new stresses, opportunities, and risks.

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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.

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