Academic literature on the topic 'State of the enterprise's activity'

The article explores theoretical and applied aspects of increasing the efficiency of managing the foreign economic activity (FEA) of enterprises in modern geopolitical conditions. The types and mechanism of state regulation of FEA are disclosed, the main approaches to managing the foreign economic activity of an enterprise (systemic, situational, process, functional, project, marketing, reproducible, security-oriented) are developed, a model of the organizational and economic mechanism of strategic management of foreign economic activity at the enterprise level is proposed, which includes 8 blocks. Methods of strategic analysis of the enterprise's foreign economic activity are considered and it is proven that the economic justification of decisions made regarding the effective management of the enterprise's foreign economic activity is carried out by calculating economic efficiency indicators.

The article examines the scientific approaches of Ukrainian scientists in the analysis of the main financial and economic indicators of enterprise activity, financial management, the financial state of construction enterprises, as well as the state and features of the development of the construction industry. It was established that issues related to the effective management of financial resources of construction enterprises and the nature of their adoption should be deeply studied and researched, with the aim of more perfect systematization, improvement and generalization in modern business conditions. The concept of the financial state of the enterprise, its essence and tasks are revealed. The importance of the financial and economic assessment of the construction enterprise's activity, the purpose of such an assessment and directions are determined. It has been proven that financial and economic analysis is the foundation for building a financial management system for a construction enterprise. The main groups of financial and economic indicators of the company's activity were analyzed, and their classification was provided. The importance of conducting an analysis of liquidity indicators, profitability indicators and financial stability indicators at the enterprise to determine the efficiency of any enterprise, in particular construction, is substantiated. It was established that in the financial and economic evaluation of the activity of a construction enterprise, a cost analysis is mandatory, which is carried out to evaluate the results of the enterprise's activity and rational management of profit and the vital activity of the enterprise largely depends on the degree of providing financial profit with resources and the degree of profit achieved in the process cost formation. It is well-founded that the final results of the work of any enterprise are evaluated by the level of economic activity of the enterprise, that is, the total amount of profit per unit of resources. Measures are proposed to improve the component processes of conducting and ensuring the analysis and assessment of the financial and economic status of construction enterprises and the requirements for the organizational and economic support of these processes are defined.

Goal. To study the main factors of making business decisions at enterprises. Method. The method of studying and summarizing information, the general theory of systems and system analysis were used for research. The results. The article examines changes in economic decision-making based on the factors of the micro- and macro-environment of enterprises that influence these decisions during martial law, and compares them with pre-war factors. The authors of the article analyze on the basis of statistical data the change in approaches to enterprise management, highlight the main problems and tasks of enterprise development with their comparison over time. Reasoned position of the authors regarding the improvement of strategic planning of the enterprise. Scientific novelty. Tools for improving economic decisions at enterprises of various types under the conditions of resource limitation to achieve the desired economic state of the enterprise, taking into account the planned and actual results of the enterprise's activities during the pre-war and martial law periods, are proposed. Practical significance. The conclusions made in this article can be used by entrepreneurs for the analysis of the formed business decisions and their adoption.

Subject. Business activity of the enterprise, profitability of the enterprise, factors influencing these economic categories. Goal. To analyze the theoretical provisions on the factors affecting the indicators of business activity and profitability of the enterprise, and to identify factors common to these economic categories. Methods and methodology. To study the factors of business activity and profitability, special emphasis was placed on the method of analyzing literature relevant to the subject of research, the method of studying and summarizing the works of authors of domestic and foreign practice. Results of the work. The conducted analytical analysis allowed us to draw conclusions about the insufficient study of the issue of general factors affecting the business activity and profitability of the enterprise. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the main general factors influencing the state of the enterprise's business activity and the level of profitability of the enterprise's activities are formulated.

The article presents a structural model of the system of analysis and evaluation of the enterprise's commercial activity. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical and methodological principles and applied aspects of modeling the process of analysis and evaluation of the enterprise's commercial activity. The purpose of the work is to justify the structural model of analysis and evaluation of commercial activity on the example of a wholesale trade enterprise. The methodological basis of the article. To achieve the goal and solve the tasks set in the research, a complex of general scientific and applied research methods was used: the method of analysis and synthesis, modeling, analytical planning and forecasting, the rating method, economic and mathematical methods, statistical methods. Work results. The scientific-methodical principles and practical tools for organizing and conducting control, analysis and evaluation of commercial activity in the system of economic activity of enterprises have been summarized and systematized. A structural and logical model of the analysis and evaluation system of the enterprise's commercial activity has been developed. Based on the calculation of generalized indicators of the analysis and scenarios of the future development of the commercial activity of the wholesale trade enterprise, the conclusions and recommendations for increasing the efficiency of the commercial activity of this enterprise are substantiated. Field of application of results. The theoretical provisions presented in the article made it possible to formulate proposals of a scientific and practical nature regarding the application of the model of the system of analysis and evaluation of the commercial activity of enterprises in the process of optimizing their economic activity. Conclusions. The management of economic activity is inextricably linked with the system of commercial activity and with the system of its analysis and control, which makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the commercial activity of the enterprise. The presented model of the system of analysis and assessment of commercial activity allows, on the basis of simple calculations, according to the proposed algorithm, to assess the state of commercial activity and directions for its optimization in the system of strategic planning and forecasting of enterprises.

