Dissertations / Theses: 'State of property'

1

Gallon, Daniel. "Structure-property relationships in solid state chemistry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270616.

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2

Bezuidenhout, Karen. "Compensation for excessive but otherwise lawful regulatory state action." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96819.

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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015
ENGLISH ABSTRACT : Section 25 of the South African Constitution authorises and sets the limits for two forms of legitimate regulatory interference with property, namely deprivation and expropriation. The focus of this dissertation is on the requirement in section 25(1) that no law may authorise arbitrary deprivation of property. According to the Constitutional Court, deprivation is arbitrary when there is insufficient reason for it. The Court listed a number of factors to consider in determining whether there is a sufficient relationship between the purpose to be achieved by deprivation and the regulatory method chosen to achieve it. The outcome of the arbitrariness question depends on the level of scrutiny applied in a particular case. The level of scrutiny ranges from rationality review to proportionality review. Deprivation that results in an excessively harsh regulatory burden for one or a small group of property owners will probably be substantively arbitrary and in conflict with section 25(1). Courts generally declare unconstitutional regulatory interferences with property rights invalid. However, invalidating legitimate regulatory measures that are otherwise lawful purely because they impose a harsh and excessive burden on some property owners may not always be justified if the regulatory measure fulfils an important regulatory purpose. Invalidating excessive regulatory measures may in some instances also be meaningless and may not constitute appropriate relief in vindicating the affected rights. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the appropriateness of alternative solutions to invalidating otherwise lawful and legitimate but excessive regulatory deprivations of property. The goal is to identify remedies that allow courts to uphold the regulatory measure and simultaneously balance out the excessive regulatory burden it imposes on property owners. One alternative solution is to transform the excessive regulatory measure into expropriation and require the state to pay compensation to the affected owner. This approach is referred to as constructive expropriation. However, in view of the Constitutional Court’s approach to and the wording of section 25 it seems unlikely that it will adopt constructive expropriation as a solution. Another alternative solution is for the legislature to include a statutory provision for compensation in the authorising statute. Examples from German, French, Dutch and Belgian law show that this approach balances out the excessive regulatory burden and allows courts to uphold the otherwise lawful and legitimate but excessive regulatory statute without judicially transforming the deprivation into expropriation. An overview of South African law indicates that there is legislation that includes non-expropriatory compensation provisions. In cases where the regulatory statute does not contain a compensation provision, the courts might consider reading such a duty to pay compensation into the legislation or awarding constitutional damages. In conclusion, it is possible for the state to deprive owners of property in a manner that may result in an excessive regulatory burden being suffered by one or a small group of property owners if the regulatory purpose is necessary in the public interest, provided that the legislature explicitly or implicitly provides for non-expropriatory compensation in the regulatory statute.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Artikel 25 van die Suid Afrikaanse Grondwet magtig en stel grense daar vir twee regmatige vorme van regulerende staatsinmenging met eiendom, naamlik ontneming en onteiening. Die fokus van hierdie proefskrif is op die vereiste in artikel 25(1) dat geen wet arbitrêre ontneming van eiendom mag toelaat nie. Volgens die Grondwetlike Hof is ŉ ontneming arbitrêr as daar nie ŉ voldoende rede daarvoor is nie. Die Hof het faktore gelys wat oorweeg moet word om te bepaal of daar ŉ voldoende verhouding bestaan tussen die doel wat die staat met ontneming van eiendom nastreef en die regulerende maatreël wat vir die doel gebruik word. Die uitkoms van die toets vir arbitrêre ontneming hang af van die hersieningsstandaard wat die howe in ŉ spesifieke geval gebruik. Die standaard wissel van ŉ redelikheidstoets tot ŉ proporsionaliteitstoets. ŉ Ontneming wat ŉ oormatige swaar las op een of ŉ beperkte groep eienaars plaas sal waarskynlik arbitrêr en teenstrydig met artikel 25(1) wees. Die howe se benadering is om ongrondwetlike ontnemings van eiendom ongeldig te verklaar, maar dit is nie altyd geregverdig om toelaatbare en andersins regmatige ontnemings wat ŉ oormatige las op sommige eienaars plaas ongeldig te verklaar nie. Die ongeldigverklaring van wetgewing wat ŉ oormatige ontneming magtig mag soms ook nutteloos wees en nie ŉ gepaste remedie wees om die eienaar se regte te herstel nie. Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om die geskiktheid van alternatiewe oplossings tot die ongeldigverklaring van andersins regmatige maar oormatige ontnemings van eiendom te ondersoek Die doel is om remedies te identifiseer wat die howe toelaat om regulerende ontnemings in stand te hou en terselfdertyd die oormatige las op enkele eienaars uit te balanseer. Een alternatiewe oplossing is om die oormatige ontneming te omskep in onteiening en die staat sodoende te verplig om aan die eienaar vergoeding te betaal. Hierdie benadering staan bekend as konstruktiewe onteiening. Gegewe die Grondwetlike Hof se benadering tot en die bewoording van artikel 25 is dit onwaarskynlik dat die howe konstruktiewe ontneming as ŉ oplossing sal aanvaar. ŉ Ander alternatiewe oplossing is vir die wetgewer om ŉ statutêre bepaling vir vergoeding in die magtigende wetgewing in te voeg. Voorbeelde uit die Duitse, Franse, Nederlandse en Belgiese reg toon aan dat hierdie benadering ŉ oormatige las kan uitbalanseer en die howe toelaat om die andersins geldige en regmatige ontneming in stand te hou sonder om dit in onteiening te omskep. ŉ Oorsig van Suid Afrikaanse reg dui aan dat daar wetgewing bestaan wat wel voorsiening maak vir sodanige vergoeding. In gevalle waar die magtigende wetgewing nie vergoeding voorsien nie kan die howe oorweeg om ŉ vergoedingsplig in die wet in te lees of om grondwetlike vergoeding toe te ken. Hierdie proefskrif kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat dit grondwetlik moontlik is vir die staat om eienaars van eiendom te ontneem op ŉ wyse wat soms daartoe kan lei dat enkele eienaars ŉ oormatige swaar las moet dra, mits die ontneming ŉ belangrike openbare doel dien en die wetgewer uitdruklik of implisiet voorsiening maak vir vergoeding.

