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Journal articles on the topic 'State of polarization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Napasab, V., and T. Okoshi. "New polarization-state control scheme: Polarization recombining." Optics Communications 66, no. 2-3 (April 1988): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(88)90038-7.

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2

Zhu, W. M., A. Q. Liu, W. Zhang, J. F. Tao, T. Bourouina, J. H. Teng, X. H. Zhang, et al. "Polarization dependent state to polarization independent state change in THz metamaterials." Applied Physics Letters 99, no. 22 (November 28, 2011): 221102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3664131.

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3

Gong, Yungui, and Shaoqi Hou. "Gravitational Wave Polarizations in f (R) Gravity and Scalar-Tensor Theory." EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816801003.

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The detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory opens a new era to use gravitational waves to test alternative theories of gravity. We investigate the polarizations of gravitational waves in f (R) gravity and Horndeski theory, both containing scalar modes. These theories predict that in addition to the familiar + and × polarizations, there are transverse breathing and longitudinal polarizations excited by the massive scalar mode and the new polarization is a single mixed state. It would be very difficult to detect the longitudinal polarization by interferometers, while pulsar timing array may be the better tool to detect the longitudinal polarization.

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4

Syniavskyi, Ivan, Yevgen Oberemok, Yuriy Ivanov, and Mikhail Sosonkin. "Multispectral Polarization State Analyzer of Scanning Polarimeter ScanPol." International Journal of Optics 2020 (October 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1695658.

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We present the results of the development of a representational model of the multispectral polarization state analyzer of the ScanPol scanning polarimeter for the space experiment Aerosol-UA. The aim of the Ukrainian space mission Aerosol-UA is to create a database based on continuous satellite measurements of the optical characteristics of aerosol and cloud particles in the Earth’s atmosphere over a long period of time. The ScanPol polarimeter is designed to acquire spatial, temporal, and spectral-polarimetric measurements simultaneously to minimize instrumental “parasitic” effects and effects of “false” polarizations due to scene movement. Simultaneity is provided by separation of the initial spatial field by a pair of conjugated telescopes and a pair of Wollaston prisms. ScanPol provides to measure the first three Stokes parameters I, Q, and U of the radiation reflected by atmospheric aerosols and the Earth’s surface for a six solar reflectance spectral bands in the near ultraviolet (NUV), visible (VIS), and near-infrared (NIR) spectral channels centered in the wavelengths 370 nm, 410 nm, 555 nm, 865 nm, 1378 nm, and 1620 nm. Stokes parameters I, Q, and U are used to determine a degree of linear polarization of radiation that will allow obtaining the phase function and polarization characteristics of aerosol particle scattering, estimate their size, and determine the aerosol type and optical thickness. The polarimeter optical layout is considered, and the spectral characteristics of the transmission of optical channels are given. Obtained signal-to-noise ratio exceeded 500 for wavelengths 370 nm and 410 nm and exceeded 1000 for other wavelengths. The design of the chosen photodetectors is based on surface mount type photodiodes: Si-photodiodes Hamamatsu S10356-01 for the optical range of 370–860 nm and InGaAs-photodiodes Hamamatsu G8941-011620 for wavelengths 1378 nm and 1620 nm. The effect of orientation of Wollaston prisms axes on polarization measurement error is considered. The errors of azimuth mount of Wollaston prisms ≤2 arcmin in ScanPol leads to error of degree of linear polarization ≤0.0012.

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5

Neshat, M., and N. P. Armitage. "Improved measurement of polarization state in terahertz polarization spectroscopy." Optics Letters 37, no. 11 (May 17, 2012): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.001811.

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6

Johnson, Mark, and Chris Pannell. "Remote state-of-polarization control in polarization-maintaining fibre." Optics Communications 90, no. 1-3 (June 1992): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(92)90321-h.

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7

Brown, Robert D., and Gerald C. Wright. "Elections and State Party Polarization." American Politics Quarterly 20, no. 4 (October 1992): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x9202000403.