In the conditions of market instability, competitive pressure, financial crises and other external and internal challenges, an important component of the stability and development of the enterprise is economic security, which is the subject of research in the article. It was found that the assessment of economic security helps to adapt to the existing conditions and gives the ability to quickly eliminate various threats, which ensures the stable operation of the enterprise. The study of literature sources revealed that there are many methods for assessing the economic security of enterprises, but one of the most effective is the indicator approach. This approach is based on the analysis and interpretation of a number of key indicators that allow determining the state of various areas of the enterprise. The indicator approach is a systematic approach to assessing economic security by analyzing a set of indicators that reflect the state of the enterprise in key areas of its activity. Indicators are quantitative indicators that characterize the state of individual spheres of the enterprise's functioning and allow to evaluate them as a whole. The indicator approach is universal and can be adapted to the specifics of various industries and enterprises. This makes it an effective tool for a wide range of enterprises, regardless of their size, structure or field of activity. The assessment of economic security through indicators allows enterprise managers to make more accurate and well-founded management decisions, which contributes to strengthening their resistance to external and internal challenges. The application of the indicator approach not only increases the sustainability of the enterprise in the short term, but also contributes to the development of long-term strategies that take into account both current and future risks. The indicator approach allows for a comprehensive and systematic assessment of the state of economic security and covers key aspects of the enterprise's activity - financial, production, personnel, legal and other areas. This provides a deep understanding of the current state of the enterprise and its vulnerabilities. Depending on the significance of the threats and the subjective preferences of the authors and the specifics of the industry, the choice and method of grouping indicators for assessing the level of economic security of the enterprise differ significantly.

The article presents the results of the research of theoretical foundations and specifies the content of the principles of modeling the assessment of the company's activity using a balanced system of indicators. The methodological provisions for modeling the assessment of the enterprise's activity are substantiated. It is recommended to include the following provisions in the list of methodological provisions: 1) content essence; 2) categorical basis; 3) hierarchical structure; 4) feature space; 5) multicriteria; 6) comparative analysis; 7) specification of models; 8) development of strategies; 9) improving the development of a management decision. The proposed theoretical and methodological support for modeling the assessment of the enterprise's activity based on balanced scorecard allows to assess the state and development of the enterprise's activity, identify factors for increasing its efficiency, and form decisions regarding strategic management in each type of activity at the enterprise.

The enterprise's capital is the basis of its activities, the basis for the formation of proper financial and property support of economic activity and the bedrock of financial autonomy, solvency, and stability. An important area of financial management in the enterprise is capital management, which includes essential areas such as selecting and prioritizing capital sources, ensuring consistency of capital cost with profitability, structuring and optimizing the composition and volume of capital. The paper is devoted to studying enterprise capital's economic essence and its management's theoretical foundations as a sufficient component of financial management and financial work in the enterprise. The paper presents the analysis of scientific and methodological approaches to interpreting the essence of the concept of «capital» and «enterprise capital». The paper substantiates that the enterprise's capital is a set of monetary, tangible and intangible assets, mobilized from various sources and involved in operational and investment processes to generate income and maximize the market value. The enterprise's capital as the main source of maximum profit, profitability, and financial stability requires effective management through the application of a system of principles and methods of development and implementation of management decisions related to its optimal formation and ensuring its effective use in various economic activities. The enterprise's capital management mechanism includes a system of regulation of financial activity of the enterprise, a system of external support of financial activity of the enterprise, a system of financial levers, a system of financial methods, and a system of financial instruments. The system of regulation of the enterprise's financial activity, in turn, includes the state regulatory legal regulation, market and internal mechanisms of regulation of financial activity of the enterprise in the part of capital management.

The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic requires modern enterprises to build an integrated financial security system. The main tasks of ensuring the financial security of enterprises in the conditions of coronavirus in Ukraine are: bringing normative legal acts governing economic activity to the requirements of the European Union; development and implementation of state policy in the field of preventing and overcoming the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic; informing enterprises about state aid programs; use of modern digital technologies by enterprise; depth analysis of world, state and internal threats to economic activity of enterprises in the current and future periods. During the quarantine, many enterprises suffered losses due to forced inaction. However, stabilization measures to improve financial security are needed not only for these enterprises. They are also necessary for the development of priority areas of management, introduction of innovative technologies of production activity, which are characterized by resource saving. Therefore, in modern conditions, the main component in the process of making sound management decisions to improve the financial security of the enterprise is to take into account, in addition to traditionally existing risks of economic activity, and the risks caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of the research is to develop a scientific approach to the strategic support of the financial security of the enterprise in the conditions of Covid-19. The scientific approach to the strategic security of the enterprise in the COVID-19 financial security, which is based on the identified relationships between financial security and risk management, anti-crisis management, compliance, and will allow financial managers to improve the current practice of managing the enterprise's economic activity. In general, the proposed approach is aimed at improving the strategic development of the enterprise and corporate management of it in the context of changing environmental disturbance. The strategic support of the enterprise's financial security is based on strategic management, which should include a number of elements: strategic analysis, strategic planning, controlling, budgeting and audit. Strategic analysis involves a comprehensive study of positive and negative factors that can affect the economic and financial situation of the enterprise in the future, as well as ways to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise. For the implementation of strategic analysis of the financial security of the enterprise it is advisable to use the following methods: SWOT analysis, PEST-analysis and SNW-analysis, methods of expert assessments, the method of development of scenarios of events, in-depth definition of which is the subject of further study of the authors of this article.

The purpose of the paper is to study the theoretical foundations of the formation of an enterprise's investment strategy in modern conditions. By analyzing, systematizing, and summarizing the scientific works of many scientists and researchers, the essence of the concept of «investment strategy» was determined, depending on the scientific point of view and practical experience of various authors. The main goals of the investment strategy are determined, including maximizing profit from investment activities, minimizing investment risks, ensuring the improvement of the state of the enterprise due to effective investment activities. Eight main stages of formation of the enterprise's investment strategy have been identified. The principles of forming the investment strategy of the enterprise are characterized. The paper highlights the following principles: consideration of investment risk in the process of making strategic investment decisions, adaptation of the investment strategy to changes in factors of the external investment environment, ensuring the flexibility of the investment strategy, taking into account the main strategies of the enterprise's operational activity, and using the results of scientific and technical progress in investment activities. Attention is focused on the importance of taking into account innovative approaches when forming an enterprise's investment strategy. It was investigated that, despite the crisis phenomena and political instability in Ukraine, domestic enterprises continue to conduct investment activities. According to the results of the research, the main measures to improve the process of investment strategy formation, including the improvement of the system of analysis of the external and internal environment of the enterprise, the introduction of modern methods of evaluating investment projects, the study of the legislative framework for the regulation of investment activity and adaptation to its changes, the creation of an investment project management system, which will help to ensure effective implementation of investment projects and achievement of set goals, etc.