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3

Mengilli, Isildak Funda. "State, Property Owners And Barter System In Conservation Field." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612833/index.pdf.

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A conservation approach developed without considering the conflicts and inequalities of political, economic and social fields can not achieve that purpose of conservation of historical and cultural values as well as engendering conflicts within relations of property relations-conservation field, social justice-conservation field and tensions between relations of property owners in areas planned to be conserved &ndash
and- state. Justified as a preference of transferring from private to public ownership of the areas those should be conserved and as a tool for solution of problems arising from restrictions on property rights of property owners, the &lsquo
barter&rsquo
system, on the one hand is becoming dysfunctional because of the contradictions between legal regulations and implementation practices, is used as a tool for production rents in reaction to the vulnerability to economic and political speculative pressures
on the other hand as being a sensitive system to inequalities in society, it deepens the disadvantageous state of property owners and produces tensions between conservation field-property owners-and-state
accordingly the justified purpose can not be realized. These findings constituting the focus of the study, verifies the necessity to reproduce the policies at &lsquo
barter&rsquo
system, justified as a conservation tool and a tool to solve the inequality problems produced while performing the conservation aim, and policies of conservation field as well.

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4

Hodson, P. D. "Magnetic property control in ferromagnetic amorphous alloys." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373248.

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5

Pindoria, Ravji Dhanji. "Microstructure-property investigations of zinc oxide varistors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8459.

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6

Soria, Dall’Orso Carlos Antonio Martín. "Understanding land tenure and the dimension of the territory: Land, territory, private property, public property and communal property." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118996.

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The author analyzes the land tenure and size of the territory and the different perspectives of understanding the property, starting with the western angle of private property, with the individualistic nuance, through public ownership with its nuance of State resources, and finally by the idea of communal property with the collectivist hue, whose ownership lies not with the individual, or the state, but on a group previously identified as culturally consolidated.
El autor realiza un análisis sobre la tenencia de la tierra y la dimensión del territorio, así como de las diferentes perspectivas de entender la propiedad, empezando por el ángulo occidental de la propiedad privada, con el matiz individualista, pasando por la propiedad pública con su matiz de recurso estatal, y, finalmente, por la idea de propiedad comunal con el matiz colectivista, cuya titularidad no recae sobre el individuo, o sobre el Estado, sino sobre un colectivo previamente identificado como culturalmente consolidado.

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7

Carrasquel, Romero Isha C. "Structure-property quantification and modeling related to crashworthiness." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07102008-140429.

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8

Tucker, Matthew Taylor. "Structure-property stress state dependent relationships under varying strain rates." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04022009-091044.

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9

Tucker, Matthew T. "STRUCTURE-PROPERTY STRESS STATE DEPENDENT RELATIONSHIPS UNDER VARYING STRAIN RATES." MSSTATE, 2009. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04022009-091044/.

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In this work, understanding the microstructural effects on stress state and strain rate dependent plasticity, damage, and failure of aluminum and magnesium alloys were examined. Several experimental techniques were employed to implement the test data into a physics-based internal state variable plasticity-damage model. Effects arising from various strain rates, stress states, and material orientations were quantified and discussed within the framework of linking microstructural features to mechanical properties. The method developed for determining structure-property relations was validated by accurately capturing the effects for a variety of materials and loading conditions. The end result is a methodology capable of predicting the onset of damage and failure for a material loaded under complex dynamic conditions.

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10

Ragauskienė, Erika. "Economic analysis of state property and the transformation of its management." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111213_150405-28458.

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Object of the research – state-owned property. Purpose of the research – to assess the condition of state property’s potential, to substantiate its valuation instruments and to suggest necessary changes to the active part of the state property management model. In the study a systemic analysis of state property concepts, classification, accounting and management was conducted and provisions for the transformation of the management strategy for property disposed of by state enterprises (important state commercial property) have been suggested.
Mokslinio darbo objektas – valstybei nuosavybės teise priklausantis turtas. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti valstybės turto potencialo būklę, pagrįsti jo vertinimo instrumentus ir numatyti būtinus valstybės turto aktyviosios dalies valdymo modelio pokyčius. Moksliniame darbe atlikta sisteminė valstybės turto sampratos, klasifikavimo, apskaitos ir valdymo analizė ir numatytos valstybės įmonių disponuojamo turto (svarbaus valstybės komercinio turto) valdymo strategijos transformacijos prielaidos.