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8

Chen, Jen-I., and Shun-Chang Chang. "Fiber full-polarization-state controller." Applied Optics 32, no. 3 (January 20, 1993): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.32.000298.

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9

Richert, Michael, Xavier Orlik, and Antonello De Martino. "Adapted polarization state contrast image." Optics Express 17, no. 16 (July 31, 2009): 14199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.014199.

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10

May, David A., and Kevin A. Pirch. "Polarization, Inequality, and the State Legislatures." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 4 (May 29, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n4p115.

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While legislative polarization at the national level has been carefully examined and largely explained, the causes of polarization in state legislatures have been more elusive. Studies examining factors such as gerrymandering and party primaries as possible explanations have found largely undetectable or at best very modest relationships between these variables and levels of polarization. This paper provides an explanation of state legislative polarization based on socio-economic and demographic factors within the states. Economics and demographics have long played a significant role in understanding party choice, vote choice, the decision to abstain or vote, and support for various policies. Because of this we explore if these factors also influence polarization of state legislatures. Utilizing the Shorr-McCarty polarization data for state legislatures, which provides the differences between the mean Democratic and Republican legislator scores, and controlling for important economic and demographic factors, we explain a significant amount of the polarization existing in state legislatures. These findings present a fascinating look into not only the root causes of polarization in state legislatures, but also point to some fundamental differences in politics and ideology at the state and national levels.

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11

Yao, X. Steve, Lianshan Yan, and Yongqiang Shi. "Highly repeatable all-solid-state polarization-state generator." Optics Letters 30, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.30.001324.

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12

Wan, Yuhang, Mengxuan Cheng, Zheng Zheng, and Kai Liu. "Polarization-Modulated, Goos–Hanchen Shift Sensing for Common Mode Drift Suppression." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092088.

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A polarization-modulation-based Goos–Hanchen (GH) sensing scheme leveraging the polarization-dependence of the Bloch surface wave enhanced GH shift is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Based on a simple setup utilizing a liquid crystal modulator to switch the polarization state of the input beam periodically, the alternating positions of the reflected beam for both polarizations are monitored by a lock-in amplifier to handily retrieve the GH shift signal. The conventional direct measurement of the beam position for the target state of polarization is vulnerable to instabilities in the optomechanical setup and alignment. Our proposed scheme provides a sensitive yet robust GH shift-sensing setup where the common mode drift and noise could be suppressed to ensure better system stability.

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13

Marks, Brian S., Yu Sun, Curtis R. Menyuk, and Gary M. Carter. "Polarization-state evolution in recirculating loops with polarization-dependent loss." Optics Letters 27, no. 21 (November 1, 2002): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.27.001881.

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14

Lizana, Angel, Irene Estévez, Fabián A. Torres-Ruiz, Alba Peinado, Claudio Ramirez, and Juan Campos. "Arbitrary state of polarization with customized degree of polarization generator." Optics Letters 40, no. 16 (August 7, 2015): 3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.003790.

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15

Yokota, Masayuki, Yoshitaka Terui, and Ichirou Yamaguchi. "Analysis of Polarization State by Digital Holography with Polarization Modulation." Optical Review 13, no. 6 (November 2006): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-006-0405-y.

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16

Heyl, Jeremy, and Ilaria Caiazzo. "Strongly Magnetized Sources: QED and X-ray Polarization." Galaxies 6, no. 3 (July 21, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies6030076.

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Radiative corrections of quantum electrodynamics cause a vacuum threaded by a magnetic field to be birefringent. This means that radiation of different polarizations travels at different speeds. Even in the strong magnetic fields of astrophysical sources, the difference in speed is small. However, it has profound consequences for the extent of polarization expected from strongly magnetized sources. We demonstrate how the birefringence arises from first principles, show how birefringence affects the polarization state of radiation and present recent calculations for the expected polarization from magnetars and X-ray pulsars.

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17

Schwarz, Hugo E., Colin Aspin, A. M. Magalhaes, and R. E. Schulte-Ladbeck. "The Present State of Symbiotic Polarimetry." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 103 (1988): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100103227.