During the past two decades the activity-based costing (ABC) system has received a great deal of attention as a cost management innovation that may provide more accurate product costs than conventional cost allocation methods (Johnson 1987, Kaplan 1988, Cooper 1988a). Moreover, Favere-Marchesi (2001) stated that the ABC system is one of many such tools that have the potential to help Thai companies regain their competitive edge in an ever- growing world of contenders. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation process of ABC systems in Thai organisations, particularly Thai State Enterprises (TSEs), in order to identify the factors influencing this implementation so as to make suggestions for its improvement. As part of this a theoretical framework for ABC implementation in Thai State Enterprises is developed. This study has two objectives: the first is to obtain a picture of cost accounting systems, both traditional costing systems and ABC systems in Thai organisations, as the preliminary of this study. The second objective is to trace the ABC implementation in selected Thai State Enterprises where ABC systems have been implemented. This will examine the development of the ABC implementation in four Thai State Enterprises, namely, Thai Plywood Company Limited (TPC), Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA), Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) and TOT Corporation (Public) Company Limited (TOT). The results from this study, after in-depth investigation, reveal a large number of sub-factors influencing implementations; however, these sub-factors were compiled as nine main factors including, (1) Top management support, (2) Computer systems, (3) Education and training, (4) ABC team, (5) Objectives of ABC implementation, (6) ABC implementation process, (7) Benefits of ABC implementation, (8) Problems with ABC implementation, and (9) Level of progress of ABC implementation. Finally, this study develops a theoretical framework for ABC implementation and is the first to empirically apply an implementation stage model to Thai State Enterprises.

В даній магістерській кваліфікаційній роботі обґрунтовано актуальність теми, її значущість, визначено об’єкт та предмет дослідження, перелік використаних методів дослідження, а також розкрито теоретичні, методичні та фінансові основи державного регулювання фінансових аспектів зовнішньоекономічної діяльності на прикладі ТОВ «ХЕКСА». Актуальність теми роботи зумовлена потребою удосконалення аспектів зовнішньоекономічної збутової діяльності як одного із найважливіших напрямків покращення фінансового стану підприємства та економічного зростання загалом. Метою написання магістерської кваліфікаційної дипломної роботи є дослідження теоретико-методичних положень та розроблення практичних рекомендацій з удосконалення аспектів зовнішньоекономічної збутової діяльності на прикладі ТОВ «ХЕКСА». Для дослідження цієї мети в роботі вирішено такі основні завдання: - узагальнено теоретичні підходи до визначення сутності зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, згрупровано фактори впливу на ефективність зовнішньоекономічної збутової діяльності; - представлено характеристику особливостей діяльності ТОВ «ХЕКСА» та здійснено аналіз його фінансового стану; - досліджено сильні і слабкі сторони, а також можливості і загрози щодо розвитку зовнішньекономічної збутової діяльності ТОВ «ХЕКСА»; - розроблено пропозиції щодо управління ціновою пропозицією ТОВ «ХЕКСА» на основі точки беззбитковості для освновних експортних позицій ТОВ «ХЕКСА»; - сформовано складові алгоритму хеджування валютного ризику для ТОВ «ХЕКСА» в процесі здійснення зовнішньоекономічної діяльнсоті; - визначено вплив реалізації запропонованих заходів на результати фінансово-економічної діяльності ТОВ «ХЕКСА».<br>In this master's qualification work, the relevance of the topic, its significance, the object and subject of the research, the list of research methods used, as well as theoretical, methodical and financial bases of state regulation of financial aspects of foreign economic activity on the example of Hexa LLC are substantiated. The relevance of the topic of work is due to the need to improve aspects of foreign economic activity as one of the most important areas for improving the financial condition of the enterprise and economic growth in general. The purpose of writing a master's qualification diploma thesis is to study theoretical and methodological provisions and to develop practical recommendations for improving aspects of foreign trade marketing activity on the example of Hexa LLC. In order to investigate this goal, the following main tasks are solved in the work: - generalized theoretical approaches to determining the nature of foreign economic activity, grouped the factors of influence on the effectiveness of foreign economic sales activity; - the characteristics of the activities of Hexa LLC are presented and its financial status is analyzed; - Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the development of foreign economic activity of Hexa LLC were investigated; - proposals for managing the price offer of Hexa LLC based on the break-even point for the main export positions of Hexa LLC were developed; - the components of the currency risk hedging algorithm for Hexa LLC in the process of foreign economic activity are formed; - the impact of the implementation of the proposed measures on the results of financial and economic activities of Hexa LLC has been determined.