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11

Tucker, Laura Arias. "Microstructure-property relations throughout the powder metallurgy process." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11092007-005857.

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12

Williams, Ceili. "Structure/property relationships in a polymorphic nonlinear optical crystal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314895.

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13

Craig, Aileen A. "Structure-property relationships in side chain liquid crystal polymers." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU551561.

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Knowledge-based rules relating polymer structure to thermal behaviour for side chain liquid crystal polymers are established and tested by the syntheses and characterisation of carefully selected homologous series of homo- and copolymers. The effects of the length and parity of the flexible spacer and the flexibility of the polymer backbone on thermal behaviour are considered in detail. The mesogenic properties of the poly-(4-methoxbipheny1-4'-yloxy)alkyl methacrylates are described; the clearing temperatures (Tcl) show a distinct odd-even effect while the glass transition temperatures (T g) decrease without alternation. Structural investigations of this series show that SA1 phases are exhibited. The transitional behaviour of the poly-4'-cyanobiphenyl-4'- yloxy)alkyl methacrylates shows that increasing backbone flexibility results in decreased Tgs but enhanced T cls. These trends are rationalised in terms of the ability of the anisotropic environment to confine the backbone. These empirical rules are tested using the poly-(4-methoxybiphenyl-4'-yloxy)alkyl acrylates. It is expected that the polyacrylate-based series will exhibit higher Tcls than the corresponding polymethacrylate-based series. The odd members of this series, however, display anomalously low T cls. This behaviour suggests that for the polyacrylates, the clearing transition is entropically driven whereas for the polymethacrylates it is enthalpically driven. The thermal and mechanical behaviour of the poly-(4-cyanoazaobenzene-4'-oxy)alkyl methacrylates are studied. The Tgs lie intermediate between those of the analogous methoxybiphenyl- and cyanobiphenyl-bases series. This is rationalised in terms of the smectic phase structure and the interaction strength parameter between mesogens. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis detects a weak relaxation for members of this series which is considered to be associated with 180° reorientational jumps of the long axis of the mesogenic unit about the polymer backbone.

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14

Stubbs, Cherrie. "The state of tenure : Extending owner occupation on Wearside." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5876/.

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This thesis considers the changing social relations of tenure in Britain as state interventions increasingly sponsor home ownership as the norm for working-class family households. These intervention are highlighted through four case studies of low-cost ownership on Nearside, illustrating different facets of the extension of ownership. The early chapters discuss orthodox Marxist, Weberian and Feminist accounts of tenure, and indicate that the material and ideological realities associated with different tenure forms need to be placed in an historical context. Further, it is suggested that changes in tenure relations can best be understood by employing the idea of a housing cohort. This enables the analyst to explore tenure in the context of households' relationships to changing local housing and labour markets. It highlights the materiality of space and time in constraining tenure experience. The empirical chapters that follow explore working-class housing in Sunderland within this framework. After an historical account of the linkages between housing markets and labour markets in the area, two locales are examined in detail to reveal the changing patterns of tenure in the private sector in the early part of the twentieth century. This examination highlights the mutability of tenure forms within the private sector. The following four chapters report on survey work undertaken in order to explore the changing meanings of tenure as the drive to recommodification extended ownership to new kinds of households. The experience of different kinds of ownership (outright ownership, mortgage holding, equity sharing) in four different locales (ex-council estates, older terrace housing, new- build inner city locations, and a suburban new build scheme) enables comparisons to be made between the variable impacts of different kinds of marginal ownership on Wearside. The emerging contradictions in each of the four locales are outlined, and the interconnected nature of council tenancy and ownership stressed. Finally, an attempt is made to explore further the usefulness of a cohort analysis in understanding the restructuring of tenure relations.

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15

Burgess, Rodney Durrant. "The state and self-help building in Pereira, Colombia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295170.

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16

Moorhead, Richard McCrae. "Structural chaos : community and state management of common property in Mali." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306725.

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17

Deazle, Adrian Sebastian. "Structure, property and modelling studies of a linear epoxy polymer." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842741/.

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The aim of this thesis was to build an atomistic model based on experimental information and to use simulation methodologies and theories to determine the mechanical and physical properties of a linear epoxy polymer. The atomistic behaviour of the polymer was studied during the property determining simulations, in an attempt to gain fundamental atomistic information. The introductory chapter 1 is made up of four parts. The first section is a very general introduction to polymer science giving a newcomer to the field an appreciation of the concepts used, while the second section introduces the chemistry of epoxy resins and their commercial uses. The third section is a very brief introduction to how molecular modelling can be used to bridge the gap between experimental and theoretical studies, while the final section reiterates the aims, and outlines how the research was conducted. The characterisation of a linear epoxy polymer by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods is described in chapter 2. The physical and mechanical property tests were also conducted and the results were coupled to structural information. The main object of this section was to quantify the relationship of the physical properties with the degree of cure. The concept, methodologies and techniques of molecular modelling are introduced and discussed in greater detail in chapter 3. To demonstrate the modelling techniques used, the mechanical properties of simple polyethylene-like models were studied and compared with experimental data. Chapter 4 characterises the structure of the linear epoxy polymer using representative atomistic models which were based on structural information from chapter 2. Additional crystallographic data was used to validate the force field parameters used in the modelling studies, to justify the motions of the molecular chain, and to qualitatively quantify the response of linear chains to stress and temperature. The simulation and empirical calculations for the determination of both physical and mechanical properties were calculated and are discussed in chapter 5. Comparisons were made between all three techniques; experimental, computer experiment and theory, and showed good agreement. Finally, in chapter 6, a brief summary is given of the results in previous chapters, with further discussion on the implications of these results and suggestions on possible areas of future work.