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AbstractWe present preliminary statistical results of an ongoing polarimetric survey of symbiotics. So far, 38% of the known symbiotics have had their polarization measured at least once. About 40% of S and D types show some intrinsic polarization while only one of the five measured D’ types is polarized. R Aqr is still the only symbiotic with strong, variable polarization.

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18

XIAO DING-QUAN. "THE MODIFIED EXCITED-STATE POLARIZATION MODEL." Acta Physica Sinica 34, no. 11 (1985): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.34.1494.

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19

Pu, C., L. Y. Lin, E. L. Goldstein, N. J. Frigo, and R. W. Tkach. "Micromachined integrated optical polarization-state rotator." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 12, no. 10 (October 2000): 1358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/68.883829.

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20

Dettwiller, L. "Polarization state interference: a general investigation." Pure and Applied Optics: Journal of the European Optical Society Part A 6, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-9659/6/1/006.

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21

Zhang, Qi, Peiyu Li, Yanying Li, Xiaorong Ren, and Shuyun Teng. "A Universal Plasmonic Polarization State Analyzer." Plasmonics 13, no. 4 (May 21, 2017): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11468-017-0612-3.

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22

Elliott, Stuart J., Quentin Stern, and Sami Jannin. "Solid-state <sup>1</sup>H spin polarimetry by <sup>13</sup>CH<sub>3</sub> nuclear magnetic resonance." Magnetic Resonance 2, no. 2 (August 20, 2021): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/mr-2-643-2021.

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Abstract. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization is used to prepare nuclear spin polarizations approaching unity. At present, 1H polarization quantification in the solid state remains fastidious due to the requirement of measuring thermal equilibrium signals. Line shape polarimetry of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra is used to determine several useful properties regarding the spin system under investigation. In the case of highly polarized nuclear spins, such as those prepared under the conditions of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization experiments, the absolute polarization of a particular isotopic species within the sample may be directly inferred from the characteristics of the corresponding resonance line shape. In situations where direct measurements of polarization are complicated by deleterious phenomena, indirect estimates of polarization using coupled heteronuclear spins prove informative. We present a simple analysis of the 13C spectral line shape of [2-13C]sodium acetate based on the normalized deviation of the centre of gravity of the 13C peaks, which can be used to indirectly evaluate the proton polarization of the methyl group moiety and very likely the entire sample in the case of rapid and homogeneous 1H–1H spin diffusion. For the case of positive microwave irradiation, 1H polarization was found to increase with an increasing normalized centre of gravity deviation. These results suggest that, as a dopant, [2-13C]sodium acetate could be used to indirectly gauge 1H polarizations in standard sample formulations, which is potentially advantageous for (i) samples polarized in commercial dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization devices that lack 1H radiofrequency hardware, (ii) measurements that are deleteriously influenced by radiation damping or complicated by the presence of large background signals and (iii) situations where the acquisition of a thermal equilibrium spectrum is not feasible.

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23

Zhi-Dong, Shi, Ji Min-Ning, and Bao Huan-Huan. "Polarization State Evolution in Fibre Polarization Transformer Influenced by Phase Difference." Chinese Physics Letters 24, no. 7 (June 28, 2007): 1967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/24/7/050.

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24

Kaloshin, A. E., and V. P. Lomov. "On the polarization of fermion in an intermediate state." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 17 (June 13, 2017): 1750096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17500968.

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We show that calculation of a final fermion polarization (for a pure initial state) is equivalent to the problem of looking for complete polarization axis of bispinor. This gives the method for calculation of polarization applicable both for final and intermediate state fermions. We suggest to use fermion propagator (bare or dressed) in form of spectral representation, which gives the orthogonal off-shell energy projectors. This representation leads to covariant separation of particle and antiparticle contributions and gives a natural definition for polarization of intermediate state fermion. The most evident application is related with consistent description of t-quark polarization.

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25

Li, Xing, Jing Tang, and Jonathan Baine. "Polarization-Independent Metasurface Lens Based on Binary Phase Fresnel Zone Plate." Nanomaterials 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10081467.