Thesis (LLD (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Laws at Stellenbosch University.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The state participates in the market place in a large number of ways, spending millions annually. It buys and sells goods and services; it employs a massive workforce; it acquires, develops and disposes of land; it engages in all kinds of financial transactions; it sets up companies, holds shares and enters into partnerships. Yet, the legal treatment of the state as commercial player remains an enigma. In South African law there is no shortage of legal rules that apply or can potentially apply to state commercial activity, but there is nevertheless no coherent view of the conceptualisation of state commercial activity and as a result no clarity on how such conduct should be legally regulated. A voluminous, but extremely fragmented collection of statutory mechanisms aims to regulate a large variety of matters connected to state commercial activity. The courts have shown an almost schizophrenic attitude towards the application of the common law to these state actions, alternating between opting to apply general contract law and general administrative law rules. Constitutional transformation in South Africa necessitates a critical reevaluation of the legal approach to the regulation of state commercial activity. This necessity flows from a number of factors that converge in the judicial regulation of state commercial activity. These factors include a shift in the nature and function of the state, including the judiciary under the new constitutional dispensation; the use of commercial conduct to advance important transformation goals; the proper relationship between courts in protecting fundamental societal values captured in the Constitution and the executive as the key driver of social change; and the role of law in this changing environment. An analysis of the judicial regulation of state commercial activity creates an opportunity to probe basic questions about legal methodology, particularly in a transformative context such as South Africa. A central theme in this reassessment is the role of dichotomous reasoning in legal methodology, based on sharp distinctions between monolithic concepts such as public/private, state/private enterprise, rule/standard, contract/administrative action, delict/contract that no longer seem to adequately relate to experience in the real world. An analysis of South African case law on state commercial activity reveals the underlying judicial premise that all such state action can be classified as either administrative or contractual in nature. Once this conceptual classification is done the rules that apply follow automatically. State commercial activity is consequently subjected to either administrative law or private law rules in a manner that denies or obfuscates the choice on the part of the individual judge. The criteria used to classify the nature of the action under the classification approach have varied over time. The most prominent criteria are the source of the power exercised and the presence of superior power, with the courts currently alternating between these two. However, these criteria cannot be formulated with certainty and they do not provide consistent guidelines. While the criteria identify important aspects of state commercial activity that merit increased judicial control, the relationships between the criteria and the ensuing substantive regulation and particularly the relationships between them remain nebulous. Ultimately, the classification approach is characterised by excessive conceptualism and formalism. The reality that judges choose what regulation to apply to particular instances of state commercial activity is hidden. The application of specific substantive rules is made to seem natural, inevitable and selfevident. This closes off dialogue about that choice. Two alternatives to the classification methodology exist in South African law, namely an exclusively private law approach and a comprehensive public law approach. The exclusively private law approach highlights the commercial nature of the state action to the effect that state contracting is treated on par with all other forms of (private) commercial activity. However, it is questionable whether private law regulation can adequately address the regulatory concerns specific to the public context of state conduct. An analysis of this alternative approach identifies promising private law doctrines that can inspire such regulation, but significant further development is required before the desired level of regulation will be feasible on private law grounds. The comprehensive public law approach insists on the consistent application of public law rules to all state conduct, irrespective of the commercial nature of that conduct. Although this option may seem highly desirable, especially because it ensures public scrutiny of all state conduct, it is not ideal either. Particularly problematic is the high cost of such regulation and resultant inefficiency that may not be realistic given the current demands on South African public administration. The German and French legal systems provide examples of a third alternative approach in the form of distinct legal figures that exist between contract and administrative law. Recognition of such a distinct figure provides the prospect of developing a separate set of regulation tailored to the specific needs of that figure. A separate branch of government contract or government commercial law can thus be created. In South African law it may be possible to stimulate such development by recognising state contracts as a separate class of contract. However, it is doubtful whether the development of a third regulatory category will encourage the integration of public and private law rules to overcome the conceptualism of the current approach; it could also reinforce conceptualism by adding a third conceptual category. The most promising alternative methodology is premised on a more complex view of the interacting factors that inform judicial regulation and, by extension, legal treatment of state commercial activity. Such an approach perceives the distinctions between the various relevant concepts and factors not as sharp dichotomies, but as continuous and fluid relationships. It recognises that the legal treatment of a specific instance of state commercial activity is a function of the relationship between the various concepts and factors. Such an approach calls for more open and direct engagement with all the factors informing the regulation of state commercial activity. Ultimately, it requires individual judges to take responsibility for the choices they make in their involvement in state commercial activity by means of the regulatory control they exercise. It accordingly fosters dialogue and public debate about the role of law in social phenomena such as state commercial activity. This approach is in line with a culture of justification and transformative constitutionalism that ground the democratic enterprise in South Africa.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die staat neem op 'n groot aantal wyses deel aan die handelsverkeer en spandeer jaarliks miljoene. Dit koop en verkoop goedere en dienste; dit stel 'n massiewe werkerskorps in diens; dit bekom, ontwikkel en vervreem grond; dit sluit allerhande finansiele transaksies; dit rig maatskappye op, hou aandele en sluit vennootskappe. En tog bly die regsbeskouing van die staat as kommersiele speier 'n enigma. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is daar geen tekort aan regsreels wat op kommersiele staatsoptrede van toepassing is of potensieel van toepassing kan wees nie, en tog is daar geen koherente benadering tot die konseptualisering van kommersiele staatsoptrede nie en gevolglik geen duidelikheid oor hoe sodanige optrede deur die reg gereguleer moet word nie. 'n Groot volume uiters gefragmenteerde statutere meganismes poog om 'n verskeidenheid kwessies rakende kommersiele staatsoptrede te reguleer. Die howe toon 'n bykans skisofrene houding jeens die toepassing van gemeneregreels op sodanige staatsoptrede en wissel tussen 'n keuse vir die toepassing van algemene kontraktereg en algemene administratiefreg. Konstitusionele transformasie in Suid-Afrika noodsaak die kritiese herbeskouing van die regsbenadering tot die regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede. Hierdie noodsaak vloei uit 'n aantal faktore wat ineenloop by die geregtelike regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede. Sodanige faktore sluit in 'n verskuiwing in die aard en funksie van die staat, insluitende die regbank, onder die nuwe grondwetlike bedeling; die gebruik van kommersiele optrede om belangrike transformasie-oogmerke te bereik; die gepaste verhouding tussen die howe in hul beskerming van fundamentele gemeenskapswaardes in die Grondwet en die uitvoerende gesag as sentrale dryfkrag agter sosiale transformasie; en die rol van die reg in hierdie veranderende omgewing. 'n Analise van die geregtelike regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede skep die geleentheid om basiese vrae rakende regsmetodologie aan te spreek, spesifiek in 'n transformatiewe konteks soos Suid-Afrika. 'n Sentrale tema in hierdie herbeskouing is die regsmetodologiese rol van digomatiese of tweesydige redenering gebaseer op starre onderskeide tussen een-dimensionele konsepte soos publieklprivaat, staat/private onderneming, reel/standaard, kontrakladministratiewe handeling, deliklkontrak wat skynbaar nie meer genoegsaam in verband staan met ervaring in die werklikheid nie. 'n Analise van Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak rakende kommersiele staatsoptrede openbaar die onderliggende regterlike hipotese dat aile sodanige staatsoptrede geklassifiseer kan word as 6f administratiefregtelik 6f kontraktueel van aard. Sodra hierdie konseptuele klassifikasie gedoen is, volg die regsreels van toepassing outomaties. Kommersiele staatsoptrede word gevoglik 6f deur administratiefregreels 6f uitsluitlik deur reels van die privaatreg gereguleer op 'n wyse wat die keuse van die betrakke regter ontken of verberg. Die kriteria wat gebruik word in die klassifikasiebenadering om die aard van die handeling te klassifiseer het oor tyd verander. Die belangrikste kriteria is die bran van die magte uitgeoefen en die teenwoordigheid van staatsmag, met die howe wat tans hierdie twee kriteria afwissel. Hierdie kriteria kan egter nie met sekerheid geformuleer word nie en dit bied geen konsekwente riglyne nie. Terwyl die kriteria belangrike aspekte van kommersiele staatsoptrede identifiseer wat strenger geregtelike beheer ondersteun, is dit veral die verhouding tussen die onderskeie kriteria sowel as die verhouding tussen die kriteria en die daarapvolgende substantiewe regulasies wat vaag bly. Uiteindelik word die klassifikasie-benadering gekenmerk deur oormatige konseptualisme en formalisme. Die realiteit dat regters kies watter regulasie om toe te pas op besondere gevalle van kommersiele staatsoptrede bly verborge. Die toepassing van spesifieke substantiewe reels word voorgehou as natuurlik, onvermydelik en voor-die-hand-liggend. Hierdie benadering sluit dialoog oor sulke keuses uit. Twee alternatiewe tot die klassifikasie-metodologie bestaan in die SuidAfrikaanse reg, naamlik 'n suiwer privaatregtelike benadering en 'n omvattende publiekregtelike benadering. Die suiwer privaatregtelike benadering fokus op die kommersiele aard van die staatshandelinge, met gevolg dat staatskontraktering soos aile ander vorme van (privaat)kommersiele optrede gehanteer word. Dit is egter te bevraagteken of die suiwer privaatregtelike regulasie op 'n bevredigende wyse al die regulatiewe oogmerke spesifiek tot die publieke konteks van staatsoptrede kan aanspreek. 'n Analise van hierdie alternatiewe benadering dui op belowende privaatreg-leerstukkke wat sodanige regulasie kan onderle, maar aansienlike verdere ontwikkeling van hierdie leerstukke is nodig alvorens die privaatreg die verlangde vlakke van regulasie kan bied. Die omvattende publiekregtelike benadering dring aan op die konsekwente toepassing van publiekregtelike reels op aile staatsoptrede, ongeag die kommersiele aard van sodanige handelinge. Hoewel hierdie opsie uiters wenslik blyk te wees, veral gegewe die wyse waarop dit publieke oorsig oor aile staatsoptrede verseker, is dit ook nie 'n ideale benadering nie. Veral problematies is die hoe koste van sodanige regulasie en die gepaardgaande ondoeltreffende staatsadministrasie wat, gegewe die eise wat tans aan die Suid-Afrikaanse staatsdiens gestel word, onrealisties mag wees. Die Duitse en Franse regstelsels verskaf voorbeelde van 'n derde alternatiewe benadering in die vorm van 'n afsonderlike regsfiguur wat bestaan tussen die kontraktereg en die administratiefreg. Die bestaan van so 'n afsonderlike regsfiguur skep die moontlikheid vir die ontwikkeling van afsonderlike regulasie toegespits op die spesifieke behoeftes van daardie figuur. 'n Afsonderlike veld van staatskontrakte of staatshandelsreg kan gevolglik ontstaan. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg mag dit moontlik wees om sodanige ontwikkeling te stimuleer deur die erkenning van staatskontrakte as 'n afsonderlike, spesifieke klas van kontrakte. Dit is egter te betwyfel of die ontwikkeling van 'n derde kategorie van regulasie die integrasie van privaatregtelike en publiekregtelike reels sal bevorder en die konseptualisme van die huidige benadering sal oorkom; dit mag ook bloot konseptualisme versterk deur 'n derde konseptuele kategorie by te voeg. Die mees belowende alternatiewe metodologie is gegrond op 'n meer komplekse benadering tot die wisselwerkende faktore wat die geregtelike regulering van en die regsbenadering tot kommersiele staatsoptrede onderle. Sodanige benadering beskou die onderskeid tussen die betrokke konsepte en faktore nie as 'n skerp digotomie nie, maar as aaneenlopende en beweeglike verhoudings. Dit beskou die regsbenadering tot 'n spesifieke geval van kommersiele staatsoptrede as 'n funksie van die verhouding tussen die verskeie konsepte en faktore. So 'n benadering vereis 'n openliker en meer direkte omgaan met die faktore wat die regulering van kommersiele staatsoptrede onderls. Uiteindelik vereis dit dat individuele regters verantwoordelikheid sal neem vir die keuses wat hulle maak in hul betrakkenheid by kommersiele staatsoptrede deur middel van die regulatiewe beheer wat hulle daaraor uitoefen. Oit bevorder gevolglik dialoog en publieke debat oor die ral van die reg in sosiale praktyke soos kommersiele staatsoptrede. Hierdie benadering is in Iyn met 'n kultuur van regverdiging (culture ofjustification) en transformatiewe konstitusionalisme (transformative constitutionalism) wat die grandslag vorm van demokratiese ontwikkeling in Suid-Afrika.