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18

Davis, Deborah D. "Strain rate effects on structure-property relationship in the rabbit patellar tendon." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-08082008-152236.

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19

Eom, Tae Ho Yinger John M. "Evaluation of New York State property tax policy administration and behavioral impacts of School Property Tax Relief (STAR) program /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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20

Tanaka, Krista Mari. "Using GIS Based Property Tax Data For Trip Generation." NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11252002-124330/.

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This project assesses the feasibility of using statistically clustered property tax data instead of windshield survey data for input into the Internal Data Summary (IDS) trip generation model used by the North Carolina Department of Transportation. The report summarizes the clustering analysis and its data requirements. To gauge clustering resource requirements for a case study application, NCSU researchers examine the Town of Pittsboro. Comparing the traffic flow outputs of the traditional modeling techniques and those resulting from the use of the clustering method to 56 ground count stations, the research finds that clustering and tradition methods yield similar results. An 85% reduction in person-hours required to gather the input data is the main benefit resulting from the use of the clustering technique. The major drawback is that advanced statistical training is required to implement the technique.

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21

Sullivan, Roger Michael. "Structure-Property Relationships of Copper(I) Tetrachloroaluminate and Related Compounds." NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04282002-181104/.

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Copper(I) tetrachloroaluminate, a metal halide analog of the corner-shared tetrahedral aluminophosphate framework materials, is exploited to explore the dynamic physical properties and reactivity of metal halide crystalline lattices. Upon irradiation with UV light, heating, or exposure to small molecule liquids and gases, CuAlCl₄ undergoes dynamic physical and chemical changes. The a- and a-CuAlCl₄ phases show brilliant blue to blue-green luminescence. The electronic structure of the CuAlCl₄ corner shared tetrahedral framework is explored by fluorimetric and diffuse reflectance measurements on the isomorphous series a-CuAlBr_xCl_4-x (x=0-4). The photoluminescence is demonstrated to be a bulk property of the electronically isolated CuCl_4/2 tetrahedra within the framework matrix. The sorption/desorption of small molecule gases further results in the reversible quenching of the photoluminescence. The a- and a-phases of CuAlCl₄ are further characterized by solid-state ²⁷Al and ⁶³Cu magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The very short spin-lattice relaxation times of the copper spins, and the sensitivity of the I=3/2 ⁶³Cu nucleus to the small differences in the local structure of Cu in the two phases, allow ⁶³Cu spectra to be acquired in very short time periods (1 minute), in which the b and a phases are clearly resolved. This time resolution is exploited to follow the phase transition from the pseudo-hexagonal close-packed b-CuAlCl₄ into the pseudo-cubic close-packed a-CuAlCl₄, which occurs above 100 ºC. In situ time-resolved ⁶³Cu MAS NMR and synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments were used to measure the kinetics of this phase transition as a function of temperature. The transformation is shown to be a first-order phase transition involving no intermediate phases with an activation energy of 138 kJ/mol. The kinetic data obey a first order Avrami-Erofe'ev rate law. A one-dimensional growth mechanism is proposed that involves a combination of Cu⁺ ion self-diffusion and a translational reorganization of the close-packed anion layers imposed by the periodic rotations of AlCl₄^- tetrahedra. Ethylene reversibly reacts with the solid phases of CuAlCl₄ to yield one and two equivalent adduct phases. Upon sorbtion the three dimensional metal halide framework is deconstructed into loosely associated one-dimensional chains, which upon desorbtion reconstruct the three-dimensional a-CuAlCl₄ framework. The structures of the adduct phases and reactive pathways that interconvert them are probed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, time-resolved in situ synchrotron powder X-ray, multinuclear solid state NMR spectroscopy, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Three crystalline phases are reported. At ambient temperature, under ethylene pressures below 100 Torr, formation of a-(C₂H₄)CuAlCl₄ and b-(C₂H₄)CuAlCl₄ is favored. When the initial pressure of ethylene is greater than 1 atmosphere, the (C₂H₄)₂CuAlCl₄ phase is observed to form without going through a one equivalent intermediate. The structure reactivity relationship of the ethylene copper aluminum chloride system suggests some general understandings of how the coordination environment of Cu(I) effects its ability to act as s-acceptor and p-donor in olefin separations and catalysis.

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22

Namgung, Chan. "Stoichiometry and property relations in the High-Tâ†c ceramic superconductors." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290177.