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Based on the binary phase Fresnel zone plate (FZP), a polarization-independent metasurface lens that is able to focus incident light with any polarization state, including circular, linear, and elliptical polarizations, has been proposed and investigated. We demonstrate that the metasurface lens consisting of metal subwavelength slits can operate in a wide bandwidth in the visible range, and has a higher focusing efficiency than that of an amplitude FZP lens without phase modulation. A multi-focus FZP metasurface lens has also been designed and investigated. The proposed lens can provide potential applications in integrated nanophotonic devices without polarization limitations.

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26

ROTH, CH, T. KINOSHITA, H. B. ROSE, F. U. HILLEBRECHT, and E. KISKER. "DIFFRACTION OF SPIN-POLARIZED Cu 3p PHOTOELECTRONS." Surface Review and Letters 04, no. 05 (October 1997): 911–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x97001024.

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We measured the spin–orbit-induced spin polarization in Cu 3p photoemission for fixed angle between light incidence and electron collection, while varying the emission angle relative to the crystal lattice. The polarization is found to vary strongly with emission direction in both sublevels. However, the ratio between the polarizations of the j=3/2 and j=1/2 sublevels is close to -1/2 for all emission directions. The spin polarization and its dependence on emission direction can both be viewed as arising from the angular momentum character of the final state wave which is imposed by the excitation conditions.

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27

Ho, Ching Yen, Mao Yu Wen, and Jui Chang Tsai. "Polarization Variation of Laser Beam Intervening Multiple Reflections within a Paraboloid of Revolution-Shaped Cavity." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.193.

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This paper investigates that polarizations of a laser vary in the process of reflections after a linearly or circularly polarized beam is incident on a paraboloid of revolution-shaped cavity. This analysis is based on the viewpoint of geometry optics because the opening radius is about 100μm, which is ten times the size of the wavelength 10.6μm of an incident CO2 laser beam. Considering the profile of laser beam to be Gaussian distribution, the variation of polarization in the process of reflections is mathematically modeled. The result reveals that the state of polarization for an incoming ray with circular polarization is almost totally transformed into linear polarization perpendicular to the plane of incidence after the ray intervenes multiple reflections. The effects of cavity depth and absorptive index of material on the polarization variation are also discussed. The circularly polarized ray entering the deeper cavity is finally changed into the higher degree of linear polarization. The increase in absorptive index reduces the speed approaching the linear polarization.

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28

Volle, R., V. Boucher, K. D. Dorkenoo, R. Chevalier, and X. Nguyen Phu. "Local polarization state observation and third-order nonlinear susceptibility measurements by self-induced polarization state changes method." Optics Communications 182, no. 4-6 (August 2000): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4018(00)00787-2.

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29

Banda, Kevin K., and Justin H. Kirkland. "Legislative Party Polarization and Trust in State Legislatures." American Politics Research 46, no. 4 (September 18, 2017): 596–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x17727317.

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We argue that citizens’ trust attitudes are inversely related to party polarization because polarization tends to encourage political conflict, which most people dislike. We further posit that partisans trust attitudes are driven by the ideological extremity of the opposing and their own parties for similar reasons. Using roll-call-based estimates of state legislative party polarization and public opinion data collected in 2008, we show strong evidence in favor of our theory: higher levels of party polarization within legislative chambers depresses citizens’ trust in their legislatures. Among partisans, we also find that trust attitudes respond to the ideological extremity of the opposing party but not to a citizen’s own party’s extremity. We further find that as citizens’ interest in politics increases, they react more strongly to polarization when forming their trust attitudes. Finally, partisans become less responsive to the ideological extremity of the opposing party as they become more politically interested.

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30

Wang, Li Hui, Xue Feng Wu, Jian Sun, and Yu Ping Lu. "Methods to Describe Optical Polarization State in Reflective Fiber Optic Current Sensor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2254.