У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти сутності поняття «підприємство» та його розвиток, місце розвитку стратегії диверсифікації у системі стратегій підприємства, розглянуті основні чинники та види диверсифікації підприємства. Проаналізовано особливості внутрішнього стану підприємства в розрізі показників оцінки його фінансового стану та рівня рентабельності; проведено діагностику фінансово-господарських показників діяльності підприємства. Запропоновано стратегію розширення сфери діяльності підприємства шляхом створення цеху із виробництва матеріалів, що найчастіше використовуються в діяльності ТОВ «ГАЛЛОН». Проведено економічне обґрунтування розширення сфери діляьності підприємства. Спрогнозовано прибуток від створення нового цеху. Проведено оцінку економічної ефективності проекту. Проаналізовані можливі ризики та запропоновані заходи щодо їх мінімізації.<br>Thesis consists of three chapters. The object of research - the process of forming the development strategy of the company LLC "GALLON". Thesis deals with theoretical aspects of the essence of the concept of "enterprise" and its development, the place of development of diversification strategy in the system of enterprise strategies, the main factors and types of enterprise diversification. Author analysis the peculiarities of the internal state of the enterprise in the context of indicators of assessment of its financial condition and level of profitability. Diagnostics of financial and economic indicators of enterprise activity is carried out. The strategy of expansion of the sphere of activity of the enterprise by creation of shop on production of the materials most often used in activity of enterprise is offered. The economic substantiation of expansion of sphere of activity of the enterprise is carried out. Profits from the creation of a new department are projected. An assessment of the economic efficiency of the project is made. Possible risks are analyzed and measures to minimize them are proposed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 5, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-135).