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High-T_c ceramic superconductors have been investigated in the Y-Ba-Cu-O and Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O systems in order to understand the relationships between stoichiometry and superconducting properties. The structural and superconducting properties of YBa₂Cu₃O_x have been investigated for a wide range of stoichiometries (6< x< 7). Results showed that large discrepancies occur between the temperature of the orthorhombic-tetragonal transition determined at high temperatures and reported in the literature from that found in samples quenched into mercury from different temperatures. This is because for intermediate x values (6.41< x< 6.5), samples appear to undergo a non-quenchable transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic during cooling which is not associated with oxygen uptake. Anomalies in the composition dependence of the c lattice parameter occur and may be associated with creation of vacancies in the 0(4) sites that separate the copper-oxygen planes and chains. Pelleted samples of YBa₂Cu₃O_x which were quenched into mercury after equilibration at high temperatures, showed no evidence of im90 K and im60 K plateaux in plots of T_c against x. Also, their T_c values were 15-25 K lower than those reported for samples prepared by low temperature reduction. For a given x, the T_c values were insensitive to quench temperature, as shown by preparing samples with the same x at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. T_c was also unaffected by subsequent annealing in Ar at 300-350^oC. The absence of T_c plateaux and the reduced T_c values in quenched samples may be associated with the occurrence of oxygen vacancies in the (0 0 z) positions which effectively act as mobile-hole traps. The x-ray powder patterns of Bi2212 and Bi2223 phases have been identified and fully indexed using a pseudo-tetragonal subcell with a = 5.408, c = 30.83 A and an incommensurate supercell with reciprocal lattice vector, q^*, given by q^{* =} 0.211b^* - c^* and using an orthorhombic subcell a = 5.410, b = 5.420 and c = 37.29 A, with q^{* =} 0.210b^* - 0.78c^*, respectively. An area of 2212 based solid solution formation given by the formula Bi₂Sr_2-xCa_1+yCu₂O₈₊, where O< y< 0.3 and O< x&60 0.3, was obtained. Oxygen nonstoichiometry in YBa₂Cu₃O_x and Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x has been investigated using a number of thermogravimetric and titrimetric techniques. For Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x samples prepared in air at 850^oC and air quenched, the total oxygen content was found to be 8.19 O per formula unit. Titrimetric measurements showed that there were two components to the oxygen excess. One, 0.14 O, led to oxygen evolution on dissolution; the other, 0.05 O, retained its high oxidation state on dissolution. Thermogravimetric measurements also showed that the oxygen excess consists of these two components. One part, 0.06 O per formula unit, could be removed by heating in air at temperatures just below melting and easily reduced by hydrogen. The remainder, 0.13, was more difficult to remove, persisting after most of the bismuth and copper in the oxide had been reduced to the metals by hydrogen. The two components of oxygen excess are thought to reflect the nature of the band which contains 0.19 holes per formula unit with 2/3 Cu³⁺ and 1/30_2^2- character. In YBa₂Cu₃O_x, T_c varies by about 10 K for each 0.1 change in oxygen content whereas in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x, the T_c sensitivity to oxygen content is about an order of magnitude greater. A maximum in T_c, 87 K, was observed for an oxygen content, x, of 0.178 + 0.016 in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x. This stoichiometry was achieved by, for instance, annealing in air at im820^oC or in nitrogen at im400^oC. For higher and lower x, T_c decreases. No structural changes associated with these changes in oxygen content could be detected. Variations in T_c for Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x appear to be associated with changes in carrier concentration, whereas in YBa₂Cu₃O_x, T_c depends on both carrier concentration and structural changes, which are closely linked.

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23

Huang, Gang. "CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPERTY STUDIES OF CYANATE ESTER/ORGANOCLAY NOCOMPOSITES." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07072006-162122/.

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Five series of PT-30/organoclay (Cloisite 10A, Cloisite 30B, Nanomer I.28E, Nanomer I.30E and Nanomer I.44PA) composites were prepared and characterized. The dispersion of clay tactoids in PT-30 resin was studied by XRD and TEM. XRD analyses determined that the d-spacings of each nanoclays of these were expanded upon dispersing in the PT-30 matrix versus the as-received clay. TEM micrographs further demonstrated that the intercalation of clay layers by PT-30 occurred during the curing process. Histograms of clay tactoids distributions were generated based on the combination of XRD and TEM results. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of selected PT-30/clay composites were measured by DSC and compared. Partial clay exfoliation with some resin intercalation was demonstrated. The average flexural strengths and flexural moduli of all composites were obtained using three-point bending tests.

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24

Forni, Nadia. "Herders, common property and the state in the Abruzzi highlands of Italy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262714.

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25

Yang, Yankai. "Structure and Property Relationship of Oriented Polymers by Solid- State Cross-Rolling." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1296526882.

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26

McNeill, John. "Decentralisation of state housing : political economy of council housing in inner London." Thesis, University of Essex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277855.

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Jackson, Shannon Marie. "FINAL Microstructure-Property Study of Cu1-xTax Thin Films." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-01032007-194157/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Tjia, Yin Nor. "Explaining railway reform in China : a train of property rights re-arrangements /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202008%20TJIA.

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Chadwick, Marcus J. D. "The Overseas Private Investment Corporation: Political Risk Insurance, Property Rights and State Sovereingty." University of Sydney. (Faculty of Economics and Business), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1857.