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Evolution process of optical polarization state in reflective fiber optic current sensor(R-FOCS) is complex, light wave travels from polarization maintaining (PM) fiber with linear polarization state, and light wave travels from sensing head with circular polarization state. Focused on characteristics of optical polarization state in R-FOCS, we analyze the characteristics of optical polarization state in R-FOCS, and demonstrate the methods to build optical polarization models by using Poincare sphere and Jones matrix respectively. Jones matrix provides a mathematically rigorous method of tracking optical polarization state, however, it often leads to a less intuitive description. Despite the mathematical complexity of some phenomena observed in R-FOCS, the Poincare sphere provides elegant and simple geometrical interpretations. The two methods are combined and offer both a mathematical representation and an intuitive interpretation of nonreciprocal polarization effects in R-FOCS.

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31

Deshpande, Avinash A. "Characteristics of Pulsar Radio Emission at Single-pulse Resolution." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 177 (2000): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100059315.

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Pulsar radio emission shows remarkably rich, but complex behavior in both intensity and polarization when considered on a pulse-to-pulse basis. A large number of pulses, when averaged together, tend to approach & define stable shapes that can be considered as distinct signatures of different pulsars. Such average profiles have shapes ranging from that describable as a simple one-component profile to those suggesting as many as 9 components. The components are understood as resulting from an average of many, often narrower, intities — the subpulses —that appear within the longitude range of a given component. The pulse components are thusformedand represent statistically an intensity-weighted average pattern of the radiation received as a function of longitude. The profile mode changes recognized in many pulsars suggest that the emission profile of a given pulsar may have two quasi-stable states, with one (primary) state more probable/brighter than the other (secondary) state. There are also (often associated) polarization modes that represent polarization states that are orthogonal to each other. The complex nature of orthogonaljumpsobserved in polarization position-angle sweeps may be attributable to possible superposition of two profile/polarization modes with orthogonal polarizations.

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32

Tiecheng Wang, 王铁城, 兰寿锋 Shoufeng Lan, 江俊峰 Junfeng Jiang, and 刘铁根 Tiegen Liu. "A novel method of polarization state control for polarization division multiplexing system." Chinese Optics Letters 6, no. 11 (2008): 812–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20080611.0812.

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33

Li, Yanghui, Weidong Shen, Zhenrong Zheng, Yueguang Zhang, Xu Liu, and Xiang Hao. "Reduction of coating induced polarization aberrations by controlling the polarization state variation." Journal of Optics 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2011): 055701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/13/5/055701.

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34

Aydın-Düzgit, Senem, and Evren Balta. "When elites polarize over polarization: Framing the polarization debate in Turkey." New Perspectives on Turkey 60 (November 21, 2018): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2018.15.

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AbstractThis article aims to explore the views of the Turkish elite on the state of polarization in Turkey. By identifying four political frames—namely, harmony, continuity/decline, conspiracy, and conflict—that selected Turkish political and civil society elites use in discussing the phenomenon of polarization in the country through their contributions to a workshop and in-depth qualitative interviews, the article finds that there is a considerable degree of polarization among the Turkish elite regarding their views on the presence of polarization in Turkey. Moreover, this overlaps with the divide between the government and the opposition in the country. An analysis of the justificatory arguments employed in constituting the aforementioned frames shows that, while those elites who deny the existence of polarization seek its absence in essentialist characteristics of society, in reductionist comparisons with history, or in internal/external enemies, those who acknowledge polarization’s presence look for its roots in political and institutional factors and processes. The article highlights how, given the denial of polarization by the pro-government elite and the substantial gap between the two camps’ justificatory narratives, the currently reported high rates of polarization in Turkey can, at best, be expected to remain as is in the near future, barring a radical change in political constellations.

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35

Reinking, Roger F., Sergey Y. Matrosov, Robert A. Kropfli, and Bruce W. Bartram. "Evaluation of a 45° Slant Quasi-Linear Radar Polarization State for Distinguishing Drizzle Droplets, Pristine Ice Crystals, and Less Regular Ice Particles." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 19, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 296–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426-19.3.296.