A spacewalk, or extravehicular activity (EVA), is one of the most mission critical and physically and cognitively challenging tasks that crewmembers complete. With next-generation missions to the Moon and Mars, exploration EVA will challenge crewmembers in partial gravity environments with increased frequency, duration, and autonomy of operations. Given the distance from Earth, associated communication delays, and durations of exploration missions, there is a monumental shift in responsibility and authority taking place in spaceflight; moving from Earth-dependent to crew self-reliant. For the safety, efficacy, and efficiency of future surface EVAs, there is a need to better understand crew health and performance. With this knowledge, technology and operations can be designed to better support future crew autonomy. The focus of this dissertation is to develop and evaluate a psychophysiological monitoring tool to classify cognitive workload during an operationally relevant EVA task. This was completed by compiling a sensor suite of commercial wearable devices to record physiological signals in two human research studies, one at Virginia Tech and one at NASA Johnson Space Center. The approach employs supervised machine learning to recognize patterns in psychophysiological features across different psychological states. This relies on the ability to simulate, or induce, cognitive workload in order to label data for training the model. A virtual reality (VR) Translation Task was developed to control and quantify cognitive demands during an immersive, ambulatory EVA scenario. Participants walked on a passive treadmill while wearing a VR headset to move along a virtual lunar surface. They walked with constraints on time and resources, while simultaneously identifying and recalling waypoints in the scene. Psychophysiological features were extracted and labeled according to the task demands, i.e. high or low cognitive workload, for the novel Translation Task, as well as for the benchmark Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB). Predictive models were created using the K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm. The contributions of this dissertation span the simulation, characterization, and modeling of cognitive state. Ultimately, this work tests the limits of extending laboratory psychophysiological monitoring to more realistic environments using wearable devices, and of generalizing predictive models across participants, times, and tasks. This work paves the way for future field studies and real-time implementation to close the loop between human and automation.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>A spacewalk is one of the most important and physically and mentally challenging tasks that astronauts complete. With next-generation missions to the Moon and Mars, exploration spacewalks will challenge astronauts in reduced-weight environments (1/6 and 1/3 Earth's gravity) with longer, more frequent spacewalks and with less help from mission control. To keep astronauts safe while exploring there is a need to better understand astronaut health and performance (physical and mental) during spacewalks. With knowledge of how astronauts will respond to high workload and stressful events, we can plan missions and design tools that can best assist them during spacewalks on the Moon and Mars when help from Earth mission control is limited. Traditional tools of quantifying mental state are not suitable for real-time assessment during spacewalks. Current methods, including subjective surveys and performance-based computer tests, require time and attention to complete and cannot assess real-time operations. The focus of this dissertation is to create a psychophysiological monitoring tool to measure mental workload during a virtual reality (VR) spacewalk. Psychophysiological monitoring uses physiological measures, like heart rate and breathing rate, to predict psychological state, like high workload or stress. Physiological signals were recorded using commercial wearable devices in two human research studies, one at Virginia Tech and one at NASA Johnson Space Center. With machine learning, computer models can be trained to recognize patterns in physiological measures for different psychological states. Once a model is trained, it can be tested on new data to predict mental workload. To train and test the models, participants in the studies completed high and low workload versions of the VR task. The VR task was specifically designed for this study to simulate and measure performance during a mentally-challenging spacewalk scenario. The participants walked at their own pace on a treadmill while wearing a VR headset to move along a virtual lunar surface, while balancing their time and resources. They were also responsible for identifying and recalling flags along their virtual path. Ultimately, this work tests the limits of extending laboratory psychophysiological monitoring to more realistic environments using wearable devices, and of generalizing predictive models across participants, times, and tasks. This work paves the way for future field studies and real-time implementation to close the loop between human and automation.

The textbook examines and explores, depending on the objectives of the assessment, the types of enterprise (business) value as an object of rights, a property complex and a method of obtaining income and other economic results, conditions, approaches and methods for determining the selected type of value of the assessed object. The article also examines the specifics of the origin, methods of commercialization and valuation of intellectual property objects, intangible assets, the functioning and interaction of intellectual property market entities. The content and essence of valuation activities, the theory of formation and methodology of determining the value of various objects, businesses, assets, intellectual property objects are revealed. The proposed methodology and methods for collecting, preparing and analyzing external and internal information that affects and is necessary for assessing the value of facilities and businesses allow us to prepare documentation for evaluation purposes, justify the choice and application of evaluation approaches and methods. It also provides elements of financial mathematics, methods for calculating various indicators, discusses the characteristics of approaches and methods, the sequence of assessing any type of business value, intangible assets for various purposes, including commercial turnover, increasing the efficiency and value of the business and its assets. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. It is intended for students of higher education programs in the fields of Economics, Management, and other areas of higher education, students, including additional professional education, graduate students, and teachers of these programs and areas. It can be useful for professional appraisers, employees of financial organizations, managers, specialists of enterprises and organizations doing business, and anyone who needs to know the value of a business, its assets, and an understanding of how to evaluate them.

The textbook contains an overview of the general theory and methodology of economic analysis, production results, the use of material and labor resources, as well as fixed assets, production and sales costs, and an assessment of the effectiveness of an enterprise. Self-study questions and test material for each chapter are presented. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. It is intended for students, postgraduates, teachers of economic universities, managers, students of advanced training courses and business schools.