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Doctor of Philosophy
This thesis is concerned with the role of the United States investment insurance agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), in enforcing property and contract rights on behalf of United States (U.S.) infrastructure investors, pursuant to the deregulation of infrastructure markets across the developing world. Drawing on evidence from two recent high profile breach of regulatory contract disputes between OPIC insured U.S. energy companies and Indonesia and India respectively, the thesis finds that while legalized modes of dispute settlement have proliferated, the ‘rules of the game’— their efficacy in delimiting outcomes—emerge as a function of state power and interests, as states undertake to enforce or resist legal obligations. Second, and contrary to the image of U.S. foreign economic policy-makers as beholden to corporate interests, the thesis finds that the agency’s transformation from ‘aid to trade’ as underpinned the expansion of U.S. infrastructure investors to the developing world during the 1990s was driven by state officials consistent with evolving conceptions of U.S. national interests, central to which was the desire to expand markets for U.S. foreign investors and capital goods exporters. In this regard, the transformation of developing country infrastructure markets and the shift in the modes of resolving investor-state expropriation disputes as but one element of economic globalization and the ‘legalization’ of dispute settlement respectively are revealed as a function of U.S. material interests and power at the point of enforcement. The thesis contends, however, that the changes observed reflect not only U.S. power and interests but a specifically American conception of private property and contract rights so as to reveal OPIC investment insurance as a conduit for the diffusion of shifting property norms concerning regulatory taking (expropriation) from the United States to the world economy at large.

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Stoltzfus, Matthew W. "Structure-property relationships in solid state materials a computational approach emphasizing chemical bonding /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1190087366.

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Chadwick, Marcus. "The Overseas Private Investment Corporation political risk insurance, property rights and state sovereignty /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1857.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Discipline of Government and International Relations, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Sydney, 2007.
Title from title screen (viewed 16th July, 2007). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Discipline of Government and International Relations, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Sydney. Degree awarded 2007; thesis submitted 2006. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

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32

Donakowski, Martin Daniel. "Syntheses, Local Environments, and Structure-Property Relationships of Solid- State Vanadium Oxide-Fluorides." Thesis, Northwestern University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3615500.

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Vanadium oxide-fluorides can exhibit properties of piezoelectricity, second harmonic generation (SHG) activity, electrochemical activity, and other phenomena. The first two properties derive from the second-order and Jahn-Teller distortions, respectively, of d⁰ and d¹ vanadium; the electrochemistry derives from the reduction of V^V to V^IV,III,II.

An examination of the immediate environment of a vanadium cation facilitates an understanding of how a cation influences the structure of a compound and its resulting properties. In the inorganic hydrate CuVOF₄(H₂O)₇, the CuVOF₄(H₂O)₆ basic-building unit (BBU) has a Λ-shape that compels polar packing in a structure that has SHG properties. The compound is a very rare example of a carbonless, SHG-active molecular crystal. Influences for its packing are reasoned with principles previously used within organic molecular crystallography.

The early transition metals (ETMs) of vanadium, niobium, and molybdenum within compounds of formulae K₁₀(M₂O_nF_11-n)X (M = V^V, Nb^V, n = 2, M = Mo^VI, n = 4; X = halide) show a related packing motif of Λ-shaped BBUs in different structures. Owing to the absence or presence of Λ-shaped BBUs, these heterotypical structures crystallize decidedly into SHG-inactive or SHG-active forms when M = V^V or M = Nb^V, Mo^VI, respectively. The future use and development of Λ-shaped BBUs within solid-state systems can result in SHG-active materials.

The material CuVOF₄(H₂O)₇ presents an interesting coordination: the late transition metal (LTM, Cu^II) coordinates solely to the oxide anion of the vanadyl cation owing to hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) properties. The materials Na₂[M(H₂O)₂][V₂O₄F₆] (M^II = Co, Ni, Cu) show the LTM coordinates solely to the oxide anions of the V^V cation while the alkali cation (Na^I) coordinates solely to the fluoride anions. These HSAB properties were used to generate layers of hard or soft cation/anion rich regions in the electrochemically-active double wolframite AgNa(VO₂F₂)₂.

These structure-property examinations of solid state vanadium oxide-fluorides are presented as principles for (i) fundamental understanding of ETM and BBU crystallographic environments, (ii) materials discovery for fundamental investigations, (iii) materials design, and (iv) materials for use in SHG, piezoelectric, and electrochemical processes.

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Al-Hinai, Abdullah Ali. "Intellectual property rights : international arrangements and a case study of a Gulf State." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611998.

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Hong, Young-Rae. "Structure-Property Relationships for Electron Transfer Kinetics in Metal Tris(bipyridine) Core Dendrimers." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07062005-123630/.