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Abstract A remote sensing capability is needed to detect clouds of supercooled, drizzle-sized droplets, which are a major aircraft icing hazard. Discrimination among clouds of differing ice particle types is also important because both the presence and type of ice influence the survival of liquid in a cloud and the chances for occurrence of these large, most hazardous droplets. This work shows how millimeter-wavelength dual-polarization radar can be used to identify these differing hydrometeors. It also shows that by measuring the depolarization ratio (DR), the estimation of the hydrometeor type can be accomplished deterministically for drizzle droplets; ice particles of regular shapes; and to a considerable extent, the more irregular ice particles, and that discrimination is strongly influenced by the polarization state of the transmitted microwave radiation. Thus, appropriate selection of the polarization state is emphasized. The selection of an optimal polarization state involves trade-offs in competing factors such as the functional dynamic range of DR, sensitivity to low-reflectivity clouds, and insensitivity to oscillations in the settling orientations of ice crystals. A 45° slant, quasi-linear polarization state, one in which only slight ellipticity is introduced, was found to offer a very good compromise, providing considerable advantages over standard horizontal and substantially elliptical polarizations. This was determined by theoretical scattering calculations that were verified experimentally in field measurements conducted during the Mount Washington Icing Sensors Project (MWISP). A selectable-dual-polarization Ka-band (8.66-mm wavelength) radar was used. A wide variety of hydrometeor types was sampled. Clear differentiation among planar crystals, columnar crystals, and drizzle droplets was achieved. Also, differentiation among crystals of fundamentally different shapes (aspect ratios) within each of the planar and columnar families was found possible. These distinctions matched calculations of DR, usually to within 1 or 2 dB. The results from MWISP and from previous experiments with other polarizations have demonstrated that the agreement between theory and measurements by this method is repeatable. Additionally, although less rigorously predicted by theory, the field measurements demonstrated substantial differentiation among the more irregular and more spherical ice particles, including aggregates, elongated aggregates, heavily rimed dendrites, and graupel. Measurable separation between these various irregular ice particle types and drizzle droplets was also verified.

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36

Li, Yongzhen, Zhanling Wang, Chen Pang, and Xuesong Wang. "A Low Cross-Polarization Configuration Method for Phased Array Radar Antenna." Electronics 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030396.

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The cross-polarization isolation (CPI) is a key parameter to assess the dual-polarization antenna because the cross-polarization closely affects the antenna application. A polarization state configuration (PSC) approach is proposed to configure the polarization state of the polarimetric phased array radar antenna. Unlike the traditional fixed polarization states such as the linear polarization (LP) and the circular polarization (CP), the PSC method modulates the polarization state of the radiated wave continuously. In addition, the optimal excitation magnitude and phase of the dual-polarization element is calculated, thereby maximizing the CPI. Most of the configured polarization state is the elliptical polarization (EP), and a lower cross-polarization level and higher CPI could be obtained. This method could expand the acceptable angle range when compared with the LP and CP waves. Numerical simulations and comparisons are conducted to manifest the validity of the proposed method.

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37

Hand, Matthew, Hongchang Wang, Sarnjeet S. Dhesi, and Kawal Sawhney. "Investigation of the polarization state of dual APPLE-II undulators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515021645.

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The use of an APPLE II undulator is extremely important for providing a high-brilliance X-ray beam with the capability to switch between various photon beam polarization states. A high-precision soft X-ray polarimeter has been used to systematically investigate the polarization characteristics of the two helical APPLE II undulators installed on beamline I06 at Diamond Light Source. A simple data acquisition and processing procedure has been developed to determine the Stokes polarization parameters for light polarized at arbitrary linear angles emitted from a single undulator, and for circularly polarized light emitted from both undulators in conjunction with a single-period undulator phasing unit. The purity of linear polarization is found to deteriorate as the polarization angle moves away from the horizontal and vertical modes. Importantly, a negative correlation between the degree of circular polarization and the photon flux has been found when the phasing unit is used.

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38

Keller, D., D. Crabb, and D. Day. "Enhanced tensor polarization in solid-state targets." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 981 (November 2020): 164504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164504.