The textbook is intended for conducting practical classes on the analysis of financial and economic activities, as well as independent work of students and its control.&#x0D; Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.&#x0D; For students of educational organizations of secondary vocational education, studying in the specialties 38.02.01 "Economics and accounting (by industry)", 38.02.07 "Banking", 38.02.04 "Commerce (by industry)", practical workers of trade enterprises — economists, accountants, managers, as well as a wide range of persons independently mastering economic issues in for the purposes of their practical use.

The textbook includes basic material on foreign economic activity, taking into account both the needs and specifics of Russian enterprises and foreign practice. Practical issues of the company's foreign economic activity are considered, which today have an increasing impact on the effectiveness of foreign economic operations. Special attention is paid to innovative trade and export financing tools, settlement tools, and marketing research. A brief description of the business climate of the leading economies of Asia, Africa and Latin America is given. Meets the requirements of the latest generation of federal state educational standards for higher education. For students, postgraduates and university professors, students of business schools who provide training in international business. In addition, it can be recommended to managers and specialists of firms, as well as those who are interested in foreign economic activity.

At the present stage in the global information society, a new economic structure is being actively formed - digital. There is a digitalization of economic processes and the penetration of information technologies into all spheres of activity. There are new requirements for the sources of competitive advantages of enterprises and effective concepts of their functioning and management.&#x0D; This monograph is a collective work of teachers, students, graduate students, undergraduates of the Department of Economic Security, Accounting and Law, Don State Technical University, Rostov State Economic University RINH, Tula State University. It is devoted to the consideration of individual problems of management of enterprises and organizations.

The textbook deals with a set of issues related to the organization of foreign economic activity of a modern Russian enterprise. The article covers the basics of foreign economic activity, organization of international commercial operations, customs and international transportation, reveals the essence and features of international marketing, and shows the role of the state in managing foreign economic activity. The features of entering the world market, choosing a foreign partner, pricing, preparation and execution of foreign trade transactions are shown. Various aspects of insurance of foreign economic activity are revealed.&#x0D; Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.&#x0D; For bachelors and masters of higher education institutions studying in economic areas, as well as for students of the system of professional development and retraining, specialists in Economics, managers of various levels.

The textbook contains the main elements of the methodology for diagnostics and analysis of financial and economic activities of the organization. The chapters of the textbook consider the role, significance, types, methods of analysis of financial and economic activities of the organization, its mathematical tools, the history and new directions of analysis of the organization's activities in Russian and foreign analytical practice, as well as methods for analyzing the volume of production, sales and cost of production, the analysis of security and use of material and labor resources, fixed assets, analysis of financial results and financial condition of the organization.&#x0D; Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the latest generation.&#x0D; For University students in the field of training 38.03.01 " Economics "and other areas, studying the disciplines" Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities"," Complex economic analysis", as well as students in the system of retraining.

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to present knowledge-based Enterprise model (EM) sufficiency as data repository for Unified Modelling Language (UML) models generation. UML models are one of the most usable modelling languages in system lifecycle design stage, despite the problem domain of the system. UML models can be generated from Enterprise Model by using particular transformation algorithms presented in previous researches. Generation process from Enterprise model is represented by certain Hospital Information Management process example. Generated UML dynamic Use Case, Activity, Sequence and State models of different perspectives of Hospital Information Management process prove sufficiency of stored information in Enterprise model.

We have measured the wavelength dispersion of the optical activity in the visible and near infrared of the two structural isotype crystals α-GeO2 and α-SiO2. We propose an original model that perfectly describes the measurements.

The issues of forming the aggregate capital of agricultural enterprises on the example of the processing industry are considered. The concepts of the total capital of the enterprise, its structure are clarified. The characteristic of sources of capital formation is given. Using the example of a dairy company in the Matveevo-Kurgan District of the Rostov Region, we analyze the sources of its capital formation and its functioning in a difficult financial situation. The role of borrowed funds in ensuring sustainable economic activity of the enterprise, maintaining jobs and increasing production volumes is shown. The necessity of creating an anti-crisis and anti-bankrupt bank lending mechanism is substantiated.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the financial results of the activities of typical agricultural enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory. An assessment of the current state of the agro-industrial complex was carried out, as well as an assessment of the results of the analysis. The concept of financial results of an economic entity is given. The main components of financial results are determined.

The development of enterprises requires permanent investment and searching for sources of effective support for business activity. Therefore, when entrepreneurs create new development opportunities, they look for appropriate sources of support for the activities of enterprises. In the opinion of entrepreneurs, such an attractive source of financial support is leasing. Due to the benefits of leasing business activities, more and more business entities in Poland have decided to use this form of obtaining capital. The aim of the study is an attempt to define the significance and role of leasing in financing economic activity of enterprises in Poland. Firstly, based on the literature review, the essence, types, advantages and disadvantages of leasing were presented, and an attempt was made to evaluate the current market of leasing services in Poland and the prospects for its development. Secondly, based on the results of a survey of a representative sample of entrepreneurs in Podlasie Province (North-west Poland) their opinion on the importance of leasing as a form of enterprise support was presented. The conducted research has shown that leasing is a willingly chosen source of financing business activity. According to entrepreneurs, favorable financing conditions as well as understandable and easy procedures turned out to be important properties, characteristic of leasing. The results of the conducted research provide knowledge about the advantages, disadvantages, availability and profitability of leasing, noticed by entrepreneurs in the studied region. They are of pure scientific and application significance, making it possible to predict the nature of the leasing market in Poland in the near future.

в статье представлены результаты расчетов анализа уровня инновационной активности лесопромышленных предприятий, в сравнении со смежной отраслью — лесным хозяйством. Поддержание уровня инновационной активности любого предприятия невозможно без применения новейшей техники, предметов труда и внедрения интеллектуальных технологий в производство. Как показывает практика, на лесопромышленных предприятиях наблюдается потребность в производственных инновациях, применение которых напрямую влияет на уровень инновационной активности любого предприятия. Применение инноваций на предприятиях необходимо осуществлять во всей производственно-сбытовой цепочке, таким образом инновационный процесс должен протекать от поставки сырья и материалов до поставки продукции конечному потребителю. Также при внедрении инновации в деятельность предприятия необходимо учитывать конкурентные преимущества на рынке, а именно анализировать ближайших конкурентов и поставщиков.