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Structure property relationship in the redox-active core dendrimers were systematically studied by probing the rate and driving force for electron transfer. An isostructural series of redox-active, metal tris(bipyridine) core dendrimers were synthesized for this purpose. Various synthetic routes were attempted to introduce the bulky dendritic moieties to the bipyridine units with high yields. Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics was studied by electrochemical methods. In the second generation of these dendrimers, a large attenuation of electron transfer rate was observed qualitatively. A newly designed thin layer electrode was constructed and utilized to study heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics in the second generation dendrimers. In the finite condition, the slow heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics in second generation dendrimers could be studied by computer simulation. Homogeneous electron self-exchange kinetics was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The rate attenuation of electron transfer with dendrimer generation was not the same as the behavior found in heterogeneous, electrochemical electron transfer rate determinations. While a large attenuation was observed between the zeroth and first generation, the attenuation of electron transfer between the first and second generation was insignificant. This was rationalized by the concept of core mobility. The redox core in slow exchange limit can move in a non-rate limiting fashion toward a neighboring redox core with the result that the structural effect of the dendrimer is reduced and electron transfer is facilitated in larger dendrimers. For further studies, thermodynamic activation parameters were also obtained by variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance studies.

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Babu, Pasumarthy Venkata Subhash Chandra. "Common property resource management in Haryana State, India : analysis of the impact of participation in the management of common property resources and the relative effectiveness of common property regimes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/26177.

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Common lands in Haryana State, India, have suffered severe degradation, continuous erosion and are becoming transformed to open access regimes due to increasing population pressure. This has resulted in environmental damage on a wide scale and reduced welfare of the inhabitants of the region. Realising the enormity of the problem and the critical need to initiate action for greening the common lands, the government and the people came together to establish a participatory planning and development process at the village level. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effectiveness of participation in managing common property resources. This was undertaken in two phases, firstly through analysis of empirical social and biological data, and secondly through the development of a mathematical model. Specific hypotheses addressed were: i) it is possible to define specific circumstances wherein the common property protects the natural resource base effectively; ii) there exists a level of complementarity between common property resources and private property resources in the case study area; iii) that socio-economic and cultural factors favour converting open-access regimes to common property rather than to private property. People's participation level was estimated after conducting a survey of 15 villages in Haryana. The survey results are used to examine institutional development and the government's role as an enabler in establishing the common property regime. The results of the case study show that clear benefits may be derived from common property regimes, and are used to examine institutional development at the village level. A composite resource condition index is developed in order to measure the success of village institutions. The mechanisms and processes involved in assisting local people to establish common property regimes are also discussed. A mathematical programming model incorporating household dynamics and their interactions with both common property resources and private property resources is developed and scoping studies are conducted to analyse the impact of participation in the management of common property resources and the relative effectiveness of common property regimes.

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36

Mwesigye, Ian Kananura. "What issues facilitate and constrain the use of value capture mechanisms by the state in Uganda : case study of Kampala-Entebbe Express Highway." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24290.

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The purpose of the research was to examine the issues that constrain and facilitate the use of value capture mechanisms by the state in Uganda. Considering that limited research had been undertaken on value capture in Uganda, an exploratory case study approach was used to identify and investigate the issues associated with the use of value capture in Uganda. The identified case study was the Kampala-Entebbe Express Highway. The methodology involved collection of data using the survey method and desktop review of relevant documentation. The survey method was conducted using face to face interviews with carefully selected respondents that were knowledgeable in the subject matter of the research. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. The qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis with the assistance of Nvivo, a qualitative data analysis tool while descriptive statistics was used to analyse the quantitative data. The findings of the research showed that value is created from the provision of public transport infrastructure. However, there are issues that may constrain the capture of this created value. These included insufficient valuation of land parcels and registration of land ownership, the existing land tenure system, gaps in the policy and legal framework and insufficient institutional capacity.

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37

Mitullah, Winnie V. "State policy and urban housing in Kenya : the case of low income housing in Nairobi." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9809/.

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Bekele, Melaku. "Forest property rights, the role of the state, and institutional exigency : the Ethiopian experience /." Uppsala : Dept. of Rural Development Studies, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a409-ab.html.

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39

Josiah-Aryeh, Nii Armah. "Family, property and the state in Ghana : changing customary law in an urban setting." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243955.

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40

Bukkvoll, Tor. "The State as Purpose, the State as Property : National and Private Interests in the Foreign Policies of Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-555.

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This doctoral dissertation discusses the willingness of political leaders in illiberal democracies to put national interests before private and factional interests in their foreign policy. Thus, the dissertation examines one variety of a fundamental question underlying much of political science: What do politicians want? Are they in office to pursue private and/or factional interests, or are they in office to enhance national interests?

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41

Cui, Xiang-Yuan. "DFT study for Al3On (n=0-5) clusters and magnetic property of YCo3/H crystal systems." Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272698.

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42

Bunton, Martin P. "The role of private property in the British administration of Palestine, 1917-1936." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244156.

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43

McCormack, P. "State housing policy and administration: planning or crisis response : An analysis of housing investment programme underspending in Wales." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355920.

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Riley, Elizabeth. "State intervention and market relations in squatter settlements : the case of an upgrading project in Rio de Janeiro." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313463.

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Richmond, P. R. "The State and the role of the housing association sector in rural areas : a case study in Devon." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354930.

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46

Sakavičius, Justas. "Problematics of property trust law in Lithuania." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120118_103532-96991.