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39

Sun, Fang-Wen, Bi-Heng Liu, Yun-Feng Huang, Yong-Sheng Zhang, and Guang-Can Guo. "Rotation of polarization of a multiphoton state." Physics Letters A 353, no. 4 (May 2006): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2005.12.096.

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40

Osborn, Tracy, Rebecca J. Kreitzer, Emily U. Schilling, and Jennifer Hayes Clark. "Ideology and Polarization Among Women State Legislators." Legislative Studies Quarterly 44, no. 4 (May 28, 2019): 647–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsq.12243.

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41

Loner, D. J., B. A. W. H. Knarren, S. J. A. G. Cosijns, H. Haitjema, and P. H. J. Schallakans. "Laser Polarization State Measurement in Heterodyne Interferometry." CIRP Annals 52, no. 1 (2003): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)60620-9.

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42

Marshall, Todd, Bogdan Szafraniec, and Bernd Nebendahl. "Kalman filter carrier and polarization-state tracking." Optics Letters 35, no. 13 (June 23, 2010): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.002203.

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Gou Xincong, 勾鑫聪, 田爱玲 Tian Ailing, 朱学亮 Zhu Xueliang, 王大森 Wang Dasen, and 刘卫国 Liu Weiguo. "Influence of Polarization State on InterferenceFringe Contrast." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 56, no. 24 (2019): 241202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop56.241202.

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Lingwood, Mark D., and Songi Han. "ChemInform Abstract: Solution-State Dynamic Nuclear Polarization." ChemInform 42, no. 41 (September 19, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201141278.

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CHIARPARIN, ELISABETTA, PHILIPPE PELUPESSY, and GEOFFREY BODENHAUSEN. "Selective cross-polarization in solution state NMR." Molecular Physics 95, no. 5 (December 1998): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002689798166396.

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Leo, P. J., G. R. Gray, G. J. Simer, and K. B. Rochford. "State of polarization changes: classification and measurement." Journal of Lightwave Technology 21, no. 10 (October 2003): 2189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2003.816813.

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Mahler, Anna-Britt, and Russell A. Chipman. "Polarization state generator: a polarimeter calibration standard." Applied Optics 50, no. 12 (April 14, 2011): 1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.001726.

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Carr, Christopher, Charles S. Adams, and Kevin J. Weatherill. "Polarization spectroscopy of an excited state transition." Optics Letters 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.000118.

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Ysacco, Cédric, Hakim Karoui, Gilles Casano, François Le Moigne, Sébastien Combes, Antal Rockenbauer, Melanie Rosay, Werner Maas, Olivier Ouari, and Paul Tordo. "Dinitroxides for Solid State Dynamic Nuclear Polarization." Applied Magnetic Resonance 43, no. 1-2 (May 30, 2012): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-012-0356-3.

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Aydın-Düzgit, Senem, and Evren Balta. "When elites polarize over polarization: Framing the polarization debate in Turkey – RETRACTED." New Perspectives on Turkey 59 (November 2018): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/npt.2018.22.

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Abstract:

AbstractThis article aims to explore the views of the Turkish elite on the state of polarization in Turkey. By identifying four political frames—namely, harmony, continuity/decline, conspiracy, and conflict—that selected Turkish political and civil society elites use in discussing the phenomenon of polarization in the country through their contributions to a workshop and in-depth qualitative interviews, the article finds that there is a considerable degree of polarization among the Turkish elite regarding their views on the presence of polarization in Turkey. Moreover, this overlaps with the divide between the government and the opposition in the country. An analysis of the justificatory arguments employed in constituting the aforementioned frames shows that, while those elites who deny the existence of polarization seek its absence in essentialist characteristics of society, in reductionist comparisons with history, or in internal/external enemies, those who acknowledge polarization’s presence look for its roots in political and institutional factors and processes. The article highlights how, given the denial of polarization by the pro-government elite and the substantial gap between the two camps’ justificatory narratives, the currently reported high rates of polarization in Turkey can, at best, be expected to remain as is in the near future, barring a radical change in political constellations.

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