Taking into account the economic, epidemiological and military situation that has developed on the territory of our state, the study of issues of managing the financial condition of economic entities becomes relevant, because only financially stable and profitable enterprises are the basis for the stabilization and development of the economy of our state today and in the post-war period. In the process of research, it was established that the financial condition determines the real and potential ability of the enterprise to ensure a sufficient level of financing of its economic activity, a certain level of self-development and the ability to repay its obligations. Financial status management is one of the significant functional areas of the financial management system, which is related to other management systems and is based on a systematic and comprehensive assessment using various techniques and methods of analysis. With the help of coefficient, aggregate and integral methods of diagnosis, it was established that the financial condition of the enterprise is unstable, therefore the author proposed directions for ensuring its stability: increasing revenue from sales of products; reduction of production costs; increase in labor productivity; activation of sales activities; asset restructuring and receivables management.

This article analyzes the current state and main trends in the framework of investment cooperation between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Korea. The spheres of activity of enterprises with the participation of Korean capital and their number in general in the economy of Uzbekistan are considered. Several qualitatively distinguishable stages of investment cooperation between countries have been identified and logically substantiated.

With the beginning of a full-scale invasion, the main emphases of road enterprises and scientists were slightly shifted, taking into account the military conflict and the consequences that it carries with it. The Russian invasion of Ukraine led to a massive disruption of chains of economic activity and the destruction of infrastructure, including transport and road. The rapid and high-quality restoration of Ukraine's infrastructure is the main task of today. As for road infrastructure, roads and bridges suffered the greatest destruction. Therefore, the priority now is to ensure transport connections on the routes through which the delivery of goods and humanitarian cargo passes.

The article outlines the relevance of studying the stated topic of the article. Currently, modern economic development trends dictate such rules that without strategic management an adequate and productive activity of any enterprise is impossible. Business process management is one of the strong guarantees of business prosperity. It is noted that many scientists have studied business process management, but to this day there is no comprehensive study of this topic in the economic doctrine. The signs of managing business processes and the stages of strategic management are listed. The results of the study.

This article discusses the concept of the social orientation of activity and the entrepreneurial approach at the level of the Russian Federation, including a number of aspects of the legal regulation of public relations between organizations of state power and social entrepreneurs. The main problem of the study is the study of the sequence of the assignment of the status of a social enterprise by the authorities Russia at the federal level. Currently, the question is being raised about the adoption of a separate federal legislative act "On the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Russian Federation." The introduction of the relevant law is necessary, since the reasons are the basis for the inevitability of consideration of public problems and the adoption of relevant official documents in all regions of the Russian Federation.

China has recently become the third largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world and is a major source of development aid for developing countries, including those in the Caribbean. The capital flows it provides have taken the form of loans to governments to finance infrastructure projects and to expand production of oil and other raw materials. There have been indications of interest in further investment in the Caribbean from Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. This is driven by both state policy, which seeks to more actively integrate China into the global economy, and enterprise-level interests by both state and private enterprises. Caribbean governments have generally been receptive to prospective incoming FDI. This paper identifies the instances of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean to date and discusses the potential for further investment, highlighting opportunities in agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, mining, infrastructure, and fishing. The factors influencing the emergence of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean include: the ongoing learning process by both investors and the governments of host countries; the performance of vanguard companies; transnational ethnic business networks; the local business environment; and the policies of Caribbean governments.

In-firm training is a crucial innovative activity in modern knowledge-based economies which face increasing global competition and rapidly changing technology. Nevertheless, there are few studies which look at in-firm training in the Caribbean. This study uses the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) 2010 and Compete Caribbean's Productivity Technology Innovation Survey (PROTEqIN) 2014 to provide empirical evidence on in-firm training in the region. The results suggest that there is a relatively low incidence of training in the region, although there are significant differences across countries and this may be because of heterogeneities in public support and barriers to in-firm training. Also, various firm characteristics affect in-firm training, including size, ownership, whether the firm exports, whether the firm is part of a larger organization, innovative activity and workforce structure and educational level. Lastly, the findings suggest that in-firm training in the region may play a relatively small role and may not even matter for innovation and productivity.

The article desribes the main features of the publishing activity of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv from the end of the 1990s and in the first two decades of the 21st century. The aim of the author was to show this activity with the help of stages of formation of the Publishing Centre at the University. For this purpose, he used historical method, the methods of analysis, synthesis, content analysis etc. One of the important landmarks of the end of the 20th century in the publishing activity of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv which has its traditions in the past was the foundation of the mentioned Publishing Centre on the basis of Editing and Publishing Department, Machine Offset and Polygraphic Laboratories. This process was favoured by the administration of the University which supported the transfer of printing base to another building of the University. Professionals with respective qualification level and experience in the sphere of publishing and printing were gathered there. Another stage of the development of the Publishing Centre of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv was the creation in 2006 of the Publishing Board within the University which became a generator of ideas on the development of scientific book publishing and actively cooperated with printing enterprises of Ukraine (the author of the article was a member of this board). The administration of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv provided a substantial financial support for publication of educational and scientific literature of different genres and on different topics for educational needs both of the University itself and Ukrainian educational sphere in general. As a result of active publishing activity, the Publishing Centre of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv since 1996 has published more than 4.5 million copies of publications whose authors are members of the academic community of the University. Among the significant publications of the Publication Centre of the last two decades the article notes Ivan Franko (10 volumes, authors – R. Horak and Ya. Hnativ), Encyclopedia. The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (2 volumes), Social Geography (2 books, author – Prof. O. Shabliy) and others. The results of the activities of the Publication Centre of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv were demonstrated during participation at Book Forums and other events in the publication and printing sphere. This article permits researchers in Humanities to analyze and evaluate the achievements and at the same time problems of the scientific publication activity of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.