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This dissertation is the first study in Lithuania to analyse Lithuanian trust of property law. Up to now, no one in legal studies has made any complex academic attempt to examine the genesis of property trust law, to discuss the characteristics of subjects and objects of this property trust law or to identify the most commonly occurring problems. There has been neither any thorough academic study concerning the sub-institutions of property trust law, i.e. the right to hold public property or private property in trust. The aim of the research is to comprehensively and systematically analyse, using foreign examples for comparison, the Lithuanian property trust law model, studying the aforementioned property law both as a coherent institution and as an amalgamation of two legal institutions intended for realisation of public and private ownership respectively. The dissertation also aims to reveal certain theoretical and practical issues and deficiencies in the regulation of property trust law in Lithuania, suggesting ways of filling gaps in Lithuanian law on both public and private property trust cases.
Ši disertacija yra pirmasis tyrimas Lietuvoje, analizuojantis Lietuvos turto patikėjimo teisę. Lietuvos teisės moksle iki šiol nebuvo nei vieno kompleksinio mokslinio bandymo, tirti turto patikėjimo teisės prigimtį, aptarti šios daiktinės teisės objektus, subjektų ypatumus, įvardinti dažniausiai pasitaikančias problemas. Nėra išsamių mokslinių tyrimų ir dėl turto patikėjimo teisės atskirų subinstitutų, t. y. dėl viešojo bei privataus turto patikėjimo teisės. Šio tyrimo tikslas yra išsamiai ir sistemiškai, remiantis užsienio teisės patirtimi, išanalizuoti Lietuvos turto patikėjimo teisės modelį, tiriant minėtą daiktinę tiek kaip vientisą institutą, tiek kaip dviejų teisinių institutų, skirtų viešosios bei privačios nuosavybės įgyvendinimui, samplaiką, atskleidžiant teorines bei praktines turto patikėjimo teisės reglamentavimo Lietuvoje problemas ir trūkumus, pasiūlant teisinio reglamentavimo spragų užpildymo būdus tiek viešojo, tiek privataus turto patikėjimo teisės atvejams.

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Knudsen, Jesper. "Structure-property relations at the antiferroelectric/ferrolectric phase boundary in undoped and La doped Pb(Zr,Ti)Oâ†3." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247200.

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48

Smith, Jennifer Connor. "Structure-property relationships for alternatively stiff and flexible redox-active dendrimers of the type, [Fe4S4(S-Dend)4]p̲2-." Raleigh, NC : North Carolina State University, 1999. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/etd/public/etd-3419114109943070/etd.pdf.

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49

Ragauskienė, Erika. "Valstybės turto ekonominė analizė ir valdymo transformacija." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111213_150357-56795.

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Mokslinio darbo objektas – valstybei nuosavybės teise priklausantis turtas. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti valstybės turto potencialo būklę, pagrįsti jo vertinimo instrumentus ir numatyti būtinus valstybės turto aktyviosios dalies valdymo modelio pokyčius. Moksliniame darbe atlikta sisteminė valstybės turto sampratos, klasifikavimo, apskaitos ir valdymo analizė ir numatytos valstybės įmonių disponuojamo turto (svarbaus valstybės komercinio turto) valdymo strategijos transformacijos prielaidos.
Object of the research – state-owned property. Purpose of the research – to assess the condition of state property’s potential, to substantiate its valuation instruments and to suggest necessary changes to the active part of the state property management model. In the study a systemic analysis of state property concepts, classification, accounting and management was conducted and provisions for the transformation of the management strategy for property disposed of by state enterprises (important state commercial property) have been suggested.

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50

Kim, Young-soo. "Crystallization and Solid-State Transformation of Pseudopolymorphic Forms of Sodium Naproxen." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7212.

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Incorporation of water molecules in the crystal structure of an organic compound has strong effects on its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the study on stability of water-incorporated pharmaceutical compounds and mechanisms of hydration and dehydration is very important for the pharmaceutical industries. The main goals of the present research project were quantitative description of the crystallization and solid-state transformations of pseudopolymorphs of sodium naproxen in order to provide fundamental information concerning stability of the pseudopolymorphic forms. Furthermore, macroscopic phenomena of size reduction and anisotropic water-removal by dehydration were rationalized by microscopic aspects of crystal lattice structures. The heats of solution for each pseudopolymorph were estimated by fitting the solubility data with the vant Hoff equation, and their use was extended by the thermodynamic cycle developed in the present study. According to the thermodynamic cycle, for an enantiotropic system, a form with a lower degree of hydration always has the lower heat of solution than a form with a higher degree of hydration, implying that a form with a lower degree of hydration is more stable. The relative stabilities of the dihydrated, the monohydrated, and the anhydrous sodium naproxen at 0% relative humidity were investigated by dehydration of the dihydrated form and powder X-ray diffraction. The monohydrate is more stable than the dihydrate and the result was supported by isothermal TGA experiments. This research explained why powder-like crystals of the anhydrous sodium naproxen were produced by dehydration of hydrated forms. The surfaces of the dehydrated crystals displayed cracks aligned along the b-axis of the monohydrate. These cracks made the anhydrous crystals, which were produced from the monohydrated species, very brittle and, eventually, such crystals were disrupted into much smaller entities. In addition, the existence of water channels in the unit cells of the monohydrate facilitates the dehydration in a direction more rapidly, especially, along the b-axis of the monohydrate. Rapid removal of water in a specific direction caused anisotropic dehydration.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'State of property'

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